Module II
Overview
1. Analysis and design of doubly reinforced beams –
detailing
2. T-beams and L-beams - terminology- analysis of T beams-
examples
Doubly reinforced beam
When steel is provided in tension zone as well as compression
zone is called doubly reinforced beam.
NA
Tensile reinforcement
The reinforcement provided
tensile zone is called tensile
reinforcement. It is denoted
by Ast.
Ast
Compression reinforcement
The reinforcement provided
compression zone is called Asc
compression reinforcement.
It is denoted by Asc
Ast
Doubly reinforced beam
Concrete has very good compressive strength and almost
negligible tensile strength. Hence, steel reinforcement is used
on the tensile side of concrete. Such beams are called singly
reinforced beam
However, these beams have their respective limiting
moments of resistance with specified width, depth and grades
of concrete and steel. The amount of steel reinforcement
needed is known as Ast,lim
𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑢
Mu lim =𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 (1- 0.42 ) 𝒃 𝑑 2 𝒇𝒄𝒌
𝑑 𝑑
If Mu > Mu lim ,
1. Increase the depth of the beam, which may not be feasible
in many situations.
2. Increase both the compressive and tensile forces of the
beam by providing steel reinforcement in compression face
and additional reinforcement in tension face of the beam
without increasing the depth. Such reinforced concrete
beams having steel reinforcement both on tensile and
compressive faces are known as doubly reinforced beams.
Singly reinforced section Section corresponding to Doubly reinforced
(corresponding to Mu lim ) Mu - Mu lim section
Total compressive force = Force due to concrete in
compression + force due to steel in compression.
Tensile force = Force due to Ast,lim + Force due to
additional tension steel Ast2
From equilibrium of forces
Force due to Ast,lim =compressive force of concrete in
compression
Force due to additional tension steel Ast2 = compressive
force of steel in compression.
Doubly reinforced beams, therefore, have moment of
resistance more than the singly reinforced beams of the same
depth for particular grades of steel and concrete.
Necessity of doubly reinforced beam
• Architectural or functional requirements may restrict the
overall depth of the beams
• The ductility requirement for the structure in earthquake
zone
• The reduction of long term deflection is needed.
• Some sections of a continuous beam with moving loads
undergo change of sign of the bending moment which makes
compression zone as tension zone or vice versa
Continuous beam
Total compressive force
C total= C compressive steel + C concrete
C total = 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑢 𝑏+ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 ( 𝑓𝑠𝑐 −0.446𝑓𝑐𝑘 )
Total tensile force
Ttotal= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 × 𝑨𝒔𝒕
𝑨𝒔𝒕 = Ast,lim + Ast2
Depth of neutral axis –General expression
As equilibrium of forces in bending requires that at all
times, Tensile force = Compressive force
• Ttotal= C total
𝑥𝑢 0.87𝑓𝑦 ×𝐴𝑠𝑡 −𝐴𝑠𝑐 ( 𝑓𝑠𝑐 −0.446𝑓𝑐𝑘 )
=
𝑑 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑
Expression for moment of resistance
In terms of compressive force
Moment of resistance (Mu )
= total compressive force X lever
arm
= C total x (d- 𝑥ҧ )
Mu=0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑢 𝑏 (𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑢 )+ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 ( 𝑓𝑠𝑐 −0.446𝑓𝑐𝑘 )(d- 𝑑′ )
Problem 1
Find the moment of resistance of a doubly reinforced beam of
200 mm wide and 400 mm effective depth reinforced with 4
bars of 20 mm diameter on tension side and 2 bars of 20 mm
diameter as compression steel. 𝑑′ =50 mm. Use M15 concrete
and mild steel.
Step 1
𝑥𝑢 0.87𝑓𝑦 ×𝐴𝑠𝑡 −𝐴𝑠𝑐 ( 𝑓𝑠𝑐 −0.446𝑓𝑐𝑘 )
=
𝑑 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 ,for mild steel
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥𝑢 0.87×250× 4× ×202 − 2× ×202 (0.87×250−0.446×15)
4 4
=
𝑑 0.36×15×200×400
=0.326
As per IS456 Pg 70
𝒙𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙
=0.53
𝒅
Step 2
𝒙𝒖 𝒙𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙
< Under-reinforced section
𝒅 𝒅
Mu=0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑢 𝑏 (𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑢 )+𝐴𝑠𝑐 ( 𝑓𝑠𝑐 −0.446𝑓𝑐𝑘 )(d- 𝑑 ′ )
𝑥𝑢 =0.326 x 400=130.4
Mu= 0.36 x 15 x 130.4 x 200(400-0.42x130.4) +
𝜋
2 × × 202 (0.87x250-0.446x15)(400-50)
4
=94.98 kNm
Problem 2
Find the moment of resistance of a doubly reinforced beam
of 350 mm wide and 900 mm effective depth reinforced
with 5 bars of 20 mm diameter on tension side and 2 bars of
20 mm diameter as compression steel. 𝑑 ′ =50 mm. Use M20
concrete and HYSD steel (Fe415).
Step 1
𝑥𝑢 0.87𝑓𝑦 ×𝐴𝑠𝑡 −𝐴𝑠𝑐 ( 𝑓𝑠𝑐 −0.446𝑓𝑐𝑘 )
=
𝑑 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑
As per SP 16 Pg 13
𝑑 ′ 50
= =0.055
𝑑 900
𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 355 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2,for Fe 415
𝜋 𝜋
2 − 2× ×202 (355−0.446×20)
𝑥𝑢 0.87×415× 5× 4
×20 4
=
𝑑 0.36×20×350×900
=0.154
As per IS456 Pg 70
𝒙𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙
=0.48
𝒅
Step 2
𝒙𝒖 𝒙𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙
< Under-reinforced section
𝒅 𝒅
Mu=0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑢 𝑏 (𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑢 )+𝐴𝑠𝑐 ( 𝑓𝑠𝑐 −0.446𝑓𝑐𝑘 )(d- 𝑑 ′ )
𝑥𝑢 =0.154 x 900=138.86
Mu= 0.36 x 20 x 138.86 x 350(900-0.42x×138.86) +
𝜋
2 × × 202 (355-0.446x20)(900-50)
4
=479.35 kNm
Design of doubly reinforced beam
Problem
A reinforced concrete beam of 250 mm x 400 mm is simply
supported by two masonry supports of 230 mm thick and
6 m apart c/c. The beam has to carry a udl of 15kN/m and
central concentrated load of 30kN. Design the beam for
maximum moment. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 grade
steel
400
6m
230 230
Assume effective
cover as 50mm 400
d=400-50=350 mm
6.00 m
1.Effective span (𝑙)
As per IS 456 pg 34 Cl 22.2 (a)
𝑙 =clear span +d Less
c/c distance between support
= 6+0.35=6.35
6 𝑙 = 6.0 m
2. Calculation of factored bending moment (Mu)
Load calculation
Total load on beam =dead load +live load (imposed load)
Dead load = self weight +weight of finishes etc……
Self weight of beam
=Area of beam x density of concrete(25kN/m3)
= 0.25 x 0.4 x 25
= 2.5 kN/m
𝑤𝑙 2
Moment due to self weight =8
2.5 ×62
=
8
=11.25 kNm
𝑤𝑙 2
Moment due to udl =
8
15×62
=
8
=67.5 kNm
𝑤𝑙
Moment due to point load =
4
30×6
=
4
= 45 kNm
Total moment = 11.25+67.5+45
=123.75 kNm
Factored bending moment (Mu) = 1.5 x 123.75
= 185.63 kNm
3. Moment of resistance of the given section (Mu lim)
As per IS 456 pg 96 Annex G ,G-1.1
𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Mu lim =𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 (1- 0.42 ) 𝒃 𝑑2 𝒇𝒄𝒌
𝑑 𝑑
As per IS456 Pg 70
𝒙𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙
=0.48
𝒅
Mu lim =0.36 x 0.48 (1-0.42 x48)250 x 3502 x 20
= 84.50 kNm
Comparing Mu and Mu lim
Mu > Mu lim ,hence we have design beam as doubly
reinforced section
4. Calculation of compression reinforcement (Asc)
As per IS 456 pg 96 Annex G ,G-1.2
Mu - Mu lim = 𝑓𝑠𝑐 𝐴𝑠𝑐 d− 𝑑 ′
Assume 𝑑 ′ =50 mm
𝑑 ′ 50
= =0.142
𝑑 350
As per SP 16 Pg 13
𝑓𝑠𝑐 =343.76 N/mm2
(185.63 -84.50) x 106=343.76 𝐴𝑠𝑐 (350-50)
𝐴𝑠𝑐 =980.57 mm2
Providing 20 mm diameter bars
No of bars (n) = 𝐴𝑠𝑐 / area of one bar
980.57
= 𝜋 2
4
×20
= 3.12 ≈ 4 𝑛𝑜𝑠
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 4 x × 202 =1256.64 mm2
4
5.Check for maximum compression reinforcement
As per IS 456 cl. 26.5.1.2 ,pg 47
𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04 bD
= 0.04 x 250 x 400
= 4000 mm2 > 𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 ,Hence safe
Provide 4 # 20 mm dia bar as compression reinforcement
6. Calculation of tension reinforcement (Ast)
𝑨𝒔𝒕 = Ast,lim + Ast2
Singly reinforced Section Doubly reinforced
section (corresponding corresponding to section
to Mu lim ) Mu - Mu lim
Calculation of Ast,lim ( corresponds to Mu lim)
As per IS 456 pg 96 Annex G ,G-1.1
𝑓𝑦 ×𝐴𝑠𝑡
Mu lim = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 d 1−
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑
415×𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚
84.50 x 106 = 0.87x 415x 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚 x 350 1−
20x250x350
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 833.39 mm2
Calculation of Ast2 ( corresponds to Mu - Mu lim )
As per IS 456 pg 96 Annex G ,G-1.2
𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑓𝑠𝑐
Ast2=
0.87𝑓𝑦
1256.64 X 343.76
Ast2 = 0.87 𝑋415
= 1196.46 mm2
𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 833.39 + 1196.46
= 2029.85 mm2
Providing 25 mm diameter bars
No of bars (n) = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 / area of one bar
2029.85
= 𝜋 2
×25
4
= 4.13 ≈ 5 𝑛𝑜𝑠
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 5 x × 252 =2454.36 mm2
4
7. Check for minimum and maximum tension reinforcement
As per IS 456 cl. 26.5.1.1 Pg 46, minimum area of tension
steel (𝐴𝑠 ) given by
𝐴𝑠 0.85
=
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠 =0.85 x 250 x 350/415
=179.2 mm2 < 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 ,Hence safe
As per IS 456 cl. 26.5.1.1b ,pg 47
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04 bD
= 0.04 x 250 x 400
= 4000 mm2 > 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 ,Hence safe
Provide 5 # 25 mm dia bar as tension reinforcement
8. Design of shear reinforcement 30 kN
𝑤𝑙 𝑊 17.5 kN/m
V= +
2 2
17.5×6 30 6
= +
2 2
=67.5 kN
Vu =1.5 x 67.5
=101.25 kN
𝑉𝑢
𝜏𝑣 =
𝑏×𝑑
101.25×103
=
250×350
=1.16 N/mm2
As per IS456 Pg 73, Table 20
𝜏𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥=2.8 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝜏𝑣 < 𝜏𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , Hence safe
To find τc
As per IS456 Pg 73, Table 19
100𝐴𝑆 100×2454.36
=
𝑏𝑑 250×350
= 2.8
𝜏𝑐 =0.82 N/mm2
𝜏𝑣 > 𝜏𝑐 ,Hence shear reinforcement is required
As per IS456 Pg 72, 𝐶𝑙 40.4 when 𝜏𝑣 > 𝜏𝑐 and vertical
stirrups are provided
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑑
Vus = ,
𝑆𝑣
where Vus = Vu – τc b d
Vus= (101.25 x 103)-(0.82 x 250 x350)
=29.5 kN
Assume we are providing 2 legged 10 mm stirrups, finding
spacing of shear reinforcement…..
𝜋
0.87×415× 2× 4 ×102 ×350
29.5 x 103 =
𝑆𝑣
𝑆𝑣 =672.87 mm≈ 670 𝑚𝑚
Check for spacing of shear reinforcement
As per IS456 Pg 47, 𝐶𝑙 26.5.1.5 ,for vertical stirrups
𝑆𝑣 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75d=345
less
300 mm
𝑆𝑣 𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 𝑆𝑣 provided ,hence unsafe
Limit the spacing to 𝑆𝑣 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Provide 2 legged 10 mm dia bars @ 300 mm c/c as shear
reinforcement
9 .Detailing
4 # 20 mm ∅ 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
250
400 2 L 10mm
𝝓 @ 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝒄/𝒄
50
5 # 25 mm ∅ 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
Flanged beams
In most of the reinforced concrete structures, concrete
slabs are cast monolithic. In a floor consisting of several
beams cast monolithically with the slab, the intermediate
beams act as T-beams whereas the beams at top of the
corners of the walls or beams around the staircase or lift
openings are called L-beams.
L-BEAM
The actual width of the flange is the spacing of the beam,
which is the same as the distance between the middle
points of the adjacent spans of the slab.
However, in a flanged beam, a part of the width less than
the actual width, is effective to be considered as a part of
the beam. This width of the slab is designated as the
effective width of the flange.
T-BEAM
Integral action between flange and web is ensured by
transverse reinforcement and stirrups in the beam
Compression reinforcement
Transverse reinforcement
Stirrups
Tension reinforcement
IS code specifications
Clause 23.1.2 of IS 456 specifies the following effective widths
of T and L-beams:
Types of flanged sections
The neutral axis of a flanged beam may be either in the
flange or in the web depending on the physical dimensions
of the effective width of flange bf, effective width of web bw,
thickness of flange Df and effective depth of flanged beam d.
Types of flanged section
1. Neutral axis lies within flange (𝑥𝑢 < 𝐷𝑓 )
2. Neutral axis lies in web (𝑥𝑢 > 𝐷𝑓 )
𝐷𝑓 𝐷𝑓
a) 𝑑
< 0.2 &
𝑥𝑢
< 0.43
𝐷𝑓 𝐷𝑓
b) 𝑑
> 0.2 𝑜𝑟
𝑥𝑢
> 0.43
Neutral axis lies within flange (𝑥𝑢 < 𝐷𝑓 )
The flanged beam may be considered as a rectangular beam
of width bf and effective depth d if the neutral axis is in the
flange as the concrete in tension is ignored
Concrete below the neutral axis is in tension and is ignored.
The steel reinforcement takes the tensile force .
Therefore, T and L-beams are considered as rectangular
beams of width bf and effective depth d
All the equations of singly and doubly reinforced rectangular
beams are applicable here.
𝟎.𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 ×𝑨𝒔𝒕
𝑥𝑢 =
𝟎.𝟑𝟔𝒇𝒄𝒌 bf
𝑓𝑦 ×𝐴𝑠𝑡
Mu tension = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 d 1−
𝑓𝑐𝑘 bf 𝑑
𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑢
Mu compression =𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 (1- 0.42 )bf 𝑑 2 𝒇𝒄𝒌
𝑑 𝑑
Neutral axis lies in web (𝑥𝑢 > 𝐷𝑓 )
𝐷𝑓 𝐷𝑓
a) 𝑑
< 0.2 𝑜𝑟
𝑥𝑢
< 0.43
The section is split into two parts:
(i) rectangular web of width bw and effective depth d
(ii) flange of width (bf - bw) and depth Df
Total compressive force
= Compressive force of rectangular beam of width bw and
effective depth d + Compressive force of rectangular flange
of width (bf - bw) and depth Df
C = 0.36 fck 𝑥𝑢 bw + 0.45 fck (bf - bw) Df
T=0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
Neutral axis depth
Compressive force = tensile force
0.36 fck 𝑥𝑢 bw + 0.446 fck (bf - bw) Df = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 −0.45 fck (bf − bw) Df
𝑥𝑢 =
0.36 fck bw
Moment of resistance
As per IS 456 Pg Annex G ,G-2 –G-2.2 & G-2.3
If 𝑥𝑢 > 𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 Df
Mu =𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 (1- 0.42 )bw𝑑2 𝒇𝒄𝒌 + 0.45 fck (bf - bw)Df(d- )
𝑑 𝑑 2
If 𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 > 𝑥𝑢 > Df
𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑢 2 Df
Mu =𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 (1- 0.42 )bw𝑑 𝒇𝒄𝒌 + 0.45 fck (bf - bw)Df(d- )
𝑑 𝑑 2
Neutral axis lies in web (𝑥𝑢 > 𝐷𝑓 )
𝐷𝑓 𝐷𝑓
b) 𝑑
> 0.2 𝑜𝑟
𝑥𝑢
> 0.43
In this case, the depth of rectangular portion of stress block
is within the flange .It is assumed that this depth of constant
stress (0.45 fck) is yf, where yf = 0.15 + 0.65 𝐷𝑓 , but not
greater than 𝐷𝑓
The section is split into two parts:
(i) rectangular web of width bw and effective depth d
(ii) flange of width (bf - bw) and depth yf
Total compressive force
= Compressive force of rectangular beam of width bw and
effective depth d + Compressive force of rectangular flange
of width (bf - bw) and depth Dy
C = 0.36 fck 𝑥𝑢 bw + 0.45 fck (bf - bw) yf
T=0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
Neutral axis depth
Compressive force = tensile force
0.36 fck 𝑥𝑢 bw + 0.446 fck (bf - bw) yf = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 −0.45 fck (bf − bw) yf
𝑥𝑢 =
0.36 fck bw
Moment of resistance
As per IS 456 Pg Annex G ,G-2 –G-2.2 & G-2.3
If 𝑥𝑢 > 𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 y
Mu =𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 (1- 0.42 )bw𝑑2 𝒇𝒄𝒌 + 0.45 fck (bf - bw)yf(d- f)
𝑑 𝑑 2
If 𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 > 𝑥𝑢 > Df
𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑢 y
Mu =𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 (1- 0.42 )bw𝑑 2 𝒇𝒄𝒌 + 0.45 fck (bf - bw)yf(d- f)
𝑑 𝑑 2
Problem 1
Determine the ultimate moment of resistance of isolated T-
beam of span 6 m shown in figure for the following two cases
I. M15 concrete and Fe250 steel
II. M20 concrete and Fe250 steel
Case I
1. Calculation of effective flange width
As per IS456 pg 37 cl 23.1.2
6 ×103
i. 𝑏𝑓 = 6×103
+250
1000
+4
=850 lesser
ii. 𝑏𝑓 =1000
𝑏𝑓 =850 mm
2. Determination of neutral axis depth (𝑥𝑢 )
a) Assume neutral axis lies in the flange
𝟎.𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 ×𝑨𝒔𝒕
𝑥𝑢 =
𝟎.𝟑𝟔𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃
𝜋
0.87 × 250 × 6 × ×282
4
=
0.36×15×850
= 175.06 mm
𝐷𝑓 =100 mm < 𝑥𝑢 =175.06, hence assumption is wrong
b) Assume neutral axis lies in the web
𝐷𝑓 𝐷𝑓
< 0.2 & < 0.43
𝑑 𝑥𝑢
𝐷𝑓 100
= =0.192 < 0.2 ,hence first condition satisfied
𝑑 520
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 −0.45 fck (bf − bw) Df
𝑥𝑢 =
0.36 fck bw
𝜋
0.87 × 250 × 6 × ×282 −0.45×15 850−250 100
4
=
0.36×15×250
=295.23 mm
𝐷𝑓 100
= =0.34 < 0.43,hence second condition satisfied
𝑥𝑢 295.23
Assumption is correct
3. Moment of resistance
As per IS456 Pg 70
𝒙𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙
=0.53
𝒅
𝒙𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙 =0.53 x 520=275.6 < 295.23 (𝑥𝑢 ) ,over-reinforced
section
Hence limit 𝑥𝑢 = 𝒙𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Mu=𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 (1- 0.42 )bw𝑑 2 𝒇𝒄𝒌 +0.45fck(bf- bw)Df(d-
𝑑 𝑑
Df
)
2
=0.36x0.53(1-0.42x0.53)x250x5202x15+0.45x15(850-250)100
(520-100/2)
Mu =340.75 kNm
Case II
1. Calculation of effective flange width
As per IS456 pg 37 cl 23.1.2
6 ×103
i. 𝑏𝑓 = 6×103
+250
1000
+4
=850 lesser
ii. 𝑏𝑓 =1000
𝑏𝑓 =850 mm
2. Determination of neutral axis depth (𝑥𝑢 )
a) Assume neutral axis lies in the flange
𝟎.𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 ×𝑨𝒔𝒕
𝑥𝑢 =
𝟎.𝟑𝟔𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃
𝜋
0.87 × 250 × 6 × ×282
4
=
0.36×20×850
= 131.3 mm
𝐷𝑓 =100 mm < 𝑥𝑢 =131.3, hence assumption is wrong
b) Assume neutral axis lies in the web
𝐷𝑓 𝐷𝑓
< 0.2 & < 0.43
𝑑 𝑥𝑢
𝐷𝑓 100
= =0.192 < 0.2 ,hence first condition satisfied
𝑑 520
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 −0.45 fck (bf − bw) Df
𝑥𝑢 =
0.36 fck bw
𝜋
0.87 × 250 × 6 × ×282 −0.45×20 850−250 100
4
=
0.36×20×250
=146.42 mm
𝐷𝑓 100
= =0.68 > 0.43,hence second condition not satisfied
𝑥𝑢 146.42
Assumption is wrong
c) Assume neutral axis lies in the web
𝐷𝑓 𝐷𝑓
> 0.2 𝑜𝑟 > 0.43
𝑑 𝑥𝑢
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 − 0.45 fck
(bf − bw) yf
𝑥𝑢 =
0.36 fck bw
yf = 0.15 𝑥𝑢 + 0.65 𝐷𝑓
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 − 0.45 fck (bf − bw)(0.15 𝑥𝑢 + 0.65 𝐷𝑓)
𝑥𝑢 =
0.36 fck bw
𝜋
0.87 × 250 × 6 × 4 ×282 −0.45×20 850−250 (0.15 𝑥𝑢 +0.65 𝑋 100)
=
0.36×20×250
1800 𝑥𝑢 = 80.36 X 104-5400(0.15 𝑥𝑢 +65)
1800 𝑥𝑢 +5400 x 0.15 𝑥𝑢 = 80.36 X 104-351000
2610𝑥𝑢 =452600
𝑥𝑢 =173.41
𝐷𝑓 100
= =0.58 > 0.43, hence assumption is correct
𝑥𝑢 173.41
3. Moment of resistance
As per IS456 Pg 70
𝒙𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙
=0.53
𝒅
𝒙𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙 =0.53 x 520=275.6 > 173.41 (𝑥𝑢 ) under-reinforced
section
𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑢 2 yf
Mu =𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 (1- 0.42 )bw𝑑 𝒇𝒄𝒌 + 0.45 fck (bf - bw)yf(d- )
𝑑 𝑑 2
𝑥𝑢 173.41
yf = 0.15 𝑥𝑢 + 0.65 𝐷𝑓 , = = 0.33
𝑑 520
yf =0.15 x 173.41 +0.65 x100=91.01 mm
Mu=0.36x0.33(1-0.42x0.33)x250x5202x20+0.45x20(850-
250)91.01 (520-91.01/2)
Mu=371.55 kNm
