ECW 341 Water Engineering Laboratory Program: Diploma In Civil Engineering (EC110)

Universiti Teknologi MARA Academic Session: OCT 2022 – FEB 2023

Laboratory
Level LEVEL 1 Team Student’s ID Student’s Name Group

Laboratory Title DETERMINATION OF TURBINE 1. Group Leader 2020457658 SARAH ELIANA BT MOHD ROSZAIMAN EC1105H
PERFORMANCE AND MEASUREMENT OF
PUMP EFFICIENCY, HEAD AND DISCHARGE

Date 19/10/2022 2. Member 2020842488 WAN AHMAD AT-TIRMIDZI BIN WAN ABDULLATIF EC1105H
Lecturer’s TS. DR. DURATUL AIN BINTI THOLIBON 2020453958 MUHAMMAD HAZIM UKAIL BIN AHMAD FAIZUL EC1105H
Name 3. Member

4. Member 2020835388 SITI NUR SYAZANA BT AB HISAM EC1105H

Verification

CO2 : Demonstrate leadership skills in task related to water engineering.

PO6 : Demonstrate knowledge of the societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to engineering technician practice and solutions to well-defined
engineering problems.

A. LABORATORY REPORT ASSESSMENT

RUBRICS/Marks Marks
NO DOMAIN ELEMENT
2 4 6 8 10
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
A2 (Responding) following: following: following: following: following:
The student actively • < 100% compliance on • 100% compliance on lab • 100% compliance on lab • 100% compliance on lab • 100% compliance on lab
lab safety rules and not safety rules and practice safety rules and practice safety rules and practice safety rules and practice
participates and reacts in
practice them them them them them
some way. Emphasis is on
• Not participate in group • < 50% participate in • 50% participate in group • 75% participate in group • 100% participate in group
active participation on the
discussion, group discussion, discussion, discussion, discussion
part of the learners such as Participation &
• No interest in subject, • < 50% interest in • 50% interest in subject, • 75% interest in subject, • 100% interest in subject,
1 compliance in responding, Knowledge on the open-
• Not enjoy helping subject, • 50% enjoy helping • 75% enjoy helping others. • 100% fully enjoy helping
willingness to respond, or ended laboratory
others. • < 50% enjoy helping others. • Able to design, prepare, others.
satisfaction in responding • Not able to explain, others. • Able to design, prepare testing and explain the • Able to design, prepare,
design and prepare the • Not able to explain the and explain the experiments and the work testing, interpret and explain
experimental work in the experiment and the work experiments and the assigned in the report the experiments and the
report assigned in the report work assigned in the based on OEL work assigned in the report
report but not based on components based on OEL components
OEL components
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving
approach: approach: approach: approach: approach:
• No acceptance of • 25% acceptance of any • 50% acceptance of any • 75% acceptance of any • 100% acceptance of any
A3 (Valuing) commitment commitment commitment commitment commitment
The worth a student • Uncommitted to carry • 25% committed to carry • 50% committed to carry • 75% committed to carry • 100% committed to carry
attaches to a particular responsibility responsibility responsibility responsibility responsibility
object, phenomenon, or • Uncommitted to provide • 25% committed to • 50% committed to • 75% committed to provide • 100% committed to provide
behavior. Ranges from Leadership skill, suggestion and/or idea provide suggestion provide suggestion suggestion and/or idea suggestion and/or idea
2 acceptance to Commitment & • Uncommitted to follow and/or idea and/or idea • 75% committed to follow • 100% committed to follow
commitment, carry Responsibility group decision • 25% committed to follow • 50% committed to follow group decision. group decision.
responsibility for the • Unable to control, lead, group decision. group decision • Able to control, lead and • Able to control, lead and
functioning of a group, fail to deliver the task to • Able to control, lead the • Able to control, lead and delivering the task to the delivering the task to the
attitudes and the group and does not group but fail to deliver delivering the task to the group efficiently and group efficiently and serves
appreciation. compromise to achieve the task and does not group members and usually does what is the as a leader in managing
the objectives of compromise towards the occasionally helps the best interest of the group individual ideas towards the
experiments (Reports) achievement objectives group to achieve the towards the achievement achievement of the
of the experiments objectives of the of the objectives objectives (Reports)
(Reports) experiments (Reports) (Reports)
 Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
A4 (Organization) following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving
At this level, the student approach approach approach approach approach
has held a value system • <100% maintain good • 100% maintain good • 100% maintain good • 100% maintain good • 100% maintain good health
for a sufficiently long health habits, health habits, health habits, health habits, compliance habits, compliance on lab
time to control his/her compliance on lab compliance on lab safety compliance on lab safety on lab safety rules and safety rules and practice
Character &
3 behavior, has developed safety rules and practice rules and practice them rules and practice them practice them them
Organization
a characteristic them • 85% display self- • 90% display self- • 95% display self-reliance • 100% display self-reliance in
"lifestyle." Behavior is • Not display self-reliance reliance in working reliance in working in working independently, working independently, and
pervasive, consistent, in working independently, and independently, and and cooperate in group cooperate in group activities,
predictable, and most independently, and cooperate in group cooperate in group activities, • 100% display a professional
importantly, cooperate in group activities, activities, • 95% display a commitment to ethical
activities, • 85% display a • 90% display a professional commitment practice daily.
 ECW 341 Water Engineering Laboratory Program: Diploma In Civil Engineering (EC110)
Universiti Teknologi MARA Academic Session: OCT 2022 – FEB 2023
characteristic of the • Not display a professional professional to ethical practice daily. • 100% able to objectively
learner. professional commitment to ethical commitment to ethical • 95% able to objectively interpret case study/problem
commitment to ethical practice daily. practice daily. interpret case • 100% able to revise
practice daily. • 85% able to objectively • 90% able to objectively study/problem judgments and changes
• Not able to objectively interpret case interpret case • 95% able to revise approach considering new
interpret case study/problem study/problem judgments and changes idea or issue arise.
study/problem • 85% able to revise • 90% able to revise approach considering • Team showed great
• Not able to revise judgments and changes judgments and changes new idea or issue arise. cohesion, interaction
judgments and changes approach considering approach considering • Team showed great respect. Team shared the
approach considering new idea or issue arise. new idea or issue arise. cohesion, interaction tasks equally and utilizes
new idea or issue arise. • Team demonstrated • Team showed good respect. Team member abilities of each team
• Team showed poor some cohesion, cohesion, interaction did not share the tasks members. Reports were
cohesion, poor interaction respect. Most respect. Team member equally and did not utilize completed on time with
interaction and poor work was done by only 1 did not share the tasks abilities of each team satisfactory compilations.
respect. Only one member team. Reports equally and did not members. Reports were
person does all the were completed on time utilize abilities of each completed on time but
reports. Reports were but with unsatisfactory team members. Reports with satisfactory
not completed compilations. were completed on time compilations.
but with unsatisfactory
compilations
B. LABORATORY REPORT ASSESSMENT
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving
A4 (Organizing) approach as shown in lab approach as shown in lab approach as shown in lab approach as shown in lab report approach as shown in lab report
Brings together different report report report
values, resolving conflicts • The team is unable to • The team is able to • The team is able to • The team is able to collect • The team is able to collect
among them, and starting to collect any data, collect some data but collect some relevant relevant data, related to relevant data, related to the
build an internally consistent insufficient to analyze unable to analyze and data, related to the the objectives, with good objectives, with excellent
4 value system. Organizes Result and analysis and interpret interpret objectives, with fair analysis and analysis and interpretation.
values into priorities by • Unable in comparing, • 25% comparing, relating analysis and interpretation. • 100% comparing, relating
contrasting different relating and and synthesizing data interpretation. • 50% comparing, relating and synthesizing data based
systems. The emphasis is on synthesizing data based based on relevant • 50% comparing, relating and synthesizing data on relevant standard
comparing, relating, and on relevant standard standard and synthesizing data based on relevant
synthesizing values. based on relevant standard
standard

Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving
A4 (Organizing) approach as shown in lab approach as shown in lab approach as shown in lab approach as shown in lab report approach as shown in lab report
Brings together different report report report • 75% organize, formatted • 100% fully organize,
values, resolving conflicts • Not organize, • 25% organize, formatted • 50% organize, formatted and systematic laboratory formatted and systematic
among them, and starting to unformatted and and systematic and systematic report laboratory report
build an internally consistent unsystematic laboratory laboratory report laboratory report • 75% providing solution to • 100% providing solution to
5 value system. Organizes Discussion report • 25% providing solution • 50% providing solution the environmental the environmental
values into priorities by • Not providing solution to to the environmental to the environmental engineering problems. engineering problems.
contrasting different the environmental engineering problems. engineering problems. • The team is able to relate • The team is able to relate all
systems. The emphasis is on engineering problems. • The team is able to • The team is able to all findings with the findings with the problem
comparing, relating, and • The team is unable to discuss some of the relate some of the problem with good with excellent discussion
synthesizing values. discuss the findings findings findings with the discussion
problem with fair
discussion

The team is able to provide The team is able to derive fair The team is able to derive good The team is able to derive accurate
6 A5 (Characterization) Conclusion The team is unable to conclude conclusion without answering conclusion based on findings to conclusion based on findings to conclusion based on findings to
the objective answer the objective answer the objective answer the objective

TOTAL

60
 ECW 341 | GROUP 4 : EC110 5H

INDEX

Item Pages

Introduction 2

Objective 2

Theoretical background 2-6

Problem statement 7

Apparatus 7-9

Procedure 9-10

Data and analysis 11-16

Discussion 17-18

Conclusion 19

References 19

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INTRODUCTION

In this laboratory activities, students are exposed to the operation of the Pelton turbine which the
most visually obvious example of an impulsive machine. Pump is the device used to move
liquids or slurries. Pump can be combined in series or parallel in order to reach their purpose of
installation.

OBJECTIVE

1. To determine the operating characteristics of a Pelton turbine at various speeds.

2. To determine the head / flow rate characteristics and pump efficiency under single, series
and parallel pump operation

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

TURBINE

A spear valve directs a jet of water at a series of buckets which are mounted on the periphery of a
rotor. As the water exiting the spear valve is at atmospheric pressure, the force exerted on the
rotor is entirely due to changes in the direction of the flow of water. The Pelton turbine is
therefore associated with considerable changes of kinetic energy but little change in pressure
energy. The performance curves for a turbine can be derived in the same way as for a pump,
though it is usual to treat the speed (RPM) as the principal variable when plotting power,
efficiency, torque and discharge.

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Water power (power input, 𝑃𝑖 ), 𝑃𝑤 = 𝜌𝑔𝐻Q (1.1)

Where

Mechanical or Braking Power (power output, 𝑃𝑜), 𝑃𝑚 = 𝑇 𝑥 (1.2)

Where

Turbine efficiency, (1.3)

Type number or specific speed, (1.4)

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PUMP

Pump is the device used to move liquids or slurries. Pump can be combined in series or parallel
in order to reach their purpose of installation. If a single pump does not provide enough flowrate
for a given application, connecting two pumps in parallel can rectify the problem. On the other
hand, if a single pump does not provide enough head for a given application, two pumps
connected in series can be remedy. Pumps are used in almost all aspects of industry and
engineering from feeds to reactors and distillation columns in chemical engineering to pumping
storm sewer in civil and environmental engineering. They are an integral part of engineering and
an understanding of how they work is important.

(a) Single centrifugal pump

Centrifugal pump is one of the most widely used pumps for transferring liquids. Centrifugal
pump operates as follow: As the prime mover rotates the driveshaft, the impeller fluid is drawn
in axially through the centre opening of the housing. The fluid then makes a 90o turn and flows
radially outward. As energy is added to the fluid by rotating blades (centrifugal action and actual
blade force), the pressure and velocity increase until the fluid reaches the outer tip of the
impeller. The fluid then enters the volute shaped housing whose increased flow area causes the
velocity to decrease. This action results in a decrease in kinetic energy and an accompanying
increase in pressure.

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(b) Series pump operation

Pump can be combined in series to obtain an increase in head at the same flowrate as the single
pump.

Figure 2.1 Series Pump Curve Characteristics

As shown in Figure 2.1, when two pumps having similar head-flowrate characteristics are
operated in series in combined pump head-flowrate curve is obtained by adding the head of
single pump curve at the same flowrate.

(c) Parallel pump operation

Pumps can be combined in parallel to obtain in increase in flowrate at the same head as the
single pump.

Figure 2.2 Parallel Pump Curve Characteristics

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 ECW 341 | GROUP 4 : EC110 5H

As shown in Figure 2.2, when two pumps having similar head-flowrate characteristics are
operated in parallel the combined pump head-flowrate curve is obtained by adding the flowrates
of the single pumps at the same head.

Formula for calculation of variables (in accordance with series and parallel pump test rig
model:FM07A-1)

(2.1)

(2.2)

(2.3)

(2.4)

** Pressure unit (P1, P2) is Pascal. Unit conversion 1 bar = 100000 Pa

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PROBLEM STATEMENT

1. The Pelton turbine is the most visually obvious example of an impulse machine. A spear
valve directs a jet of water at a series of buckets which are mounted on the periphery of a
rotor. As the water exiting the spear valve is at atmospheric pressure, the force exerted on
the rotor is entirely due to changes in the direction of the flow of water. The Pelton
turbine is therefore associated with considerable changes of kinetic energy but little
changes in pressure energy. Thus, obtaining efficiency of a turbine at various speeds are
vital to obtain efficiency of a Pelton turbine. The group is required to determine turbine
efficiency at a various speed. From the results obtained, suggest the optimum conditions
for the turbine.

2. Each group is required to determine the maximum flow rate, pump head and pump
efficiency under single, series and parallel pump operation.

APPARATUS

TURBINE

1. Pelton turbine with water supply pump set and rope brake type dynamometer
2. Flow measuring unit – Orifice meter and pressure gauge
3. Piping system
4. Storage tank
5. Hand held tachometer
6. Stopwatch

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Figure 1: Pelton Impulse Turbine

PUMP

Pump apparatus as shown in Figure 2 will be used to determine head / flow rate characteristics
and pump efficiency and Figure 3 shows process diagram for series and parallel pump operation.

Figure 2 Pump Apparatus

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Figure 3 Process Diagram for Series / Parallel Pump

PROCEDURE

TURBINE

1. Lower the band brake assembly over the brake drum and adjust the hand brake for a
range of readings on the spring balances
2. Record the spring balance and tachometer readings for each hand brake setting. Measure
the flow rate using a timed volume collection, record the reading form the inlet pressure
gauge.
3. Adjust the flow rate using the spear valve, and repeat the experiment. Continue to do
until you have sets of reading for a variety of different flow rates
4. For each flow rate, plot graph of rotational speed n against Torque T, Brake(mechanical)
Power, 𝑃𝑏 and Efficiency, 𝜂t.

Data required for this experiment are at least 3 different flowrate.

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PUMP

1. The circulation tank is filled with water.

2. Make sure V5 is fully close position.
3. Switch on the main power supply.
4. Turn on the main switch on the control panel. Ensure all digital indicators illuminate.
5. Check for the following valve position in Table 1.
Table 1 Valve Position

Pump Running Fully Open Fully Close

operation Pump Valve Valve

Single Pump 2 V2 V1, V3, V4

Series Both Pump V1, V3 V2, V4

Parallel Both Pump V1, V2, V4 V3

6. Turn on the pump and slowly open V5 until maximum flowrate is achieved. Follow the
experiment procedures to determine the desired flow rate.
7. Use the pump speed selector switch to monitor the pump speed.

Data required for this experiment are at least 5 different flowrate and pump head for each 3
different cases (single, series and parallel).

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DATA ANALYSIS

TURBINE

Table 2 Spear valve open at 100%

Brake Water
Discharge Discharge
Breaking Speed Flow Rate Flow rate Torque horse Pressure Horse Efficiency
Pressure pressure Force (N)
Load (kg) (RPM) (m3/s) (m3/s) (Nm) power Head (H) Power (%)
(kg/cm2) (N/m2)
(watt) (watt)

0 907.67 155.57 0.00259 19.33 1933000 0.00 0.00 0.0 197.04 3730.62 0.0

2 915.67 155.53 0.00259 18.67 1867000 19.62 0.7848 75.25 190.32 4835.63 1.56

6 877.67 115.73 0.00193 19.33 1933000 58.86 2.354 216.35 197.04 3730.62 5.8

8 810.33 118.67 0.00198 19.67 1967000 78.48 3.1392 266.38 200.51 3894.67 6.84

10 688.00 124.67 0.00208 20.67 2067000 98.10 3.9240 282.71 210.70 4299.29 6.58

11 620.00 123.97 0.00207 20.33 2033000 107.91 4.3164 280.25 207.24 4208.36 6.66

Table 3 Spear valve open at 50%

Brake Water
Discharge Discharge
Breaking Speed Flow Rate Flow rate Torque horse Pressure Horse Efficiency
Pressure pressure Force (N)
Load (kg) (RPM) (m3/s) (m3 /s) (Nm) power Head (H) Power (%)
(kg/cm2) (N/m2)
(watt) (watt)

0 1426.00 77.37 0.00129 34.30 3430000 0.00 0.00 0.00 349.64 4424.66 0.00

2 1376.67 77.23 0.00129 38.83 3883000 19.62 0.7848 113.14 395.82 5009.06 2.26

6 1432.33 77.47 0.00129 35.00 3500000 58.86 2.3544 353.14 356.78 4515.02 7.82

8 1292.00 77.30 0.00129 34.50 3450000 78.48 3.1392 424.73 351.68 4450.48 9.54

10 1088.67 76.80 0.00128 34.50 3450000 98.10 3.9240 447.36 351.68 4415.98 10.13

11 994.67 75.87 0.00126 34.00 3400000 107.91 4.3164 449.60 346.59 4284.06 10.49

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CALCULATIONS

1. Discharge pressure (N/m2)

The value of discharge pressure which is in the unit of (kg/cm2) was converted to the unit
of (N/m2) by multiplying the value in the unit of (kg/cm2) with 100 000.
As an example:
19.33 kg/cm2 x 100 000 = 1933000 N/m2

2. Braking load, m (kg)

The value of the braking load was taken from the laboratory.
As an example:
Braking load = 6.0 kg

3. Braking Force (N)

The value of braking force was calculated by using the formula:
Braking Force (N) = m x g
Where the value of g is 9.81 m/s2.
As an example:
Braking Force = 6 x 9.81 = 58.86 N

4. Torque (Nm)
The value of torque was calculated by using the formula:
Torque (Nm) = Force x Radius
Where the value of radius is 0.04m.
As an example:
Torque = 58.86 x 0.04 = 0.7848 Nm

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5. Brake horse power (watt)

The value of brake horse power was calculated by using the formula:
Brake horse power (watt) = Torque x Speed x (2π/60)
As an example:
Brake horse power = 2.354 x 877.67 x (2π/60) = 72.13 watt

6. Pressure Head, H (m)

The value of pressure head was calculated by using the formula:
Pressure head (m) = Discharge Pressure/ρωg
As an example:
Pressure head = 1933000/ (1000) (9.81) = 197.04 m

7. Water horse power (watt)

The value of water horse power can be calculated by using the formula:
Water horse power (watt) = ρωgQH
As an example:
Water horse power = 1000 x 9.81 x 0.00193 x 197.04 = 3730.62 watt

8. Turbine Efficiency (%)

The value of turbine efficiency can be calculated by using the formula:
Turbine Efficiency (%) = (BHP/Water horse power) x 100%
As an example:
Turbine efficiency = (216.35/3730.62) x 100% = 5.8 %

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PUMP

Table 4 Single Centrifugal Pump Test

Outlet Venturi Total Total

Pump Inlet Total Pump
(Delivery) pressure Power Hydraulic Efficiency
(Suction) Head, H Speed, N Flow (L/s)
Pressure difference Input Power (%)
(bar) (kPa) (rev/min)
(bar) (∆P) (Watts) (Watts)

-0.67 0.22 89 3007 0.64 2.35 420 209.15 49.80

-0.63 0.32 95 3008 0.6 2.30 415 218.15 52.57

-0.57 0.42 99 3004 0.54 2.16 401 213.84 53.33

-0.51 0.53 105 3007 0.48 2.04 389 212.16 54.54

-0.46 0.62 108 3004 0.42 1.91 375 208.19 55.52

-0.40 0.72 112 3008 0.36 1.76 357 197.12 58.15

-0.35 0.82 117 3011 0.3 1.61 339 188.37 55.57

-0.29 0.92 121 3008 0.22 1.38 314 166.98 53.18

-0.22 1.03 125 3007 0.016 1.18 285 147.50 51.75

-0.14 1.14 128 3007 0.06 0.72 241 92.16 38.24

CALCULATIONS

1. Total Hydraulic Power (Watts)

The value of total Hydraulic Power was calculated by using the formula:
Total Hydraulic Power = 𝜌𝑔𝐻Q
As an example:
Total Hydraulic Power = 1000 x 9.81 x (89000/(1000 x 9.81)) x (2.35/1000) =
209.15 Watts

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2. Efficiency (%)
The value of efficiency was calculated by using the formula:
Efficiency (%) = (hydraulic power/ power input) x 100%
As an example:
Efficiency = (209.15/420) x 100% = 49.8 %

GRAPHS

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DISCUSSION

In this laboratory activity, the students were required to determine the flow rate
characteristics and pump efficiency under single centrifugal pump test and to determine the
operating characteristics of a Pelton turbine at various speeds. Flow rate characteristic describes
the relationship between the valve coefficient and the valve stroke. Each throttling valve has a
flow characteristic. As a valve opens, the flow characteristic allows a certain amount of flow
through the valve at a particular percentage of the stroke. Pump efficiency is defined as the ratio
of useful hydraulic power sent to the fluid to the power input at the drive shaft.

After carrying out the experiment, the students are required to plot a graph of rotational
speed, n against torque, T, brake power, Pb and efficiency, nt. After acquiring the data for total
head, H (kPa) and flow rate, Q (m3/s), the calculation for total hydraulic power (Watts) can be
made by using this formula:

Total Hydraulic Power = 𝜌𝑔𝐻𝑄

After calculating all the total hydraulic power, the efficiency (%) can now be calculated
using the following formula:

Efficiency = 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟/𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 100%

Based on the data, it is concluded that as the total head (kPa) increases, the flow rate
(m3/s) decreases. For example, when the total head is at 89kPa, the flow rate is at 0.00235m3/s,
and when the total head is at 128kPa, the flow rate is at 0.00072m3/s. However, the change in
efficiency is not linear. This is due to the fact that hydraulic power is also not linearly increasing
or decreasing. The highest efficiency obtained is 58.15%, when the total head is 112kPa, flow
rate is 0.00176m3/s, total power input is 357 Watts and total hydraulic power is 197.12 Watts.

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Next, to determine the operating characteristics of a Pelton turbine, the spear valve was
first opened at 100%. Then, the data are acquired by observing the experiment. The discharge
pressure (N/m2) values that were in unit of kg/cm2 are converted to units of N/m2 by
multiplying the value with 100 000. For the breaking force (N) values, it is obtained by
multiplying the value of braking load with the g value which is 9.81m/s2. For torque (Nm), the
values were calculated by multiplying the value of braking force with the value of radius which
is 0.04m. For the brake horse power (watt), the values were obtained by multiplying it with
torque, speed, and 2π/60. For the pressure head (m) values, they are calculated by using the
formula: Discharge Pressure/ρωg. For water horse power (watt), the values were calculated by
using the formula: ρωgQH. After acquiring the values for brake horse power and water horse
power, the turbine efficiency (%) can now be calculated by dividing brake horse power value
with water horse power value then multiplying it with 100.

The calculations were repeated with the spear valve opened at 50%. After all the data has
been acquired, the analysis that has been made is that the valve opened at 50% is more efficient
than at 100%. For example, the highest efficiency (6.66%) at 100% opening is lower than the
highest efficiency (10.49%) at 50% opening.

However, the result of this experiment could be inaccurate due to some possible errors
that occurred while students were conducting the experiment. For example, the students might
read the readings inaccurately. To avoid this error, the students should learn how to read the
readings correctly and carefully. Second, the time taken for the water to reach a certain volume
needed to calculate the flow rate might be slightly off. To avoid this error, the students must
record the time taken multiple times and calculate the average from the best three records.

During the experiment, students are required to follow strict standard safety precautions
of wearing laboratory jackets and safety boots. Students also paid full attention while the
assistant engineer performed the demonstration to ensure that students conducted the experiment
perfectly.

DETERMINATION OF TURBINE PERFORMANCE AND

MEASUREMENT OF PUMP EFFICIENCY, HEAD AND DISCHARGE | 18

 ECW 341 | GROUP 4 : EC110 5H

CONCLUSION

In the end of this experiment, we have managed to calculate the efficiency of two spear
valves with different percentages of openings. From the overall data that has been calculated and
comparison that has been made, we can conclude that the spear valve with an opening of 50% is
more efficient compared to a spear valve with an opening of 100%. The efficiency was
influenced by brake horse power which was influenced by other factors such as the speed,
braking load etc. Thus, the objective of this experiment has been achieved.

REFERENCES

1. Engineering ToolBox, (2004). Power Gained by Fluid from Pump or Fan.

[Link]

2. Alluri, S. (2022, May 19). Pump related formulas | Power calculation, Total Head, NPSH,
Affinity laws. Sugar Industry Technologies
[Link]

3. Derivation of formula for pump power. (2011, October 14). Physics Forums | Science
Articles, Homework Help, Discussion.
[Link]

4. Hydraulic Pumps and Motors: Considering Efficiency. (2013. December 12). Hydraulic
Pumps and Motors: Considering Efficiency.
[Link]

5. Hydraulic efficiency. (August, May 2021). Hydraulic Efficiency.

[Link]
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