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Microwave Engineering Exam Guide

This document contains questions related to microwave engineering and radar systems across 5 units. Some of the key topics covered include: - S-parameters and scattering matrix analysis of microwave components like waveguides, magic tees, and directional couplers. - Microwave measurement techniques using tools like slotted lines and vector network analyzers. - Operation and characteristics of common microwave sources and devices like klystrons, magnetrons, Gunn diodes, and IMPATT diodes. - Fundamental concepts in pulse radar systems like the radar range equation and calculation of maximum detection range. - Working principles of different radar modes including MTI, FMCW, and CW radars.

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Mahadev
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475 views4 pages

Microwave Engineering Exam Guide

This document contains questions related to microwave engineering and radar systems across 5 units. Some of the key topics covered include: - S-parameters and scattering matrix analysis of microwave components like waveguides, magic tees, and directional couplers. - Microwave measurement techniques using tools like slotted lines and vector network analyzers. - Operation and characteristics of common microwave sources and devices like klystrons, magnetrons, Gunn diodes, and IMPATT diodes. - Fundamental concepts in pulse radar systems like the radar range equation and calculation of maximum detection range. - Working principles of different radar modes including MTI, FMCW, and CW radars.

Uploaded by

Mahadev
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

MW & RE

Unit-I

1. What is the significance of S-matrix? Derive S-matrix for H-plane Tee?


2. Derive the wave equation for a TE wave and obtain all the field components in a
rectangular wave guide.
3. Explain the operation of magic tee with neat diagram and derive its S- matrix?
4. A rectangular waveguide ( a=2 cm, b=1 cm) filled with de-ionized water ( µr = 1, εr =
81 ) operates at 3 GHz. Determine all propagating modes and the corresponding cutoff
frequencies.
5. Enumerate the basic advantages and applications of microwaves.
6. Using S parameters, explain the properties of a magic tee.
7. What is S-matrix? Explain its significance and write the properties of S-matrix.
8. Derive the expression for cutoff frequency, phase constant, phase velocity, group velocity
and wave impedance in rectangular wave guide.
9. The Dimensions of the Waveguide are 2.5 cm x 1 cm. The Frequency is 8.6 GHz. Find
the (i) Possible Modes (ii) Cut off Frequency and (iii) Guide Wavelength
10. Derive scattering matrix of E-plane Tee junction.
11. State and prove unitary property of S-matrix.
12. Explain the impossibility of TEM wave propagating through the waveguide.\
13. A rectangular wave guide has dimensions 2.5cmX 5 cm. Determine the guide Wave
length, phase constant (β) and phase velocity (VP) at a Wavelength of 4.5 cm for the
dominant mode at a frequency of 3GHz.
14. Draw the EM spectrum and list all the frequency ranges involved in microwave bands
15. Briefly explain the applications of microwaves.
16. An air-filled rectangular waveguide with cross-section of 4 cm X 2 cm transports energy
in the dominant mode (TE10) at a rate of 2mW. If the frequency of operation is 10 GHz,
determine the peak value of the electric field in the waveguide
17. In a H-plane Tee junction, 20mW power is applied to port 3 that is perfectly matched to
the junction. Calculate the power delivered to the load 60Ω and 75Ω connected to ports 1
and 2.
18. Explain the scattering matrix for a n-port network.
19. Derive expressions for cutoff wavelength and cutoff frequency for TM waves
propagating through rectangular waveguides.
20. A rectangular waveguide 4.5 X 3 cm is operating at 9 GHz. Calculate the cut off
frequencies for the modes TE11, TE10, TE01, TM01, TM10 and TM11.

Unit-II

1. Explain different methods of measuring VSWR and explain any one method with neat
diagrams
2. List different methods of measurement of impedance using microwave bench?
3. Explain the process of frequency measurement using microwave bench?
4. Examine how slotted line used for measurement of impedance of an unknown load?
Explain.
5. Illustrate how VSWR of unknown load is measured with the help of Slotted Wave
Carriage using microwave bench setup? Draw the block diagram of the setup.
6. Demonstrate the measurement of low power microwave energy? And explain.
7. Derive the expressions for Directivity, Coupling factor and S-matrix for a directional
coupler
8. Compare the operation of Gyrator and isolator.
9. What is Circulator? Explain the various applications of Circulator.
10. What is a precision rotary attenuator? Explain its operation.
11. Explain the construction and working of Directional Coupler. Under what conditions
does the coupler give maximum directivity?
12. Describe in detail the operation of a 2-hole directional coupler, Calculate the coupling
factor if the power in the primary waveguide is 72mw and the power delivered to the
directional coupler is 8mw.
13. Compare the limitations and losses of conventional tubes at microwave frequencies?
14. Explain the operation of Reflex klystron with neat sketches and derive it’s output power
and efficiency?
15. Distinguish about the structure, re-entrant cavities and velocity modulation process in a
2-cavity klystron?
16. For a Two Cavity Klystron, the voltage applied to cathode is 900 V. The gap in input
cavity is 1.5 mm and spacing between cavities is 4 cm. The voltage across the cavity gap
is 10 V peak to peak. Calculate the value of bunching parameter for a beam frequency of
9 GHz.
17. How the magnetron microwave source works?- Discuss
18. Discuss about the operation of TWT with neat sketches
19. Explain the working of multi cavity klystron with necessary diagram and waveforms.
20. A Three port circulator has an insertion loss of 1dB, isolation 30 dB and VSWR =1.5.
Find the S – matrix.

Unit-III

1. Explain various modes of operation in GUNN diode?


2. Discuss in detail about Gunn Diode as an Oscillator.
3. Explain the principle of operation and characteristics of IMPATT diode.
4. Discuss in detail about Gunn Diode as an Amplifier.
5. What are bulk properties of a GUNN diode that give rise to negative resistance like
characteristics?
6. What is transferred electron effect?
7. How avalanche effect is utilized to generate microwave signals? Explain The operation of
IMPATT diode.
8. Give at least three differences between microwave transistors and TEDs (i.e. transfer
electron devices). Write the statement of the Gunn effect and explain the GaAs diode.
9. Draw the band diagram of GaAs and explain the Gunn effect, where by negative
resistances and therefore oscillations are obtained under certain conditions from bulk
gallium arsenide.
10. An n-type GaAs Gunn diode has following parameters: Electron drift velocity: V d = 2.5 ×
105 m/s Negative Electron mobility: µn= 0.015 m2 / v s Relative dielectric constant: εr =
13.1 Determine the criterion for classifying the modes of operation.
11. How avalanche effect is utilized to generate microwave signals? Explain the operation of
TRAPATT diode.
12. Write short notes on microwave semiconductor devices.
13. A Ku-band IMPATT diode has a pulse operating voltage of 100v and a pulse operating
current of 0.9 A. The efficiency is about 10%. Calculate i. The output power ii. The duty
cycle if the pulse width is 0.01ns and frequency is 12 GHz.
14. Explain the principle of operation of Tunnel diode with suitable diagram.
15. Explain the principle of operation of InP diode with suitable diagram.
16. Write about the principle of operation and characteristics of TRAPATT diode.
17. Explain the physical description and principle of operation of BARITT diodes.
18. The drift velocity of electron is 3 x 107 cm/s through the active region of length 15µm.
Calculate the natural frequency of the Gunn diode and the critical voltage.
19. Discuss about avalanche transit time devices in brief.
20. Explain about RWH theory for Gunn effect.

Unit-IV
1. Describe the working of pulse radar with the help of block diagram.
2. If a pulse radar operating with a peak power of 1MW has the following parameters: pulse
width=1.2µs and PRI= 1ms. Find Pavg, duty cycle and Rmax?
3. Explain how system losses effect the performance of radar range.
4. Compute the maximum detectable range of a radar system specified below: Operating
wavelength = 3.2 cm, Peak pulse transmitted power = 500 kW, Minimum detectable
power = 0.1pW, Capture area of the antenna = 5m2 and a Radar cross sectional area of
the target 5m2. G =1000;
5. Derive the Radar range equation and discuss about its applications.
6. Radar operates at 10GHz and peak power of 500KW. Its minimum receivable power is
0.1pW. Its antenna has a capture area of 5sqm and the radar cross section of the target is
20sqm. Find maximum range of radar.
7. Pulsed radar operating at 10GHz has an antenna with a gain of 28dB and a transmitter
power of 2KW. If it is defined to detect a target with a cross section of 12sq.m and the
minimum detectable signal is Pmin= -90dBm. What is the maximum range of the radar?
8. ) If the peak power of a radar is 100 KW, PRF is 1000 Hz, and the pulse width is 1 µs,
calculate the average power in dB.
9. Draw the block diagram of FMCW radar and explain its operation.
10. Estimate the range of a FMCW radar, if its frequency is modulated at a rate fm over a
range Δf, given Δf=1.5 kHz, fm=100 kHz and the beat frequency is 40 Hz.
11. Explain the operation of MTI radar with power oscillator transmitter with a neat block
diagram.
12. An MTI radar operates at 5GHz with a pulse repetition frequency of 900 Hz. Calculate
the lowest three blind speeds of this radar.
13. What are the factors that limit the amount of isolation between Transmitter and Receiver
of CW Radar? Explain.
14. What are the limitations of MTI Radar? Explain.
15. Explain the principle of operation of FM-CW altimeter with a near diagram.
16. MTI radar is operating at a frequency of 9 GHz with a PRF of 3000 Hz. Calculate the
first two lowest blind speeds for this radar. Derive the formula used.
17. Explain the range and Doppler measurement in FMCW radar.
18. What is Maximum Unambiguous Range? How is it related with pulse repetition rate?
19. List out limitations of MTI radar about the following:
i) Equipment in stabilities.
ii) Scanning modulation.
iii) Internal fluctuation of clutter
Unit-V

1. Explain instrument landing system with neat block diagram.


2. Write short notes on:

a. Hyperbolic navigation
b. LORAN navigation
3. Discuss in detail about satellite navigation with necessary diagrams.
4. Write in detail about Doppler navigation with necessary diagrams.
5. Compare various navigation techniques.
6. Discuss in detail about various categories of radio ranges for direction finding.
7. Narrate global positioning system with neat block diagram.
8. Explain basic principle of microwave antennas.
9. Write the short notes on microwave antennas.
10. List out different types of microwave antennas.
11. Write short notes on microwave antennas.
Horn Antenna
Paraboloid / Dish antenna
12. Explain in detail about Horn antenna with neat diagrams.
13. Write short notes on:
a. satellite navigation
doppler navigation
14. Discuss in detail about the basic principle of global positioning system.
15. Briefly explain about advantages and disadvantages of direction finders.
16. Explain in detail about Paraboloid reflector antenna with radiation pattern.
17. Distinguish various types of Microwave antennas.
18. Discuss in detail about Hyperbolic navigation.
19. Explain in detail about LORAN navigation
20. Briefly explain about applications of direction finders.

Common questions

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An IMPATT diode uses the avalanche multiplication process to generate microwave signals. When a high reverse voltage is applied, it causes impact ionization in the diode's semiconductor material, leading to an avalanche multiplication of carriers. The diode operates by exploiting this effect in a resonant microwave cavity, where negative resistance characteristics cause oscillations. The diode can achieve high power at microwave frequencies due to these mechanisms .

The Radar equation relates the received power to various factors like transmitted power, antenna gains, the distance to the target, and the radar cross-section of the target. It is used to determine maximum range capabilities, assess system performance, and is crucial in radar system design. Applications include optimizing radar systems for air traffic control, weather monitoring, and military surveillance .

A magnetron generates microwaves through the interaction of an electron stream with a magnetic field in a resonant cavity. Electrons released from a heated cathode spiral due to crossed electric and magnetic fields, interacting with the cavity's RF fields to produce high power microwaves. The magnetron's efficiency and power capabilities make it ideal for applications in radar and microwave ovens .

Conventional tubes, such as klystrons and magnetrons, face challenges like high power consumption, cooling requirements, and size limitations at microwave frequencies. They suffer from inherent efficiency limitations due to electron collision losses and require extensive tuning for frequency stability. These limitations drive the development of more compact and efficient solid-state devices for advanced applications .

Microwave transistors operate based on conventional semiconductor physics, using carrier flow to amplify signals. In contrast, TEDs, such as Gunn diodes, leverage the Gunn effect, where negative differential resistance results from electron transfer between energy valleys in semiconductor materials. TEDs enable high-frequency applications beyond the capabilities of conventional transistors, essential in oscillators .

The cutoff frequency in a waveguide is inversely proportional to its dimensions, particularly the width of the widest cross-section, as it determines the minimum frequency for mode propagation. Larger dimensions support lower cutoff frequencies, allowing more modes to propagate. This principle determines the operational bandwidth and efficiency of waveguide resonators, integral in tuning devices for specific applications .

The GPS operates using a constellation of satellites transmitting time-stamped signals that allow receivers on Earth to calculate their position via triangulation. It impacts modern navigation by enabling precise geolocation for personal, commercial, and military applications, enhancing accuracy in mapping, transport, and timing services globally. GPS technology has revolutionized navigation, providing real-time positioning critical for numerous applications .

The S-matrix is crucial in microwave engineering as it characterizes how energy enters and exits multi-port networks, enabling the analysis of complex microwave circuits. For an H-plane Tee, the S-matrix shows how power splits or combines between ports. It is derived by applying boundary conditions at the junction and calculating incident and reflected waves. The S-matrix must satisfy properties like reciprocity, symmetry, and passivity .

A Tunnel diode operates on the quantum mechanical principle of tunneling, where electrons pass through a potential barrier due to high doping levels. Under low voltage, it exhibits negative resistance, which is useful in high-speed switching and microwave oscillator circuits. Its very fast response time enables its use in fast logic and high-frequency applications, including radar and microwave signal processing .

Gyrators and isolators are non-reciprocal microwave components. A gyrator induces a phase shift between forward and reverse waves but maintains equal amplitude, useful for phase modulation. Isolators allow microwaves to travel in one direction only, preventing reflected microwave energy from damaging the source. Isolators are widely used in radar and communications to protect sensitive components, while gyrators serve in applications requiring precise phase control .

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