ELECTRONICS REVIEWER

Proper care and maintenance of electronic tools and instruments

1. Make sure that you are physically and mentally fit working with electrical or electronics
circuits
2. Always use the tools and the right tool for the right job.
3. Do not attempt to use tools and instruments you are not familiar with.
4. Keep all tools and instruments in a safe place like toolboxes and tool cabinet to avoid
accidents.
5. If the accident happens, report them immediately to your teacher
6. Always focus on electrical/electronic work.
7. Be sure that the power source is shut off before starting electrical work.
8. Wear proper insulating materials when working with electricity (PPE)
9. Use only properly insulated tools.
10. When working with a “live” circuit work with only one hand if possible

Personal Protective Equipment

1. Hard Hot
2. Safety Shoes
3. Gloves
4. Safety Goggles
5. Apron

Basic hand tools and equipment

1. Driving of Tools Screwdriver comprises a head or tip, which engages with a screw, a
mechanism to apply force by rotating the tip, and some way to position and support the
screwdriver, the tip of which is shaped to fit a particular type of screw.

a. Slotted Screwdriver is used to drive or fasten negative slotted screws.

b. Phillips Screwdriver – used to drive or fasten positive slotted screws. It is a screwdriver
that could take greater torque and could provide tighter fastenings.
c. Jeweler's Screwdriver Set – is a set of small screwdrivers composed of slotted and
Phillips screwdrivers.

2. Soldering tools

a. The Desoldering tool is used in removing soldered wires and components on printed
circuit boards for troubleshooting and repair purposes.
b. Soldering Iron – The most versatile tool in soldering semiconductor devices and other
electronic components because of its tolerable heat generation at 30watts to much heat
applied to such components might destroy them during the process of soldering.
c. Soldering Tool Stand – a gadget for resting the soldering iron when not in use during the
soldering process for safety
3. Splicing Tools

a. Long Nose is used for holding, bending, and stretching the lead of electronic
components or connecting wires.
b. Side cutter is a wire-cutting plier, though they are not used to grab or turn anything, but
are used to cut wires
c. c. Wire Stripper for removing the insulation of wires

4. Boring tools

a. 12V Mini-Drill – is used to bore or drill holes in the printed circuit board (PCB) with sizes
from 1/32” – 1/16”
b. Portable Electric Drill is used for a boring hole(s) in plastic or metal chassis with the use
of drill bits having sizes from 1/6” to approximately 1/4”.

5. Cutting Tools

a. Utility Knife is a common tool used in cutting various trades and crafts for a variety of
purposes.
b. Hacksaw is used for cutting metals. Some have pistol grips that keep the hacksaw firm
and easy to grip. The small hand-held hacksaws consist of a metal arch with a handle
that fits around a narrow, rigid blade

6. Auxiliary Tools
a. Magnifying Glass is a convex lens that is used to produce a magnified image of an
object. The lens is usually mounted on a frame with a handle.
b. Paint Brush – it is of made of bristles set in the handle, use for cleaning dirty parts of a
circuit or an object.

Electronics Equipment
Measuring tools

1. Volt-Ohm-Millimeter- (VOM) for measuring resistance, voltage and current

2. Continuity tester for testing whether there is a passage of electric current in a circuit,e.g.
for testing fuse
3. Oscilloscope. An oscilloscope (commonly abbreviated CRO, for cathode-ray
oscilloscope, or scope) is a piece of electronic test equipment that allows signal voltages
to be viewed, usually, as a two-dimensional graph of one or more electrical potential
differences (vertical axis) plotted as a function of time or some other voltage (horizontal
axis).
4. A signal generator is a device that produces simple waveforms. Such devices contain
an electronic oscillator, a circuit that is capable of creating a repetitive waveform. These
are typically used in simple electronics repair and design where they are used to
simulate a circuit under test.
5. The DC voltmeter is a device which measures the DC voltage applied to it, by moving
the pointer against the perfectly calibrated scale.
6. Micrometer Caliper for measuring the diameter of wires.
Safety precaution using tools and equipment:

1. Handle sharp edge and pointed tools with care

2. Proper handling of tools, equipment, and materials
3. Orderliness in the shop
4. Awareness of the things around the shop
5. Presence of mind while working

Tools handles:

1. Handles should fit handle well

2. handles must be a good gripping surface
3. handles must have no sharp edges or areas that dig into the finger or palm

Improper use of a screwdriver

1. Using the screwdrivers are designed to be used as a cold chisel

2. Using the wrong type (tip) of a screwdriver
3. Never use pliers on a screwdriver for extra leverage.

Pliers:

1. Do not increase the handle length of pliers to gain more leverage.

2. Do not substitute pliers for a wrench when turning bolts and nuts.
3. Never use pliers as a hammer on the handle.
4. Remove cut hardened wires only with pliers designed for that purpose.
5. Never cut the wires at the right angle.

Utility Knives/ Blades:

1. Never use dull blades because they require more force, thus are more likely to slip.
Replace the blade when it starts to “tear” instead of cut.
2. Always observe the area before leaving a knife unattended with the blade exposed.

Electronic Products Assembly and Servicing

A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an
electronic circuit. This is called electrical resistance and is measured in the unit Ohm (Ω).
Technical Drawing

1. Drawing board. A smooth board usually rectangular in shape provided with perfectly
straight edge which is used as working edge on which the Tsquare is moved while
making drawings.
2. T-square. A T-square consists of two parts namely the stock and the blade joined
together at right angles to each other by means of screws.
3. Drafting machine or drafter. In a drafting machine, the uses and advantages of
T-squares, scales, set squares, and protractors are combined.
4. Set squares. Set squares are generally made from plastic material. They are triangular in
shape with one corner, a triangle. A pair of set squares (30o- 60o) and 45o. They are
used to draw lines at 30o, 60o and 45o to the vertical or horizontal.
5. Protractor. Protractors are used to mark or measure angles between 0 and 180o
6. Drawing pencils. The accuracy and appearance of a drawing depends on the quality of
pencil used to make drawing. The grade of a pencil lead is marked on the pencil.
7. Compass. Compass is used for drawing circles and arcs of circles. The compass has
two legs hinged at one end. One of the legs has pointed needle fitted at the lower end
while the other end has provision for inserting pencil lead.
8. Drawing pins and clips. These are used to fix the drawing sheet on the drawing board.
9. Electronic templates include symbols for electronic and electrical design that can be
traced using a drawing pencil.

Schematic Symbols of Electronic Components

Wire
Electrical Hazards

1. Electrical hazards. Electrical hazards are the type of risks that are more likely fatal than
any other hazards that can happen in a laboratory room. Electrical hazards such as
electrical shocks from open wires, grounded electrical appliances can be found
anywhere in a disorganized laboratory area.
2. Hazards from improper use of hand tools. Hand tools are classified into cutting tools,
driving tools, boring tools, joining tools, and measuring tools.
TOOLS MAINTENANCE and SAFETY RULES
Tools will last longer when properly kept and maintained. A good worker keeps and cares for his
tools. The following are some pointers to follow in keeping hand tools in good condition.

1. Be sure to inspect tools before using them. This is to check if they are in good working
condition. The evidence is when you are able to use them smoothly and conveniently
with ease and comfort.
2. After using a tool, clean it thoroughly with a damp cloth before keeping it in a tool box or
cabinet. 3. After using a tool, clean it thoroughly with a damp cloth before keeping it in a
tool box or cabinet.

The following safety rules should be understood and strictly followed to avoid accidents while
working.

1. Avoid wearing loose clothing when working. Sleeves should be fit and shirts tucked in
as much as possible. Remove ties, watches, rings, and other jewelry from your body.
2. Report immediately injuries or accidents of any type to your teacher.
3. Never put fasteners or any small metal articles in or near the mouth when working.
4. Never throw tools of any type around. Make sure the sharp edge of cutting tools are
away from the edge of the table or work bench.
5. Keep working areas clean and free from disposable materials.
6. Secure the help of your classmates when carrying heavy tools to avoid accidents.
7. Never use dull or damaged tools.
8. Do not use tools with loose handles and ragged. Report cases like these to the teacher
and do necessary repair and adjustments, if possible.
9. Know and observe safety measures specific for each tool or operation.

Safety Requirements
For your protection, observe the following safety requirements:
• Follow all cautions, warnings, and instructions marked on the equipment.
• Ensure that the voltage and frequency rating of the power outlet matches the electrical rating
labels on the system.
• Use properly grounded power outlets.

Safety Requirements with the Use of Personal Protective Equipment

Hand Tool Design, Selection, and Setup

1. Weight - Use the lightest weight tool possible to avoid injury. Excessively heavy tools
must be equipped with mechanical support and attached hoses should be supported.
2. Balance - Additional force is required to use an unbalanced tool. The tool's center of
gravity should be close to the body, close to the handles, and in line with the center of
the hand holding the tool.
3. Torque Control - High torque requires a lot of force to keep the tool from rotating out of
your hand. Torque settings should be set to the minimum required by job specifications,
especially for in-line and pistol-shaped tools.
4. Grip - Tool handles should allow stable and efficient grip. The handle should be
cylindrical or oval in shape, with a diameter of between 1.25 and 1.75 inches. Tool
handles should contact as much of the hand and fingers as possible.
5. Span - On two-handled manual tools, like pliers, the open span should be about 4
inches and the closed span should only be about 1.5 inches.
 6. Spring-loaded handles - A spring-loaded mechanism saves muscular effort and reduces
mechanical stress on the backs and sides of fingers for such tools as scissors, pliers,
and other manual cutting and gripping tools which have to be opened and closed
repeatedly during use.
7. Choose the right tool shape - Pistol-shaped tools should be used on a vertical surface
or on a horizontal surface below waist height. Bend the tool, not the wrist.
8. Avoid bending over your work.
9. Avoid overhead work if possible. Use a ladder to reduce the need for outstretched
10. Keep the elbows close to the body.
11. Tilt the work surface instead of the wrist.
12. Stand with weight evenly distributed on both feet. When standing for long periods of
time, rest one foot on a sturdy object above floor height and switch legs periodically.
13. Sit up straight so the chair offers good back support. Adjust the chair back so it
comfortably supports the natural curve of the lower back. Adjust the seat height to allow
thighs to be parallel to the floor.

In the process of observing occupational health and safety practices, measures must be set to
be followed by the students. Particularly, an electronics lab has these measures to highlight the
manner of observing safety practices.
1. As a general rule all passages must be free of any obstruction that will hamper the
movement of persons in the area. This provision also provides safety during emergency
situations like fire and earthquake.
2. Treat every wire in the electrical system as live wire and act accordingly. Never attempt
to work in any “live” electronic or electrical circuits.
3. All tools and equipment must be checked to be in A1 condition before they are lent to
users.
4. All instructions must be centralized and must emanate from the person in-charge.
5. The shop is a place of work, so do not engage in a play while at work.
6. Never use tools or equipment you are not familiar with or you do not know how to
operate. Always ask assistance from your teacher to avoid accidents.
7. Keep hand tools such as screwdriver, files, and pliers on the table or tool cabinet and
not in your pocket as it might hurt you or other people.
8. Use only tools that are in good condition.
9. Report accidents and injuries to your teacher no matter how minor.
10. Keep the work area always clean and orderly.