TYPES AND USES OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TOOLS
This lesson will enable you to identify materials and tools applicable to a specific job
in carpentry.
Materials Uses
Lumber Construction/Carpentry
Nails Construction/Carpentry
Screw Construction/Carpentry
G.I wire Construction/Carpentry
Cement Construction/Carpentry
Sand Construction/Carpentry
Gravel Construction/Carpentry
Water Construction/Carpentry
Steel Reinforcement Construction/Carpentry
G. I Sheet Construction/Carpentry
Tools Uses
Saw Cutting lumber or board
Tri-Square Testing squareness
Level hose Testing level
Level bar Testing level
Hammer Driving nails
Chisel Cutting
Plane Smoothing
Drill bit Drilling/Boring holes
Oil stone Sharpening
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS AND TOOLS
In this lesson you will describe the materials and tools according to their
description per job requirement in carpentry.
Materials:
Lumber - sawn Timber
Nails - made of metal used for fastening woods
Cement - a powdered substance which when mixed with
water acts as binder of aggregate
Sand - fine gritty, substance found in the shore and
desert
Gravel - coarse aggregate
Plywood - thin cross laminated sheet of wood
Tools:
Pull-push-rule - used for measuring long distances
Claw hammer - used for driving and pulling out nails
Cross-cut-saw - tool used for cutting across the grain
Ripsaw - used for cutting along the grain
Plumb-bob - used for vertical alignment
Try square - used to test the squareness of a stock
Hack saw - fine toothed saw used to cut metals and pipes
Level bar - tool used in checking vertical and horizontal
position.
TRY
SQUARE
PULL PUSH RULE
PLUMB
BOB
CROSS CUT
SAW
BENCH
VISE
HACK
SAW
ELECTRIC DRILL
AUGER BIT S
SPIRIT LEVEL
C-CLAMP
SCREW DRIVER
CLAW HAMMER
SLEDGE HAMMER
CEMENT
CROW BAR
CLASSIFICATION OF HAND TOOLS
A. Measuring tools
1. Pull-Push Rule - flexible tape that slides into a material case and it is used to
measure irregular and regular shapes.
2. Ruler - 12-inch or one foot rule and it is used to take/make simple
measurements.
3. Meter Stick - used to measure a work piece.
4. Try Square - squaring, measuring and testing tool used to check adjacent
surfaces for squareness.
5. Caliper - used to transfer measurements from the rule to the work.
B. Marking tools
1. Pencil - used to layout or mark cutting lines.
2. Marking Gauge - wood or metal tool consisting of a beam, head and a point
used to mark a line parallel to the grain of the wood.
3. Chalk Line - used to establish a straight line on a surface.
4. Divider - tool with two metal legs used to lay-out an arc circle or step
off division on a line.
5. Compass - used to scribe arcs and circle in a metal wood.
C. Testing tools
1. Try Square - tool used in squaring, measuring, and testing the squareness
of a wood.
2. Steel Square - framing square used to mark out the work for squaring and
checking of angles and is used in the construction of roof
framing and large furniture.
3. Spirit Level - tool used for testing vertical and horizontal surfaces.
4. Plumb bob - tool used to test the vertical and horizontal surfaces.
D. Edge cutting tools.
1. Chisel - tool used to trim and shape wood.
2. Plane - used to obtain a smooth and flat surface.
3. Spoke shave - small plane like tool from irregularly shaped objects.
4. Cabinet scraper - rectangular piece of steel with two cutting edges used
for working flat and curved shapes.
E. Tooth-cutting tools
1. Cross Cut Saw - handsaw used to cut the wood across the grain.
2. Rip-saw - hand saw used to cut the wood along the grain.
3. Back Saw - handsaw with a metal back and plywood and joinery.
4. Compass Saw - used to cut irregular shape either in large or small
board.
5. Turning Saw - used to rip, cross and cut curves in lumber.
6. Coping Saw - u-shaped saw used for cutting irregular shape in small
board.
7. Dovetail Saw - small back saw with a straight chisel type handle used
to cut very fine joints.
F. Boring tools
1. Auger bit - tool used to make hole in woods.
2. Expansive bit - tool used to drill holes of various sizes in woods.
3. Drill Bit - tool used for boring holes either in metals, woods, or plastics.
G. Holding tools
1. C-Clamp - used for holding together pieces of lumber while
working.
2. Bench Vise - used to hold any materials or tools in place.
3. Bar Clamp - used to hold large boards or frames together while
assembling or gluing.
H. Miscellaneous tools
1. Oil Stone - used for sharpening edge cutting tools such as chisel.
2. Files - used to smoothen metal and wood surfaces.
3. Paint Brush - used to apply paint or varnish on wood surfaces.
4. Nail Set - used to drive the head of nails lower than surface of wood.
5. Saw Set - used to bend the upper half of each tooth to one side or the
other to form a set.
I. Portable power tools
1. Sander - portable power tool used for sanding furniture pieces.
2. Router - used for shaping surfaces and edges of furniture parts.
3. Jigsaw - power tool used primarily for cutting curved or irregular
shapes of wood surfaces.
4. Circular saw - power saw used for many types of cutting, particularly on
large panel stock.
5. Electric Drill - power drill which is used to drill holes in various materials to
perform a multitude of tasks.
J. PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)
1. Goggles - used to protect the eyes against flying debris and
harmful liquids.
2. Ear Protector - used to protect the ears against high
frequency noise.
3. . Face Mask - used to prevent the inhalation of sprayed paint
fumes.
4. Gloves - used to protect the hands while working.
5. Apron - used to protect the worker against flying debris.
K. driving tools
1. Claw Hammer - used to drive and pull-out nails on wooden surfaces.
2. Mallet - made from wood or rubber used to drive other tools like
chisel.
3. Nail Set - used in setting the head of a finishing nail below the surface of
the wood.
4. Screwdriver - used to drive and loose screws.
TYPES OF MEASURING TOOLS
1. Pull-push rule – used for measuring
long pieces of stock.
2. Zig Zag Rule – a folded measuring
tool.
3. Ruler – used for measuring short
pieces of stock.
4. Caliper – used for measuring diameter.
5. Try Square – used for checking flatness and
squareness.
6. Meter Stick – a measuring device which is one
(1) meter in length.
7. Divider – used for dividing distances.
8. Compass – used for scribing arcs and circles.
9. Protractor – used for laying out angles.
HANDLING OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS / TOOLS
A. Do’s
1. Wipe measuring tools/instruments before returning them to the storage room.
2. Oil the movable parts of the measuring tools such as zigzag rules, calipers, dividers
and compasses to avoid stock-up.
3. Make sure that grits like sand do not get inside the housing or case of a pull-push
rule to avoid wearing off of the graduations.
4. Check the lock of a pull-push rule if it is working.
B. Don’ts
1. Do not wipe off edges of the steel tape of pull-push rule with bare hands to avoid
injury.
2. Do not pull the steel tape of pull-push rule too much to avoid the coil spring from
damage.
3. Do not use the caliper as tongs.
LINEAR MEASUREMENTS FOR THE 6 FACES OF LUMBER
A lumber has 6 faces: 2 ends, 2 edges and 2 surfaces. Hence, the linear
measurements obtained are:
1. End 1 to end 2 or A B = Length (L )
2. Edge 1 to Edge 2 or C D = Width ( W )
3. Surface 1 to surface 2 or E F = Thickness / Height ( T / H )
SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENTS
The two (2) systems of measurements are: the English and the Metric System.
The English system originated in England also known as the U.S. customary system
of measurement while the Metric System was developed in France and known as the
S. I. (International Standard).
I. (Unit of measures) – Linear Measurement
ENGLISH METRIC
Yard ( yd ) meter
Foot ( ft ) / („ ) decimeter 1/10 meter
Inch (in. ) / (“ ) centimeter 1/ 100 meter
millimeter 1 /1000 meter
II. Reading of Measurements
A. Reading the Inch
The inch is divided into segments called graduations. Each graduation
represents a measurement in form of a proper fraction. The inch can be divided into
16, 8, 4 and 2, equal parts.
Note: The illustration is not the actual length of an inch.
B. reading the Centimeter and Millimeter
III. Converting Fraction to Decimal
In converting fractions to decimals, divide the numerator by its denominator
whether it is proper, improper or mixed fraction.
Sample Solutions:
A. Proper fraction 2/5 = 0.4
B. Improper fraction 11/3 = 3.66
C. Mixed fraction 2 ½ = 2.5
IV. Converting Units of Measures
GUIDE TABLE IN UNIT CONVERSION
English to English 1foot = 12 inches
Metric to Metric 1 meter = 10 decimeter
1 dm = 10 centimeter
English to Metric 1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 inch = 25.4 mm
1 foot = 30.48 cm
Metric to English 1 meter = 3.28 feet
1 meter = 39.37 inches
Sample Solutions in Conversion
A. Foot to inches
3 ft = _________ inches
Solution: Multiply 3ft by 12 inches / ft = 36 inches
B. Inch to feet
48 inches = ________ Feet
Solution: Divide 48 inches by 12 inches / feet = 4feet
C. Centimeter to millimeter
22 cm = ________ millimeters
Solution: Multiply 22 cm by 10 mm / cm = 220mm
D. Inch to centimeter
6 inches = _______ centimeter
Solution: Multiply 6 inches by 2.54 cm / inch = 15.24 cm
Calculating Board foot of Lumber
Although the International System (SI) or Metric System had already
superseded the English System of measure, the board foot as a unit of measure for
determining the volume of lumber is still being used by the furniture & cabinet maker
and construction industry. This is because lumbers are sold in terms of board foot.
A board foot is actually one square foot of lumber of one inch thick.
The formula used in computing board foot is:
Board foot (Bd. Ft.) = T x W x L
12
Where:
T = Thickness in inches
W= Width in inches
L = Length in feet
Note: This formula is being used for sawed wood of commercial dimension.
Example: Compute the board foot of lumber whose dimension is 2” x 4 “x 12”
Steps 1. Identify the given data
Given. T = 2”
W = 4”
L = 12‟
Step 2. Determine what is being asked
Find the Bd. Ft. = ?
Step 3. State the formula
Formula: Bd. Ft. = T x W x L
12
Step 4. Substitute the given data in the formula, then solve.
Solution:
Bd. Ft. = T x W x L
12
= 2” x 4” x 12 “
12
= 96/12
= 8 Bd. Ft.
