World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery
Comparing and Contrasting Judaism with
Christianity
God
The most obvious difference between the Jewish and Christian views of God is that Jews do not accept
the Christian idea that God is a Trinity of three Persons in one God. God is one and one only according
to Jewish theology. There are, however, other, more subtle differences. Observant Jews do not
pronounce the name of God out of respect for God’s holiness, while most Christians do so without
pause. Also, in Christianity, God becomes quite approachable, especially in the person of Jesus. All this
having been said, the God of Jews and of Christians (as well as of Muslims) is the same God.
The Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament
The Hebrew Bible is the definitive Revelation of God to the Jewish people. The early Christian Church
took the Hebrew Bible and added the books that became known as the Christian New Testament.
Christians often refer to the Hebrew Bible as the Old Testament to distinguish it from the New
Testament. It is important to remember, however, that for Jews, it isn’t the “Old” Testament. Christians
often interpret their Old Testament as prefiguring or leading up to the final Revelation of God through
the Christ of the New Testament, which is the definitive written Revelation of God for Christians.
Naturally, Jews do not share this interpretation. Many biblical scholars recommend the use of the
references “Hebrew Scriptures” and “Christian Scriptures” instead of “Old Testament” and “New
Testament,” especially when in the company of Jewish people, to retain a sensitivity to the Jewish faith.
The Human Condition and Sin
Christians and Jews have differing views on how human salvation comes about, although both
emphasize that God desires fellowship with people. Jews believe that in principle, human beings are
capable of not sinning. Sins are wrong actions, but there is no inherent tendency to sinfulness apart
from the acts themselves. Salvation comes about through repentance and the rituals of the Day of
Atonement. God forgives the sins of those who repent and wipes the slate clean for another year.
Christians, by contrast, believe that all humans are affected by Original Sin, which is a constant
inclination toward sin. The Sacrament of Penance and Reconciliation is the liturgical celebration of
God’s forgiveness of sin, through which the sinner is reconciled with both God and the Church.
However, salvation is accomplished through God’s grace.
© 2015 by Saint Mary’s Press Document #: TX003843
Comparing and Contrasting Judaism with Christianity Page | 2
Maimonides, Saint Augustine, and Saint Thomas
Aquinas
Maimonides used the thought of the Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle to interpret and express the
theology of Judaism in his well-known Thirteen Principles. Similarly, Greek philosophy has been used
to interpret Christian faith. Most notably, Saint Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, used Platonic thought in his
interpretation of Christianity, and Saint Thomas Aquinas used the thought of Aristotle in crafting his
famous scholastic work, the Summa Theologiae. All three of these figures illustrate the essential
principle that faith and reason need not be at odds with each other.
© 2015 by Saint Mary’s Press Document #: TX003843
