Step Response of Parallel RLC Circuit
• Author: Zekeriya Aliyazicioglu
• Topic: RLC Circuits
Table of Contents
Introduction...........................................................................................................................................................1
Step response of Parallel RLC Circuit ..............................................................................................................2
Case 1: if Overdamped.................................................................................................................................. 4
Case 2: if Critically Damped ......................................................................................................................... 5
Case 3: if Underdamped................................................................................................................................ 5
Current i(t) and Voltages accross Resistor and Inductor . ................................................................................. 7
Case 1: if Overdamped.................................................................................................................................. 7
Case 2: if Critically Damped.......................................................................................................................... 7
Case 3: if Underdamped................................................................................................................................ 8
References............................................................................................................................................................. 10
Introduction
The second-order differential equations with constant coefficients with constant input
(1)
The solution to Equation (1) is the sum of the complementary solution vc(t) and the
particular solution vp(t)
The complementary solution is the solution to homogeneous differential equation given
by
(2)
Depending on the coefficients, there are three cases -overdamped, critically damped, and underdamped as
discussed earlier.
The coefficients of the complementary solution are found by applying the initial conditions to sum vc(t) + vp(t)
after finding the particular solution
The particular solution is the solution to the original differential equation given by Equation (1), including the
input.
The form of the particular solution is similar to the input signal. For the constant input, the particular solution will
be a constant. Let the particular solution be
(4)
Substituting this proposed solution to Equation (1), we obtain
1
(5)
Since K is a constant, dK/dt and , and Equation (3) becomes
Thus, for constant input signal, the particular solution to Equation (1) is given by
(6)
Step response of Parallel RLC Circuit
A series RLC circuit with constant independent source is given in the following figure
Let the initial voltage across the capacitor at t = 0 be , and the initial current through the inductor at t = 0 be
Sum the current away from node a:
(7)
The voltage across inductor
(8)
Substitute (8) into (7)
) (9)
Rearrange (9)
(10)
2
Then, Equation becomes
and
Particular solution
(11)
Adding vc(t) + vp(t). Then applying the initial conditions to find the coeffeffien s in comaplemenary solution.
Initial Values:
(12)
(13)
% Select the element values and initial values
%R=900% Ohms
%C=0.5 % uF
%L=100 % mH
%V0=10 % V
%I0=50 % mA
%Vs=0;
%L=L*10^-3; % Conversion to H
%C=C*10^-6; % Conversion to F
%I0=I0*10^-3; % Conversion to A
%components, Source, and Initial Values
C=1.6e-9;
L=40e-3;
R=2.5e3;
V0=5;
I0=2e-3;
Is=8e-3;
a1 = 1 / (R*C)
a1 = 250000
a0 = 1 / (L*C)
a0 = 1.5625e+10
3
b0=Is/(L*C)
b0 = 125000000
alpha = a1 / 2
alpha = 125000
w= sqrt(a0)
w = 125000
% Find the roots
s1 = -alpha + sqrt(alpha^2 - w^2)
s1 = -125000
s2 = -alpha - sqrt(alpha^2 - w^2)
s2 = -125000
Case 1: if Overdamped
the two roots of the characteristic equation are real and distinct.
Thus, the complementary solution vc(t) can be written as
(14)
The particular solution is given
(15)
The total solution is written as
(16)
The coefficients are found by applying the initial conditions.
Setting t = 0 in Equation (1) , we obtain
--> (17)
Taking the derivative of the equation (1), we get
and at t=0 (18)
and (20)
4
Apply Equation (20) into (19)
as
Then, write in matrix form
, (21)
Finally
Case 2: if Critically Damped
If , the two roots of the characteristic equation are real and equal.
Since the solutions are identical, Thus, the complementary solution vc(t) can be written as
(22)
The particular solution is given
(23)
The total solution is written as
(24)
The coefficients are found by applying the initial conditions.
Setting t = 0 in Equation (5)
, (25)
Taking the derivative of Equation (4) and setting t=0
(26)
We obtain
(27)
Case 3: if Underdamped
The two roots are
5
(28)
Thus, the complementary solution i(t) can be written as
(29)
The particular solution is given
(30)
The total solution is written as
(31)
The coefficients are found by applying the initial conditions.
Setting t = 0 in Equation (8)
, (32)
Taking the derivative of Equation (8) and setting t=0
where (33)
Substituting
(34)
if alpha^2 > w^2 % overdamped
fprintf('case: overdamped a^2 > wo^2');
%Using initial values to find A1 and A2 coeffcients
S=[1 1;s1 s2]
b=[I0-Is;V0/L]
A=S\b;
A1 = A(1)
A2 = A(2)
fprintf('i(t)= %6.2f +%6.2f exp(%6.2f t)+%6.2f exp(%6.1f t) mA t>=0',Is*1000,A1*1000,s1,A2*
elseif alpha^2 < w^2
fprintf('case: underdamped a^2 < wo^2');
%Using initial values to find A1 and A2 coeffcients
beta=imag(s1)
6
B1=I0-Is
B2=(V0/L+alpha*B1)/beta
i = Is + exp(-alpha*t).*(B1*cos(beta*t) + B2*sin(beta*t));
fprintf('i(t)= %6.2f + exp(%6.2f t)[%6.2f cos(%6.1f t)+%6.2f sin(%6.2f t) mA, t>=0]',Is*100
else
fprintf('case: Critically damped alpha = w');
%Using initial values to find A1 and A2 coeffcients
s=-alpha
A1=I0-Is
A2=V0/L-A1*s
%i = Is + A1*exp(s*t) + A2*t.*exp(s*t);
fprintf('i(t)= %6.2f +%6.2f exp(%6.2f t)+%6.2f t exp(%6.1f t) mA t>=0',Is*1000,A1*1000,s,A2
end
case: Critically damped alpha = w
s = -125000
A1 = -0.0060
A2 = -625
i(t)= 8.00 + -6.00 exp(-125000.00 t)+-625000.00 t exp(-125000.0 t) mA t>=0
Current i(t) and Voltages accross Resistor and Inductor .
Case 1: if Overdamped
The voltage across the capacitor is given by
, where and
The current through the resistor
The current through the capacitor
Case 2: if Critically Damped
The current through the capacitor is given by
where and
7
The current through the resistor
The current through the capacitor
Case 3: if Underdamped
The voltage across the capacitor is given by
where and
The current through the resistor
The current through the capacitor
tmax = 10*1/alpha; % selection of maximum t
t = 0 : tmax/1000 : tmax;
if alpha^2 > w^2 % overdamped
i = Is + A1*exp(s1*t) + A2*exp(s2*t);
C1 = L*s1*A1;
C2 = L*s2*A2;
v=C1*exp(s1*t)+C2*exp(s2*t); % Voltage across inductor v(t)
iR=v/R; % current through the resistor
ic=C*s1*C1*exp(s1*t)+C*s2*C2*exp(s2*t); % current through the capacitor
elseif alpha^2 < w^2 %underdamped
i = Is + exp(-alpha*t).*(B1*cos(beta*t) + B2*sin(beta*t));
C1 = L*(-alpha*B1+beta*B2)
C2 = L*(alpha*B2+beta*B1)
8
v = C1*exp(-alpha*t).*cos(beta*t) - C2*exp(-alpha*t).*sin(beta*t); % Voltage across induc
iR=v/R; % current through the
% current through the
ic=C*(-alpha*C1-beta*C2)*exp(-alpha*t).*cos(beta*t) + C*(alpha*C2-beta*C1)*exp(-alpha*t).*s
else %Critica lly damped
i = Is + A1*exp(s*t) + A2*t.*exp(s*t);
C1= L*(s*A1+A2);
C2 = L*s*A2;
v=C1*exp(s*t)+C2*t.*exp(s*t); % Voltage across inductor v(t)
iR=v/R; % current through the resistor
ic=C*(s*C1*exp(s*t)+C2*exp(s*t)+s*C2*t.*exp(s*t)); % current through the capacitor
end
figure (1)
plot(t,i)
hold on;
plot(t,iR)
plot(t,ic)
grid on
xlabel('t [s]')
ylabel('i(t) [A]')
legend('i(t)', ' i_R(t)','i_C(t)')
hold off
figure (2)
plot(t,v)
grid on
9
xlabel('t [s]')
ylabel('v(t) [V]')
References
Electric Circuits, James Kang, 1st ed. Cengage Learning, 2018
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