Fizikalni obrazci, konstante in matematične zveze

Gibanje Tekočine
∆V
s = s0 + vt p = p0 + ρgh; Fvzgon = ρtek gV ; = −χ ∆p
V
s = s0 + v̄t 1
Fkroglice = 6πrηv; Fu = cu ρSv 2
at2 ∆v 2
s = s0 + v0 t + ; a= ρv 2 ′ ρv ′2
2 ∆t p+ + ρgh = p + + ρgh′
v = v0 + at; v 2 = v02 + 2as 2 2
2γ 4γ
F = γl; ∆pkapljice = ; ∆pmehurčka =
x = v0x t = v0 cos α t r r
gt2 gt2
y = v0y t − = v0 sin α t − Vrtenje
2 g 2
y(x) = x tan α − x2 2 M
2v0 cos2 α α= ; J = J0 + md2
1 J
ν = ; ω = 2πν; v = ωr Jω 2
t0 Wk = ; A = M φ; P = M ω
v2 2
ar = ωv = = ω2r M ∆t = ∆Γ; Γ = Jω; Γ = r′ G = r mv sin φ
r √
∆ω mv02 J0 ω 2
at = rα; α = ; a = a2r + a2t Wk = +
∆t 2 2
l
φ = ωt; φ =
r Toplota
φ = ω̄t
αt2 ∆l = αl∆T ; ∆V = βV ∆T ; β = 3α
φ = ω0 t +
2 pV p′ V ′ m
ω = ω0 + αt; ω 2 = ω02 + 2αφ = ′
= R
T T M
∆V ∆m p = pdelni 1 + pdelni 2 + · · · + pdelni n
ΦV = = Sv; Φm = = ρΦV
m ∆t ∆t
∆Wn = A + Q; A = −p∆V (p = konst.)
ρ=
V
Q = mcp ∆T ; Q = mcv ∆T ; ∆Wn = mcv ∆T
Sile v mehaniki cp R
Q = q∆m; = κ; cp − cv =
cv M
GmM pV κ = p′ V ′ ; T V κ−1 = T ′ V ′
κ κ−1
Fg = mg =
r2 A Qod
Ftr = ktr F⊥ ; Fl,max = kl F⊥ η= =1−
Qdo Qdo
s 1F F Qdo Qod Tnižja
F = ks; = ; p= Carnot : = ; ηC = 1 −
l ES S Tvišja Tnižja Tvišja
M⃗ = ⃗r × F⃗ ; M = r′ F = rF sin φ; M = Dφ
Q ∆T
m1 x1 + m2 x2 + m3 x3 + · · · P = ; P = λS
x0 = ∆t ∆x
m1 + m2 + m3 + · · · N R
p = nkT ; n = ; k =
F⃗ v2 V NA
⃗a = ; Fr = mar = mω 2 r = m 1 1 3
m r p = nm1 v 2 = ρv 2 ; W kin = kT
F⃗ ∆t = ∆G; ⃗ G ⃗ = m⃗v ; F⃗ = −Φm ∆⃗v 3 3 2

Elektrika
Delo, moč, energija
∆e U ζl
I= ; I = ; R = ; ∆R = αR∆T
A = F⃗ · ⃗s = F s cos φ; A = −p∆V ∆t R S
( ) 1 1 1
mv 2 mM Rzap = R1 + R2 + · · · ; = + + ···
Wk = ; Wp = mgh; Wp = −G Rvzp R1 R2
2 r
ks 2 U2
Wpr = ; A = ∆Wk + ∆Wp + ∆Wpr P = U I = RI 2 = ; Ae = P t = U e
2 R
1 1
P =
A
= F⃗ · ⃗v = F v cos φ P̄ = Uef Ief ; Uef = √ U0 ; Ief = √ I0
∆t 2 2

⃝
c 2014 DMFA Slovenije, Komisija za popularizacijo fizike v srednji šoli
 √ √
1 e 1 e1 e2
F⃗ = eE;
⃗ E= ; F = J J
4πε0 r2 4πε0 r2 t0 = 2π ; t0 = 2π
D mgd
Φe = e = ε0 E ⃗ ·S⃗ = ε0 ES cos φ √
t0 = 2π LC; W = WC + WL =
U = −E ⃗ · ⃗s = Ae ; Eplošča = σ ; σ = e CU02 CU02 LI02
e 2ε0 S (cos2 ωt + sin2 ωt) = =
U ε0 S 2 2 2
e = CU ; E = ; C = ω 2π 2π
d d c = νλ = ; ω = 2πν = ; k=
1 1 1 k t0 λ
Cvzp = C1 + C2 + · · · ; = + + ··· ∆x δ
Czap C1 C2 δ = 2π = k∆x; ∆t = t0
Ae = e(U (⃗r ) − U (⃗r ′ )) = ∆Wel ; Wel = eU (⃗r) λ 2π
s(x, t) = s0 sin(ωt
√ − δ) = s0 sin(ωt − kx)
e √ √
U (⃗r) = ; A = ∆Wk + ∆Wp + ∆Wel F Fl E 1
4πε0 r c= = ; c= ; c= √
CU 2 e2 ε0 E 2 ρS m ρ χρ
WC = = ; we = √
2 2C 2 √
κp κRT
c= =
ρ M
Magnetizem in indukcija c
νN = (N + 1) = (N + 1)ν0 , N = 0, 1, 2, . . .
2l c
F⃗m = I⃗l × B;
⃗ Fm = IlB sin φ νN (1 prosto krajišče) = (2N + 1) = (2N + 1)ν0
4l a
F⃗m = e⃗v × B;
⃗ Fm = evB sin φ a sin β = N λ, N = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . , Nmax ≤
µ0 I µ0 I ( ) λ
B= (vodnik); B = (zanka) v ν0
2πr 2r ν = ν0 1 ± ; ν= v
µ0 N I µ0 I1 c 1∓
B= (tuljava); Fm = I2 l c
l 2πr c0 1 sin α c1 n2
M⃗ = N IS ⃗ ×B⃗ = p⃗m × B;
⃗ M = N ISB sin φ n = ; c0 = √ ; = =
c ε0 µ0 sin β c2 n1
c1 n2
Ui = ⃗l · (⃗v × B ⃗ · (⃗l × ⃗v ) = ⃗v · (B
⃗)=B ⃗ × ⃗l) sin αtotalni = = : c2 > c1 oz. n2 < n1
c2 n1
Ui = lBv sin φ tan αBrewstrov = n
( )( )
Φm = N B ⃗ = N BS cos φ; Ui = − ∆Φm
⃗ ·S 1
=
nleče
−1
1
+
1
∆t f nokolice r1 r2
∆I µ0 N 2 S 1 1 1 s b
Φm = LI; Ui = −L ; L= = + ; mpovečava = =
∆t l f a b p a
LI 2 B2 W P P ′
Ui = N ωSB sin ωt; WL = ; wm = P = ; j = ; j(r) = ; j = j cos α
2 2µ0 t S 4πr 2
eB kW ∗ P∗
ωciklotron = ; G = erB λmax = ; jčrno = = σT 4
m T S
F⃗Lorentz = eE⃗ + e⃗v × B
⃗ ∗ jodbito
jsivo = (1 − a)σT 4 ; a =
jvpadno

Nihanje in valovanje Delci in valovanja

2π c W hν h
s(t) = s0 sin ωt; ω = 2πν = Wf = hν = h ; Gf = = =
t0 λ c c λ
ds(t) hc
v(t) = = v0 cos ωt Wf = Ai + Wk ; Ai = ; Wk = Umejna e0
dt λmax
dv(t) h hc
a(t) = = −ω 2 s0 sin ωt = −ω 2 s(t) λDe Broglie = ; UA e0 =
dt G λmin(zavorna)
ma = −mω √
2
s = F = −ks
√ 1 e20
m l WH = −W0 2 ; W0 = = 13,6 eV
t0 = 2π ; t0 = 2π n 8πε(0 rB )
k g h 2 ε0 1 1
W = Wk + Wpr = rB = ; Wf = −W0 − : n′ > n
πme e20 n′ 2 n2
ks20 ks2 mv02 − t ln 2
(cos2 ωt + sin2 ωt) = 0 = N (t) = N0 e−λt = N0 2 t1/2 ; t1/2 =
2 2 2 λ
φ(t) = φ0 sin ωt dN (t)
dφ(t) A(t) = − = λ N (t)
Ω(t) = = ωφ0 cos ωt = Ω0 cos ωt dt
− x ln 2
dt
dΩ(t) j(x) = j0 e−µx = j0 2 d1/2 ; d1/2 =
α(t) = = −ω 2 φ0 sin ωt = −ω 2 φ(t) µ
dt Wvezavna = Zmp c + N mn c − mj c
2 2 2

M = Jα = −Jω 2 φ
Wreakcijska = mj c2 − mA c2 − mB c2
 Fizikalne konstante in količine
m
Težni pospešek g = 9,8
s2
Nm2
Gravitacijska konstanta G = 6,7 · 10−11
kg2
Polmer Zemlje rZ = 6400 km
Masa Zemlje mZ = 6 · 1024 kg
Masa Sonca mS = 2 · 1030 kg
Razdalja Zemlja – Sonce d = 1,5 · 108 km
Razdalja Zemlja – Luna d = 384 000 km
kg
Gostota vode ρvoda = 1 000 3
m
Zračni tlak na gladini morja p0 = 100 kPa
J
Specifična toplota vode c = 4 200
kgK
Lomni kvocient vode n = 1,33
J
Splošna plinska konstanta R = 8 300
kmolK
1
Avogadrovo število NA = 6,0 · 1026
kmol
−23 J
Boltzmannova konstanta k = 1,38 · 10
K
kg
Kilomolska masa zraka Mzrak = 29
kmol
5 7
Razmerja spec. toplot plinov κ = (enoatomni); κ = (dvoatomni)
3 5
Osnovni naboj e0 = 1,6 · 10−19 As
As
Influenčna konstanta ε0 = 8,9 · 10−12
Vm
−7 Vs
Indukcijska konstanta µ0 = 4π · 10
Am
m
Hitrost svetlobe v vakuumu c0 = 3,0 · 108
s
Planckova konstanta h = 6,6 · 10−34 Js = 4,1 · 10−15 eVs
W
Stefanova konstanta σ = 5,67 · 10−8 2 4
m K
Wienova konstanta kW = 2,90 · 10−3 m·K
MeV
Atomska masna enota u = 1,66 · 10−27 kg = 931,5 2
c
−31 MeV
Masa elektrona me = 9,1 · 10 kg = 0,511 2
c
−27 MeV
Masa protona mp = 1,673 · 10 kg = 1,00728 u = 938,3 2
c
−27 MeV
Masa nevtrona mn = 1,675 · 10 kg = 1,00866 u = 939,6 2
c
 Vztrajnostni momenti

telo os J0
1 2
palica skozi težišče 12 ml
1 2
valj geometrijska os 2 mr
1 2 1 2
pravokotna na geometrijsko os 4 mr + 12 mh
2 2
krogla skozi težišče 5 mr
obroč geometrijska os mr2
1 2
pravokotna na geometrijsko os 2 mr

Matematične zveze

Trigonometrične zveze in izreki ⃗a × ⃗b = −⃗b × ⃗a ⊥ ⃗a, ⃗b

sin α 1 ⃗a × (⃗b + ⃗c) = ⃗a × ⃗b + ⃗a × ⃗c
sin2 α + cos2 α = 1; tan α = =
cos α cot α
(m⃗a) × ⃗b = ⃗a × (m⃗b) = m(⃗a × ⃗b)
sin(α ± β) = sin α cos β ± cos α sin β  ⃗i ⃗j ⃗k 
 
cos(α ± β) = cos α cos β ∓ sin α sin β ⃗a × ⃗b =  ax ay az  =
tan α ± tan β b by bz 
x
tan(α ± β) =
1 ∓ tan α tan β (ay bz − az by )⃗i + (az bx − ax bz )⃗j + (ax by − ay bx )⃗k
sin 2α = 2 sin α cos α; cos 2α = cos2 α − sin2 α
α+β α−β |⃗a × ⃗b| = ab sin φ
sin α + sin β = 2 sin cos
2 2 (⃗a, ⃗b, ⃗c) = ⃗a · (⃗b × ⃗c) = ⃗b · (⃗c × ⃗a) = ⃗c · (⃗a × ⃗b)
α+β α−β
sin α − sin β = 2 cos sin
2 2 Računanje z relativno majhnimi količinami
α+β α−β
cos α + cos β = 2 cos cos
2 2 n(n − 1) 2
α+β α−β (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x + · · · + nxn−1 + xn
cos α − cos β = −2 sin sin 1·2
2 2 (1 ± x)n ≈ 1 ± nx za x ≪ 1. Primeri :
sin (α ± β)
tan α ± tan β = 1
cos α cos β = (1 + x)−1 ≈ 1 − x,
1 1+x
sin α sin β = [cos(α − β) − cos(α + β)] 1
2 = (1 − x)−2 ≈ 1 + 2x,
1 (1 − x)2
cos α cos β = [cos(α − β) + cos(α + β)] √ 1 x2
2 1 − x2 = (1 − x2 ) 2 ≈ 1 − .
1 2
sin α cos β = [sin(α − β) + sin(α + β)]
√ 2 √ φ2
α 1 − cos α α 1 + cos α sin φ ≈ φ, cos φ ≈ 1 − , tan φ ≈ φ za φ ≪ 1
sin = ; cos = 2
2 √ 2 2 2
α 1 − cos α 1 − cos α sin α Zaporedja
tan = = =
2 1 + cos α sin α 1 + cos α N (N + 1)
1 1 S = 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + N ; SN =
sin2 α = (1 − cos 2α); cos2 α = (1 + cos 2α) a1 2
2 2 an = a1 k n−1
; S= za |k| < 1
Kosinusni izrek : a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos α 1−k
a b c Geometrijska telesa
Sinusni izrek : = = = 2R
sin α sin β sin γ
4πr3
Skrogle = 4πr2 ; Vkrogle =
Vektorji 3

⃗a · ⃗b = ⃗b · ⃗a; ⃗a · (⃗b + ⃗c) = ⃗a · ⃗b + ⃗a · ⃗c Kvadratna enačba

√
−b ± b2 − 4ac
⃗a = (ax , ay , az ); ⃗b = (bx , by , bz ) 2
ax + bx + c = 0 , x1,2 =
2a
⃗a · ⃗b = ax bx + ay by + az bz = ab cos φ