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Thermo1 - Basic Principles

Thermo1 - Basic Principles is a course in thermodynamics, which is the branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat, energy, and work. The course is typically offered as part of an undergraduate program in engineering or physics. The course covers the fundamental principles of thermodynamics, including the laws of thermodynamics, thermodynamic properties, and thermodynamic processes. Students will learn how to apply these principles to various types of systems, including gas

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2K views31 pages

Thermo1 - Basic Principles

Thermo1 - Basic Principles is a course in thermodynamics, which is the branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat, energy, and work. The course is typically offered as part of an undergraduate program in engineering or physics. The course covers the fundamental principles of thermodynamics, including the laws of thermodynamics, thermodynamic properties, and thermodynamic processes. Students will learn how to apply these principles to various types of systems, including gas

Uploaded by

Joshua Canaria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
CHAPTER 1 - BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS Note: Unless otherwise stated, atmospheric pressure should be taken as 14.696 psia or 101.325 kPaa and local gravity acceleration as 32.174 fps? or 9.806 mps?. PROPERTIES, STATES AND UNITS 1. A 105.3~¢ system contains 3 kg of water vapor at 100 bar, 813 K. List the values of three intensive properties, one extensive property, and one specific property. Solution: Intensive Properties Pressure = 100 bar Temperature = 813K Density =3 kg / 105.3 .02849 kg/L Extensive Property Volume = 105.3 L Specific Property Specific Volume = 105.3 L / 3 kg= 35.1 ke 2. Plot these two state points on a pressure (ordinate) — volume (abscissa) plane: at state 1, 1p =60bar, V,=1006; at state 2, p, =10bar, V, =700¢. Now join them with a single straight line, (a) What will be the pressure and volume of a third state point located on this line and midway between the first two state points? (b) Form a right triangle using a straight line as hypotenuse. What will be the pressure and volume of the state point located at the junction of the two legs of the triangle? Solution: (a) Pressure at third state Pp py: 2 6a WY 1 1, y= 31h, +P:)=3(6010)=35 bar 1 (4.2%) (200 -700)=400¢ 2 4, CHAPTER 1 - BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS (b) Pressure at third state For a given system, two of its independent intensive properties are x and y. State (show proof) which of the following expressions have characteristics of a property (are point functions): (a) vedi 2oydy (b) Sytx (c) xc (A) x2 +y? (2) 251° + any? (A) (x? +y* b+ aye. Solution (a) y"dv-+2xydy ony os 9226 m/s’ Acceleration and velocity are going down. (answer) (0) 35N-25N=10N gf .oF 68066 m/s*}10N) mW 35h Acceleration and veloc are going up. (answer) 9226 m/'s* For a ballistic study, a 1.9-gm bullet is fired into soft wood. The bullet strikes the wood surface with 8 velocity of 380 m/s and penetrates 0.15 m. Find (a) the constant retarding force in N, (b) the time required to stop the bullet, (c) the deceleration inm/s*. Solution: (2) Constant retarding force 2 mvt =F 2 si 1kg m (ison e 10001840 v=380 m/s 5=0.15m Floor 4g X380 m/s)? = F(0.15 m) F=914.SN (answer) (o) Tire eid stop the bullet : -teyon vr = 380m/s v= Om/s o5=3(0. 280 t=7.9x10™ sec (answer) (c) Deceleration 2as=vi-v} 2a(0.15) =(0) ~(380)" a=~481,333m/s' (answer) |. IF 50 kg of mass are placed on the pan of a spring balance located on a freight-clevator and if local ‘ravity acceleration is 9.70 m/s?, then (a) when the elevator is maving with an upward acceleration ‘of 2.5m/s?, what will the balance read? (b) if the elevator stopped, what will the balance read? (c) if the supporting cable breaks (elevator fas freely), what will the balance read? (d) if the balance reads 350 N, what are the circumstances? Solution: CHAPTER 1 — BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS (a) Elevator is moving with an upward acceleration y 9 T-mg=ma T=mg+ ma T=mig+a) T=509.7+2.5)-610N answer) (b) Elevator stopped mg~T=ma T=mg~ma T=m(g~a) T=509.7-2.5)=360N, (answer) (0) Elevator falls freely CHAPTER 1 - BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS T=50(9.7-9.7)=ON (answer) (d) The balance reads 350 N T=mg-ma T=mlg-a) 350=50(9.7-0) 0 =2.7m/s deceleration, elevator slowing down. (answer) 10. Compute the gravitational force between a proton (m=1.66x10%" ky) and an electron (m=9.11%10"" kg) in an atom whose radius of electran orbit is 5.2910 m. Report answers in Units oF N and dynes, Solution: 5-6 r im, =1.66%10™ kg sm, =9.12x107" kg r=529x10"' kg G=6.670x10" Nem’/kg? 66x10" \9,12«10) (29x10 F,=3.6085<10~7N (answer) (6.670x10"" Indynes (3.6085 <10-" a] wae }s 3.6085 x10" dynes (answer) 11. A mass of 0.1 slug in space is subjected to an external vertical force of 4 Ib. If the local gravity acceleration is g =3055 fps” and if frictional effects are neglected, determine the acceleration of the mass if the external vertical force is acting (a) upward, (b) downward. Solution: CHAPTER 1 - BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS A slug Fealb 9 =30.5 fps" (a) Upward F=mg+ma F=m(g+0) 4=0.1(305+a) @=95 fps’ (answer) (b) Downward F+mg=ma F=m(a-) 4=0.1(a-305) a=705 fps" (answer) 12, A system has a mass of 30 Ib. What total force is necessary to accelerate it 15 fps: (a) ifit is moving ‘on a horizontal frictionless plane; (b) ifit is moving vertically upward at a point where local gravity is 9=315 fps’? Solution: m=30 lb a= 15 fps? 9= 315 fps? (2) Moving ana horizontal frictionless plane CHAPTER 1 - BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS (b) Moving verticalty upward - (G01b,) . , Sapa Se) F =42.426 lb (answer) 13. Note that the gravity acceleration at equatorial sea level is q = 32088fps" and that its variation is— 0.003 fps#/1000 ft ascent. Find the height in miles above this point for which (a) the gravity acceleration becomes g = 30,504 fps’, (b) the weight of a given’ man is decreased by 5%, (c) What is the weight of @ 180 lbp man atop the 29,131-ft Mt. Everest in Tibet, relative to this point? Solution: 9, =32.088 fps* % = 32.088 fps* (2) When g= 30.504 fps? 0.0034 30.504 = 32.088 — 1000 CHAPTER 1 - BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS H=528,000 ft In miles, 4=(528,000 | i } 00 miles (answer) (b) weight of a given man is decreased by 5%. 1H =534,800 ft In miles, H=(534,800 ft. (c) Weight of @ 180 Ib man atop the 29,131-ft Mt. Everest in Tibet H=79,131 fe ap ogg _ 2.003(79.231) 3 9 =32,088 = 3851 fos 180, w 32.174 1b, «ft/Ib,-sec’ 31.851 ft/sec’ W=17821b, (answer) 14, An astronaut located on the surface of the meon (g=5.36 fps”) places a crater sample on a spring scale (previously calibrated on earth at g,); a reading of 7.5 Ib is noted. (a) What is the sample ‘mass? (b) If the scale had been of balance type, what reading should be noted? Solution: fo) m-W-_75 9, 32.174 ft/sec (b) W=mg =(0.2331siug)5.36 ft/sec’ )=1.251b 0.2331 slug CHAPTER 1 - BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS 15, The mass of a given airplane at sea level (g = 32.10 fps*) is 10 tons. Find its mass in fbn, slugs, and kg and its (gravitational) weight in tbr and N when it is traveling at a 50,000-ft elevation. The acceleration due to gravity 9 decreases by 3.3310" fps* for each foot of elevation. Solution: Mass Intbm 10ton{2000%b,, /ton)=20,000/b,, (answer) Inslugs 20,000 16, 32.174 ft/sec Inkg 20,0 14| 5-148 220516, 1.62 slugs (answer) 70 kg {answer) 2.10-3.3310"*(S0,000) in bf W=(62162siugs(31.9335 ft/sec’) W=19,850ib, (answer) in im 3281 fe 16, A girl weighing 470 N hangs suspended on the end of a rope 8 m long. Ifa friend pushes her laterally to one side until the rope makes an angle of 35° with the vertical, what lateral force is required at this paint? What is the tension in the rope? If local g=970cm/sec’ , whatis her mass in kg? In Ibn? Solution: W = (9070 ko (31,9335, al ) 88,277 N (answer) w= 470N Lateral force: = weesas(é7o)tehassa294N (onewei) Tension: =H =O __573.8N (answer) cos35 e055 Mass in kg. 7 Es = 48.454 kg (answer) Mass in Ibm m=(48454. val 2 Li? ) 6.84 Ib, (answer) o 10 17, 18, CHAPTER 1 - BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS What is the mass in kilograms and weight in Newtons (qg = 9.65m/'s" ) of (a) a 4000-ib,, automobile, {b)-2 235-Ibq fullback? Find the mass in grams and the weight in dynes of (c) 77 grains of moisture, (d) 12 02 of salt. Solution: Akg 2.205/b,, W-=mg = (181406 kg}\9.65m/s")=17,502N (answer) 1kg 2.205 16,, W=mig =(1066 kg\(9.65m/s* )=10287N (answer) (2)._m=(a000. bof )-ssis06ig (answer) (b) m= (2351, ( } = 106.6 kg (answer) cy m=(77 rains | 21, aa oem: ae )-seorome (answer) W=mg=(5.0grams Yossm/'{ “em )-se2s dynes (answer) (d) m=(a2 ox 282520 )_so.251ms (answer) W =m =(340.2 grams (9.65 ms'| Rem sg203dnes (answer) Calculate the magnitude of the gravity acceleration on the surface of the moon and again at a point 1000 km above the sutface of the moon; ignore the gravity effects of the earth. The moon has a mean radius of 1740 km and @ mass of 7.410 kg. Solution: 67010" N-m'/kg? mm, =7.4<10"* kg On the surface of the moon, r=1740 km =1,740,000 m (6.670 «107 N-m? /kg?\7.4~10 kg) (4,740,000 m¥ 9=163m/s* (answer) 1000 km above the surface of the moon 7 =1740 km +1000 km = 2740 km =1,740,000 m Ww CHAPTER 1 - BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS (6.67010 N-m? /kg? 7.410” kg) (2,740,000 m)* 9=0.56m/s? (answer) 19. How far from the earth must a body be along a line toward the sun so that the gravitational pull of the sun balances that of the earth? Earth-to-sun distance is 9.3x10? mi; mass of sun is 3.24x10” times mass of earth. Solution: _Gm.m_ Gm, F. Gm ™, a 1,#f,=9.3%20" mites 1,=163098miles fromearth answer) 20, Two liquids of different densities (jo, =1500kg/m" , 2, = S00kg/m") are poured together into a 100-¢ tank, filing it. If the resulting density of the mixture is 800 kg/m’, find the respective ‘amounts of liquids used. Also, find the weight of the mixture; local g=9.675m/s? . Solution: p, =1500kg/m* P, =500kg/m* V, =1006 Py =800kg/m* 100%, +500(100--V, )=800(100) 0% 100-V, =100-30=70¢ M 2 22. CHAPTER 1 - BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS = PAM =(2500{ = 20 io kg (answer) 1m, = ps4 =(500} )-35h0 (answer) Weights W, =m, =(48)9.675)=438375N (answer) W, =m,g =(38)9.675)=338625N (answer) ‘A cylindrical drum (2-ft diameter, 3-ft height) is filed with a fluid whose density is 40 Ib/ft’. Determine (a) the total volume of fluid, (b) its total mass in pounds and stugs, (c) its specific volume, (d) its specific weight where g=31.90 fps". (e) Specify which of the foregoing properties are Solution: {a) Total volume of fluid z, v =i = (2)(3)=9.425 ft? (answer) (b) Total mass in pounds and slugs In pounds (101 pYo.425,02)=3771%, (answer) instugs, 377/b,, ie 324780, ft/lb, 50 (©) Specific volume 0.025 ft"/Ib {answer} lof + load 11,72 slags (answer) pa (d) Specific weight img _(14.72¥31.90) 2 = 8 _ (14.72N84.90) _ 39.7 swer) ay 3.425 | ft? (answer) (e) Total Volume (Extensive), Total mass (Extensive), Specific volume (Intensive), Specific Volume (intensive) The mass of a fluid system is 0.311 slug; its density is 30 Ib/ft* and g=31.90 fps". Find (a) the specific volume, (b) the specific weight, (c) the total volume. Solution: m=0.311 slug (p=30lb,,/ ft? g=3190 ft/sec” (a) Specific volume 13 CHAPTER 1 - BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS v= 40.0333 /t?/Iby, (answer) e (b) Specific weight =29.7405 b, / fe? (answer) 32.1741, ft/lb, () Totalvolume y= mg _ (0311)31.80) _9 3335 49 (answer) y 29.7448 23. If a pump discharges 75 gpm of water whose specific weight is 64.5 Ib/ft? (g=31.95 fps’) find (a) the mass flow rate, Ib/min, and (b) the total time required to fill a vertical cylindrical tank 10 ft in diameter and 10 ft high. Solution: 615 tn ( Fes \eoozsyaz.a74) rh = 620.86 Ib/min (answer) DL= = (10)(40)=785.4 fe 785.4 ime =~ = Vv 10.025 = 78.34 min (answer) 24. It is estimated that the mass of the earth is 5.98x10" kg; its mean radius is 63810" m. Find its density in am/em? and Ib,/ft’, Compare this value to the density of water (62.4 lb/ft). Solutio Ingm/cm’. xe Vv m=5.98% 10" kg =5.98 x10” gm vasa r= 6.38% 10" m= 6.38 x10" em .0878 x10” cm” v=Sal6 38x10') = 4 CHAPTER 1 - BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS 5.98 x10” 1.0878%10"7 Ibm = 453.6 gm Aft! = 28,317 em? p= 5.497 (answer) paar jen | 1b, I 28,317 em 453.6. gm aft (p=343.161b, / ft? (answer) Comparing to water: Ratio = 343.16 / 62.4 = 5.50 Answer: 5.5.x density of water, PRESSURE 25. By sketching a set of horizontal lines, lllustrate the relative magnitude of the following pressures. (a) absolute zero, (b) atmospheric, (c) gage, {d} vacuum, Can a pressure ever be less than absolute zero? Explain. Answer: ——_— 7 Pressure above atmospheric pressure 1 Gauge pressure (psig, bar) 1 ' — Atmospheric pressure 1 Gauge pressure - vacuum (-psig, -bar) ' ' | Barometric i Absolute pressure (psia, bara) 1 1 ' 1 Absolute pressure (psa, bara) 1 1! nl i Aledlite ere preci engineeringtoolbox. com ‘The pressure cannot be less than zero atmospheres (absolute) because A negative pressure cannot exist. All that can exist is a pressure of varying magnitude. 26. Given the baronietric pressure if 14.7 psia (29.92 in, Hg abs), make these conversions: (a) 80 psig to psia and to atm, (b) 20 in. Hg vac to in. Hg abs and to psia, (c) 10 psia to psi vac and to Pa, (d) 15 in. Hg gage to psia, to torrs, and to Pa. Solution: 27. CHAPTER 1 - BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS (a) 80 psig To psia =80+14.7=94.7 psia_ (answer) Toatm = (94.7 psia { mt =6.444 atm ——_fanswer) 14.696 psi (b) 20in. He vac To in, He abs .92 in. Heabs (answer) 14.7 psi = (20 inal ere .826 psia (answer) (e) 10 psta To psi vac = 14,7~ 10 = 4,7 psi vac(answer) ToPa =(10 io ag "| 68,946 Pa (answer) 14.504 psia || 1 bar (d) 45in. He gone To psia = 15 +29,92 = 44,92 in. Hg abs= (44.92 in, 10] ar 22.07 psia answer) 29.92in.Hg To torrs = (2.07 oo — Seti {sm 14.696 psi atm = 1141.34 mm Hg (answer) ToPa = (22.07 | eee re ) 52168Pa (answer) ‘psi Due to the unavailability of mercury, a barometer was constructed using water in the closed column ‘with 2 certain amount of oil on top to prevent the bolling of the water. For standard atmospheric pressure, what height of oil will be required and how high will the column of water be if the ‘minimum pressure at the water-oll interface is to be 1 psia? Water density is 62.4 1b/ft gravity of oll is 0.8, Solution: Pa =Po+ Poh, + Yuh, Po + 7,4, =A psia 0+ 0.8(62.4)h, = (1144) +h, =2.88 ft (answer) 16 28. 29. CHAPTER 1 - BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS Py = Pot Ph, + YuPy 14.696 psia =1 psia+ yh, (13.696)144)=(62.4)h, h,=31.61ft (answer) Asillustrated, a mercury manometer is attached to the side of a nearly fill water tank. Problem 28 The reading of the mercury column is 15.5 in. Hg gage. Although alr on the water maintains the pressure, the other 10-in, leg of the manometer is full of water; for HO, p = 62.3/b/ ft” ; for He, (p= 846 Ib] ft? . Ifthe location is at standard gravity and the temperature of both the water and mercury is 60 F, what is the pressure (psia) in the tank at the level where the manometer is attached? if the tank extends 10 ft below this level, what is the pressure at this depth? Solution: Pp =Pat Yan YudPy =p, + laf 9, =P+ Eh, Kai, p, ~14606 + @46K0)05.5/12) _(62-24X20/12) 144 144 Py =21.924 psia (answer) ‘tthe bottom P= 0+ PE pe= 211924 + 2342000) Pp =26.25psio (answer) ‘A 30-m vertical column of fluid (density 1878 kg/m’) is located where g=9,6Smps". Find the pressure at the base of the column, ‘Solution: = PE, p ee 7 30. 31. 32. 33, CHAPTER 1 - BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS p= (878065) 30) = 543,681 Pa p=543.7 kPa (answer) ‘A weatherman carried an aneroid barometer from the ground floor to his office atop the Sears ‘Tower in Chicago. On the ground level, the barometer read 30.150 in. Hg abs; topside it read 28.607 in, Hg abs. Assume that the average atmospheric air density was 0.075 Ib,/ft’ and estimate the height of the building, Solution: Py Pr = Pelt 30.150 — 28.607, ——___ (14.696 144) =(0.075) aay (14896)144)= (0.075) H=1455 ft (answer) Given the two-compartment vessel shown in the figure, Gage A reads 85 psig; gage B inside ‘compartment x reads 25 psig. If the barometer reads 30.61 in. Hg, determine the reading of gage C and convert this reading to an absolute value, Problems 31, 32, 33 Solution: Pe =P,—P, =85~25=60psig (answer) and 30.61 =60 14.696) =75, a be +(22\ S6)S75 sia —_(answet) The same as problem 31 except that the gage reaclings are: Solutien: a (#53082 151n. Hg vac, and B = 5.4 psig. ~7.667 psia 2992 =-7.667-5.4=-13.067 psig (answer) Pc=Ba~Py and p.~-13087-(208)sacae)- 29.92. .968 psia (answer) (a) If gage C (see figure) reads 350 psig and B reads 125 psig, what will gage A read? (b) If A reads O psig, what is the maximum reading that B can have? State conditions. Solution: (0), =P, +P. =350+125 =475 psig (answer) 18 CHAPTER 1 - BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS (b) If p, =0 psig , maximum readings also p, = Opsig with p, =0 psig 34. A vertical composite fluid column whose upper end js open to the atmosphere is composed of 18 in. ‘of mercury (specific gravity is 13.45), 26 in. of water (density is 62 lb/ft), and 32 in. of oil (specific gravity is 0.825), Determine the pressure (a) at the base of the column, (b) at the oil-water interface, and (c) at the water-mercury interface. The specific gravities are relative to 62.4 Ib/ft’ water. Solution: (a) At the base of the column P= Pat Fabin + Yuba + Yeh, 13.45(62.4 18/12) , (62.4)(26/12) | 0:825(62.4)32/12) 144 444 144 p=14,696+ p=25.331 psia (b) At the oil-water interface P=Po+ Yoh, 0.82562. p=14.606 4 2-225(624)2/12) 144 p=15.649 psi. (0) At the water-mercury interface P=P,+ FP +7oh, p=14.6964 (62.426/12) eae 32/12) p=16.588 psio 35, Asimple mercury manometer connected into a flow line gives readings as shown in the figure. Local ‘gravity is standard and the mercury density is 0.488 Ib/in’. Find the pressure at points X and ¥ when the flow line and left leg contain (a) air whose density is 0.072 lb/ft’, (b) water whose density is 62.1 \b/ft”. (c) Answer (a) and (b) if the local gravity is g = 30 fps’ 19 CHAPTER 1 - BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS —Tren Problem 35 {a) Air whose density is 0.072 lb/ft? Pp = Pa + Yay Yah, =p,+ Path, 22h, Pp, = 14.696 + (0.4881 K25)--——> Pp, =26.894psia (answer) Py =Pot Tiny B, = 14.696 +(0.488X1)(25) Pp, =26.896 psia (answer) (b) Water whose density is 62.1 Ib/ft?, Pe = Pat Yee = Fahy Prd aes if : _ (62.1)(1)/ 40. p, =14.696 + (0.488y(1}2s)~ 7-8 (2) = 25,458 psia (answer) = Pat YuaPy =n, +P, » sinene Lance) Pp, =26.896 psia (answer) CHAPTER 1 - BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS (d) Answer (a) and (b) ifthe local gravity is g= 30 fps? Air: Pe = Pat Tle Fale Prd py PD +h, — A, 2. =P. Eh, Fh, ,=14696+ (0.488)(30}(25) _ faoraxeo} 40) 32.174 144(32.174)\ 12 1p, =26.070 psia (answer) Py =Po+Tnly =p + P09 =p, + Pap, p= PLEA (0.488)30\25) 32.174 P,=26.071 psia (answer) p, =14.696+ Water: Pe=Pa* Yom — Yah, Pod p PD =p,+£oDp, PD p, 0, = Eh, oh (0.488)(30\25) (62.130) (29) 32.174 144(32.174)\ 12 p, =24.731 psia (answer) Py =P. + YnMy Pp, =14.696+ Pod =p, +222, B= Rot Mn (0.488)(30\25) 32.174 P,=26.071psia (answer) p, =14.696+ 36, Amanometer containing water (density = 62.1 lb/ft?) and mercury (specific gravity = 13.55) connects ‘two pressure regions A and B as shown in the figure. The local gravity acceleration is g=32 fps’. If Pp =SOpsig, find P, 37. 38. CHAPTER 1 - BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS Problem 36,37. Solution: Pat Pubes Yb + Yo Mva Pa Pa = Pp — Fug Pes + Pas + Yo P= Pa FEO ta) PRE hy = 59 ——£62-4X32) | 1assle2 se2), 2) Pa (32.174\144)\ 12 (32.174)(144) \ 12 P, = 57.05 psig (answer) The same as 36 except that, in lieu of the mercury, the fluid is a special compound with a specific gravity of 2.00. Solution: Pat Fahy — Yolen + Yoda =Po Pa =P Yo (Pex + Bea) Yale PF Had a (62.132) 60415 is 2 .174\(144)\ 12 (32. , = 48.756 psig (answer) p, =50 ) Asolid frictionless piston P whose mass is 60 Ib is pulled up the inside of a 6-in. vertical pipe that has its lower end in a pool of water (density = 62.4 lb/ft?) and its upper end open to the 15 psia ‘atmosphere. See figure. The water rises in contact with the piston to a height of 20 ft above the surface of the pool. If the local gravity acceleration is g =31 fs’, find (a) the pull Fon the piston required at the 20 ft height, (b) the pressure exerted by the water on the piston at this point. 39, CHAPTER 1 - BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS Atm, Press. ath, “= Problems 38, 39 Solution: (a) Pull F on the piston mo, Poy kok — 80(31) , (62 sta (2) (20) 32174 32.74 a a2 F=313.2lb (answer) (b) Pressure on the piston By k (62.431) (a9) (G2.174\(144) p=6.65 psia (answer) ra =p, p=15— If the vapor pressure of the water under the conditions stated in problem 38 is 0.5 psia (point at which the water boils and produces vapor), to what maximum height may the piston be raised and still maintain contact with the liquid water (no evaporation)? What will be the pull on the piston at this point? Solution: wo =p, 2h Bara 5 (62-431) _ (4) (@2.474)a44) h=34,73 ft Foe k ea: (62.4y31)(7y 6), 174 32.174 (3) aaa) CHAPTER 1 — BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS F=487.11b (answer) 40, The composite piston P has a total mass of 40 tb and is supported by the pressure p- of the flowing methane gas. See figure. the pressure p, is 100 psia and the pressure p, =20psia, find pe; local gravity g=9, =32.174 fps*; Solution: uA, + PoAy +9 = PA, ofS }aen( fe -aet® roof 2 Joy +f = isp ay] E2478) (Esp p= 34.84 psia (answer) 41. The same as problem 40 except that p,=40, p,=28, p.=25psia and the total mass of the ‘composite piston is unknown; find the mass of the piston. Solution: BA, + BoA, #9 = PA. a= fe =k ~di}+ma=n( =e (32.174) -244 ao = jay sae{ 2 \or- a) A\sr m=68.33[b, (answer) ‘TEMPERATURE 42. Convert (a) 122 °F to °C and to K, (b) 40 °C to °F and to °R, (c) 942 °R to °C and to K, (d) 373 Kto °F and to °R. (a) 12°F to Cand tok 43. CHAPTER 1 - BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS to 5 = 2(122-32)=s0c 9 toK =50+273= 323K {b) 40°C to°F andto°R toF 9 = (40)+32=104F toR = 104.+.460=564 8 (c) 942 to °Cand to K = 942-460 = 482 F tore = 2482 ~32)=250C (d) 373 K to°F and to°R =373-273=100C < 21000 )+32=212F to = 212 +460 =672R If two thermometers, one reading °C and the other K, are inserted in the same system, under what circumstances will they both have the same numerical reading? What will be the system's temperature when the absolute thermometer reads twice the numerical reading of the Celsius thermometer? Solution: Let x the numerical reading is the same. X=x+273 (none) Let y the numerical reading for the second condition, y+273=2y y=273C (answer) ‘A Fahrenheit and a Celsius thermometer are both immersed in a fluid, (a) If the two numerical readings are identical, what is the temperature of the fluid expressed as °R? As K? (b) What is the fluid temperature if the Fahrenheit reading is numerically twice that of the Celsius reading? Solution: (a) Numerical readings are equal. Let x be the reading in C. xa2x432 5 CHAPTER 1 - BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS ~Syea 5 x=-d0C=-40F tor = -40 +460 = 420 R (answer) Ink =-40 +273 233 K (answer) (b) if the Fahrenheit reading is numerically twice that of the Celsius reading Let xbe the reading in C. 2x= 2432 5 1 y=32 5 x=160C ldo) 32=320F Ink = 320 + 460 = 780 (answer) ink = 160 + 273 = 433 K answer) 45, (a) Define a new temperature scale, say °N, in which the boiling and freezing points of water are 1000°N and 100°N, respectively, and correlate this scale with the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales. (b) ‘The °N reading on this scale is @ certain number of degrees on a corresponding absolute temperature scale. What is this absolute temperature at 0°N? Solution: (a) —f=200 1000-100 100-0 212-32 t= 20), s00=9¢, +100 tanswer) 100 i 300 (¢, -32)+100=5t, ~ 60 (answer) 180 (b) For absolute temperature at 0°N At te=-273.15C ty =9(-273.15) + 100=-2358.35 'N At te= 459.67 C ty =5(— 459.67)— 60 = 2358.35 "N ‘Ans. Approximately 2360 °N. 46, For a particular thermocouple, if one junction is maintained at 0 °C (cold junction) and the other junction is used as a probe to measure the desired Celsius temperature 1, the voltage < generated inthe circuit is related to the temperature 7 as esta tbt) 26 CHAPTER 1 - BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS Further, for this thermocouple, when © is in millivolts mV the constants are a=0.25, b=-5.510™ (a) What are the units of a, b? (b) Determine the value e for each of the measured temperatures -100°C, 100°C, 200°C, 300°C, 400°C, and plot an ct curve, Solution: (a) s=t(a+bt) eat {mv} alc} a—>mv/°C (answer) sob {mv} ofc} b—»mv/°C’ (answer) (b) e=t(abt) 1(0.25- 5.5x10t) For 100. C e=(-100)[0.25~5.5x10*(-100)]|=-30.5mv For 100 = (100 f0.25—5.5x 10~(100)]= 19.5mV Fort=200C =(200o.25 5.x 10"*(200) |= 28 my Fort=300C ¢=(300)[0.25 5.5 10~(300)]= 25.5 mv Fort=400¢ = (400 0.25 —5.5 10~*(400)}=12 mv Plotan st-curve. 47. For the thermocouple in problem 46, find the rate of change of & per °C at each of the temperatures shown —100 to 400°C. Solution: e=tla+bt) +bt Seas 200 dt CHAPTER 1 - BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS de - Ge OSA" For t= -100¢ # 0.25~1.1«10(-100)=0.36 For t= 100¢ 25~1.1«107(300)=-0.08 For t= 400¢ de dt 25~1.1%10"(400)=-0.19 In problem 46 let the generated voltage « arbitrarily describe a temperature f in the following linear manner etd where and d are constants. Arbitrarily let t, for its boiling point. (a) What are the units and numerical values of © and d? (b) Plot an er-cuve for a temperature range ~100 to 400°, Solution: (a) Units and numerical values tace+d toce {eloelmy} c>"C/mv (answer) tod {clog dc (answer) Y for the freezing point of water and t, =100° Numerical values * for the freezing point of water e=t(a+bt) 6=1(0.25-5.5x10"t) =(0)0.25-5.5x10“(0)|=0 00° for its boiling point «=(200)f0.25 5.5» 10~*(100)]- 19.5mv 28 CHAPTER 1 - BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS d=0c (answer) Equation (2) (100)=c(19.5)+0 c=5.13'C/mY answer) (b) er-curve for a temperature range ~100 to 400° t=5.Be For For 100: For Plotan et-curve, CONSERVATION OF MASS 49. A fluid moves in a steady flow manner between two sections in & flow line, At section 1: A,=1sq ft, v,=1000 fpm, v, =4 ft?/Ib. At section 2: A,=2sq ft, p, =0.201b/ ft’. Calculate (a) the flow (Ib/hr) and (b) the velocity (fps) atsection 2. Solution: (@) Flow in tb/hr Sus( Som ehuono ne 15,000 ib/hr (answer) oy, (Thr 4 (b) velocity (fps) at section 2. CHAPTER 1 - BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS = BRO) (aye, 020) v, = 625 fom S fes=10.42 fps (answer) 50, Two gaseous streams enter a combining tube and leave as a single mixture. These data apply at the ‘entrance sections: For one gas, A, =75in’,, v4, =500 fps, v,=10ft*/Ib; For other gases, A, =50in", m, =60,000lb/hr, p,=0.121b/ fr’ . At the exit, v, =350 fps, v,=7 ft" /Ib. Find (a) the velocity v, at section 2, (b) the flow area at the exit section. Solution; (2) = PyAs 60,000 50 (0.12 = Sep ~ (0:2 5 fe) (answer) \(500X3600) om 4% (rar) = 93,750 lb/hr 10 fin, =n, + ‘aroma (4, }asonssoo) = 153,750 lb/hr 51. A 10-+t diameter by 15-ft height vertical tank is receiving water ( =611/b/ ft” ) at the rate of 300 ‘apmand is discharging through a 6-in. ID line with a constant velocity of 5 fps. Ata given instant, the. ‘tank is half full. Find the water level and the mass change in the tank 15 min later. Solution: aft 7.481gal =300gpm = (300 oolin| 10.102 ft? /min ve Din= 7 (OV x=78.54% MY 7054% dt at V=Ay, = ap } 5¥60- 58.905 ft’ /min 30 CHAPTER 1 - BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS 78.54 z = 40,102 - 58.905 =~18,803 dx =-0.234 e 94 x=-0.23040+ x=75-0.2394t ‘After 15 min x=75~0.2394(15)=3.909 ft (answer) For mass change Am= pAv=(61.1 { ; Jaoyes— 3,909) Am=17,232 lb (answer) 52. Ifa pump discharges 284 (om of water whose density is 985 kg/m’, find (a) the mass flow rate in kg/min, and (b) the total time required to fill a vertical cylindrical tank 3.05 m in diameter and 3.05 mhigh. Solution: (a), mass flow rat ke/min 284 (pm =(284 ‘rn Im 1) aoe ooo |kg/m?)=284 ka/min (answer) (b) total time required 708) (3.05) im’ 1000 & v Ti 8.46 min (answer) (284 ‘i -end- 31

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