MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

FIJI YEAR 10 EXAMINATION 2019

BASIC SCIENCE

Detailed Solution

COPYRIGHT: MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI, 2019.

STRAND 1 Living Things and the Environment [40 marks]
This strand has 18 questions.
1. Mechanical breakdown of food is due to . C
A. pepsin C. chewing
B. peristalsis D. hydrochloric acid
(1mark)

Additional information:
Mechanical breakdown of food is a physical breakdown of large pieces
of food into smaller pieces.

A. pepsin is an enzyme. It causes chemical break down of food

B. peristalsis- wavelike contractions and relaxation in the
esophagus, stomach and small intestines to move food down.
C. chewing- Teeth chewing food is main mechanical breakdown of food
D. hydrochloric acid- assist in chemical breakdown of food.
.

2. The organ responsible for transporting blood around the body is

.
A. lungs C. liver B
B. heart D. stomach
(1mark)
Additional information:
A. lungs- responsible for gas exchange
B. heart- pumps the blood
C. liver- (i) makes bile and (ii) detoxifies chemicals in the body.
D. stomach- temporary stores food and breaks down food.

3. The reagent used to test for the presence of starch in food is

.

A. iodine solution C. Fehling’s solution A

B. Benedict’s solution D. copper sulphate solution
(1mark)
Additional information:
B. Fehling solution- used to test for glucose.
C. Benedicts solution- lso used to test for glucose.
D. copper sulphate solution- is a chemical used with sodium hydroxide
to test for protein.

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4. of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.
C
A. Left ventricle C. Left atrium
B. Right atrium D. Right ventricle
(1mark)
Additional Information:

A. left ventricle- pumps blood to all parts of the body.

B. Right atrium- receives blood from all parts of the body.
D. Right ventricle- pumps blood to the lungs for gas exchange.

5. The female gamete called eggs are produced by the .

A
A. ovary C. testes
B. uterus D. fallopian tube (1mark)

Additional Information:

B. Uterus- houses and nourishes the fetus/unborn baby.

C. testes- produces male gamete (sperm cells) and also secretes
hormone such as testosterone.
D. fallopian tube (oviduct)- provides suitable environment for
fertilization of male and female gamete.

6. The growth response shown by the diagram below is .

Source: [Link]

A. geotropism C. hydrotropism B
B. phototropism D. thigmotropism
(1mark)

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 Additional Information:

A. geotropism-growth of parts of plants towards gravity.

C. Hydrotropism- growth of parts of plants towards water.
D. thigmotropism- growth of parts of plants towards touch or physical
contact with solid objects.

7. is when two organism of different species work together

and benefit each other.
C
A. Predation C. Mutualism
B. Parasitism D. Commensalism (1mark)

Additional Information:

A. Predation- a feeding relationship where the predator obtains food by

killing the other animal (prey).
B. Parasitism- a relationship where one organism (parasite) lives on or
in another organism (host).
D. Commensalism- a relationship where one organism benefits and
another is not harmed.

8. looks like colorful plants and has eight tentacles.

A. Soft coral C. Brain coral A

B. Hard coral D. Staghorn coral
(1mark)
Additional Information:

B. Hard coral- Produce rock like skeleton made of calcium carbonate

and are responsible for building coral reefs.
C. Brain coral- are hard corals.
D. Staghorn coral- are hard corals.

9. Coral reefs are made up of thousands of tiny animals called

.
C
A. tentacles C. coral polyps
B. planktons D. zooxanthellae
(1mark)

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 Additional Information:

A. tentacles- long prehensile arm like structures in the invertebrate

animals used for feeding and protection e.g. jelly fish.
B. planktons- mostly microscopic plants and animals that live in water
and are the crucial food source of aquatic animals.
D. zooxanthellae- are photosynthetic algae that has mutualistic
relationship with corals.

10. Which of the following describes an intertidal zone?

A. It is the ocean floor

B. Seafloor drops quickly C
C. Ocean meets the shore
D. Lacks sunlight and is very cold (1mark)

Additional Information:
The benthic zone (ocean
Ocean Zones
floor) refers to the ecological
zone. This zone has low
temperature, high pressure
and minimum sunlight.
Organisms adapted to live in
these conditions only are
found here.
Neritic zone- is a coastal area
where sunlight reaches the
floor.
Photic zone- uppermost layer
of the ocean which receives
sunlight allowing organisms to
photosynthesise.

11. Salinity is a measure of content in water.

A. salt C. nitrogen A
B. oxygen D. carbondioxide
(1mark)

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 Additional Information:

Salinity- The concentration of dissolved salt in a given volume of

water. It is expressed in grams of salt per kilogram of water.
Turbidity- it is the measure of clarity of water. Higher the amount of
suspended materials in water, higher the turbidity is.

12. An example of conservation farming is .

D
A. ploughing C. overgrazing
B. deforestation D. crop rotation (1mark)
Additional Information:

Conservation farming is a practice which aims to conserve soil and

water by minimizing runoff and erosion and improve the conditions for
plant growth.
Ploughing of land, overgrazing and deforestation causes runoff and soil
erosion whereas crop rotation slows the loss of minerals/ nutrients and
soil erosion.

13. Given below is a diagram of the human digestive system.

A
B

C
D

(i) Identify organ A.

Liver (1 mark)

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 (ii) One function of Organ B is that it makes the digestive juices. Explain
the other role of organ B
-It produces insulin which regulates blood sugar level/acts to lower
blood sugar levels
-It produces glucagon- acts to raise blood sugar
(2 marks)
(iii) Explain one difference in the roles between organ C and organ D.
Organ C- reabsorbs water from undigested food/ whereas
Organ D- absorbs nutrients and minerals from digested food. (2 mks)

Additional Information:
Organs Functions

Liver - It filters toxins from the blood.

- Makes bile.

Pancreas - Produces insulin which regulates blood sugar (converts

excess glucose into glycogen).
- Produces digestive enzymes.

13. The diagram below shows a human respiratory system. Gas X and
Gas Y are two main gases involved in the process of respiration.

Gas X
Gas Y

(i) Identify Gas X and Gas Y.

Gas X: Oxygen /O2 (2 marks)

Gas Y: Carbon dioxide/CO2

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 Additional Information:
The process of respiration is the energy making process whereby our
body uses oxygen and gives out carbon dioxide.

14. Study the diagram of a food web below and answer the questions that
follow.

(i) Snake is an example of a carnivore. Define the term carnivore.

Carnivore- animals that eats other animals/ meat only/diet is
composed of meat only. (1 mark)
(ii) Identify the carnivore with the most varied diet.
Hawk (1 mark)

(iii) Identify a herbivore from the food web.

Grasshopper/ rabbit/ mice (1 mark)
(iv) State the symbiotic relationship between Hawk and Owl.
Competition (1 mark)

Additional Information:
Food web- interconnection of many food chains in a community.
Food chain- chain of organisms through which nutrient and energy
flows. Food chain always begins from a plant (producer).
Herbivore- is an organism that feeds on plants.

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15. Taxis is an example of a simple orientation behavior.
Define taxis.
Taxis- the response or behavior or movement of an organism is directed
towards or away from a stimulus/ light/water/chemical. (1 mark)

Additional Information:
Examples of taxis- A protozoan (euglena) which moves directly towards
the source of light.

16. Research has shown that coral reefs and mangroves are among
the most productive ecosystems in the marine environment.

(i) State two ways in which coral reefs and mangrove ecosystems are
similar.
- Both buffer or protects shorelines. 1 m each for
two
- Supports biodiversity/ support marine life. similarities
- Both are habitats of many organisms.
- Both found in marine environment.
- Both provide food to the ecosystem
- Both provide medicine
(2 marks)
(ii) Explain one threat to the mangrove ecosystems.
 Overharvesting mangrove trees → leads to unsustainability since
mangroves takes time to grow or mangrove ecosystem gets disturbed
or mangrove population will decrease.

 Dams and irrigation→ changes the salinity level of water which

affects survival rate or harms the mangroves.

 Deforestation- increases sediments in river which harms or affect

mangroves filtering ability or suffocates the mangroves.

 Overfishing- affects the ecological balance of food chain or changes

(alters) the mangrove fishing communities.

 Pollution (fertilizers and pesticides) →harms organism in

mangrove ecosystem.

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  Oil pollution→ suffocates the mangrove roots.

 Destruction of coral reefs→ causes stronger waves and currents

reach the coast and prevents mangrove seedlings from taking root.

 Climate change→ events like cyclones damage the mangrove trees

or rise in sea level affects long term survival of mangrove trees.
(2 marks)

(iii) State two measures taken to protect mangroves in Fiji.

 projects up taken to plant, protect,  Replanting programs
conserve mangroves
 mangrove management plan  Reserve areas near coastal areas
 awareness program by IUCN and Suva  Education
Rotary Club
 mangrove conservation campaign  Public awareness- [Link].
News paper
 declare mangrove protected areas  Land reclamation stopped in
mangrove areas.
 Publications on mangrove conservation to  Fiji presidency emphasized
alert public about mangrove protection mangrove ecosystem to be
protected
(2 marks)

18. ESSAY QUESTION

Write only one essay on either Option 1 or Option 2.

OPTION: 1
Sub-strand: Living Together
Symbiotic relationships are very common between organisms living in a
community, and some of these relationships are sometimes represented
in the community food web.
In your essay, you are required to:

(i) Define the terms symbiotic relationship and food web; (2 marks)
(ii) Describe two types of symbiotic relationships by using specific
examples of named organisms, and state how the organisms are
affected; (4 marks)
(iii) State two ways in which organisms in a food web lose energy.
(2 marks)

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 OPTION: 2
Sub-strand: Biodiversity, Change and Sustainability
Conservation fishing will ensure that fish stocks are sustainable for
future generations.
In your essay, you are required to:

(i) Define the terms conservation fishing and sustainable; (2 marks)

(ii) Describe two types of conservation fishing methods; (4 marks)
(iii) State two ways that the public can be made aware of these
methods stated in (ii) above. (2 marks)

OPTION
Question: 1

(i) Symbiotic relationship: a relationship between two organisms living

closely together/ interacting. (1 m)
Food Web: a network of interconnected food chains/ interaction between
various species in an ecosystem/ represents a relationship between
organisms in an ecosystem (1 m)
Types of Symbiosis (1m for name and description; 1m for described eg)

Type of Symbiosis Description Example

Commensalism one organism benefits -Orchids growing on trees-
and the other is orchids attach itself to the branch
unaffected of tress and get adequate sunlight
and nutrients
-Remora/bakewa and shark-
-Tree frogs use tress as protection
-Birds making nest in trees
Mutualism Both organism benefit Pollinating insect and flower
Competition – both are affected 2 male bird (named organisms)
species competing for
mates/space/food
Parasitism – one (parasite) benefits Louse/mosquito (parasite) and
and the other (host) is human (host)
affected Hookworm (parasite) and human
(host
Flees or ticks (parasite) on dogs
(host)

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 Aphid and plants- aphids feed on
sap of the host plant
Predation one (prey) is eaten Cat (predator) and mouse (prey)
(affected) and the other Snake (prey) and mongoose
(predator) benefits (if (predator)
fed)

(iii) Energy is lost as:

- heat into the environment

- transferred to next level via food chain
- metabolic processes/ body processes such as digestion
- activities such as running, working and reproduction. (Any two- 2mks)

Question: 2

(i) Conservation fishing is any system or practice which aims to conserve fish
stocks and marine habitats and ecosystems (1 m)
Sustainable: using just enough; managing resources so there is enough for
the future (1 m)
(ii) Conservation fishing (2m explained method)
 Harpoons- are spear-like instrument/ poles that have a steel point with
one or more barbs at the end used in fishing large fish or whales. Modern
harpoons are shot by guns.
 Pole-and-lines are poles with a single line, hook and bait that are used to
catch a variety of fish ranging from open-ocean swimmers like tuna to
bottom-dwellers like cod. Pole-and-line gears have very low catch of
unwanted marine life because fishermen catch one fish at a time and they
can release unwanted species.
 Fish farming (aquaculture)- majority of fish we eat will be farm-raised, not
wild.
 ‘gleaning’ involves the age-old practice of hand-picking the reefs at low tide
for edible invertebrates like octopus, giant clams, and turban snails
 Spearfishing – fish to be caught is targeted.
 Hook and line fishing- fishing line and bait on the hook.

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(iii) Public Awareness
 Seminars/workshops and conferences
 Posters, brochures, flyers, stickers and exhibitions
 Field days, visitor days, roadshows
 Websites and internet based tools
 Through radio, tv, newspapers

Intro Content Concl. Total

1 8 1 10

STRAND 2 MATTER [20 marks]

This strand has 12 questions.

1. A positively charged subatomic particle is called .

C
A. an atom C. a proton
B. a neutron D. an electron (1mark)
Additional Information:
A. Atom- smallest particle of a matter which cannot be divided or
destroyed.
B. neutron- neutral particle (no charge) of an atom.
D. electron- negatively charged particle of an atom.

2. The chemical symbol of potassium is ____________.

B
A. P C. Cl
B. K D. Na
(1mark)

Additional Information:
Chemical symbols and names:

A. P- Phosphorus
C. Cl- Chlorine
D. Na- sodium

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3. Which of the following is a property of metals?
B
A. Mostly exist as gases C. Have low density.
B. Mostly exist as solids D. Are poor conductors. (1mark)

Additional Information:
Properties of metals:
1. all are solids except for mercury which is liquid.
2. have high melting and boiling points.
3. good conductors of heat and electricity.
4. shiny/lustrous.
5. malleable- can be beaten into sheets
6. Ductile- can be pulled into wires.
7. High density

4. In which of the following methods are metals beaten into shapes?

D
A. Rolling C. Pulling
B. Twisting D. Hammering (1mark)

Additional Information:
 Through hammering the metals can be beaten into shapes.
 Rolling, pulling and twisting are also methods of changing
shapes of metals.

5. Given below is a word equation.

Zinc + Oxygen Zinc oxide

Which of the following are reactant(s)?

D

A. Zinc only C. Oxygen only

B. Zinc oxide D. Zinc and oxygen (1mark)

Additional Information:
Reactants- substance present in the beginning of a chemical reactions.
Products- are substances that are formed in the chemical reaction
(written after the arrow).

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6. The type of chemical reaction where an insoluble solid forms when two C
solutions are mixed together is known as __________________.
A. synthesis C. precipitation
B. electrolysis D. displacement
(1 mark)

Additional Information:
A. synthesis- A chemical reaction where two substances combine to
form one substance.
B. electrolysis- decomposition of a compound using electricity.
D. displacement- is a reaction where a more reactive metal displaces a
less reactive metal from its compound.

7. The diagram below shows an element.

(i) Name the element.

Fluorine (1 mark)
(ii) State the mass number of the above element.

19
(1 mark)
(iii) Calculate the number of neutrons present in the above element.
(Show full calculation)

Number of neutrons = Mass number – Atomic number

(No. of protons)
= 19 – 9 (1m)
= 10 (1 m)

(2 marks)

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 Additional Information:
1. Atomic number = number of protons = number of electrons (for
neutral atom)
2. Atomic symbol of Fourine is

Mass number 19

9
F
Atomic Number

8. Metals can either be magnetic or non-magnetic.

Explain one difference between a magnetic and a non-magnetic metal.

 A magnetic metal is a metal that can be attracted by a magnet

whereas a non-magnetic metal is a metal that cannot be attracted
or repelled by a magnet.

 Magnetic metal can form a magnet when magnetised by a magnet

while non-magnetic metals cannot be magnetise. (2 marks)

Additional information:
Magnetising a magnetic metal

Magnetic
metal

Magnet

Source: [Link]

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9. The diagram given below shows the set-up of an activity carried out by
Year 10 students.

Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow.

Test tube

Copper sulphate
solution

Iron Nail

(Source: [Link]
Give two observations that would be made by the Year 10 students after
20 minutes.
Observation 1: The iron nail will become brownish in colour/ brown
/reddish brown deposits on the nail

Observation 2: The blue colour of copper sulphate solution will fade/

colour of solution changes to pale/ light blue/ pale green/bluish green.
(2 marks)

Additional information:

Iron is more reactive then copper which enables it to displace copper

from its compound (copper sulphate). The solution will never turn
colourless due to the presence of iron sulphate in it.
The observation above is due to the following reaction:

Iron + Copper sulphate Iron sulphate + Copper

Bluish Reddish
green brown

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10. Tempering makes the metal hard and springy. Describe the
process of tempering.

Metal is heated gently to bluish purple colour and then cooled slowly,
OR metal is heated gently and cooled in air (2 marks)

Additional information:

The three processes which change the property of metals are:

1. Tempering- A process whereby metal is heated gently to blue

hotness and cooled slowly.
2. Quenching- A process whereby metal is heated to red hotness and
cooled rapidly in water.
3. Annealing- A process whereby metal is heated to red hotness and
cooled slowly.

11. Balance the chemical equation given below by writing the correct
numbers in the spaces provided. (2 marks)

_4_ Na + O2 __2_Na2O

Additional information:

 A balanced chemical equation has the same number of atoms of

each element on each side.
 To balance the equation, a coefficient is placed in front of the
chemical.

12. Some Year 10 students placed two pieces of magnesium ribbon of

the same length in two separate test-tubes, A and B.

Diluted hydrochloric (HCl) was added to test-tube A and the same

volume of concentrated HCl was added to test-tube B as shown in the
diagram below. The students observed that the reaction in test-tube B
was faster.

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 Explain why the reaction in test-tube B was faster.

As concentration increases, there are more reactant particles moving

together and more collisions thus the rate of reaction increases
(2 marks)
Additional information:

Factors which affect the rate of reaction are temperature, concentration

and surface area. Increasing these factors increases collision between
particles, speeding up the rate of reaction.

Adding catalyst also speeds up the reaction, but it is not used up in

the reaction. Catalyst lowers the energy level required to start up the
reaction.

STRAND 3 ENERGY [25 marks]

 This strand has 16 questions.
1. Which of the following can be used to correct long-sightedness?

A. convex lens C. concave lens A

B. convex mirror D. concave mirror
(1mark)

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 Additional Information:
Ray diagrams to show Short and Long sighted conditions (I) and how
they can be corrected using concave and convex lens (II).

I II

Concave lens

A Short Sighted Eye

Convex lens

A Long Sighted Eye

Source: [Link]

2. The diagram given below shows a light ray bending towards the normal
as it travels from air to glass.
This phenomenon is best known as .

A. reflection C. refraction C
B. dispersion D. diffraction
(1mark)
Additional information:

 Refraction is bending of light ray when it enters a different medium.

 From less dense to more dense medium- light ray bend towards the
normal, whereas, from more dense to less dense medium- light ray
bend away from the normal.

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3. The angle of reflection in the diagram given below is .

Normal

A. 30º C. 60º C
B. 40º D. 90º
(1mark)
Additional information:

Law of reflection: The

angle of incidence (i) is
equal to the angle of
reflection (r).

Source: [Link]

4. _____________ is an example of a good conductor of heat.

D
A. Wood C. Paper
B. Rubber D. Aluminium (1mark)

Additional information:

 Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.

 Conductors are materials that allow electric currents to flow
freely.
 Insulators are substance which does not conduct electricity.

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5. A simple pulley system makes our work easier by
D
A. multiplying force.
B. multiplying speed. (1mark)
C. decreasing the load.
D. changing the direction of a force.

Additional information:

A Single Pulley

Effort
Load

6. The diagram given below shows a pair of scissors cutting a piece of

paper.

Source: [Link]
A scissors is an example of
A. gears. C. lever. C
B. pulley . D. wheel and axle.
(1mark)

Additional Information:
Examples of the following machine:

A. Gears- vehicles, can opener, drills and bicycles, non-digital clocks.

B. Pulley- cargo lift system, wells use pulley to pull out bucket of water,
flag poles.
D. Wheel and Excel- electric fans, merry-go-round, cars.

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7. If a machine makes our work easier by multiplying force, then the
mechanical advantage of the system will be

A. equal to one. C. less than one. D

B. equal to zero. D. greater than one.
(1mark)

Additional Information:
Mechanical Advantage:
1. Greater than one- Force is multiplied
2. Less than one - Speed is multiplied
3. Equal to one - Direction is changed

8. Velocity of an object is change in

A. speed with respect to time.

B. distance with respect to time. D
C. acceleration with respect to time.
D. displacement with respect to time. (1mark)

Additional Information:

1. Displacement - is the shortest distance between the starting and the

finishing point.
2. Acceleration- is the rate of change of velocity with time.
3. Velocity is how fast an object moves in a particular direction (In very
simple terms velocity is the speed with direction).
4. Free Fall- the motion of an object where gravity is the only force
acting upon it.

9. White light is passed through a triangular prism as shown in the

diagram given below. Complete the ray diagram below to show white
light splitting into its seven colours.

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 Correct refraction in prism
R
O Correct refraction outside the
Y
G
prism
B Correct name and order of
I
V colors

(2 marks)

Additional Information:
Dispersion- Splitting of white light into seven different colours when
passing through a glass prism.
Spectrum- band of 7 colours as seen in the rainbow.
Refraction- Bending of light ray when passing through a different
medium.

10. Lenses are delicate yet useful pieces of glass.

State one way of caring for lenses.
- Do not touch it with oily hands
- hold by edges
- Do not expose it to dust and chemicals.
- Store in closed containers
(1 mark)

11. The diagram given below shows a convex lens. Complete the ray diagram
to show how a parallel beam of light behaves as it passes through the
convex lens.

 Correct refraction
 Correct focus

(2 marks)

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 Additional Information:
Ray diagram for light passing through a concave lens

[Link]

12. State two ways of conserving energy at your home. ( any two)

- Switch off lights/appliances when not in use.

- Hand-washing of clothes
- sun-drying of clothes
- Open windows for fresh air rather than using the fan or AC (2 marks)

13. The set-up below uses mechanical energy to produce electrical energy.
Identify the components labelled A, B, C and D.

N
A
D
C
B

A Coil of copper/solenoid C Connecting wire

B Current detector/ current meter D Magnet
(2 marks)

Additional Information:
 When the magnet in the above diagram is stationary, there is no
current in the coil.
 Electricity is produced when magnet is pushed in and out of the
coil/ solenoid.

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  When the magnet is moved into the coil, the needle in ammeter
flicks to the right and if the magnet is pulled out, the needle
flicks to the left.

14. The diagram given below shows three light bulbs connected to a battery
and a switch.

Light bulb

Switch

Battery
(Source: [Link]

(i) Name the type of circuit arrangement shown in the diagram above.
Parallel arrangement
(1 mark)
(ii) State an advantage of using this type of circuit arrangement.
-If one bulb goes off the others will still light
-gives brighter light then series arrangement (1 mark)

Additional Information:
A series arrangement

15. An electric iron is rated 1200 W. Clarke uses the iron for 5 hours per
week. The electricity cost per unit is 35 cents.

26
 Calculate the units of electricity used per week.

1 Unit = 1 kilowatt hour = 1000 watt hour

1200×5 = 6000 W
# Units = 6000÷1000 = 6 units 
Units of electricity used per week: 6 units (2 marks)

16. A sky diver initially with a velocity of 0 m/s jumps from a steady
helicopter and attains a velocity of 50 m/s in 5 s before he opens the
parachute.
(i) Calculate the change in velocity of the sky diver.


 

Change in velocity: 50m/s (2 marks)

(ii) Hence, calculate the acceleration the skydiver attains before he

opens the parachute.

Acceleration: 10 m/s2 (2 marks)

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STRAND 4 Earth and Beyond [15 marks]
This strand has 10 questions.

1. The big bang rapid expansion occurred .

A
A. billions of years ago C. millions of years ago
B. hundreds of years ago D. thousands of years ago (1mark)

Additional Information:
The Big Bang Theory is the leading explanation about how the universe
began.

2. Global warming is a result of .

D
A. ecological change
B. greenhouse effect (1mark)
C. expansion of deserts
D. enhanced greenhouse effect

Additional Information:
 Global warming- Global warming is a rise in the surface
temperature of the earth.
 Enhanced greenhouse effect (EGE) leads to global warming.
 Causes of Global warming and EGE - Human activities including
industrial production, burning fossil fuel, mining, cattle rearing
and deforestation.
 Effects of global warming and EGE- Sea level rising, loss of
biodiversity, extreme weather conditions, climate change.

3. An earthquake in the ocean causes .

B
A. cyclone C. storm
B. tsunami D. typhoon (1mark)

Additional Information:
Tsunamis:
 Develop as a result of an earthquake.
 Can reach a height of 100 feet.
 Can travel faster than a commercial jet.
This powerful wall of water can cause a lot of damage.

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4. The element which makes up the ozone layer is .
A
A. oxygen C. carbon
B. nitrogen D. helium (1mark)

Additional Information:
Ozone Layer
 Is in the stratosphere.
 Screens the harmful ultra violet (UV) rays of the sun coming on
earth surface.
 Harmful UV radiation causes skin cancer, eye cataract and
immune system problems.
 Chlorofluoro carbon (CFC) breaks the ozone molecule (O3).
O3 O2 + O
 CFC is produced from refrigerators, air conditioners and spray
cans.

5. Earth is unique and the only planet to support life from

Micro-organisms to humans.
State two characteristics of earth that enables it to support and
sustain life.
Water/ atmosphere /climate/ light/ Oxygen (2 marks)

Additional Information:
Characteristics of earth that supports life:

Water- is necessary for life. It is used in photosynthesis in plants and

digestion of food in animals.
Atmosphere- has gases which are important for the life to exist. Such
as Oxygen for carrying out respiration and carbon dioxide for
photosynthesis.
Suitable climate/ temperature- for plant seeds to germinate and life
to exist.
Sunlight- For plants to carry out photosynthesis.

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 6. Define the term ozone depletion and give one example of an ozone
depleting substance (ODS).
Reduced ozone levels or ozone concentration in the stratosphere/
gradual thinning of the ozone layer / destruction of ozone layer caused
by ozone depleting substance/ formation of ozone hole.
Example: chlorofluorocarbon/ CFC
(2 marks)

7. Explain one difference between greenhouse effect and enhanced

greenhouse effect.
Greenhouse effect
- helps moderate temperatures for survival
- retains heat to keep the planet warm enough to sustain life

Enhanced greenhouse effect

- additional retention of heat due to increased amounts of carbon dioxide
and other greenhouse gases.
- leads to global warming which causes climate change. (2 marks)

Additional Information:

Greenhouse effect- a natural phenomena

 It enables life to exist on earth as it gives suitable climate/temperature.

 When the sun shines on the earth, most of the heat is reflected back to
space. The greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour,
nitrous oxide) absorb some of the heat of the sun and keeps the earth warm,
giving it a suitable climate.

Enhanced Greenhouse effect (EGE)- due to human activities

 Occurs when there is increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere due to

the man’s activities (deforestation, burning of fossil fuels).
 When the sun shines more of the heat is absorbed and retained by the
greenhouse gases which increases the global average temperature.
 The EGE causes global warming which leads to climate change.

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 Source: [Link]

8. State one cause of enhanced greenhouse effect.

- Burning fossil fuel
- Deforestation
- Farming
- vehicle use
- fertilizers and pesticides
- electricity generation (1 mark)

9. Climate change has adverse impact on agriculture.

State two impacts of climate change on agriculture.

 loss of soil fertility/ minerals  land degradation and desertification

 salt water incursion into  reduces crop growth
freshwater aquifer
 loss of land through sea level rise  introduction of pest and disease
outbreak
 severe drought  damages the crops
 changes in soil moisture and  change in cropping season
temperature
(2 marks)

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10. Describe one way a community shows it’s resilience to the impacts of
climate change.
 Build stronger houses to reduce  build seawalls to prevent water
the impact of strong winds from coming to the shore
 climate resistant crop or plants-  hybrid or pest and disease
to reduce food scarcity or shortage resistant crops- for better yield and
longer shelf life of plants and crops
 Building houses on higher  Relocation
ground
(2 marks)

Additional Information:

Resilience- ability to withstand and respond to the climate change.

Adaptation- Taking steps to live with the effects of climate change.
Mitigation- Slowing the rate of climate change.

The End

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