Chapter 8 – Quadratic equations

Solutions to Pre-test
1 e 5 + 3 ( x - 4 ) = 5 + 3x - 12
a There are three terms: 5, 2ab and -b.
= 3x - 7
b 2
f 5 - 2 ( x + 3) + 2 = 5 - 2x - 6 + 2
c 5 = 1 - 2x

2 g 3 ( x + 2) + 4( x + 1) = 3x + 6 + 4 x + 4
a 7 x + 2 y - 3x = 4 x + 2 y = 7 x + 10

b 3xy + 4 x - xy - 5x = 2xy - x h 6 (3x - 2) - 3 (5x + 3) = 18 x - 12 - 15x - 9

= 3x - 21
c - x 2 - 3 y 2 + 4 x 2 = 3x 2 - 3 y 2
5
3 a ( x + 3)( x - 1) = x 2 - x + 3x - 3
4a = x 2 + 2x - 3
a = 2a
2
b ( x - 3)( x - 7 ) = x 2 - 3x - 7x + 21
-24mn = x 2 - 10x + 21
b = -2m
12n
c (2x - 3)(3x + 4 ) = 6 x 2 + 8 x - 9x - 12
c 6a ´ 3a = 18a2 = 6 x 2 - x - 12

d -2x ´ 3xy = -6 x 2 y d (5x + 2)(7 x + 1) = 35x 2 + 14 x + 5x + 2

= 35x 2 + 19x + 2
-3x
e x ´ ( -3) ÷ ( 9x ) =
9x e (4 x - 5)(4 x + 5) = 16 x 2 - 20x + 20x - 25
1 = 16 x 2 - 25
=-
3
f (10 - m)(10 + m) = 100 - 10m + 10m - m2
2
-12x
f -4 x ´ 3x ÷ ( 2xy ) = = 100 - m2
2xy
-6 x g ( x + 7)2 = ( x + 7)( x + 7)
=
y = x 2 + 2 ´ 7 x + 49
= x 2 + 14 x + 49
4
a 4 ( m + n ) = 4m + 4n
h (2x - 3)2 = (2x - 3)(2x - 3)
= 4x 2 - 6x - 6x + 9
b -3 ( 2x - 4 ) = -6 x + 12
= 4 x 2 - 12x + 9
c 2x ( 3x + 1 ) = 6 x 2 + 2x

d 4a (1 - 2a ) = 4a - 8a2

© Cambridge University Press 2019 1

6 ( -3)
2
b - 4 ´ 4 ´ 2 = 9 - 32
a 7x + 7 = 7 ´ x + 7 ´ 1
= -23
= 7 ( x + 1)
c 52 - 4 ´ ( -1) ´ ( -4 ) = 25 - 16
b -9x - 27 x 2 = ( -9x ) ´ 1 + ( -9x ) ´ 3x
=9
= -9x (3x + 1 )

( -3) - 4 ´ ( -2) ´ ( -1 ) = 9 - 8
2
c a2 + ab + 3a = a ´ a + a ´ b + a ´ 3 d
= a ( a + b + 3) =1
9
d x 2 - 9 = x 2 - 32 a

= ( x + 3)( x - 3)

e x 2 + 9x + 20 = x 2 + x (5 + 4 ) + 5 ´ 4
= ( x + 5)( x + 4 ) b 2 ( x - 3) = 0
2x - 6 = 0
f x 2 + 5x - 14 = x 2 + x (7 - 2) - 7 ´ 2 2x = 6
= ( x + 7 )( x - 2) x =3
7
x ( x - 4) x c 3 ( 2x + 5 ) = 0
a =
2x ( x - 4 ) 2x 6 x + 15 = 0
1 6 x = -15
=
2 5
x=-
2
2x 2 + 8 x 2x ( x + 4 )
b =
4x 2x ´ 2 d x ( x - 5) = 0
x +4 x = 0 or x - 5 = 0
=
2 x = 0 or x = 5

3x + 9 3 ( x + 3 ) e ( x + 2)( x - 3) = 0
c =
4 x + 12 4 ( x + 3) x + 2 = 0 or x - 3 = 0
3 x = -2 or x = 3
=
4
f (2x - 1)( x + 7 ) = 0
8 2x - 1 = 0 or x + 7 = 0
a 32 - 4 ´ 2 ´ 1 = 9 - 8
1
=1 x= or x = -7
2

© Cambridge University Press 2019 2

Solutions to Exercise 8A
1 5x
e 5x ÷ 10 =
a x ( x + 2 ) = x 2 + 2x 10
x
=
b ( x + 3)( x + 1) = x 2 + x + 3x + 3 2
3x
f 3x ÷ 9 =
9
x
=
3

-4 x 2
g -4 x 2 ÷ x =
x
= -4 x
c ( x + 4)2 = x 2 + 4 x + 4 x + 16
-6 x 2
= x 2 + 8 x + 16 h -6 x 2 ÷ ( 2x ) =
2x
= -3x

i 3x - 21x = -18 x

j 12x - 5x = 7 x

k -3x + 8 x = 5x

l -5x - 8 x = -13x
2
a a2 + ab 4
a 2 ( x + 5) = 2x + 10
b 2x - 5
b 3 ( x - 4 ) = 3x - 12
c a2 - b2

d ( y + x)
2 c -5 ( x + 3) = -5x - 15

a-b d -4 ( x - 2) = -4 x + 8
e
2
e 3 ( 2x - 1 ) = 6 x - 3
3
a 2 ´ 3x = 6 x
f 4 (3x + 1 ) = 12x + 4
b -4 ´ 5x = -20x
g -2 (5x - 3) = -10x + 6
c x ´ 2x = 2x 2

h -5 ( 4 x + 3) = -20x - 15
d - x ´ 4 x = -4x 2

i x ( 2x + 5 ) = 2x 2 + 5x

© Cambridge University Press 2019 3

j x ( 3x - 1 ) = 3x 2 - x 3x 9x 2 + 24 x
w ( 3x + 8 ) =
4 4
k 2x ( 1 - x ) = 2x - 2x 2 9
= x + 6x
4
l 3x ( 2 - x ) = 6 x - 3x 2
2x 14 x - 6 x 2
m -2x (3x + 2) = -6 x 2 - 4 x x ( 7 - 3x ) =
5 5
14 6
n -3x ( 6 x - 2) = -18 x 2 + 6 x = x - x2
5 5
5
o -5x ( 2 - 2x ) = -10x - 10x 2 a x ( 3x - 1 ) + x ( 4 - x ) = 3x 2 - x + 4 x - x 2
= 2x 2 + 3x
p -4 x (1 - 4 x ) = -4 x + 16 x 2
b x ( 5x + 2 ) + x ( x - 5 ) = 5x 2 + 2x + x 2 - 5x
2 20x + 8
q (10x + 4 ) = = 6 x 2 - 3x
5 5
8
= 4x + c x ( 4 x - 3) - 2x ( x - 5) = 4 x 2 - 3x - 2x 2 + 10x
5
= 2x 2 + 7 x
3 24 x - 15
r ( 8 x - 5) = d 3x ( 2x + 4 ) - x (5 - 2x ) = 6 x 2 + 12x - 5x + 2x 2
4 4
15 = 8x 2 + 7x
= 6x -
4
e 4 x ( 2x - 1 ) + 2x ( 1 - 3x ) = 8 x 2 - 4 x + 2x - 6 x 2
-1 -6 x - 1
s (6 x + 1) = = 2x 2 - 2x
3 3
= -2x -
1 f 2x ( 2 - 3x ) - 3x ( 2x - 7 ) = 4 x - 6 x 2 - 6 x 2 + 21x
3 = 25x - 12x 2
-1 -4 x + 3
t ( 4 x - 3) =
2 2 6
= -2x +
3 a ( x + 2)( x + 8 ) = x 2 + 2x + 8x + 16
2
= x 2 + 10x + 16
-3 -72x + 3
u (24 x - 1) = b ( x + 3)( x + 4 ) = x 2 + 3x + 4 x + 12
8 8
3 = x 2 + 7 x + 12
= -9x +
8
c ( x + 7 )( x + 5) = x 2 + 7x + 5x + 35
-2 -18 x - 14 = x 2 + 12x + 35
v ( 9x + 7 ) =
9 9
14 d ( x + 8 )( x - 3) = x 2 + 8x - 3x - 24
= -2x -
9 = x 2 + 5x - 24

e ( x + 6 )( x - 5) = x 2 + 6 x - 5x - 30
= x 2 + x - 30

© Cambridge University Press 2019 4

f ( x - 2)( x + 3) = x 2 - 2x + 3x - 6 s (3x + 4)(3x - 4) = (3x )2 - 42
= x2 + x - 6 = 9x 2 - 16

( 4x - 5)( 4 x + 5) = ( 4 x )
2
t - 52
g ( x - 7 )( x + 3) = x 2
- 7 x + 3x - 21
= 16 x 2 - 25
= x - 4 x - 21
2

( 8x - 7 )( 8x + 7 ) = ( 8 x )
2
u - 72
= 64 x 2 - 49
h ( x - 4 )( x - 6 ) = x 2 - 4x - 6x + 24
= x 2 - 10x + 24 7
a (2x + 1)(3x + 5) = 6 x 2 + 3x + 10x + 5
i ( x - 8 )( x - 5) = x 2
- 8 x - 5x + 40 = 6 x 2 + 13x + 5
= x 2 - 13x + 40
b ( 4 x + 5)(3x + 2) = 12x 2 + 15x + 8 x + 10
( x + 5)
2
j = x 2 + 2 ´ 5x + 52 = 12x 2 + 23x + 10
= x 2 + 10x + 25 c (5x + 3)(2x + 7 ) = 10x 2 + 6 x + 35x + 21
= 10x 2 + 41x + 21

( x + 7)
2
k = x 2 + 2 ´ 7 x + 72 d (3x + 2)(3x - 5) = 9x 2 + 6 x - 15x - 10
= x 2 + 14 x + 49 = 9x 2 - 9x - 10

e (5x + 3)( 4 x - 2) = 20x 2 + 12x - 10x - 6

( x + 6)
2
l = x + 2´ 6x + 6
2 2

= 20x 2 + 2x - 6
= x + 12x + 36
2

f (2x + 5)(3x - 5) = 6 x 2 + 15x - 10x - 25

( x - 3) = x - 2 ´ 3x + ( -3)
2 2 2
m
= 6 x 2 + 5x - 25
= x - 6x + 9
2

( x - 8) = x 2 - 2 ´ 8 x + ( -8 ) ( 4 x - 5)( 4 x + 5) = 16 x 2 + 20x - 20x - 25

2 2
n g
= x 2 - 16 x + 64 = 16 x 2 - 25

h (2x - 9)(2x + 9) = 4 x 2 - 18 x + 18 x - 81
( x - 10) = x - 2 ´ 10x + ( -10 )
2 2 2
o
= 4 x 2 - 81
= x - 20x + 100
2

i (5x - 7 )(5x + 7 ) = 25x 2 - 35x + 35x - 49

= 25x 2 - 49
p ( x + 4 )( x - 4 ) = x 2 - 42
= x 2 - 16 j (7 x - 3)(2x - 4 ) = 14 x 2 - 6 x - 28 x + 12
q ( x + 9)( x - 9) = x 2 - 92 = 14 x 2 - 34 x + 12

= x 2 - 81
k (5x - 3)(5x - 6 ) = 25x 2 - 15x - 30x + 18
(2x - 3)(2x + 3) = (2x )
2
r -3 2

= 25x 2 - 45x + 18
= 4x - 9
2

© Cambridge University Press 2019 5

l (7 x - 2)( 8 x - 2) = 56 x 2 - 16 x - 14 x + 4 c (
-2 ( x + 8 )( x + 2) = -2 x 2 + 8 x + 2x + 16 )
= 56 x - 30x + 4 = -2 ( x )
2
2
+ 10x + 16

m (2x + 5) = (2x + 5)(2x + 5)

2 = -2x 2 - 20x - 32

= 4 x 2 + 10x + 10x + 25 d (
-4 ( x + 9)( x + 2) = -4 x 2 + 9x + 2x + 18 )
= 4 x + 20x + 25
2

= -4 ( x 2
+ 11x + 18 )
(5x + 6 ) = (5x + 6 )(5x + 6 )
2
n = -4 x - 44 x - 72
2

= 25x 2 + 30x + 30x + 36

= 25x + 60x + 36
2
e (
5 ( x - 3)( x + 4 ) = 5 x 2 - 3x + 4 x - 12 )
= 5( x 2
+ x - 12 )
= 5x 2 + 5x - 60
(7x - 1) = (7 x - 1)(7 x - 1)
2
o
= 49x 2 - 7 x - 7 x + 1 f 3( x + 5)( x - 3) = 3( x 2 + 5x - 3x - 15)
= 49x 2 - 14 x + 1 = 3( x 2 + 2x - 15)
= 3x 2 + 6 x - 45

8
g (
-3 ( a + 2)( a - 7 ) = -3 a2 + 2a - 7a - 14 )
a x 2 + 5x + 6 = ( x + 3 )( x + 2) = -3 ( a 2
- 5a - 14 )
= -3a + 15a + 42
2

b x 2 + 8 x + 15 = ( x + 3 )( x + 5)
h (
-5 ( a + 2)( a - 8 ) = -5 a2 + 2a - 8a - 16 )
c x + 4 x - 21 = ( x + 7 )( x - 3 )
2

= -5 ( a 2
- 6a - 16 )
d x 2 - 4 x - 32 = ( x + 4 )( x - 8 ) = -5a2 + 30a + 80

e x 2 - 7 x + 6 = ( x - 6 )( x - 1 ) i (
4 ( a - 3)( a - 6 ) = 4 a2 - 3a - 6a + 18 )
= 4 (a 2
- 9a + 18 )
f x 2 - 10x + 16 = ( x - 2 )( x - 8 )
= 4a2 - 36a + 72

9 j (
3 ( y - 4 )( y - 5) = 3 y 2 - 4 y - 5 y + 20 )
a (
2 ( x + 3)( x + 4 ) = 2 x + 3x + 4 x + 12
2
) = 3( y 2
- 9 y + 20 )
= 2( x 2
+ 7 x + 12 ) = 3 y - 27 y + 60
2

= 2x 2 + 14 x + 24

b (
3 ( x + 2)( x + 7 ) = 3 x 2 + 2x + 7 x + 14 ) k (
-2 ( y - 3)( y - 8 ) = -2 y 2 - 3 y - 8 y + 24 )
= 3( x = -2 ( y )
) - 11 y + 24
2
2
+ 9x + 14
= 3x 2 + 27 x + 42 = -2 y + 22 y - 48
2

© Cambridge University Press 2019 6

l (
-6 ( y - 4 )( y - 3) = -6 y 2 - 4 y - 3 y + 12 ) a

= -6 ( y 2
- 7 y + 12 )
= -6 y 2 + 42 y - 72
b
m

(
3 ( 2x + 3)( 2x + 5) = 3 4 x 2 + 6 x + 10x + 15 )
c
= 3( 4x 2
+ 16 x + 15 )
= 12x 2 + 48 x + 45

n (
6 (3x - 4 )( x + 2) = 6 3x 2 - 4 x + 6 x - 8 ) d ( x + 1)( x + 3) + ( x + 2)( x + 4 )
= 6 ( 3x 2
+ 2x - 8 ) ( ) (
= x 2 + 4x + 3 + x 2 + 6x + 8 )
= 18 x + 12x - 48
2
= 2x + 10x + 11
2

e ( x + 8 )( x + 3) + ( x + 4 )( x + 5)
o (
-2 ( x + 4 )(3x - 7 ) = -2 3x 2 + 12x - 7 x - 28 )
( ) (
= x 2 + 11x + 24 + x 2 + 9x + 20 )
= -2 (3x 2
+ 5x - 28 ) = 2x + 20x + 44
2

= -6 x 2 - 10x + 56
f ( y + 3)( y - 1) + ( y - 2)( y - 4 )
p (
2 ( x + 3) = 2 x 2 + 6 x + 9
2
) ( ) (
= y2 + 2 y - 3 + y2 - 6 y + 8 )
= 2 y2 - 4 y + 5
= 2x 2 + 12x + 18

q (
4 ( m + 5) = 4 m2 + 10m + 25
2
) g ( y - 7 )( y + 4 ) + ( y + 5)( y - 3)
= 4m2 + 40m + 100 ( ) (
= y 2 - 3 y - 28 + y 2 + 2 y - 15 )
= 2 y - y - 43
2

r (
2 ( a - 7 ) = 2 a2 - 14a + 49
2
)
= 2a - 28a + 98
2 h

s (
-3 ( y - 5) = -3 y 2 - 10 y + 25
2
)
= -3 y 2 + 30 y - 75 i

t (
3 ( 2b - 1 ) = 3 4b2 - 4b + 1
2
)
= 12b2 - 12b + 3 j

u (
-3 ( 2 y - 6 ) = -3 4 y 2 - 24 y + 36
2
)
= -12 y 2 + 72 y - 108
k (2a + 3)( a - 5) - ( a + 6 )(2a + 5)
10 ( ) (
= 2a2 - 7a - 15 - 2a2 + 17a + 30 )
= -24a - 45

© Cambridge University Press 2019 7

 (a - b)
2
c = a2 - ab - ab + b2
l ( 4b + 8 )( b + 5) - (3b - 5)( b - 7 )
= a2 - 2ab + b2
(
= 4b + 28b + 40 - 3b - 26b + 35
2
) ( 2
)
( a + b ) - ( a - b ) = ( a2 + 2ab + b2 ) - ( a2 - 2ab + b2 )
2 2
= b + 54b + 5
2 d
= 2ab + 2ab
= 4ab
m
13
a 6 ´ 103 = 6 ´ 100 + 6 ´ 3
= 600 + 18
n
= 618

b 4 ´ 55 = 4 ´ 50 + 4 ´ 5
= 200 + 20
o ( x + 5)
2
(
- 7 = x 2 + 10x + 25 - 7 ) = 220
= x + 10x + 18
2

c 9 ´ 63 = 9 ´ 60 + 9 ´ 3
p ( x - 7)
2
(
- 9 = x - 14 x + 49 - 9
2
) = 540 + 27
= x 2 - 14 x + 40 = 567

d 8 ´ 208 = 8 ´ 200 + 8 ´ 8
q (
3 - ( 2x - 9 ) = 3 - 4 x 2 - 36 x + 81
2
)
= 1600 + 64
= -4 x 2 + 36 x - 78
= 1664
r 14 - (5x + 3) = 14 - 25x 2 + 30x + 9
2
( ) e 7 ´ 198 = 7 ´ 100 + 7 ´ 90 + 7 ´ 8
= 25x - 30x + 5
2
= 700 + 630 + 56
= 1386
11
f 3 ´ 297 = 3 ´ (300 - 3)
a The length of each side of the picture
is equal to x – 6. = 3 ´ 300 - 3 ´ 3
( x - 6 ) = x 2 - 12x + 36 cm2
2
= 900 - 9
= 891
b The side lengths of the picture are
x – 10 and x + 20.
( x + 20)( x - 10) = x 2 + 10x - 200 cm2 g 8 ´ 495 = 8 ´ (500 - 5)
= 8 ´ 500 - 8 ´ 5
12
= 4000 - 40
a ( a + b )( a - b ) = a2 - ab + ab - b2
= 3960
= a2 - b2

(a + b) 5 ´ 696 = 5 ´ (700 - 4 )
2
b = a2 + ab + ab + b2 h
= a + 2ab + b
2 2
= 5 ´ 700 - 5 ´ 4
= 3500 - 20
= 3480

© Cambridge University Press 2019 8

14
a Multiplying two negative numbers gives a d
positive number, but in the answer given 7
× -x = -7x.
-x ( x - 7) = (-x ) ´ x - (-x ) ´ 7
= -x 2 + 7x
b Multiplying two negative numbers gives a e ( x + 6 )(2x - 3)( x - 5)
positive number, but in the answer given -
7 × -a = -7a. = ( x + 6 ) ( 2x 2 - 13x + 15)
3a - 7 ( 4 - a ) = 3a - 28 + 7a = 2x 3 + 12x 2 - 13x 2 - 78 x + 15x + 90
= 10a - 28 = 2x 3 - x 2 - 63x + 90

( a + b ) = a2 + 2ab + b2 , not a2 + b2 (2x - 3)( x - 4 )(3x - 1)

2
c f
(2x + 3) = 4 x 2 + 12x + 9 = ( 2x - 3) (3x 2 - 13x + 4 )
2

= 6 x 3 - 9x 2 - 26 x 2 + 39x + 8 x - 12
( x + 2)
2
d = ( x + 2)( x + 2), not ( x + 2)( x - 2) = 6 x 3 - 35x 2 + 47 x - 12
( x + 2)( x + 2) - ( x + 2)( x - 2)
= ( x + 2)(( x + 2) - ( x - 2)) 16
= ( x + 2)( x + 2 - x + 2) æ1 ö
a A = 4 ´ ç ab ÷
= ( x + 2)´ 4 è2 ø
= 2ab
= 4x + 8
b The side length of the larger square is a + b.
15
A = (a + b) - c2
2
a ( x + 2)( x + 3)( x + 1) = ( x + 2) ( x 2 + 4x + 3)
= x 3 + 2x 2 + 4 x 2 + 8 x + 3x + 6
2ab = ( a + b ) - c 2
2
c
= x + 6 x + 11x + 6
3 2

c 2 = ( a + b ) - 2ab
2

b
( x + 4 )( x + 2)( x + 5) = ( x + 4 ) ( x 2 + 7x + 10) c 2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 - 2ab
= x 3 + 4 x 2 + 7 x 2 + 28 x + 10x + 40 c 2 = a2 + b2
= x 3 + 11x 2 + 38 x + 40

c
( x + 3)( x - 4 )( x + 3) = ( x - 4 )( x + 3)
2

= ( x - 4 ) ( x 2 + 6x + 9)
= x 3 - 4 x 2 + 6 x 2 - 24 x + 9x - 36
= x 3 + 2x 2 - 15x - 36

© Cambridge University Press 2019 9

Solutions to Exercise 8B
1 f -4 y - 2 = -2 ( 2 y + 1 )
a 7x = 7 ´ x
14 = 7 ´ 2 g -12a - 3 = -3 ( 4a + 1 )
The highest common factor is 7.

b 12x = 6 ´ 2x h -2ab - bc = -b ( 2a + c )
30 = 6 ´ 5
The highest common factor is 6. i 4x 2 + x = x ( 4x + 1)

c -8 y = 8 ´ - y j 5x 2 - 2x = x ( 5x - 2 )
40 = 8 ´ 5
The highest common factor is 8. k 6b2 - 18b = 6b ( b - 3)

d -5 y = ( -5) ´ y
l 14a2 - 21a = 7a ( 2a - 3)
-25 = ( -5) ´ 5
The highest common factor is -5. m 10a - 5a2 = 5a ( 2 - a )

e 4a2 = 2a ´ 2a
n 12x - 30x 2 = 6 x ( 2 - 5x )
2a = 2a ´ 1
The highest common factor is 2a.
o -2x - x 2 = - x ( 2 + x )
f 12a2 = 3a ´ 4a
9a = 3a ´ 3 p -4 y - 8 y 2 = -4 y (1 + 2 y )
The highest common factor is 3a.
q ab2 - a2b = ab ( b - a )
g -5a = ( -5a ) ´ a
2

-50a = ( -5a ) ´ 10 r 2x 2 yz - 4 xy = 2xy ( xz - 2)

The highest common factor is -5a.
s -12m2n - 12mn2 = -12mn ( m + n )
h -3x y = ( -3xy ) ´ x
2

-6 xy = ( -3xy ) ´ 2 t 6 xyz 2 - 3z 2 = 3z 2 ( 2xy - 1 )

The highest common factor is -3xy.
3
2 a 5 ( x - 1) - a ( x - 1) = ( x - 1 )(5 - a )
a 3x - 18 = 3 ( x - 6 )
b b ( x + 2) + 3 ( x + 2) = ( x + 2)( b + 3)
b 4 x + 20 = 4 ( x + 5)
c a ( x + 5) - 4 ( x + 5) = ( x + 5)( a - 4 )
c 7a + 7b = 7 ( a + b )
d x ( x + 2) + 5 ( x + 2) = ( x + 2)( x + 5)
d 9a - 15 = 3 (3a - 5)
e x ( x - 4 ) - 2 ( x - 4 ) = ( x - 4 )( x - 2)
e -5x - 30 = -5 ( x + 6 )

© Cambridge University Press 2019 10

f 3 ( x + 1) - x ( x + 1) = ( x + 1 )(3 - x ) k 9a2 - 49b2 = (3a ) - (7b )
2 2

= (3a + 7b )(3a - 7b )
g a ( x + 3) + ( x + 3) = ( x + 3)( a + 1 )

h x ( x - 2) - ( x - 2) = ( x - 2)( x - 1 ) l 144a2 - 49b2 = (12a ) - (7b )

2 2

= (12a + 7b )(12a - 7b )
i ( x - 6 ) - x ( x - 6 ) = ( x - 6 )(1 - x )
5
4 a (
2x 2 - 32 = 2 x 2 - 16 )
x - 9 = x -3 = 2 ( x + 4 )( x - 4 )
2 2 2
a
= ( x + 3)( x - 3)
b (
5x 2 - 45 = 5 x 2 - 9 )
b x 2 - 25 = x 2 - 52 = 5 ( x + 3)( x - 3)
= ( x + 5)( x - 5)
c (
6 y 2 - 24 = 6 y 2 - 4 )
c y - 49 = y - 7
2 2 2

= 6 ( y + 2)( y - 2)
= ( y + 7 )( y - 7 )

d y 2 - 1 = y 2 - 12
d (
3 y 2 - 48 = 3 y 2 - 16 )
= 3 ( y + 4 )( y - 4 )
= ( y + 1)( y - 1)

e 4 x 2 - 9 = ( 2x ) - 32
2 e (
3x 2 - 75 y 2 = 3 x 2 - 25 y 2 )
= 3 ( x + 5 y )( x - 5 y )
= ( 2x + 3)( 2x - 3)

f 36a2 - 25 = ( 6a ) - 52
2 f 3a2 - 300b2 = 3 a2 - 100b2 ( )
= 3 ( a + 10b )( a - 10b )
= ( 6a + 5)( 6a - 5)

g
1 - 81 y = 1 - ( 9 y )
2 2 2
g
= (1 + 9 y )(1 - 9 y ) h 63a2 - 112b2 = 7 9a2 - 16b2 ( )
= 7 (3a + 4b )(3a - 4b )
100 - 9x = 10 - (3x )
2 2 2
h
( x + 5) - 16 = ( x + 5) - 42
2 2
i
= (10 + 3x )(10 - 3x )
= ( x + 5 + 4 )( x + 5 - 4 )
25x 2 - 4 y 2 = (5x ) - ( 2 y ) = ( x + 9)( x + 1)
2 2
i
= (5x + 2 y )(5x - 2 y )
( x - 4) - 9 = ( x - 4 ) - 32
2 2
j
64 x 2 - 25 y 2 = ( 8 x ) - (5 y ) = ( x - 4 + 3)( x - 4 - 3)
2 2
j
= ( 8 x - 5 y )( 8 x + 5 y ) = ( x - 1)( x - 7 )

© Cambridge University Press 2019 11

k ( a - 3)
2
- 64 = ( a - 3) - 82
2
i (
x2 - 8 = x + 8 )( x - 8 )
= ( a - 3 + 8 )( a - 3 - 8 ) = ( x + 4 ´ 2 )( x - 4 ´ 2 )
= ( a + 5)( a - 11)
= ( x + 2 2 )( x - 2 2 )

(a - 7) - 1 = ( a - 7 ) - 12
2 2
l
= ( a - 7 + 1)( a - 7 - 1 )
j ( )(
x 2 - 18 = x + 18 x - 18 )
= ( a - 6 )( a - 8 ) = ( x + 9 ´ 2 )( x - 9 ´ 2 )

m ( 3x + 5 )
2
- x 2 = (3x + 5 + x )(3x + 5 - x ) = ( x + 3 2 )( x - 3 2 )
= ( 4 x + 5)( 2x + 5) k x2 - 45 = ( x + 45 )( x - 45 )

= ( x + 9 ´ 5 )( x - 9 ´ 5 )
(2 y + 7 ) - y 2 = ( 2 y + 7 + y )( 2 y + 7 - y )
2
n
= (3 y + 7 )( y + 7 ) = ( x + 3 5 )( x - 3 5 )

(5x + 11) - 4 x 2 = (5x + 11 ) - (2x ) ( )( )

2 2 2
o l x 2 - 20 = x + 20 x - 20
= (5x + 11 + 2x )(5x + 11 - 2x )
= ( x + 4 ´ 5 )( x - 4 ´ 5 )
= (7 x + 11)(3x + 11 )
= ( x + 2 5 )( x - 2 5 )
(3x - 5 y ) - 25 y2
2
p
= ( 3x - 5 y ) - ( 5 y )
2 2
(
m x 2 - 32 = x + 32 x - 32)( )
= (3x - 5 y + 5 y )(3x - 5 y - 5 y ) = ( x + 16 ´ 2 )( x - 16 ´ 2 )
= 3x (3x - 10 y ) = ( x + 4 2 )( x - 4 2 )

6
a (
x2 - 7 = x + 7 x - 7 )( ) n (
x 2 - 48 = x + 48 )( x - 48 )
= ( x + 16 ´ 3 )( x - 16 ´ 3 )
b (
x2 - 5 = x + 5 x - 5 )( ) = ( x + 4 3 )( x - 4 3 )

c (
x 2 - 19 = x + 19 x - 19 )( ) o ( )(
x 2 - 50 = x + 50 x - 50 )
= ( x + 25 ´ 2 )( x - 25 ´ 2 )
d (
x 2 - 21 = x + 21 x - 21 )( )
= ( x + 5 2 )( x - 5 2 )
e (
x 2 - 14 = x + 14 x - 14 )( )
p ( )(
x 2 - 200 = x + 200 x - 200 )
f (
x 2 - 30 = x + 30 x - 30 )( ) = ( x + 100 ´ 2 )( x - 100 ´ 2 )

g (
x 2 - 15 = x + 15 x - 15 )( ) = ( x + 10 2 )( x - 10 2 )

h (
x 2 + 11 = x + 11 x - 11 )( )

© Cambridge University Press 2019 12

 ( 6)
2
( x + 2) - 6 = ( x + 2) -
2 2
q
e x 2 + 5x - bx - 5b = x ( x + 5) - b ( x + 5)
(
= x +2+ 6 )( x + 2 - 6 ) = ( x + 5)( x - b )

x 2 + 3x - 4ax - 12a = x ( x + 3) - 4a ( x + 3)
( ) f
2
( x + 5) - 10 = ( x + 5) -
2 2
r 10
= ( x + 3)( x - 4a )
(
= x + 5 - 10 x + 5 - 10 )( )
g x 2 - ax - 4 x + 4a = x ( x - a ) - 4 ( x - a )
( )
2
( x - 3) - 11 = ( x - 3) -
2 2
s 11
= ( x - a )( x - 4 )
(
= x - 3 + 11 x - 3 - 11 )( )
h

( 7)
2
( x - 1) - 7 = ( x - 1) -
2 2
t x 2 - 2bx - 5x + 10b = x ( x - 2b ) - 5 ( x - 2b )

(
= x -1+ 7 )( x - 1 - 7 ) = ( x - 2b )( x - 5)

i 3x 2 - 6ax - 7 x + 14a = 3x ( x - 2a ) - 7 ( x - 2a )
( )
2
( x - 6) - 15 = ( x - 6 ) -
2 2
u 15
= ( x - 2a )(3x - 7 )
(
= x - 6 + 15 x - 6 - 15 )( )
8
2 æ 2 öæ 2ö
( )
2
( x + 4) - 21 = ( x + 4 ) - x2 - = ç x + ÷ç x -
2 2
v 21 a ÷
9 èç 9 ÷ç 9 ÷ø
øè
(
= x + 4 + 21 x + 4 - 21 )( ) æ
=çx +
2 öæ 2ö
ç ÷ç x - ÷
è 3 ÷ç
øè 3 ÷ø
( )
2
( x + 1) - 19 = ( x + 1) -
2 2
w 19
3 æ 3 öæ 3ö
(
= x + 1 + 19 x + 1 - 19 )( ) b x2 - =çx +
4 çè
֍ x -
4 ֍
øè
÷
4 ÷ø
æ 3 öæ 3ö
( )
2
x ( x - 7)
2
- 26 = ( x - 7 ) -
2
26 =çx + ÷ç x - ÷
ç 2 ÷ç 2 ÷ø
è øè
(
= x - 7 + 26 x - 7 - 26 )( )
7 æ 7 öæ 7 ö
c x2 - =çx + ÷ç x- ÷
7 ç
16 è ÷ç
16 øè 16 ÷ø
a x 2 + 4 x + ax + 4a = x ( x + 4 ) + a ( x + 4 ) æ 7 öæ 7ö
= ( x + 4 )( x + a )
=çx + ÷ç x- ÷
ç 4 ÷ç 4 ÷ø
è øè

b x 2 + 7 x + bx + 7b = x ( x + 7 ) + b ( x + 7 )
5 æ 5 öæ 5 ö
= ( x + 7 )( x + b )
d x2 - =çx + ÷ç x- ÷
ç
36 è ÷ç
36 øè 36 ÷ø
æ 5 öæ 5ö
c x 2 - 3x + ax - 3a = x ( x - 3) + a ( x - 3) =çx + ÷ç x- ÷
ç 6 ÷ç 6 ÷ø
= ( x - 3)( x + a ) è øè

d x 2 + 2x - ax - 2a = x ( x + 2) - a ( x + 2)
= ( x + 2)( x - a )

© Cambridge University Press 2019 13

 ( 20 )
2
( x - 2) - 20 = ( x - 2) -
2 2
e
( )
2
m -9 + 2x 2 = 2x - 32
= ( x - 2) - ( 4 ´ 5 )
2 2

=( 2x + 3 )( 2x - 3 )
= ( x - 2) - ( 2 5 )
2 2

( )
2
-16 + 5x 2 = - 42
= ( x - 2 + 2 5 )( x - 2 - 2 5 )
n 5x

=( 5x + 4 )( 5x - 4 )
( 27 )
2
( x + 4) - 27 = ( x + 4 ) -
2 2
f
( ) -( )
2 2
o -10 + 3x 2 = 3x 10
= ( x + 4) - ( 9´ 3 )
2 2

=( 3x + 10 )( 3x - 10 )
= ( x + 4 ) - (3 3 )
2 2

( ) -( 7)
2 2

= ( x + 4 + 3 3 )( x + 4 - 3 3 ) p -7 + 13x 2 = 13x

=( 13x + 7 )( 13x - 7 )
( 75 )
2
( x + 1) - 75 = ( x + 1) -
2 2
g 9
a xy - 6 - 3x + 2 y = xy + 2 y - 3x - 6
= ( x + 1) - ( 25 ´ 3 )
2 2

= y ( x + 2) - 3 ( x + 2)
= ( x + 1) - (5 3 ) = ( x + 2)( y - 3)
2 2

= ( x + 1 + 5 3 )( x + 1 - 5 3 ) b ax - 12 + 3a - 4 x = ax - 4 x - 12 + 3a
= x (a - 4) + 3(a - 4)
( 40 )
2
( x - 7) - 40 = ( x - 7 ) - = ( x + 3)( a - 4 )
2 2
h

= ( x - 7 ) - ( 4 ´ 10 )
2 2
c ax - 10 + 5x - 2a = ax - 2a - 10 + 5x
= a ( x - 2) + 5 ( x - 2)
= ( x - 7 ) - ( 2 10 )
2 2

= ( a + 5)( x - 2)
= ( x - 7 + 2 10 )( x - 7 - 2 10 )
d xy + 12 - 3 y - 4 x = xy - 3 y + 12 - 4 x
= y ( x - 3) - 4 ( x - 3)
( )
2
i 3x 2 - 4 = 3x - 22
= ( x - 3)( y - 4 )
=( 3x + 2 )( 3x - 2 )
e 2ax + 3 - a - 6 x = 2ax - a + 3 - 6 x
( )
2
j 5x 2 - 9 = 5x - 32 = a ( 2x - 1 ) - 3 ( 2x - 1 )
= ( 2x - 1)( a - 3)
=( 5x + 3 )( 5x - 3 )
f 2ax - 20 + 8a - 5x = 2ax + 8a - 20 - 5x
( ) - ( 5)
2 2
7x - 5 = = 2a ( x + 4 ) - 5 ( x + 4 )
2
k 7x

=( 7 x + 5 )( 7 x - 5 ) = ( x + 4 )( 2a - 5)

10
( ) ( )
2 2
l 6 x 2 - 11 = 6x - 11

=( 6 x + 11 )( 6 x - 11 )

© Cambridge University Press 2019 14

a (
5x 2 - 120 = 5 x 2 - 24 ) h 5 ( x + 6 ) - 90 = 5 ( x + 6 ) - 5 ´ 18
2 2

( )(
= 5 x + 24 x - 24 ) = 5 æç ( x + 6 ) -
è
2
( )
18 ö÷
2

ø
= 5 ( x + 4 ´ 6 )( x - 4 ´ 6 )
= 5 æç ( x + 6 ) - ( 9 ´ 2 ö÷)
2 2

= 5 ( x + 2 6 )( x - 2 6 ) è ø
(
= 5 x + 6 +3 2 x + 6 -3 2)( )
b 3x - 162 = 3 x - 54
2
( 2
)
11
( )(
= 3 x + 54 x - 54 ) a 162 - 142 = (16 + 14 )(16 - 14 )
= 3 ( x + 9 ´ 6 )( x - 9 ´ 6 ) = 30 ´ 2
= 60
= 3 ( x + 3 6 )( x - 3 6 )
b 182 - 172 = (18 + 17 )(18 - 17 )
c 7 x - 126 = 7 x - 18
2
( 2
) = 35 ´ 1
( )(
= 7 x + 18 x - 18 ) = 35

= 7 ( x + 9 ´ 2 )( x - 9 ´ 2 ) c 132 - 102 = (13 + 10 )(13 - 10 )

= 7 ( x + 3 2 )( x - 3 2 ) = 23 ´ 3
= 69
d (
2x 2 - 96 = 2 x 2 - 48 ) d 15 - 11 = (15 + 11 )(15 - 11 )
2 2

( )(
= 2 x + 48 x - 48 ) = 26 ´ 4
= 104
= 2 ( x + 16 ´ 3 )( x - 16 ´ 3 )
172 - 152 = (17 + 15)(17 - 15)
= 2 ( x + 4 3 )( x - 4 3 )
e
= 32 ´ 2
= 64
2 ( x + 3) - 10 = 2 ( x + 3) - 2 ´ 5
2 2
e

(
= 2 ( x + 3) - 5
2
) f 112 - 92 = (11 + 9 )(11 - 9 )
= 20 ´ 2
(
= 2 x +3+ 5 x +3- 5 )( ) = 40

3 ( x - 1) - 21 = 3 ( x - 1 ) - 3 ´ 7 272 - 242 = ( 27 + 24 )( 27 - 24 )
2 2
f g

(
= 3 ( x - 1) - 7
2
) = 51 ´ 3
= 153
(
= 3 x -1+ 7 x -1- 7 )( )
h 522 - 382 = (52 + 38 )(52 - 38 )

4 ( x - 4 ) - 48 = 4 ( x - 4 ) - 4 ´ 12
2 2 = 90 ´ 14
g
= 90 ´ 10 + 90 ´ 4
= 4 æç ( x - 4 ) - ( )
12 ö÷
2 2
= 900 + 360
è ø
= 1260
= 4 æç ( x - 4 ) - ( 4 ´ 3 ö÷)
2 2

è ø
(
= 4 x -4+2 3 x -4-2 3 )( )

© Cambridge University Press 2019 15

12
a 4 - ( x + 2) = 22 - ( x + 2) Method 2:
2 2

4 1
= ( 2 + x + 2)( 2 - x - 2) (
x 2 - = 9x 2 - 4
9 9
)
= -x ( x + 4)
b i 9 - ( x + 3) = 32 - ( x + 3)
2 2
1
9
(
= (3x ) - 22
2
)
1
= (3 + x + 3)(3 - x - 3) = (3x + 2)(3x - 2)
9
= -x ( x + 6)
ii 16 - ( x + 4 ) = 42 - ( x + 4 )
2 2 15 The following working shows how to skip
the initial expansion of brackets:
= ( 4 + x + 4 )( 4 - x - 4 )
( a + b ) = a2 + 2ab + b2
2

= -x ( x + 8)
(a + (b + x ))
2
= a2 + 2ab + 2ax + b2 + 2bx + x 2
iii 25 - ( x - 5) = 5 - ( x - 5)
2 2 2

(a + b) - (a + ( b + x ))
2 2
= -2ax - 2bx - x 2
= (5 + x - 5)(5 - x + 5)
= - x ( 2a + 2b + x )
= x (10 - x )
( x + 2) - ( x + 3) = ( x + 2) - ( x + 2 + 1 )
2 2 2 2
a
iv 25 - ( x + 2) = 5 - ( x + 2)
2 2 2

= -1 ( 2x + 2 ´ 2 + 1 )
= (5 + x + 2)(5 - x - 2)
= - ( 2x + 5 )
= (7 + x )(3 - x )
49 - ( x - 1) = 72 - ( x - 1 )
2 2
v
( y - 7 ) - ( y + 4 ) = ( y - 7 ) - ( y - 7 + 11)
2 2 2 2
b
= (7 + x - 1)(7 - x + 1 )
= -11 ( 2 y - 14 + 11 )
= ( 6 + x )( 8 - x )
= -11 ( 2 y - 3)
vi 100 - ( x + 4 ) = 102 - ( x + 4 )
2 2

= (10 + x + 4 )(10 - x - 4 ) ( a + 3) - ( a - 5) = ( a + 3) - ( a + 3 - 8 )
2 2 2 2
c
= (14 + x )( 6 - x ) = 8 ( 2a + 6 - 8 )
13 = 8 ( 2a - 2)
( x + a)
2
a = x 2 + 2ax + a2 = 16 ( a - 1)
If 2ax ¹ 0 then ( x + a ) ¹ x 2 + a2
2

( b + 5) - ( b - 5) = ( b + 5) - ( b + 5 - 10)
2 2 2 2
b 2ax equals 0 only if x = 0 or a = 0. d
Hence if x = 0 or a = 0 then
= 10 ( 2b + 10 - 10 )
( x + a)
2
= x 2 + a2
= 20b

14 Method 1:
( s - 3) - ( s + 3) = ( s - 3) - ( s - 3 + 6 )
2 2 2 2
2 e
4 æ 4ö
x2 - = x2 - ç = -6 ( 2s - 6 + 6 )
9 ç 9 ÷÷
è ø = -12s
æ 2 öæ 2ö
= ç x + ÷ç x - ÷
è 3 øè 3ø f ( y - 7 ) - ( y + 7 ) = ( y - 7 ) - ( y - 7 + 14 )
2 2 2 2

1 1
= ( 3x + 2 ) ´ ( 3x - 2 ) = -14 ( 2 y - 14 + 14 )
3 3
= -28 y
1
= (3x + 2)(3x - 2)
9

© Cambridge University Press 2019 16

 (2w + 3x ) - (3w + 4x ) 16
2 2
g
a It is possible:
= ( 2w + 3x ) - ( 2w + 3x + ( w + x ) )
2 2
x 2 + 5 y - y 2 + 5 x = x 2 - y 2 + 5x + 5 y
= - ( w + x )( 4w + 6 x + w + x ) = ( x + y )( x - y ) + 5 ( x + y )
= (5w + 7 x )( -w - x ) = ( x + y )( x - y + 5)

( d + 5e ) - (3d - 2e ) b i x 2 + 7x + 7 y - y2 = x 2 - y2 + 7x + 7 y
2 2
h
= ( x + y )( x - y ) + 7 ( x + y )
= ( d + 5e ) - ( d + 5e + ( 2d - 7e ) )
2 2

= ( x + y )( x - y + 7 )
= - ( 2d - 7e )( 2d + 10e + 2d - 7e )
ii x - 2 x - 2 y - y = x 2 - y 2 - 2x - 2 y
2 2

= ( -2d + 7e )( 4d + 3e )
= ( x + y )( x - y ) - 2 ( x + y )
= ( x + y )( x - y - 2)
( 4 f + 3 j ) - (2 f - 3 j )
2 2
i
iii 4x 2 + 4x + 6 y - 9 y2
= ( 4 f + 3 j ) - ( 4 f + 3 j + ( -2 f - 6 j ) )
2 2

= 4x 2 - 9 y2 + 4x + 6 y
= ( 2 f + 6 j )( 8 f + 6 j - 2 f - 6 j )
= ( 2x + 3 y )( 2x - 3 y ) + 2 (2x + 3 y )
= 6 f (2 f + 6 j )
= ( 2x + 3 y )( 2x - 3 y + 2)
= 12 f ( f + 3 j )
iv 25 y 2 + 15 y - 4 x 2 + 6 x
= 25 y 2 - 4 x 2 + 15 y + 6 x
(3r - 2p ) - (2p - 3r )
2 2
j
= (5 y + 2x )(5 y - 2x ) + 3 ( y + x )
= (3r - 2p ) - (3r - 2p + ( -6r + 4p ) )
2 2

= (5 y + 2x )(5 y - 2x + 3)
= ( -6r + 4p )( 6r - 4p - 6r + 4p )
= ( -6r + 4p ) ´ 0
=0

© Cambridge University Press 2019 17

Solutions to Exercise 8C
1 3
a 9 × 2 = 18, 9 + 2 = 11 2x 2 ´ x
Answer: 9, 2
a =
4 2´ 2
x
b 10 × 2 = 20, 10 + 2 =12 =
2
Answer: 10, 2

c -3 × 5 = -15, 5 – 3 = 2 7x 7 ´ x
b =
Answer: -3, 5 21 7 ´ 3
x
=
d -3 × 4 = -12, 4 – 3 = 1 3
Answer: -3, 4
6a 6 ´ a
e -8 × 3 = -24, 3 – 8 = -5 c =
2a 2 ´ a
Answer: -8, 3
=3
f -10 × 3 = -30, 3 – 10 = -7
Answer: -10, 3 4a 4´a
d =
20a 4 ´ 5 ´ a
g -5 × (-2) = 10, -5 – 2 = -7 1
=
Answer: -5, -2 5

h -12 × (-3) = 36, -12 – 3 =-15 3 ( x + 1) 3

Answer: -12, -3 e =
9 ( x + 1) 9
2 1
a Any fraction where the numerator =
3
x - 10
is equal to the denominator, e.g.
x - 10 2 ( x - 2) 2
f =
8 ( x - 2) 8
b Any fraction where the numerator
is equal to thrice the denominator, 1
=
3( x - 7) 4
e.g.
x -7
15 ( x - 5) 15
g =
c Any fraction where the numerator 3 ( x - 5) 3
is equal to -5 times the denominator,
=5
-5 ( x + 3)
e.g.
x +3 8 ( x + 4) 8
h =
12 ( x + 4 ) 12
d Any fraction where the numerator
is equal to one-third the denominator, e.g. 2
=
x +4 3
3( x + 4)
x 2 + x x ( x + 1)
i =
x x
= x +1

© Cambridge University Press 2019 18

 x 2 - 2x x ( x - 2 )
j = 10 - 3 = 7, and 10 ´ ( -3) = -30
x x k
= x -2 x 2 + 7 x - 30 = ( x + 10)( x - 3)

x 2 - 3x x ( x - 3 ) 11 - 2 = 9, and 11 ´ ( -2) = -22

k = l
2x 2x
x -3 x 2 + 9x - 22 = ( x + 11)( x - 2)
=
2
m -2 - 5 = -7, and -2 ´ ( -5) = 10
2x - 4 x 2 2x ( 1 - 2 x ) x 2 - 7 x + 10 = ( x - 2)( x - 5)
l =
2x 2x
= 1 - 2x n -4 - 2 = -6, and - 4 ´ ( -2) = 8

4 x 2 - 6 x + 8 = ( x - 4 )( x - 2)
a 6 + 1 = 7, and 6 ´ 1 = 6
x 2 + 7 x + 6 = ( x + 6 )( x + 1 ) o -3 - 4 = -7, and -3 ´ ( -4 ) = 12
x 2 - 7 x + 12 = ( x - 3)( x - 4 )
b 3 + 2 = 5, and 3 ´ 2 = 6
x 2 + 5x + 6 = ( x + 3)( x + 2) p -1 - 1 = -2, and ( -1 ) = 1
2

x 2 - 2x + 1 = ( x - 1 )
2
c 3 + 3 = 6, and 3 ´ 3 = 9
x 2 + 6 x + 9 = ( x + 3)
2

q -3 - 6 = -9, and -3 ´ ( -6 ) = 18

d 5 + 2 = 7, and 5 ´ 2 = 10 x 2 - 9x + 18 = ( x - 6 )( x - 3)
x 2 + 7 x + 10 = ( x + 5)( x + 2)
r -9 - 2 = -11, and - 9 ´ ( -2) = 18
e 3 + 4 = 7, and 3 ´ 4 = 12 x 2 - 11x + 18 = ( x - 9)( x - 2)
x 2 + 7 x + 12 = ( x + 3)( x + 4 )
s 2 - 6 = -4, and 2 ´ ( -6 ) = -12
f 9 + 2 = 11, and 9 ´ 2 = 18 x 2 - 4 x - 12 = ( x + 2)( x - 6 )
x + 11x + 18 = ( x + 9 )( x + 2)
2

t 4 - 5 = -1, and 4 ´ ( -5) = -20

g 6 - 1 = 5, and 6 ´ ( -1 ) = -6 x 2 - x - 20 = ( x + 4 )( x - 5)
x 2 + 5x - 6 = ( x + 6 )( x - 1)
u 2 - 7 = -5, and 2 ´ ( -7 ) = -14
h 3 - 2 = 1, and 3 ´ ( -2) = -6 x 2 - 5 - 14 = ( x + 2)( x - 7 )
x 2 + x - 6 = ( x + 3)( x - 2)
v 3 - 4 = -1, and 3 ´ ( -4 ) = -12
i 4 - 2 = 2, and 4 ´ ( -2) = -8 x 2 - x - 12 = ( x + 3)( x - 4 )
x 2 + 2x - 8 = ( x + 4 )( x - 2)
w 8 - 4 = 4, and 8 ´ ( -4 ) = -32
j 4 - 1 = 3, and 4 ´ ( -1 ) = -4 x 2 + 4 x - 32 = ( x + 8 )( x - 4 )
x 2 + 3x - 4 = ( x + 4 )( x - 1)

© Cambridge University Press 2019 19

x 2 - 5 = -3, and 2 ´ ( -5) = -10 j (
-4 x 2 + 4 x + 8 = -4 x 2 - x - 2 )
x 2 - 3x - 10 = ( x + 2)( x - 5) 1 - 2 = -1, and 1 ´ ( -2) = -2
-4 x 2 + 4 x + 8 = -4 ( x + 1 )( x - 2)
5
a (
2x 2 + 14 x + 20 = 2 x 2 + 7 x + 10 ) k (
-5x 2 - 20x - 15 = -5 x 2 + 4 x + 3 )
3 + 1 = 4, and 3 ´ 1 = 3
5 + 2 = 7, and 5 ´ 2 = 10
-5x 2 - 20x - 15 = -5 ( x + 1 )( x + 3)
2x 2 + 14 x + 20 = 2 ( x + 5)( x + 2)

b (
3x 2 + 21x + 36 = 3 x 2 + 7 x + 12 ) l (
-7 x 2 + 49x - 42 = -7 x 2 - 7 x + 6 )
3 + 4 = 7, and 3 ´ 4 = 12 -1 - 6 = -7, and -1 ´ ( -6 ) = 6

3x 2 + 21x + 36 = 3 ( x + 3)( x + 4 ) -7 x 2 + 49x - 42 = -7 ( x - 1 )( x - 6 )

c (
2x 2 + 22x + 36 = 2 x 2 + 11x + 18 ) 6
a -2 - 2 = -4, and -2 ´ ( -2) = 4
9 + 2 = 11, and 9 ´ 2 = 18
x 2 - 4 x + 4 = ( x - 2)
2

2x + 22x + 36 = 2 ( x + 9 )( x + 2)
2

b 3 + 3 = 6, and 3 ´ 3 = 9
d (
5x 2 - 5x - 10 = 5 x 2 - x - 2 )
x 2 + 6 x + 9 = ( x + 3)
2

1 - 2 = -1, and 1 ´ ( -2) = -2

5x 2 - 5x - 10 = 5 ( x - 2)( x + 1 ) c 6 + 6 = 12, and 6 ´ 6 = 36
x 2 + 12x + 36 = ( x + 6 )
2

e 2
(
4 x - 16 x - 20 = 4 x - 4 x - 5 2
)
1 - 5 = -4, and 1 ´ ( -5) = -5 d -7 - 7 = -14, and -7 ´ ( -7 ) = 49
4 x - 16 x - 20 = 4 ( x - 5)( x + 1 )
2
x 2 - 14 x + 49 = ( x - 7 )
2

f (
3x 2 - 9x - 30 = 3 x 2 - 3x - 10 ) e -9 - 9 = -18, and 9 ´ 9 = 81
2 - 5 = -3, and 2 ´ ( -5) = -10 x 2 - 18 x + 81 = ( x - 9 )
2

3x 2 - 9x - 30 = 3 ( x - 5)( x + 2)
f -10 - 10 = -20, and -10 ´ ( -10 ) = 100
g (
-2x - 14 x - 24 = -2 x + 7 x + 12
2 2
) x 2 - 20x + 100 = ( x - 10 )
2

3 + 4 = 7, and 3 ´ 4 = 12
-2x 2 - 14 x - 24 = -2 ( x + 3)( x + 4 ) g (
2x 2 + 44 x + 242 = 2 x 2 + 22x + 121 )
11 + 11 = 22, and 11 ´ 11 = 121
h (
-3x 2 + 9x - 6 = -3 x 2 + 3x + 2 )
2x 2 + 44 x + 242 = 2 ( x + 11 )
2

-2 - 1 = -3, and -2 ´ ( -1 ) = 2
-3x 2 + 9x - 6 = -3 ( x - 1 )( x - 2) h (
3x 2 - 24 x + 48 = 3 x 2 - 8 x + 16 )
-4 - 4 = -8, and - 4 ´ ( -4 ) = 16
i (
-2x 2 + 10x + 28 = -2 x 2 - 5x - 14 )
3x 2 - 24 x + 48 = 3 ( x - 4 )
2
2 - 7 = -5, and 2 ´ ( -7 ) = -14
-2x 2 + 10x + 28 = -2 ( x - 7 )( x + 2)

© Cambridge University Press 2019 20

i (
5x 2 - 50x + 125 = 5 x 2 - 10x + 25 ) d 7 + 2 = 9, and 7 ´ 2 = 14
x +2 x +2
-5 - 5 = -10, and -5 ´ ( -5) = 25 =
x + 9x + 14 ( x + 7 )( x + 2)
2

5x 2 - 50x + 125 = 5 ( x - 5)
2
x +2 1
=
x + 9x + 14 x + 7
2

j (
-3x 2 + 36 x - 108 = -3 x 2 - 12x + 36 )
-6 - 6 = -12, and -6 ´ ( -6 ) = 36 e -3 - 5 = -8, and -3 ´ ( -5) = 15
x -3 x -3
-3x 2 + 36 x - 108 = -3 ( x - 6 )
2
=
x - 8 x + 15 ( x - 3)( x - 5)
2

x -3 1
k (
-2x 2 + 28 x - 98 = -2 x 2 - 14 x + 49 ) =
x - 8 x + 15 x - 5
2

-7 - 7 = -14, and -7 ´ ( -7 ) = 49 f 1 - 6 = -5, and 1 ´ ( -6 ) = -6

-2x + 28 x - 98 = -2 ( x - 7 )
2
2
x +1 x +1
=
x - 5x - 6 ( x - 6 )( x + 1)
2

l x +1 1
=
x 2 - 5x - 6 x - 6

g 12 - 8 = 4, and - 8 ´ 12 = -96
2 ( x + 12) 2 ( x + 12)
=
x + 4 x - 96
2
( x + 12)( x - 8 )
7 2 ( x + 12) 2
=
a 6 - 9 = -3, and 6 ´ ( -9 ) = -54 x + 4 x - 96
2
x -8
x 2 - 3x - 54 ( x + 6 )( x - 9)
= h 4 - 9 = -5, and 4 ´ ( -9 ) = -36
x -9 x -9
x 2 - 3x - 54 x 2 - 5x - 36 ( x + 4 )( x - 9)
= x +6 =
x -9 3 ( x - 9) 3 ( x - 9)
x 2 - 5x - 36 x + 4
b 4 - 3 = 1, and 4 ´ ( -3) = -12 =
3 ( x - 9) 3
x 2 + x - 12 ( x + 4 )( x - 3)
=
x +4 x +4 i -7 - 8 = -15, and -7 ´ ( -8 ) = 56
x + x - 12
2
= x -3 x 2 - 15x + 56 ( x - 7 )( x - 8 )
x +4 =
5( x - 8) 5( x - 8)
c -3 - 3 = -6, and -3 ´ ( -3) = 9 x 2 - 15x + 56 x - 7
=
5( x - 8) 5
x 2 - 6 x + 9 ( x - 3)
2

=
x -3 x -3 8
x - 6x + 9
2
x2 - 4 5x - 15
= x -3 a ´ 2
x -3 x + x - 6 x + 4 x - 12
2

=
( x + 2)( x - 2) ´ 5 ( x - 3)
( x + 3)( x - 2) ( x + 6 )( x - 2)
5 ( x + 2)( x - 3)
=
( x + 3)( x + 6 )( x - 2)

© Cambridge University Press 2019 21

 x 2 - 4 x - 12 x 2 - 6 x + 8
x + 3x + 2 x - 9
2 2 h ´ 2
b ´ x2 - 4 x - 36
x 2 + 4 x + 3 3x + 6 ( x - 6 )( x + 2) ´ ( x - 4 )( x - 2)
( x + 2)( x + 1) ´ ( x + 3)( x - 3) =
= ( x + 2)( x - 2) ( x + 6 )( x - 6 )
( x + 3)( x + 1) 3 ( x + 2) x -4
x -3 =
= x +6
3
9
c
x 2 + 2x - 3 2x - 10
x 2 - 25
´
x +3 a
x2 - 7
=
( x + 7 )( x - 7 )
x+ 7 x+ 7
=
( )( ) ´ 2 ( x - 5)
x + 3 x - 1
=x- 7
( x + 5)( x - 5) x + 3
=
2 ( x - 1)
b
x 2 - 10
=
(x + )(
10 x - 10 )
x +5 x - 10 x - 10
= x + 10
x2 - 9 4x - 8
d ´
x 2 - 5x + 6 x 2 + 8 x + 15 2
x 2 - 12 x 2 - 12
=
( x + 3)( x - 3) ´ 4 ( x - 2) c
x +2 3
=
x +2 3
( x - 3)( x - 2) ( x + 3)( x + 5) 2
x2 - 4´3
4 =
= x +2 3
x +5

=
( x + 2 3 )( x - 2 3 )
x - 4x + 3 4x + 4
2
e ´ x +2 3
x 2 + 4 x - 21 x 2 - 1
= x -2 3
=
( x - 3)( x - 1) ´ 4 ( x + 1)
( x + 7 )( x - 3) ( x + 1)( x - 1) d 5x + 3 5x + 3
=
=
4 5x 2 - 9 ( 5x + 3 )( 5x - 3 )
x +7 1
=
5x - 3
x 2 + 6 x + 8 6 x - 24
f ´ 2
x2 - 4 x - 16 3x - 4 3x - 4
e =
=
( x + 4 )( x + 2) ´ 6 ( x - 4 ) 3x 2 - 16 ( 3x + 4 )( 3x - 4 )
( x + 2)( x - 2) ( x + 4 )( x - 4 )
1
6 =
= 3x + 4
x -2

x 2 - x - 6 x 2 + 5x + 4 f
7x 2 - 5
=
( 7x + 5 )( 7x - 5 )
g ´ 7x + 5 7x + 5
x 2 + x - 12 x2 - 1
( x - 3)( x + 2) ´ ( x + 4 )( x + 1) = 7x - 5
=
( x + 4 )( x - 3) ( x + 1)( x - 1)
x +2 g
( x + 1)
2
-2
=
( x + 1 + 2 )( x + 1 - 2 )
= x +1+ 2 x +1+ 2
x -1
= x +1- 2

© Cambridge University Press 2019 22

h
( x - 3)
2
-5
=
( x - 3 + 5 )( x - 3 - 5 ) x 2 + 8 x + 15 x 2 + 6 x + 5
x -3- 5 x -3- 5 f ÷
x 2 + 5x - 6 x 2 + 7 x + 6
= x -3+ 5 ( x + 3)( x + 5) ´ ( x + 6 )( x + 1)
=
( x - 6)2 - 6 ( x - 6 - 6)( x - 6 + 6) ( x + 6 )( x - 1) ( x + 1)( x + 5)
i =
x -6+ 6 x -6+ 6 =
( x + 3)
= x -6- 6 ( x - 1)
t 2 - 49 t 2 - 5t - 24
10 11 ´
5t - 40 2t 2 - 8t - 42
x 2 + 2x - 3 3x - 3
a ÷
=
(t + 7 )(t - 7 ) ´ (t - 8 )(t + 3)
x 2 - 25 2x + 10
5(t - 8 ) 2 ( t - 7 )( t + 3)
( x + 3)( x - 1) ´ 2 ( x + 5)
=
( x + 5)( x - 5) 3 ( x - 1) =
(t + 7)
10
2 ( x + 3)
=
3 ( x - 5) 12
x 2 - 6 x + 9 ( x - 3)
2

a =
x 2 + 3x + 2 4 x + 8 x -3 x -3
b ÷
x 2 + 4x + 3 x 2 - 9 = x -3

=
( x + 2)( x + 1) ´ ( x + 3)( x - 3)
x 2 + 2x + 1 ( x + 1 )
2
( x + 3)( x + 1) 4 ( x + 2) b =
( x - 3) x +1 x +1
= = x +1
4

x 2 - 16 x + 64 ( x - 8 )
2
x - x - 12 x - 16
2 2
c =
c ÷ x -8 x -8
x2 - 9 3x + 12
= x -8
=
( )( 4 ) ´ 3 ( x + 4 )
x + 3 x -
( x + 3)( x - 3) ( x + 4 )( x - 4 ) 6 x - 12 6 ( x - 2)
3 d =
= x - 4 x + 4 ( x - 2)2
2

x -3
6
=
x 2 - 49 4 x + 28 x -2
d ÷
x - 3x - 28 6 x + 24
2

4 x + 20 4 ( x + 5)
=
( x + 7 )( x - 7 ) ´ 6 ( x + 4 ) e =
x + 10x + 25 ( x + 5)2
2
( x - 7 )( x + 4 ) 4 ( x + 7 )
6 3 4
= = =
4 2 x +5

x 2 - 14 x + 49 ( x - 7 )
2
x 2 + 5x - 14 x 2 + 9x + 14 f =
e ÷ 2
x 2 + 2x - 3 x + x -2 5x - 35 5( x - 7)

=
( x + 7 )( x - 2) ´ ( x + 2)( x - 1) =
x -7
( x + 3)( x - 1) ( x + 7 )( x + 2) 5
x -2
=
x +3

© Cambridge University Press 2019 23

13 15
a2 + 2ab + b2 a2 - b2 2 x
a ÷ 2 a + 2
a2 + ab a - ab x + 3 x - x - 12
(a + b) ´ a (a - b)
2 2 x
= = +
a ( a + b ) ( a + b )( a - b ) x + 3 ( x - 4 )( x + 3)

a 2( x - 4) + x
= =1 =
a ( x - 4 )( x + 3)
3x - 8
b Answers will vary. =
( x - 4 )( x + 3)
14
a2 + 2ab + b2 a2 - b2 4 3x
a ÷ 2 b + 2
a (a + b) a - 2ab + b2 x + 2 x - 7 x - 18
4 3x
(a + b) ´ (a - b)
2 2 = +
= x + 2 ( x - 9)( x + 2)
a ( a + b ) ( a + b )( a - b )
4 ( x - 9 ) + 3x
a-b =
= ( x - 9)( x + 2)
a
7 x - 36
=
a - 2ab + b
2
a -b
2 2 2 ( x - 9)( x + 2)
b ÷ 2
a2 - b2 a + 2ab + b2
3 2x
(a - b) ´ (a + b)
2 2
c - 2
= x + 4 x - 16
( a + b )( a - b ) ( a + b )( a - b ) 3 2x
=1 = -
x + 4 ( x + 4 )( x - 4 )

a2 - b2 a2 - b2 3 ( x - 4 ) - 2x
c ÷ =
a2 - 2ab + b2 a2 + 2ab + b2 ( x + 4 )( x - 4 )
( a + b )( a - b ) ´ ( a + b )
2
x - 12
= =
(a - b)
2
( a + b )( a - b ) ( x + 4 )( x - 4 )
( a + b)
2

= 4 1
d - 2
(a - b)
2
x - 9 x - 8 x + 15
2

4 1
= -
a2 + 2ab + b2 a (a - b) ( x + 3)( x - 3) ( x - 5)( x - 3)
d ÷ 2
a (a + b) a - 2ab + b2 4 ( x - 5) - ( x + 3)
=
(a + b) ´ (a - b)
2 2
( x - 5)( x + 3)( x - 3)
=
a (a + b) a (a - b) =
3x - 23
( a + b )( a - b ) ( x - 5)( x + 3)( x - 3)
=
a2

© Cambridge University Press 2019 24

e x +1 x -2
x +4 x -5 g
- 2
- 2 x - 25 x - 6 x + 5
2

x - x - 6 x - 9x + 18
2
x +1 x -2
= -
=
x +4
-
x -5 ( x + 5)( x - 5) ( x - 5)( x - 1)
( x + 2)( x - 3) ( x - 6)( x - 3)
=
( x + 1)( x - 1) - ( x - 2)( x + 5)
( x + 4)( x - 6) - ( x + 2)( x - 5)
= ( x + 5)( x - 5)( x - 1)
( x - 6)( x + 2)( x - 3)
x 2 - 1 - x 2 - 3x + 10
x 2 - 2x - 24 - x 2 + 3x + 10 =
=
( x - 6)( x + 2)( x - 3)
( x + 5)( x - 5)( x - 1)
9 - 3x
x - 14 =
=
( x - 6)( x + 2)( x - 3) ( x + 5)( x - 5)( x - 1)

x +3 x x +2 x +3
f - 2 h - 2
x - 4 x - 32 x + 7 x + 12
2 x - 2x + 1 x + 3x - 4
2

x +3 x x +2 x +3
= - = -
( x - 1) ( x + 4 )( x - 1)
2
( x + 4 )( x - 8 ) ( x + 3)( x + 4 )
( x + 3) - x ( x - 8 )
2
=
( x + 2)( x + 4 ) - ( x + 3)( x - 1)
=
( x + 4 )( x - 1)
2
( x + 4 )( x - 8 )( x + 3)
x 2 + 6x + 9 - x 2 + 8x x 2 + 6 x + 8 - x 2 - 2x + 3
= =
( x + 4 )( x - 8 )( x + 3) ( x + 4 )( x - 1)
2

14 x + 9 4 x + 11
= =
( x + 4 )( x - 8 )( x + 3) ( x + 4 )( x - 1)
2

© Cambridge University Press 2019 25

 Solutions to Exercise 8D
1 k 10x 2 + 12x - 15x - 18 = 2x (5x + 6 ) - 3 (5x + 6 )
ax + bx + c
2 a×c Two Factorisation
numbers = (5x + 6 )( 2x - 3)
6 x + 13x + 6
2 36 9 and 4

12x 2 - 6 x - 10x + 5 = 6 x ( 2x - 1 ) - 5 (2x - 1 )

8 x 2 + 18 x + 4 32 16 and 2
l
12x 2 + x - 6 -72 -8 and 9
-60 -15 and 4
= ( 2x - 1 )( 6 x - 5)
10x 2 - 11x - 6
84 -6 and -14 3
21x 2 - 20x + 4
30 -10 and -3
a a × c = 9. Choose 9 and 1.
15x 2 - 13x + 2
3x 2 + 10x + 3 = 3x 2 + 9x + x + 3
2 = 3x ( x + 3 ) + ( x + 3 )
a x + 2x + 5x + 10 = x ( x + 2) + 5 ( x + 2)
2
= ( x + 3)(3x + 1 )
= ( x + 2)( x + 5)
b a × c = 2. Choose 2 and 1.
b x + 4 x + 6 x + 24 = x ( x + 4 ) + 6 ( x + 4 )
2 2x 2 + 3x + 1 = 2x 2 + 2x + x + 1

= ( x + 4 )( x + 6 ) = 2x ( x + 1 ) + ( x + 1 )
= ( x + 1)( 2x + 1 )
c x + 3x + 7 x + 21 = x ( x + 3) + 7 ( x + 3)
2

c a × c = 12. Choose 6 and 2.

= ( x + 3)( x + 7 )
3x 2 + 8 x + 4 = 3x 2 + 6 x + 2x + 4
d x 2 - 7 x - 2x + 14 = x ( x - 7 ) - 2 ( x - 7 ) = 3x ( x + 2 ) + 2 ( x + 2 )

= ( x - 7 )( x - 2) = ( x + 2)(3x + 2)

e x 2 - 3x - 4 x + 12 = x ( x - 3) - 4 ( x - 3) d a × c = 6. Choose -3 and -2.

3x 2 - 5x + 2 = 3x 2 - 3x - 2x + 2
= ( x - 3)( x - 4 )
= 3x ( x - 1 ) - 2 ( x - 1 )

f x 2 - 5x + 3x - 15 = x ( x - 5) + 3 ( x - 5) = ( x - 1)(3x - 2)

= ( x - 5)( x + 3)
e a × c = 10. Choose -10 and -1.
2x 2 - 11x + 5 = 2x 2 - 10x - x + 5
g 6 x 2 - 8 x + 3x - 4 = 2x ( 3x - 4 ) + 1 ( 3 x - 4 )
= 2x ( x - 5 ) - ( x - 5 )
= (3x - 4 )( 2x + 1 )
= ( x - 5)( 2x - 1 )
h 3x 2 - 12x + 2x - 8 = 3x ( x - 4 ) + 2 ( x - 4 )
f a × c = -15. Choose 5 and -3.
= ( x - 4 )(3x + 2) 5x 2 + 2x - 3 = 5x 2 + 5x - 3x - 3
= 5x ( x + 1 ) - 3 ( x + 1 )
i 8 x 2 - 4 x + 6 x - 3 = 4 x ( 2x - 1 ) + 3 ( 2 x - 1 )
= ( x + 1)(5x - 3)
= ( 2x - 1)( 4 x + 3)
g a × c = -12. Choose -12 and 1.
j 5x 2 + 20x - 2x - 8 = 5x ( x + 4 ) - 2 ( x + 4 ) 3x 2 - 11x - 4 = 3x 2 - 12x + x - 4
= ( x + 4 )(5x - 2) = 3x ( x - 4 ) + ( x - 4 )
= ( x - 4 )(3x + 1)

© Cambridge University Press 2019 26

h a × c = -3. Choose -3 and 1. p a × c = 40. Choose -10 and -4.
3x 2 - 2x - 1 = 3x 2 - 3x + x - 1 8 x 2 - 14 x + 5 = 8 x 2 - 4 x - 10x + 5
= 3x ( x - 1 ) + ( x - 1 ) = 4 x ( 2x - 1 ) - 5 ( 2x - 1 )
= ( x - 1)(3x + 1 ) = ( 2x - 1)( 4 x - 5)
q a × c = -72. Choose 9 and -8.
i a × c = -35. Choose 7 and -5. 6 x 2 + x - 12 = 6 x 2 + 9x - 8 x - 12
7 x 2 + 2x - 5 = 7 x 2 + 7 x - 5x - 5
= 3x ( 2x + 3 ) - 4 ( 2x + 3 )
= 7 x ( x + 1) - 5 ( x + 1)
= ( 2x + 3)(3x - 4 )
= ( x + 1)(7 x - 5)
r a × c = -60. Choose 15 and -4.
j a × c =14. Choose -2 and -7.
10x 2 + 11x - 6 = 10x 2 + 15x - 4 x - 6
2x 2 - 9 x + 7 = 2x 2 - 2x - 7 x + 7
= 5x ( 2x + 3 ) - 2 ( 2x + 3 )
= 2x ( x - 1 ) - 7 ( x - 1 )
= ( 2x + 3)(5x - 2)
= ( x - 1)( 2x - 7 )
s a × c = 36. Choose 9 and 4.
k a × c = -24. Choose 6 and -4.
6 x 2 + 13x + 6 = 6 x 2 + 9x + 4 x + 6
3x 2 + 2x - 8 = 3x 2 + 6 x - 4 x - 8
= 3x ( 2x + 3 ) + 2 ( 2x + 3 )
= 3x ( x + 2 ) - 4 ( x + 2 )
= ( 2x + 3)(3x + 2)
= ( x + 2)(3x - 4 )

l a × c = -24. Choose 8 and -3. t a × c = 4. Choose -4 and -1.

2x 2 + 5x - 12 = 2x 2 + 8 x - 3x - 12 4 x 2 - 5x + 1 = 4 x 2 - 4 x - x + 1
= 2x ( x + 4 ) - 3 ( x + 4 ) = 4 x ( x - 1) - ( x - 1)

= ( x + 4 )( 2x - 3) = ( x - 1)( 4 x - 1 )

m a × c = -10. Choose 1 and -10. u a × c = 40. Choose -4 and -10.

2x 2 - 9x - 5 = 2x 2 + x - 10x - 5 8 x 2 - 14 x + 5 = 8 x 2 - 4 x - 10x + 5
= x ( 2x + 1 ) - 5 ( 2x + 1 ) = 4 x ( 2x - 1 ) - 5 ( 2x - 1 )
= ( 2x + 1)( x - 5) = ( 2x - 1)( 4 x - 5)

n a × c = -78. Choose -13 and 6. v a × c = 120. Choose -20 and -6.

13x 2 - 7 x - 6 = 13x 2 - 13x + 6 x - 6 8 x 2 - 26 x + 15 = 8 x 2 - 20x - 6 x + 15
= 13x ( x - 1) + 6 ( x - 1 ) = 4 x ( 2x - 5 ) - 3 ( 2x - 5 )
= ( x - 1)(13x + 6 ) = ( 2x - 5)( 4 x - 3)

o a × c = 40. Choose -20 and -2. w a × c = 36. Choose -9 and -4.

5x 2 - 22x + 8 = 5x 2 - 20x - 2x + 8 6 x 2 - 13x + 6 = 6 x 2 - 9x - 4 x + 6
= 5x ( x - 4 ) - 2 ( x - 4 ) = 3x ( 2x - 3 ) - 2 ( 2x - 3 )
= ( x - 4 )(5x - 2) = ( 2x - 3)(3x - 2)

© Cambridge University Press 2019 27

x a × c =-90. Choose 15 and -6. h a × c = 360. Choose -36 and -10.
9x 2 + 9x - 10 = 9x 2 + 15x - 6 x - 10 45x 2 - 46 x + 8 = 45x 2 - 36 x - 10x + 8
= 3x ( 3x + 5 ) - 2 ( 3x + 5 ) = 9 x ( 5x - 4 ) - 2 ( 5x - 4 )
= (3x + 5)(3x - 2) = (5x - 4 )( 9x - 2)

i a × c = 400. Choose -40 and -10.

4 25x 2 - 50x + 16 = 25x 2 - 40x - 10x + 16
a a × c = 180. Choose 15 and 12. = 5x ( 5x - 8 ) - 2 ( 5 x - 8 )
18 x 2 + 27 x + 10 = 18 x 2 + 12x + 15x + 10
= (5x - 8 )(5x - 2)
= 6 x ( 3x + 2 ) + 5 ( 3 x + 2 )
5
= (3x + 2)( 6 x + 5) a (
6 x 2 + 38 x + 40 = 2 3x 2 + 19x + 20 )
b a × c = 360. Choose 24 and 15. a × c = 60. Choose 15 and 4.
20x 2 + 39x + 18 = 20x 2 + 24 x + 15x + 18 ( ) (
2 3x 2 + 19x + 20 = 2 3x 2 + 15x + 4 x + 20 )
= 4 x ( 5x + 6 ) + 3 ( 5x + 6 ) = 2 ( 3x ( x + 5 ) + 4 ( x + 5 ) )
= (5x + 6 )( 4 x + 3) = 2 ( x + 5)(3x + 4 )

c a × c = -168. Choose 28 and -6.

21x 2 + 22x - 8 = 21x 2 + 28 x - 6 x - 8
b (
6 x 2 - 15x - 36 = 3 2x 2 - 5x - 12 )
a × c = -24. Choose -8 and 3.
= 7 x ( 3x + 4 ) - 2 ( 3x + 4 )
= (3x + 4 )(7 x - 2)
( ) (
3 2x 2 - 5x - 12 = 3 2x 2 - 8 x + 3x - 12 )
= 3 ( 2x ( x - 4 ) + 3 ( x - 4 ) )
d a × c = -300. Choose 25 and -12. = 3 ( x - 4 )( 2x + 3)
30x 2 + 13x - 10 = 30x 2 + 25x - 12x - 10
= 5x ( 6 x + 5 ) - 2 ( 6 x + 5 ) c (
48 x 2 - 18 x - 3 = 3 16 x 2 - 6 x - 1 )
= ( 6 x + 5)(5x - 2) a × c = -16. Choose -8 and 2.

e a × c = -240. Choose -16 and 15. ( ) (

3 16 x 2 - 6 x - 1 = 3 16 x 2 - 8 x + 2x - 1 )
40x 2 - x - 6 = 40x 2 + 15x - 16 x - 6 = 3 ( 8 x ( 2x - 1 ) + ( 2x - 1 ) )
= 5x ( 8 x + 3 ) - 2 ( 8 x + 3 ) = 3 ( 2x - 1 )( 8 x + 1 )
= ( 8 x + 3)(5x - 2)
d (
32x 2 - 88 x + 60 = 4 8 x 2 - 22x + 15 )
f a × c = -168. Choose -21 and 8.
a × c = 120. Choose -12 and -10.
28 x 2 - 13x - 6 = 28 x 2 - 21x + 8 x - 6
= 7 x ( 4 x - 3) + 2 ( 4 x - 3)
( ) (
4 8 x 2 - 22x + 15 = 4 8 x 2 - 12x - 10x + 15 )
= 4 ( 4 x ( 2x - 3 ) - 5 ( 2x - 3 ) )
= ( 4 x - 3)(7 x + 2)
= 4 ( 2x - 3)( 4 x - 5)
g a × c = 360. Choose -18 and -20.
24 x 2 - 38 x + 15 = 24 x 2 - 18 x - 20x + 15 e (
16 x 2 - 24 x + 8 = 8 2x 2 - 3x + 1 )
= 6 x ( 4 x - 3) - 5 ( 4 x - 3) a × c = 2. Choose -2 and -1.
= ( 4 x - 3)( 6 x - 5) ( ) (
8 2x 2 - 3x + 1 = 8 2x 2 - 2x - x + 1 )
= 8 ( 2x ( x - 1 ) - ( x - 1 ) )
= 8 ( x - 1)( 2x - 1 )

© Cambridge University Press 2019 28

f (
90x 2 + 90x - 100 = 10 9x 2 + 9x - 10 ) c a × c = 90. Choose -15 and -6.
9x 2 - 21x + 10 9x 2 - 15x - 6 x + 10
a × c = -90. Choose 15 and -6. =
3x - 5 3x - 5
( ) (
10 9x 2 + 9x - 10 = 10 9x 2 + 15x - 6 x - 10 ) 3x ( 3x - 5 ) - 2 ( 3x - 5 )
= 10 (3x (3x + 5) - 2 (3x + 5) ) =
3x - 5
= 10 (3x + 5)(3x - 2) = 3x - 2

d a × c = -30. Choose 10 and -3.

2 ( 5x - 1 )
g 2
(
-50x - 115x - 60 = -5 10x + 23x + 12 2
) 10x - 2
=
15x + 7 x - 2 15x - 3x + 10x - 2
2 2
a × c = 120. Choose 15 and 8.
2 ( 5x - 1 )
-5 (10x 2 + 23x + 12) =
3x ( 5x - 1 ) + 2 ( 5x - 1 )
(
= -5 10x 2 + 15x + 8 x + 12 ) 2
=
= -5 (5x ( 2x + 3) + 4 ( 2x + 3) ) 3x + 2
= -5 ( 2x + 3)(5x + 4 )
e a × c = -84. Choose 21 and -4.
4x + 6 2 ( 2x + 3 )
h (
12x 2 - 36 x + 27 = 3 4 x 2 - 12x + 9 ) =
14 x + 17 x - 6 14 x + 21x - 4 x - 6
2 2

a × c = 36. Choose -6 and -6. 2 ( 2x + 3 )

( ) (
3 4 x 2 - 12x + 9 = 3 4 x 2 - 6 x - 6 x + 9 ) =
7 x ( 2x + 3 ) - 2 ( 2 x + 3 )
= 3 ( 2x ( 2x - 3 ) - 3 ( 2x - 3 ) ) 2
=
= 3 ( 2x - 3 )
2 7x - 2

f a × c = 90. Choose -15 and -6.

i (
20x 2 - 25x + 5 = 5 4 x 2 - 5x + 1 ) 20x - 12 4 ( 5x - 3 )
a × c = 4. Choose -4 and -1. =
10x - 21x + 9 10x - 6 x - 15x + 9
2 2

( ) (
5 4 x 2 - 5x + 1 = 5 4 x 2 - 4 x - x + 1 ) 4 ( 5x - 3 )
=
= 5 ( 4 x ( x - 1) - ( x - 1) ) 2x ( 5x - 3 ) - 3 ( 5 x - 3 )
= 5 ( x - 1)( 4 x - 1 ) =
4
2x - 3

6 g In the numerator, a × c = 24. Choose 8 and 3.

a a × c = 210. Choose -15 and 14. In the denominator, a × c = 18. Choose 9 and 2.
6 x 2 - x - 35 6 x 2 + 14 x - 15x - 35 2x 2 + 11x + 12 2x + 8 x + 3x + 12
= =
3x + 7 3x + 7 6 x 2 + 11x + 3 6 x 2 + 9x + 2x + 3
2x ( 3x + 7 ) - 5 ( 3x + 7 ) 2x ( x + 4 ) - 3 ( x + 4 )
= =
3x + 7 3x ( 2x + 3 ) + ( 2x + 3 )
= 2x - 5
=
(2x - 3)( x + 4 )
b a × c = -24. Choose 12 and -2. (3x + 1)(2x - 3)
8 x 2 + 10x - 3 8 x 2 + 12x - 2x - 3 x +4
= =
2x + 3 2x + 3 3x + 1
4 x ( 2x + 3 ) - ( 2x + 3 )
=
2x + 3
= 4x - 1

© Cambridge University Press 2019 29

h In the numerator, a × c = -12. l a × c = -120. Choose -12 and 10.
Choose -4 and 3. 8 x 2 - 2x - 15 8 x 2 + 10x - 12x - 15
In the denominator, a × c = 24. =
Choose 12 and 2.
16 x 2 - 25 ( 4x + 5)( 4 x - 5)
12x 2 - x - 1 12x 2 - 4 x + 3x - 1 2x ( 4 x + 5 ) - 3 ( 4 x + 5 )
= =
8 x 2 + 14 x + 3 8 x 2 + 12x + 2x + 3 ( 4x + 5)( 4 x - 5)
4 x ( 3x - 1 ) + ( 3x - 1 ) 2x - 3
= =
4 x ( 2x + 3 ) + ( 2x + 3 ) 4x - 5
7
( 4x + 1)(3x - 1)
=
( 4x + 1)(2x + 3)
a (
3x 2 - 21x + 30 = 3 x 2 - 7 x + 10 )
3x - 1 = 3 ( x - 5)( x - 2)
=
2x + 3
b h = 3 (3 - 5)(3 - 2)
i In the numerator, a × c = -40. = 3 ´ ( -2) ´ 1
Choose 8 and -5.
In the denominator, a × c = 28. = -6
Choose -4 and -7. A negative result means the cable is below
the surface of the water.
10x 2 + 3x - 4 10x 2 - 5x + 8 x - 4
= The cable is 6 m below the surface.
14 x 2 - 11x + 2 14 x 2 - 7 x - 4 x + 2 c 0 = 3 ( x - 5)( x - 2)
5x ( 2x - 1 ) + 4 ( 2x - 1 )
= x = 2 or x = 5
7 x ( 2x - 1 ) - 2 ( 2 x - 1 )
5x + 4 8
= 9x 2 - 16 x 2 + x - 12
7x - 2 a ´
x 2 - 6 x + 9 3x 2 + 8 x - 16
j a × c = -60. Choose 10 and -6.
=
(3x + 4 )(3x - 4 ) ´ ( x + 4 )( x - 3)
9x 2 - 4
=
(3x + 2)(3x - 2) ( x - 3)
2
(3x - 4 )( x + 4 )
15x + 4 x - 4 15x 2 + 10x - 6 x - 4
2
3x + 4
=
(3x + 2)(3x - 2) =
x -3
5x ( 3x + 2 ) - 2 ( 3 x + 2 )
3x - 2 4x 2 - 1 9x 2 - 4
= b ´
5x - 2 6x 2 - x - 2 8x - 4

=
(2x + 1)(2x - 1) ´ (3x + 2)(3x - 2)
k a × c = -42. Choose 21 and -2. (3x - 2)(2x + 1) 4 ( 2x - 1 )
14 x 2 + 19x - 3 14 x 2 - 2x + 21x - 3
= 3x + 2
49x 2 - 1 (7x + 1)(7 x - 1) =
4
2x ( 7 x - 1 ) + 3 ( 7 x - 1 )
= 1 - x 2 25x 2 + 30x + 9
(7x + 1)(7 x - 1) c ´
15x + 9 5x 2 + 8 x + 3
2x + 3
= (1 + x )(1 - x ) ´ (5x + 3)
2
7x + 1 =
3 ( 5x + 3 ) (5x + 3)( x + 1)
1- x
=
3

© Cambridge University Press 2019 30

d
20x 2 + 21x - 5 16 x 2 - 24 x + 9
´
a (
-8 x 2 + 2x + 15 = - 8 x 2 - 2x - 15 )
16 x 2 + 8 x - 15 25x 2 - 1
= - (8x 2
- 12x + 10x - 15 )
(5x - 1)( 4 x + 5) ´ ( 4 x - 3)
2

= = - ( 4 x ( 2x - 3 ) + 5 ( 2x - 3 ) )
( 4x + 5)( 4x - 3) (5x + 1)(5x - 1)
4x - 3 = - ( 4 x + 5)( 2x - 3)
=
5x + 1 = (3 - 2x )( 4 x + 5)

100x 2 - 25 5x 2 + 10x - 75
e ÷
2x 2 - 9 x - 5 2x 2 - 5x - 3
b (
-6 x 2 + 11x + 10 = - 6 x 2 - 11x - 10 )
25 ( 2x + 1)( 2x - 1 ) ( 2x + 1 )( x - 3) = - (6x 2
- 15x + 4 x - 10 )
= ´
(2x + 1)( x - 5) 5 ( x + 5)( x - 3) = - ( 3x ( 2x - 5 ) + 2 ( 2x - 5 ) )
5 ( 2x - 1 )( 2x - 1 ) = - ( 2x - 5)(3x + 2)
=
( x - 5)( x + 5) = (5 - 2x )(3x + 2)

3x 2 - 12 2x 2 - 3x - 2
f ÷
30x + 15 4 x 2 + 4 x + 1
c (
-12x 2 + 13x + 4 = - 12x 2 - 13x - 4 )
3 ( x + 2)( x - 2) ( 2x + 1 )
2
= - (12x 2
- 16 x + 3x - 4 )
= ´
15 ( 2x + 1 ) (2x + 1)( x - 2) = - ( 4 x ( 3x - 4 ) + ( 3x - 4 ) )

=
( x + 2) = - ( 4 x + 1 )(3x - 4 )
5 = ( 4 - 3x )( 4 x + 1 )
9x - 6 x + 1
2
9x 2 - 1
g ÷
6 x 2 - 11x + 3 6 x 2 - 7 x - 3
d (
-8 x 2 + 18 x - 9 = - 8 x 2 - 18 x + 9 )
(3x - 1) ´ (3x + 1)(2x - 3)
2

= = - (8x 2
- 12x - 6 x + 9 )
(3x - 1)(2x - 3) (3x + 1)(3x - 1)
=1 = - ( 4 x ( 2x - 3 ) - 3 ( 2 x - 3 ) )
= - ( 4 x - 3)( 2x - 3)
16 x 2 - 25 4 x 2 - 17 x + 15
h ÷ = (3 - 4 x )( 2x - 3) , alternatively
4 x 2 - 7 x - 15 16 x 2 - 40x + 25
= ( 4 x - 3)(3 - 2x )
( 4x + 5)( 4 x - 5) ´ ( 4 x - 5)
2

=
( 4x + 5)( x - 3) ( 4 x - 5)( x - 3) e (
-14 x 2 + 39x - 10 = - 14 x 2 - 39x + 10 )
( 4 x - 5)
2
= - (14 x 2
- 35x - 4 x + 10 )
=
( x - 3) = - ( 7 x ( 2x - 5 ) - 2 ( 2x - 5 ) )
2

= - ( 2x - 5)(7 x - 2)
9 Try multiplying by -1, then a × c = -36.
Choose -4 and 9. = (5 - 2x )(7 x - 2) , alternatively
(
-12x 2 - 5x + 3 = - 12x 2 + 5x - 3 ) = ( 2x - 5)( 2 - 7 x )
= - (12x 2
+ 9x - 4 x - 3 ) f (
-15x 2 - x + 6 = - 15x 2 + x - 6 )
= - ( 3x ( 4 x + 3 ) - ( 4 x + 3 ) ) = - (15x 2
+ 10x - 9x - 6 )
= - ( 4 x + 3)(3x - 1 ) = - ( 5x ( 3x + 2 ) - 3 ( 3x + 2 ) )
= (1 - 3x )( 4 x + 3) = - (3x + 2)(5x - 3)
= (3x + 2)(3 - 5x )

© Cambridge University Press 2019 31

10 Answers will vary. 2 1
e + 2
4x - 1 6x - x - 2
2

11 2 1
2 x = +
a + 2
2x - 3 8 x - 10x - 3
(2x + 1)(2x - 1) (2x + 1)(3x - 2)
2 x 2 ( 3x - 2 ) + 2x - 1
= + =
2x - 3 ( 2x - 3)( 4 x + 1 ) (2x + 1)(2x - 1)(3x - 2)
2 ( 4 x + 1) + x 8x - 5
= =
(2x - 3)( 4 x + 1) (2x + 1)(2x - 1)(3x - 2)
9x + 2
= 2 3
(2x - 3)( 4 x + 1) f - 2
9x - 25 9x + 9x - 10
2

2 3
3 x = -
b + 2
3x - 1 6 x + 13x - 5
(3x + 5)(3x - 5) (3x + 5)(3x - 2)
3 x 2 ( 3x - 2 ) - 3 ( 3 x - 5 )
= - =
3x - 1 (3x - 1 )( 2x + 5) (3x + 5)(3x - 5)(3x - 2)
3 ( 2x + 5 ) - x 11 - 3x
= =
(3x - 1)(2x + 5) (3x + 5)(3x - 5)(3x - 2)
5x + 15
= 4 2
(3x - 1)(2x + 5) g -
8 x - 18 x - 5 12x - 5x - 2
2 2

4x x 4 2
c + 2 = -
2x - 5 8 x - 18 x - 5 ( 4x + 1)(2x - 5) ( 4 x + 1)(3x - 2)
4x x
= + 4 ( 3x - 2 ) - 2 ( 2 x - 5 )
2x - 5 ( 2x - 5)( 4 x + 1 ) =
( 4x + 1)(2x - 5)(3x - 2)
4 x ( 4 x + 1) + x
= 8x + 2
(2x - 5)( 4 x + 1) =
( 4x + 1)(2x - 5)(3x - 2)
16 x 2 + 5x
= 2 ( 4 x + 1)
(2x - 5)( 4 x + 1) =
( 4x + 1)(2x - 5)(3x - 2)
4x 3x 2
- =
d
12x - 11x + 2 3x - 2
2 (2x - 5)(3x - 2)
4x 3x
= - 1 2
(3x - 2)( 4 x - 1) 3x - 2 h + 2
10x - 19x + 6 4 x + 8 x - 21
2
4 x - 3x ( 4 x - 1 )
= 1 2
(3x - 2)( 4 x - 1) = +
(5x - 2)(2x - 3) (2x - 3)(2x + 7 )
7 x - 12x 2 2x + 7 + 2 ( 5 x - 2 )
=
(3x - 2)( 4 x - 1) =
(5x - 2)(2x - 3)(2x + 7 )
12x + 3
=
(5x - 2)(2x - 3)(2x + 7 )

© Cambridge University Press 2019 32

Solutions to Exercise 8E
1 3
( 5)
2
æb 2
ö æ6ö 2
( x + 1) - 5 = ( x + 1) -
2 2
a b = 6\çç ÷÷ = ç ÷ = 9 a
è2 ø è2ø
(
= x +1+ 5 )( x + 1 - 5 )
2
æb 2
ö æ 12 ö
b b = 12\çç ÷÷ = ç ÷ = 36
( 7)
2
( x + 2) - 7 = ( x + 2) -
2 2
è2 ø è 2 ø b

æ b 2 ö æ 2 ö2
(
= x +2+ 7 )( x + 2 - 7 )
c b = 2\çç ÷÷ = ç ÷ = 1
è 2 ø è2ø
( )
2
( x + 4) - 10 = ( x + 4 ) -
2 2
c 10

d
æ b 2 ö æ 4 ö2
b = -4\çç ÷÷ = ç - ÷ = 4 (
= x + 4 + 10 x + 4 - 10 )( )
è2 ø è 2ø

( )
2
( x - 3) - 11 = ( x - 3) -
2 2
2
d 11
æb 2
ö æ 8ö
e b = -8\çç
è2
÷÷ = ç - ÷ = 16
ø è 2ø (
= x - 3 + 11 x - 3 - 11 )( )
( )
2
æ b 2 ö æ 10 ö2 ( x - 6) - 22 = ( x - 6 ) -
2 2
f b = -10\çç ÷÷ = ç - ÷ = 25 e 22
è2 ø è 2 ø
(
= x - 6 + 22 x - 6 - 22 )( )
æ b 2 ö æ 5 ö2 25
g b = 5\çç ÷÷ = ç ÷ =
( 3)
2
( x - 5) - 3 = ( x - 5) -
2 2
f
è 2 ø è2ø 4

æ b 2 ö æ 3 ö2 9
(
= x -5+ 3 )( x - 5 - 3 )
h b = 3\çç ÷÷ = ç ÷ =
è 2 ø è2ø 4 4
æ b2 ö
2 a b = 6\çç ÷÷ = 9
æb 2
ö æ 9 ö 81
i b = -9\çç ÷÷ = ç - ÷ = è2 ø
è2 ø è 2ø 4
x 2 + 6 x + 9 = ( x + 3)
2

2
æ b2 ö
x 2 + 4 x + 4 = ( x + 2)
2
a b b = 12\çç ÷÷ = 36
è2 ø
x 2 + 12x + 36 = ( x + 6 )
2
x 2 + 8 x + 16 = ( x + 4 )
2
b

æ b2 ö
x 2 + 10x + 25 = ( x + 5)
2
c c b = 4\çç ÷÷ = 4
è2 ø
x 2 + 4 x + 4 = ( x + 2)
2
x 2 - 12x + 36 = ( x - 6 )
2
d

æ b2 ö
x 2 - 6 x + 9 = ( x - 3)
2
e d b = 8\çç ÷÷ = 16
è2 ø
x 2 + 8 x + 16 = ( x + 4 )
2
x 2 - 18 x + 81 = ( x - 9)
2
f

© Cambridge University Press 2019 33

 æ b2 ö æ b2 ö 9
e b = -10\çç ÷÷ = 25 m b = -3\çç ÷÷ =
è2 ø è2 ø 4
x 2 - 10x + 25 = ( x - 5)
2 2
9 æ 3ö
x - 3x + = ç x - ÷
2

4 è 2ø
æ b2 ö æ b 2 ö 49
f b = -2\çç ÷÷ = 1 n b = -7\çç ÷÷ =
è2 ø è2 ø 4
x 2 - 2x + 1 = ( x - 1 )
2 2
49 æ 7ö
x - 7x +
2
=çx - ÷
4 è 2ø
æ b2 ö
g b = -8\çç ÷÷ = 16 æ b2 ö 1
è2 ø o b = -1\çç ÷÷ =
x 2 - 8 x + 16 = ( x - 4 )
2 è2 ø 4
2
1 æ 1ö
x2 - x + =çx - ÷
æ b2 ö 4 è 2ø
h b = -12\çç ÷÷ = 36
è2 ø æ b 2 ö 81
p b = -9\çç ÷÷ =
x 2 - 12x + 36 = ( x - 6 )
2

è2 ø 4
2
81 æ 9ö
æb 2
ö 25 x - 9x +
2
=çx - ÷
i b = 5\çç ÷÷ = 4 è 2ø
è2 ø 4
25 æ 5ö
2 5
x 2 + 5x + =çx + ÷ æ b2 ö
4 è 2ø a b = 4\çç ÷÷ = 4
è2 ø
æ b 2 ö 81 x 2 + 4x + 4 - 4 + 1
j b = 9\çç ÷÷ =
è2 ø 4 = ( x + 2) - 3
2

( )( )
2
81 æ 9ö = x +2+ 3 x +2- 3
x 2 + 9x + = x+ ÷
4 çè 2ø
æ b2 ö
æ b 2 ö 49 b b = 6\çç ÷÷ = 9
k b = 7\çç ÷÷ = è2 ø
è2 ø 4
2
x 2 + 6x + 9 - 9 + 2
49 æ 7ö
x + 7x + =çx+ ÷ = ( x + 3) - 7
2 2
4 è 2ø
(
= x +3+ 7 x +3- 7)( )
æ b 2 ö 121
l b = 11\çç ÷÷ =
è2 ø 4 æ b2 ö
c b = 2\çç ÷÷ = 1
è2 ø
2
121 æ 11 ö
x + 11x +
2
=çx + ÷
4 è 2 ø x 2 + 2x + 1 - 1 - 4
= ( x + 1) - 5
2

(
= x +1+ 5 x +1- 5)( )

© Cambridge University Press 2019 34

 æ b2 ö æ b2 ö
d b = 10\çç ÷÷ = 25 b b = 4\çç ÷÷ = 4
è2 ø è2 ø
x 2 + 10x + 25 - 25 - 4 x 2 + 4x + 4 + 3
= ( x + 2) + 3
2
= ( x + 5) - 29
2

( )(
= x + 5 + 29 x + 5 - 29 ) Cannot be factorised.

æ b2 ö æ b2 ö
e b = -8\çç ÷÷ = 16 c b = 8\çç ÷÷ = 16
è2 ø è2 ø
x - 8 x + 16 - 16 + 13
2
x 2 + 8 x + 16 - 16 + 1
= ( x - 4) - 3 = ( x + 4 ) - 15
2 2

(
= x -4+ 3 x -4- 3)( ) ( )(
= x + 4 + 15 x + 4 - 15 )
æ b2 ö æ b2 ö
f b = -12\çç ÷÷ = 36 d b = 4\çç ÷÷ = 4
è2 ø è2 ø
x 2 - 12x + 36 - 36 + 10 x 2 + 4x + 4 - 4 + 2
= ( x - 6 ) - 26 = ( x + 2) - 2
2 2

( )(
= x - 6 + 26 x - 6 - 26 ) ( )(
= x +2+ 2 x +2- 2 )
æ b2 ö æ b2 ö
g b = -4\çç ÷÷ = 4 e b = 10\çç ÷÷ = 25
è2 ø è2 ø
x 2 - 4x + 4 - 4 - 3 x 2 + 10x + 25 - 25 + 3
= ( x - 2) - 7 = ( x + 5) - 22
2 2

(
= x -2+ 7 x -2- 7)( ) ( )(
= x + 5 + 22 x + 5 - 22 )
æ b2 ö æ b2 ö
h b = -8\çç ÷÷ = 16 f b = 4\çç ÷÷ = 4
è2 ø è2 ø
x 2 - 8 x + 16 - 16 - 5 x 2 + 4x + 4 - 4 - 6
= ( x - 4 ) - 21 = ( x + 2) - 10
2 2

( )(
= x - 4 + 21 x - 4 - 21 ) ( )(
= x + 2 + 10 x + 2 - 10 )
6 g
æ b2 ö
a b = 6\çç ÷÷ = 9
è2 ø
x 2 + 6x + 9 + 2 Cannot be factorised
= ( x + 3) + 2
2

Cannot be factorised.

© Cambridge University Press 2019 35

 æ b2 ö 7
h b = -6\çç ÷÷ = 9 æ b2 ö 9
è2 ø a b = 3\çç ÷÷ =
x 2 - 6x + 9 - 9 + 6 è2 ø 4
9 9
= ( x - 3) - 3
2
x 2 + 3x + - + 1
4 4
(
= x -3+ 3 x -3- 3)( ) æ
2
3ö 5
=çx + ÷ -
è 2ø 4
æ b2 ö æ 3 5 öæ 3 5ö
i b = -12\çç ÷÷ = 36 =çx + + ÷ç x+ - ÷
ç ÷ç 2 2 ÷ø
è2 ø è 2 2 øè
x 2 - 12x + 36 - 36 + 2 æ 3 + 5 öæ 3- 5 ö
=çx + ÷ç x+ ÷
= ( x - 6 ) - 34
2 ç 2 ÷ç 2 ÷ø
è øè
( )(
= x - 6 + 34 x - 6 - 34 ) æ b 2 ö 49
b b = 7\çç ÷÷ =
æ b2 ö è2 ø 4
j b = -2\çç ÷÷ = 1 49 49
è2 ø x 2 + 7x + - +2
4 4
x 2 - 2x + 1 - 1 + 2 2
æ 7 ö 41
=çx + ÷ -
= ( x - 1) + 1
2
è 2ø 4
Cannot be factorised. æ 7 41 öæ 7 41 ö
=çx + + ÷ç x+ - ÷
ç 2 2 ÷ç 2 2 ÷ø
æ b2 ö è øè
k b = -8\çç ÷÷ = 16 æ
è2 ø 7 + 41 öæ 7 - 41 ö
=çx + ÷ç x+ ÷
ç 2 ÷ç 2 ÷ø
x 2 - 8 x + 16 - 16 - 1 è øè
= ( x - 4 ) - 17
2

æ b 2 ö 25
( )(
= x - 4 + 17 x - 4 - 17 ) c b = 5\çç ÷÷ =
è2 ø 4
25 25
x 2 + 5x + - - 2
æ b2 ö 4 4
l b = -4\çç ÷÷ = 4 2
è2 ø æ 5 ö 33
=çx + ÷ -
x - 4x + 4 - 4 + 6
2
è 2ø 4
= ( x - 2) + 2
2 æ 5 3 öæ 5 3ö
=çx + + ÷ç x+ - ÷
ç 2 2 ÷ç 2 2 ÷ø
Cannot be factorised. è øè
æ 5 + 3 öæ 5- 3 ö
=çx + ÷ç x+ ÷
ç ÷ç
2 øè 2 ÷ø
è

© Cambridge University Press 2019 36

 æ b 2 ö 81 æ b 2 ö 25
d b = 9\çç ÷÷ = g b = -5\çç ÷÷ =
è2 ø 4 è2 ø 4
81 81 25 25 3
x 2 + 9x + - -3 x 2 - 5x + - -
4 4 4 4 2
2 2
æ 9 ö 93 æ 5 ö 31
=çx + ÷ - =çx - ÷ -
è 2ø 4 è 2ø 4
æ 9 93 öæ 9 93 ö æ 5 31 öæ 5 31 ö
=çx + + ÷ç x+ - ÷ =çx - + ÷ç x- - ÷
ç 2 2 ÷ç 2 2 ÷ø ç 2 2 ÷ç 2 2 ÷ø
è øè è øè
æ 9 + 93 öæ 9 - 93 ö æ 5 + 31 öæ 5 - 31 ö
=çx + ÷ç x+ ÷ =çx - ÷ç x- ÷
ç 2 øè÷ç 2 ÷ø ç 2 øè÷ç 2 ÷ø
è è

æ b 2 ö 81
æb ö 9
2 h b = -9\çç ÷÷ =
e b = -3\çç ÷÷ = è2 ø 4
è2 ø 4 81 81 5
x 2 - 9x + - -
9 9 1 4 4 2
x 2 - 3x + - +
4 4 2 æ
2
9 ö 91
2 =çx - ÷ -
æ 3ö 7 è 2ø 4
=çx - ÷ -
è 2ø 4 æ 9 91 öæ 9 91 ö
æ =çx - + ÷ç x- - ÷
3 7 öæ 3 7ö ç 2 ÷ç
2 øè 2 2 ÷ø
=çx - + ÷ç x- - ÷ è
ç 2 2 ÷ç 2 2 ÷ø
è øè æ 9 + 91 öæ 9 - 91 ö
æ =çx - ÷ç x- ÷
3 + 7 öæ 3- 7 ö ç 2 ÷ç 2 ÷ø
=çx - ÷ç x- ÷ è øè
ç 2 ÷ç 2 ÷ø
è øè
8

f
æ b ö 25
2

b = -5\çç ÷÷ =
a (
2x 2 + 12x + 8 = 2 x 2 + 6 x + 4 )
è2 ø 4 = 2( x 2
+ 6x + 9 - 9 + 4 )
25 25 1
x 2 - 5x + - +
4 4 2 (
= 2 ( x + 3) - 5
2
)
( )( )
2
æ 5 ö 23 = 2 x +3+ 5 x +3- 5
=çx - ÷ -
è 2ø 4
æ 5
=çx - +
23 öæ
֍
5
x- -
23 ö
÷
b (
3x 2 + 12x - 3 = 3 x 2 + 4 x - 1 )
ç 2 2 ÷ç 2 2 ÷ø
è øè = 3( x 2
+ 4x + 4 - 4 - 1 )
æ 5 + 23 öæ 5 - 23 ö
=çx -
ç
è 2 øè
֍
֍
x-
2 ÷ø
÷ (
= 3 ( x + 2) - 5
2
)
(
=3 x +2+ 5 x +2- 5 )( )

© Cambridge University Press 2019 37

c (
4 x 2 - 8 x - 16 = 4 x 2 - 2x - 4 ) i (
-3x 2 + 24 x - 15 = -3 x 2 - 8 x + 5 )
= 4( x 2
- 2x + 1 - 1 - 4 ) = -3 ( x 2
- 8 x + 16 - 16 + 5 )
(
= 4 ( x - 1) - 5
2
) (
= -3 ( x - 4 ) - 11
2
)
(
= 4 x -1+ 5 x -1- 5 )( ) (
= -3 x - 4 + 11 x - 4 - 11 )( )
d (
3x 2 - 24 x + 6 = 3 x 2 - 8 x + 2 ) 9

= 3( x
a (
3x 2 + 9 x + 3 = 3 x 2 + 3x + 1 )
2
- 8 x + 16 - 16 + 2 )
æb ö 9
2

(
= 3 ( x - 4 ) - 14
2
) b = 3\çç ÷÷ =
è2 ø 4
(
= 3 x - 4 + 14 x - 4 - 14 )( ) æ 9 9
3 ç x 2 + 3x + - + 1 ÷
ö
è 4 4 ø
e (
-2x - 4 x + 10 = -2 x 2 + 2x - 5 ) ææ 3ö 5ö
2

= 3ç ç x + ÷ - ÷
çè 2 ø 4 ÷ø
= -2 ( x 2
+ 2x + 1 - 1 - 5 ) è

(
= -2 ( x + 1) - 6
2
) æ
= 3ç x + +
ç
3
2 2 øè
5 öæ
֍
֍
3
x+ -
5ö
2 2 ÷ø
÷
è
(
= -2 x + 1 + 6 x + 1 - 6 )( ) æ 3 + 5 öæ 3- 5 ö
= 3ç x + ÷ç x+ ÷
ç 2 ÷ç 2 ÷ø
è øè
f (
-3x 2 - 30x - 3 = -3 x 2 + 10x + 1 )
= -3 ( x 2
+ 10x + 25 - 25 + 1 ) b (
5x 2 + 15x - 35 = 5 x 2 + 3x - 7 )
(
= -3 ( x + 5) - 24
2
) æ b2 ö 9
b = 3\çç ÷÷ =
è2 ø 4
( )(
= -3 x + 5 + 24 x + 5 - 24 ) æ 9 9 ö
5 ç x 2 + 3x + - - 7 ÷
= -3 ( x + 5 + 2 6 )( x + 5 - 2 6 ) è 4 4 ø
ææ 3 ö 37 ö
2

= 5ç ç x + ÷ - ÷
g (
-4 x 2 - 16 x + 12 = -4 x 2 + 4 x - 3 ) çè
è 2ø 4 ÷ø
= -4 ( x 2
+ 4x + 4 - 4 - 3 ) æ 3 37 öæ 3 37 ö
= 5ç x + + ÷ç x+ - ÷
(
= -4 ( x + 2) - 7
2
) ç
è 2 2 ÷ç
øè 2 2 ÷ø
æ 3 + 37 öæ 3 - 37 ö
(
= -4 x + 2 + 7 x + 2 - 7 )( ) = 5ç x +
ç 2 øè
֍
֍
x+
2 ÷ø
÷
è

h (
-2x 2 + 16 x + 4 = -2 x 2 - 8 x - 2 )
= -2 ( x 2
- 8 x + 16 - 16 - 2 )
(
= -2 ( x - 4 ) - 18
2
)
( )(
= -2 x - 4 + 18 x - 4 - 18 )
= -2 ( x - 4 + 3 2 )( x - 4 - 3 2 )

© Cambridge University Press 2019 38

c (
2x 2 - 10x + 4 = 2 x 2 - 5x + 2 ) f (
-2x 2 - 14 x + 8 = -2 x 2 + 7 x - 4 )
æ b 2 ö 25 æ b 2 ö 49
b = -5\çç ÷÷ = b = 7\çç ÷÷ =
è2 ø 4 è2 ø 4
æ 25 25 ö æ 49 49 ö
2 ç x 2 - 5x + - + 2 ÷ -2 ç x 2 + 7 x + - - 4÷
è 4 4 ø è 4 4 ø
ææ 5 ö 17 ö
2
ææ 7 ö 65 ö
2

= 2ç ç x - ÷ - ÷ = -2 ç ç x + ÷ - ÷
çè 2ø 4 ÷ø çè 2ø 4 ÷ø
è è
æ 5 17 öæ 5 17 ö æ 7 65 öæ 7 65 ö
= 2ç x - + ÷ç x- - ÷ = -2 ç x + + ÷ç x+ - ÷
ç 2 ÷ç
2 øè 2 2 ÷ø ç 2 ÷ç
2 øè 2 2 ÷ø
è è
æ 5 + 17 öæ 5 - 17 ö æ 7 + 65 öæ 7 - 65 ö
= 2ç x - ÷ç x- ÷ = -2 ç x + ÷ç x+ ÷
ç 2 ÷ç 2 ÷ø ç 2 ÷ç 2 ÷ø
è øè è øè

d (
4 x 2 - 28 x + 12 = 4 x 2 - 7 x + 3 ) g (
-4 x 2 + 12x + 20 = -4 x 2 - 3x - 5 )
æ b ö 49
2
æb ö 9
2

b = -7\çç ÷÷ = b = -3\çç ÷÷ =
è2 ø 4 è2 ø 4
æ 49 49 ö æ 9 9 ö
4 ç x 2 - 7x + - + 3÷ -4 ç x 2 - 3x + - - 5 ÷
è 4 4 ø è 4 4 ø
ææ 7 ö 37 ö
2
ææ 3 ö 29 ö
2

= 4ç ç x - ÷ - ÷ = -4 ç ç x - ÷ - ÷
çè 2ø 4 ÷ø çè 2ø 4 ÷ø
è è
æ 7 37 öæ 7 37 ö æ 3 29 öæ 3 29 ö
= 4ç x - + ÷ç x- - ÷ = -4 ç x - + ÷ç x- - ÷
ç 2 2 ÷ç 2 2 ÷ø ç 2 2 ÷ç 2 2 ÷ø
è øè è øè
æ 7 + 37 öæ 7 - 37 ö æ 3 + 29 öæ 3 - 29 ö
= 4ç x - ÷ç x- ÷ = -4 ç x - ÷ç x- ÷
ç 2 ÷ç 2 ÷ø ç 2 ÷ç 2 ÷ø
è øè è øè

e (
-3x 2 - 21x + 6 = -3 x 2 + 7 x - 2 ) h (
-3x 2 + 9x + 6 = -3 x 2 - 3x - 2 )
æ b 2 ö 49 æ b2 ö 9
b = 7\çç ÷÷ = b = -3\çç ÷÷ =
è2 ø 4 è2 ø 4
æ 49 49 ö æ 9 9 ö
-3 ç x 2 + 7 x + - - 2÷ -3 ç x 2 - 3x + - - 2 ÷
è 4 4 ø è 4 4 ø
ææ 7 ö 57 ö
2
ææ 3 ö 17 ö
2

= -3 ç ç x + ÷ - ÷ = -3 ç ç x - ÷ - ÷
çè 2ø 4 ÷ø çè 2ø 4 ÷ø
è è
æ 7 57 öæ 7 57 ö æ 3 17 öæ 3 17 ö
= -3 ç x + + ÷ç x+ - ÷ = -3 ç x - + ÷ç x- - ÷
ç 2 2 ÷ç 2 2 ÷ø ç 2 2 ÷ç 2 2 ÷ø
è øè è øè
æ 7 + 57 öæ 7 - 57 ö æ 3 + 17 öæ 3 - 17 ö
= -3 ç x + ÷ç x+ ÷ = -3 ç x - ÷ç x- ÷
ç 2 øè ÷ç 2 ÷ø ç 2 øè ÷ç 2 ÷ø
è è

© Cambridge University Press 2019 39

i (
-2x 2 + 10x + 8 = -2 x 2 - 5x - 4 ) c i
æ b2 ö
b = 4\çç ÷÷ = 4
æ b 2 ö 25 è2 ø
b = -5\çç ÷÷ =
è2 ø 4 x 2 + 4x + 4 - 4 + m
= ( x + 2) - 4 + m
2
æ 25 25 ö
-2 ç x 2 - 5x + - - 4 ÷
è 4 4 ø \-4 + m £ 0
ææ 5 ö 41 ö
2
m£4
= -2 ç ç x - ÷ - ÷ æ b2 ö
çè 2ø 4 ÷ø
è ii b = -6\çç ÷÷ = 9
æ è2 ø
5 41 öæ 5 41 ö
= -2 ç x - + ÷ç x- - ÷ x 2 - 6x + 9 - 9 + m
ç 2 ÷ç
2 øè 2 2 ÷ø
è
= ( x - 3) - 9 + m
2

æ 5 + 41 öæ 5 - 41 ö
= -2 ç x - ÷ç x- ÷ \-9 + m £ 0
ç 2 ÷ç 2 ÷ø
è øè
m£9
æ b2 ö
10 iii b = -10\ç ÷ = 25
ç2 ÷
æ b2 ö è ø
a b = -2\çç ÷÷ = 1
è2 ø x 2 - 10x + 25 - 25 + m
= ( x - 5) - 25 + m
2
x - 2x - 24 = x 2 - 2x + 1 - 1 - 24
2

= ( x - 1) - 25
2
\-25 + m £ 0
= ( x - 1 + 5)( x - 1 - 5) m £ 25
12
= ( x + 4 )( x - 6 ) æ 5 ö
a 2x 2 + 5x - 12 = 2 ç x 2 + x - 6 ÷
b It would be simpler to factorise the è 2 ø
quadratic trinomial directly by finding
æ 5 25 25 ö
numbers whose sum is -2 and product = 2ç x 2 + x + - -6÷
is -24. è 2 16 16 ø
ææ 5 ö 121 ö
2

11 = 2ç ç x + ÷ - ÷
çè 4ø 16 ÷ø
a Taking the difference of two squares è
would involve taking the square root ææ 5 ö æ 11 ö ö
2 2

of a negative number. = 2ç ç x + ÷ - ç ÷ ÷
çè 4 ø è 4 ø ÷ø
è
b i -25 < 0 so yes. æ 5 11 öæ 5 11 ö
ii -10 < 0 so yes. = 2 ç x + + ÷ç x + - ÷
è 4 4 øè 4 4 ø
iii 6 > 0 so no.
iv 11 > 0 so no. æ 3ö
= 2( x + 4) ç x - ÷
v 4 > 0 so no. è 2ø
vi -8 < 0 so yes.
vii -15 < 0 so yes.
viii 1 > 0 so no.

© Cambridge University Press 2019 40

 æ 4 ö æ 3 ö
b 3x 2 + 4 x - 3 = 3 ç x 2 + x - 1 ÷ e -2x 2 - 3x + 4 = -2 ç x 2 + x - 2 ÷
è 3 ø è 2 ø
æ 4 16 16 ö æ 3 9 9 ö
= 3ç x 2 + x + - -1 = -2 ç x 2 + x + - - 2÷
è 3 36 36 ÷ø è 2 16 16 ø
ææ 2 ö 13 ö
2
ææ 3 ö 41 ö
2

= 3ç ç x + ÷ - ÷ = -2 ç ç x + ÷ - ÷
çè 3ø 9 ÷ø çè 4 ø 16 ÷ø
è è
æ 2
æ 13 ö ö
2
æ 3
2
æ 41 ö ö
2
æ 2 ö æ ö
= 3ç ç x + ÷ - ç ÷ ÷ = -2 ç ç x + ÷ - ç ÷ ÷
çè 3 ø çè 3 ÷ø ÷ çè 4 ø çè 4 ÷ø ÷
è ø è ø
æ 2 13 öæ 2 13 ö æ 3 + 41 öæ 3 - 41 ö
= 3ç x + + ÷ç x+ - ÷ = -2 ç x + ÷ç x+ ÷
ç 3 3 ÷ç 3 3 ÷ø ç 4 ÷ç 4 ÷ø
è øè è øè
æ 2 + 13 öæ 2 - 13 ö
= 3ç x + ÷ç x+ ÷ æ 7 ö
ç 3 øè ÷ç 3 ÷ø f -3x 2 - 7 x - 3 = -3 ç x 2 + x + 1 ÷
è
è 3 ø
æ 7 49 49 ö
æ 7 ö = -3 ç x 2 + x + - + 1÷
c 4 x 2 - 7 x - 16 = 4 ç x 2 - x - 4 ÷ è 3 36 36 ø
è 4 ø
ææ 7 ö 13 ö
2
æ 2 7 49 49 ö = -3 ç ç x + ÷ - ÷
= 4ç x - x + - - 4÷ çè 6 ø 36 ÷ø
è 4 64 64 ø è
ææ 7 ö 305 ö
2
æ 7 ö æ 13 ö ö÷
2 2

= 4ç ç x - ÷ - ÷ ç æ
çè = -3 ç x + ÷ - ç ÷
è 8ø 64 ÷ø çè 6 ø çè 6 ÷ø ÷
è ø
æ 2
æ 305 ö ö
2
æ
æ 7 ö
= 4ç ç x - ÷ - ç 7 + 13 öæ 7 - 13 ö
÷ ÷ = -3 ç x + ÷ç x+ ÷
çè 8 ø çè 8 ÷ø ÷ ç
è 6 øè ÷ç 6 ÷ø
è ø
æ 7 + 305 öæ 7 - 305 ö
= 4ç x - ÷ç x- ÷÷ æ 11 ö
ç 8 ÷ç 8 -4 x 2 + 11x - 24 = -4 ç x 2 - x + 6 ÷
è øè ø g 4
è ø
æ 11 121 121 ö
= -4 ç x 2 - x + - + 6÷
æ 2 ö è 4 64 64 ø
d 3x 2 - 2x + 6 = 3 ç x 2 - x + 2 ÷
è 3 ø æ æ 11 ö2 263 ö
= -4 ç ç x - ÷ + ÷
æ 2 4 4 ö çè 8 ø 64 ÷ø
= 3ç x 2 - x + - + 2 ÷ è
è 3 36 36 ø 263
> 0, so not factorisable.
ææ 2 ö 68 ö
2
64
= 3ç ç x - ÷ + ÷
çè 6 ø 36 ÷ø
è
68
> 0, so not factorisable
36

© Cambridge University Press 2019 41

 æ 3 ö æ 3 5ö
h -2x 2 + 3x + 4 = -2 ç x 2 - x - 2 ÷ k -2x 2 - 3x + 5 = -2 ç x 2 + x - ÷
è 2 ø è 2 2ø
æ 3 9 9 ö æ 3 9 9 40 ö
= -2 ç x 2 - x + - - 2÷ = -2 ç x 2 + x + - -
è 2 16 16 ø è 2 16 16 16 ÷ø
ææ 3 ö 41 ö
2
ææ 3 ö 49 ö
2

= -2 ç ç x - ÷ - ÷ = -2 ç ç x + ÷ - ÷
çè 4 ø 16 ÷ø çè 4 ø 16 ÷ø
è è
æ 3
2
æ 41 ö ö
2
ææ 3ö æ7ö ö
2 2
æ ö
= -2 ç ç x - ÷ - ç ÷ ÷ = -2 ç ç x + ÷ - ç ÷ ÷
çè
çè 4 ø çè 4 ÷ø ÷ è 4 ø è 4 ø ÷ø
è ø
æ æ 3 + 7 öæ 3-7 ö
3 + 41 öæ 3 - 41 ö = -2 ç x + ÷ç x+
= -2 ç x -
ç ÷ç x- ÷ è 4 øè 4 ÷ø
è 4 ÷ç øè 4 ÷ø
æ 5ö
= -2 ç x + ÷ ( x - 1)
5 7ö è 2ø
æ
i 2x 2 + 5x - 7 = 2 ç x 2 + x - ÷
è 2 2ø
æ 7 4ö
æ 5 25 25 7 ö l -3x 2 - 7 x - 4 = -3 ç x 2 + x + ÷
= 2ç x 2 + x + - - ÷ è 3 3ø
è 2 16 16 2 ø
æ 7 49 49 48 ö
ææ 5 ö 81 ö
2 = -3 ç x 2 + x + - +
= 2ç ç x + ÷ - ÷ è 3 36 36 36 ÷ø
çè 4 ø 16 ÷ø
è ææ 7ö
2
1 ö
ææ = -3 ç ç x + ÷ - ÷
5ö æ9ö ö
2 2
çè 6 ø 36 ÷ø
= 2ç ç x + ÷ - ç ÷ ÷ è
çè 4 ø è 4 ø ÷ø
è ææ 7ö æ1ö ö
2 2

æ 5 + 9 öæ 5-9 ö = -3 ç ç x + ÷ - ç ÷ ÷
= 2ç x + x+ çè 6 ø è 6 ø ÷ø
÷ç è
è 4 øè 4 ÷ø
æ 8 öæ 6ö
æ 7ö = -3 ç x + ÷ç x + ÷
= 2 ç x + ÷ ( x - 1) è 6 øè 6ø
è 2ø
æ 4ö
= -3 ç x + ÷ ( x + 1)
4 5ö è 3ø
æ
j 3x 2 + 4 x - 5 = 3 ç x 2 + x - ÷
è 3 3ø
æ 4 4 4 15 ö
= 3ç x 2 + x + - - ÷
è 3 9 9 9 ø
ææ 2 ö 19 ö
2

= 3ç ç x + ÷ - ÷
çè 3ø 9 ÷ø
è
æ 2
2
æ 19 ö ö
2
æ ö
= 3ç ç x + ÷ - ç ÷ ÷
çè 3 ø çè 3 ÷ø ÷
è ø
æ 2 + 19 öæ 2 - 19 ö
= 3ç x + ÷ç x+ ÷
ç 3 ÷ç 3 ÷ø
è øè

© Cambridge University Press 2019 42

Solutions to Exercise 8F
1 g x ( x + 1) = 4
a x = -1, x = 0
x2 + x - 4 = 0
b x = 5, x = 0
h 2x ( x - 3 ) = 5
c x = 4, x = 0 2x 2 - 6 x - 5 = 0

d x = -2, x = 3 i x 2 = 4 ( x - 3)
e x = -5, x = 4 x 2 = 4 x - 12
x 2 - 4 x + 12 = 0
f x = -1, x = 1
j 2 = x ( x - 3)
g x = 3, x = - 3
x 2 - 3x = 2
h x = 5, x = - 5 x 2 - 3x - 2 = 0

k -4 = x (3x + 2)
i x = 2 2, x = -2 2
3x 2 + 2x = -4
1 7 3x 2 + 2x + 4 = 0
j x = , x =-
2 3
l x 2 = 3(2 - x )
5 2
k x= , x =- x 2 = 6 - 3x
4 5
x 2 + 3x - 6 = 0
3 3
l x =- , x =- 3
8 4 a 2 solutions: x = 2, x = 1
2
b 2 solutions: x = -7, x = -3
a x 2 + 2x = 3
x 2 + 2x - 3 = 0 c 1 solution: x = -1

b x 2 - 3x = 10 d 1 solution: x = 3
x - 3x - 10 = 0
2

e 2 solutions: x = 2, x = - 2
c x - 5x = -6
2

f 2 solutions: x = -8, x = 5
x 2 - 5x + 6 = 0
g 1 solution: x = -2
d 5x 2 = 2x + 7
5x 2 - 2x - 7 = 0 h 1 solution: x = -3

e 3x 2 = 14 x - 8 1
i 1 solution: x = -
3x - 14 x + 8 = 0
2 2

f 4x 2 = 3 - 4x
4x 2 + 4x - 3 = 0

© Cambridge University Press 2019 43

4 k x 2 = -5x
a x - 4x = 0
2
x 2 + 5x = 0
x ( x - 4) = 0
x ( x + 5) = 0
x = 4 or x = 0
x = -5 or x = 0
b x 2 - 3x = 0 l 7x 2 = -x
x ( x - 3) = 0 7x 2 + x = 0
x = 3 or x = 0 x (7 x + 1 ) = 0

c x 2 + 2x = 0 1
x =- or x = 0
7
x ( x + 2) = 0
x = -2 or x = 0 m 5x 2 = 20
x2 = 4
d 3x - 12x = 0
2
x2 - 4 = 0
3x ( x - 4 ) = 0
( x + 2)( x - 2) = 0
x = 4 or x = 0
x = 2 or x = -2
e 2x 2 - 10x = 0 n 3x 2 = 27
2x ( x - 5 ) = 0 x2 = 9
x = 5 or x = 0 x2 - 9 = 0

f 4x 2 + 8x = 0
( x + 3)( x - 3) = 0
x = 3 or x = -3
4 x ( x + 2) = 0
x = -2 or x = 0 o 2x 2 = 72
x 2 = 36
g x2 - 7 = 0
x 2 - 36 = 0
( x + 7 )( x - 7 ) = 0 ( x + 6 )( x - 6 ) = 0
x = 7 or x = - 7 x = 6 or x = -6
5
h x 2 - 11 = 0
a x 2 + 3x + 2 = 0
(x + )(
11 x - 11 = 0 ) ( x + 2)( x + 1) = 0
x = 11 or x = - 11 x = -2 or x = -1

i 3x 2 - 15 = 0 b x 2 + 5x + 6 = 0

(
3 x2 - 5 = 0 ) ( x + 3)( x + 2) = 0
x = -3 or x = -2
( )(
3 x + 5 x - 5 =0 )
c x 2 - 6x + 8 = 0
x = 5 or x = - 5
( x - 4 )( x - 2) = 0
j x 2 = 2x x = 4 or x = 2
x - 2x = 0
2
d x 2 - 7 x + 10 = 0
x ( x - 2) = 0 ( x - 5)( x - 2) = 0
x = 2 or x = 0 x = 5 or x = 2

© Cambridge University Press 2019 44

e x 2 + 4 x - 12 = 0 6
a 2x 2 + 11x + 12 = 0
( x + 6 )( x - 2) = 0
x = -6 or x = 2 (2x + 3)( x + 4 ) = 0
3
x =- or x = -4
f x + 2x - 15 = 0
2
2
( x + 5)( x - 3) = 0
b 4 x 2 + 16 x + 7 = 0
x = -5 or x = 3
(2x + 1)(2x + 7 ) = 0
g x 2 - x - 20 = 0 1 7
x =- or x = -
( x - 5)( x + 4 ) = 0 2 2
x = 5 or x = -4 c 2x 2 - 17 x + 35 = 0

h x 2 - 5x - 24 = 0 (2x - 7 )( x - 5) = 0
7
( x - 8 )( x + 3) = 0 x= or x = 5
2
x = 8 or x = -3
d 2x 2 - 23x + 11 = 0
i x - 12x + 32 = 0
2

(2x - 1)( x - 11) = 0

( x - 8 )( x - 4 ) = 0
1
x = 8 or x = 4 x= or x = 11
2
j x 2 + 4x + 4 = 0
e 3x 2 - 4 x - 15 = 0
( x + 2)
2
=0 (3x + 5)( x - 3) = 0
x = -2 5
x =- or x = 3
3
k x 2 + 10x + 25 = 0
( x + 5)
2
=0 f 5x 2 - 7 x - 6 = 0
x = -5 (5x + 3)( x - 2) = 0
3
l x 2 - 8 x + 16 = 0 x =- or x = 2
5
( x - 4)
2
=0
x =4 g 6 x 2 + 7 x - 20 = 0
(3x - 4 )(2x + 5) = 0
m x - 14 x + 49 = 0
2
4 5
x= or x = -
( x - 7)
2
=0 3 2
x =7
h 7 x 2 + 25x - 12 = 0
n x 2 - 24 x + 144 = 0 (7x - 3)( x + 4 ) = 0
( x - 12)
2
=0 3
x= or x = -4
x = 12 7
7
o x + 18 x + 81 = 0
2

( x + 9)
2
=0
x = -9

© Cambridge University Press 2019 45

a 2x 2 + 16 x + 24 = 0 b x 2 = 4 ( x + 8)
(
2 x 2 + 8 x + 12 = 0 ) x 2 - 4 x - 32 = 0
2 ( x + 6 )( x + 2) = 0 ( x - 8 )( x + 4 ) = 0
x = -6 or x = -2 x = 8 or x = -4

b 2x 2 - 20x - 22 = 0 c x 2 = 3 ( 2x - 3 )
2 ( x - 10x - 11 ) = 0 x 2 - 6x + 9 = 0
( x - 3)
2
2 ( x - 11)( x + 1 ) = 0 =0
x = -1 or x = 11 x =3

c 3x 2 - 18 x + 27 = 0 d x 2 + 7 x = -10
(
3 x 2 - 6x + 9 = 0 ) x 2 + 7 x + 10 = 0

3 ( x - 3) = 0
2 ( x + 5)( x + 2) = 0
x = -5 or x = -2
x =3

e x 2 - 8 x = -15
d 5x 2 - 20x + 20 = 0
x 2 - 8 x + 15 = 0
(
5 x 2 - 4x + 4 = 0 )
( x - 5)( x - 3) = 0
5 ( x - 2) = 0
2

x = 5 or x = 3
x =2
f x ( x + 4) = 4x + 9
e -8 x 2 - 4 x + 24 = 0
x 2 + 4x - 4x - 9 = 0
(
-4 2x + x - 6 = 0
2
) x2 - 9 = 0
-4 ( 2x - 3)( x + 2) = 0 ( x + 3)( x - 3) = 0
3 x = 3 or x = -3
x = or x = -2
2
g 2x - 16 = x ( 2 - x )
f 18 x 2 - 57 x + 30 = 0
2x - 16 = 2x - x 2
(
3 6 x 2 - 19x + 10 = 0 ) x 2 - 16 = 0
3 (3x - 2)( 2x - 5) = 0 ( x + 4 )( x - 4 ) = 0
2 5 x = 4 or x = -4
x= or x =
3 2
h x 2 + 12x + 10 = 2x + 1
8
a x 2 = 2 ( x + 12) x 2 + 10x + 9 = 0

x 2 - 2x - 24 = 0
( x + 9)( x + 1) = 0
x = -9 or x = -1
( x - 6 )( x + 4 ) = 0
x = 6 or x = -4 i x 2 + x - 9 = 5x - 4
x 2 - 4x - 5 = 0
( x - 5)( x + 1) = 0
x = 5 or x = -1

© Cambridge University Press 2019 46

j x 2 - 5x = -15x - 25 9
5x + 84
x + 10x + 25 = 0
2
a =x
x
( x + 5)
2
=0
5x + 84 = x 2
x = -5
x 2 - 5x - 84 = 0
k x 2 - 14 x = 2x - 64 ( x - 12)( x + 7 ) = 0
x 2 - 16 x + 64 = 0 x = 12 or x = -7
9x + 70
( x - 8)
2
=0 b =x
x
x =8
9x + 70 = x 2
l x ( x + 4 ) = 4 ( x + 16 ) x 2 - 9x - 70 = 0
x 2 + 4 x = 4 x + 64 ( x - 14 )( x + 5) = 0
x - 64 = 0
2
x = 14 or x = -5
( x + 8 )( x - 8 ) = 0
18 - 7 x
x = 8 or x = -8 c =x
x
m 2x ( x - 2 ) = 6 18 - 7 x = x 2
2x 2 - 4 x - 6 = 0 x 2 + 7 x - 18 = 0

(
2 x 2 - 2x - 3 = 0 ) ( x - 2)( x + 9) = 0
x = 2 or x = -9
2 ( x - 3)( x + 1 ) = 0
x = 3 or x = -1 d

n 3x ( x + 6 ) = 4 ( x - 2 )
3x 2 + 18 x = 4 x - 8
3x 2 + 14 x + 8 = 0
(3x + 2)( x + 4 ) = 0
2
x =- or x = -4
3
6x + 8
e =x
o 4 x ( x + 5) = 6 x - 4 x 2 - 3 5x
6 x + 8 = 5x 2
4 x 2 + 20x - 6 x + 4 x 2 + 3 = 0
5x 2 - 6 x - 8 = 0
8 x 2 + 14 x + 3 = 0
( 4x + 1)(2x + 3) = 0 (5x + 4 )( x - 2) = 0
4
1 3 x =- or x = 2
x = - or x = - 5
4 2

© Cambridge University Press 2019 47

 7 x + 10 b x4 – 36 = 0
f = 3x
2x let u = x2
7 x + 10 = 6 x 2 u2 – 36 = 0
6 x 2 - 7 x - 10 = 0 (u + 6) (u – 6) = 0
(6x + 5)( x - 2) = 0 u = –6 or u2 = 6
5 \ x2 = –6 or x2 = 6
x =- or x = 2
6
(No solutions as a squared cannot be
negative)
3
g = x +2
x \x=± 6 only
3 = x 2 + 2x
x 2 + 2x - 3 = 0 c x4 – 13x4 + 36 = 0
( x + 3)( x - 1) = 0 let m = x2
x = -3 or x = 1 \ m2 + 13m + 36 = 0
1
h = 3 - 2x (m + 9)(m + 4) = 0
x
1 = 3x - 2x 2 m = –9 or –4

2x 2 - 3x + 1 = 0 \ x2 = –9 or –4

(2x - 1)( x - 1) = 0 however x2 = –9 or –4

1 \ No solutions
x= or x = 1
2
11
4
i = x +1 a i 2 ( x - 1)( x + 2) = 0
x -2
x = 1 or x = -2
4 = x2 - x - 2
ii ( x - 1)( x + 2) = 0
x2 - x - 6 = 0
x = 1 or x = -2
( x - 3)( x + 2) = 0
x = 3 or x = -2 b The common factor of 2 has made
no difference to the solutions.
10
a x4 – 13x2 + 36 = 0 c ( )
3 x 2 - 5x - 6 = 3x 2 - 15x - 18 , and
let m = x2 common factors make no difference when
solving.
\ m2 – 13m + 36 = 0
12 x 2 + 16 x + 64 = ( x + 8 ) so x = -8 is the
2
(m – 9) (m – 4) = 0
m = 9 or m = 4 only solution. Perfect squares only have a
\ x2 = 9 or x2 = 4 single solution.

and
x = ±3 or ±2

© Cambridge University Press 2019 48

13 The student has applied the null factor law x 2 + 12
when the product does not equal zero. The e = -8
x
first step should have been to subtract 7
from both sides. x 2 + 12 = -8 x
x 2 - 2x - 8 = 7 x 2 + 8 x + 12 = 0
x 2 - 2x - 15 = 0 ( x + 6 )( x + 2) = 0
( x - 5)( x + 3) = 0 x = -6 or x = -2
x = 5 or x = -3
2x 2 - 12
f = -5
14 x
2 2x 2 - 12 = -5x
a x +3= -
x 2x 2 + 5x - 12 = 0
x + 3x = -2
2
(2x - 3)( x + 4 ) = 0
x 2 + 3x + 2 = 0 3
x= or x = -4
( x + 2)( x + 1) = 0 2
x = -2 or x = -1
x -5 6
g =
1 4 x
b - = x -2
x x ( x - 5) = 6 ´ 4
-1 = x 2 - 2x x 2 - 5x - 24 = 0
x 2 - 2x + 1 = 0 ( x - 8 )( x + 3) = 0
( x - 1)
2
=0 x = 8 or x = -3
x =1
x -2 5
h =
5 3 x
c - = 2x - 11
x x ( x - 2) = 5 ´ 3
-5 = 2x 2 - 11x x 2 - 2x - 15 = 0
2x 2 - 11x + 5 = 0 ( x - 5)( x + 3) = 0
(2x - 1)( x - 5) = 0 x = 5 or x = -3
1
x= or x = 5 x - 4 -2
2 i =
2 x
x 2 - 48 x ( x - 4 ) = -2 ´ 2
d =2
x x 2 - 4x + 4 = 0
x 2 - 48 = 2x ( x - 2)
2
=0
x 2 - 2x - 48 = 0 x =2
( x - 8 )( x + 6 ) = 0
x = 8 or x = -6

© Cambridge University Press 2019 49

 x +4 3
j - =1 l
2 x -3
( x + 4 )( x - 3) - 6 = 2 ( x - 3)
x 2 + x - 18 = 2x - 6
x 2 - x - 12 = 0
( x - 4 )( x + 3) = 0
x = 4 or x = -3

x x +1
k - =1
x -2 x + 4
x ( x + 4 ) - ( x + 1)( x - 2) = ( x - 2)( x + 4 )
x 2 + 4 x - x 2 + x + 2 = x 2 + 2x - 8
x 2 - 3x - 10 = 0
( x - 5)( x + 2) = 0
x = 5 or x = -2

© Cambridge University Press 2019 50

Solutions to Exercise 8G
1 3 Let x cm be the base length of the triangle.
a Let x m be the width of the rectangle. Height = x + 2
1
b Length = x + 5 m. x ( x + 2) = 24
2
x 2 + 2x = 48
c x ( x + 5) = 24
x 2 + 2x - 48 = 0
d x 2 + 5x = 24 ( x + 8 )( x - 6 ) = 0
x 2 + 5x - 24 = 0 x = -8 or x = 6
x > 0, so choose x = 6. The triangle’s base
length is 6 cm and the height is 8 cm.

4 Let x m be the base length of the triangle.

e x 2 + 5x - 24 = 0 Height = x – 5
( x + 8 )( x - 3) = 0 1
x ( x - 5) = 7
x = -8 or x = 3 2
x > 0, so choose x = 3. The rectangle’s x 2 - 5x = 14
width is 3 m and the length is 8 m. x 2 - 5x - 14 = 0
2
a Let x m be the width of the rectangle. ( x + 2)( x - 7 ) = 0
Length = x + 4 x = -2 or x = 7
x ( x + 4 ) = 60 x > 0, so choose x = 7. The triangle’s base
length is 7 m and the height is 2 m.
x 2 + 4 x - 60 = 0
( x + 10)( x - 6 ) = 0 5 Let x be the lower of the two numbers.
x = -10 or x = 6 The higher number = x + 1
x > 0, so choose x = 6. The rectangle’s x ( x + 1) = 72
width is 6 m and the length is 10 m. x 2 + x - 72 = 0
b Let x m be the width of the rectangle. ( x + 9)( x - 8 ) = 0
Length = x – 2 x = -9 or x = 8
x ( x - 2) = 63 The sets of numbers that meet the criteria
are 8 and 9, and -9 and -8.
x 2 - 2x - 63 = 0
( x + 7 )( x - 9) = 0 6 Let x be the lower of the two numbers.
x = -7 or x = 9 The other number = x + 2
x > 0, so choose x = 9. The rectangle’s x ( x + 2) = 168
width is 9 m and the length is 7 m. x 2 + 2x - 168 = 0
c Let x mm be the width of the rectangle. ( x + 14 )( x - 12) = 0
Length = x – 3 x = -14 or x = 12
x ( x - 3) = 154 x > 0, so choose x = 12. The numbers
are 12 and 14.
x 2 - 3x - 154 = 0
( x + 11)( x - 14 ) = 0
x = -11 or x = 14
x > 0, so choose x = 14. The rectangle’s
width is 14 mm and the length is 11 mm.

© Cambridge University Press 2019 51

7 The addition has width x m and length ( 2x + 5 )
2
- 52 = 24
x + 10 m.
x ( x + 10) + 100 = 475 4 x 2 + 20x + 25 - 25 - 24 = 0

x 2 + 10x - 375 = 0 4 x 2 + 20x - 24 = 0

( x + 25)( x - 15) = 0 ( 4x - 4 )( x + 6 ) = 0
x = -25 or x = 15 x = 1 or x = -6
x > 0, so choose x = 1 m.
x > 0, so choose x = 15.

8 10 x 2 + 20 = 3 ( x + 20)
x 2 + ( x + 2) = 102
2
a x 2 + 20 = 3x + 60
x 2 + x 2 + 4 x + 4 - 100 = 0 x 2 - 3x - 40 = 0
2x 2 + 4 x - 96 = 0 ( x - 8 )( x + 5) = 0
(
2 x 2 + 2x - 48 = 0 ) x = 8 or x = -5
x > 0, so choose x = 8 years. The son is
( x + 8 )( x - 6 ) = 0 8 years old and the father is 64 years old.
x = -8 or x = 6
x > 0, so choose x = 6. 11 The frame will have length 2x + 30 cm and
width 2x + 20.

( x - 1)
2
b + 52 = x 2
x 2 - 2x + 1 + 25 = x 2
26 -2x = 0
x = 13
x > 0, so choose x = 13.

( x - 2) + 92 = ( x + 1)
2 2
c
x 2 - 4 x + 4 + 81 = x 2 + 2x + 1
84 - 6 x = 0
x = 14 (2x + 20)(2x + 30) = 1200
x > 0, so choose x = 14. 4 x 2 + 100x + 600 = 1200
4 x 2 + 100x - 600 = 0
9 The veranda will have side length
2x + 5 m, so the area of the veranda will (
4 x 2 + 25x - 150 = 0 )
be the area of a square of side length 2x +
5 minus the area of the hut. 4 ( x - 5)( x + 30 ) = 0
x = 5 or x = -30
x > 0, so choose x = 5 cm. The frame
is 5 cm wide.

© Cambridge University Press 2019 52

12 f The ball’s maximum height reached is 4 m.
1
a ´ 10 ´ (10 + 1) = 5 ´ 11 = 55 g No, 4 metres is the maximum height.
2
Assuming h = 5:
1 5 = t (4 - t )
b i n ( n + 1) = 28
2 5 = 4t - t 2
n2 + n = 56
t 2 - 4t + 5 = 0
n + n - 56 = 0
2

( t - 2) + 1 = 0
2

( n - 7 )( n + 8 ) = 0
(t - 2) = -1
2
n = 7 or n = -8
n > 0, so choose n = 7. There is no solution if h = 5.
1
ii n ( n + 1) = 91 14
2
a 0 = - x 2 + 100x
n2 + n = 182
x 2 = 100x
n2 + n - 182 = 0
x = 0 m or x = 100 m
( n - 13)( n + 14 ) = 0
n = 13 or n = -14 b The ball starts on the tee (at 0 m) and hits the
n > 0, so choose n = 13. ground again 100 m from the tee.
1
iii n ( n + 1) = 276 c 196 = - x 2 + 100x
2
n2 + n = 552 x 2 - 100x + 196 = 0
n2 + n - 552 = 0 ( x - 98 )( x - 2) = 0
( n - 23)( n + 24 ) = 0 x = 98 m or x = 2 m
n = 23 or n = -24 15 Let the side lengths be x and y.
n > 0, so choose n = 23. Then the perimeter is given by 2x + 2y
13 and the area by xy.
2x + 2 y = 100
a h = 1.5 ( 4 - 1.5) = 1.5 ´ 2.5 = 3.75 m
x + y = 50
b 3 = t (4 - t ) x = 50 - y (1)
3 = 4t - t 2 xy = 225 (2)
t 2 - 4t + 3 = 0 Substitute (1) into (2)

(t - 3)(t - 1) = 0 (50 - y ) y = 225

t = 3 seconds or t = 1 second 50 y - y 2 = 225
y 2 - 50 y + 225 = 0
c The ball passes through 3 m on its way up,
and again as it descends. ( y - 45)( y - 5) = 0
y = 45 m or y = 5 m
d t (4 - t ) = 0
x = 50 - y
t = 0 seconds, or t = 4 seconds
x = 5 m or x = 45 m
e 4 = t (4 - t )
The dimensions of the block of land
4 = 4t - t 2 are 5 m × 45 m.
t 2 - 4t + 4 = 0
( t - 2)
2
=0
t = 2 seconds

© Cambridge University Press 2019 53

16 Let the side lengths be x and y. Then the
perimeter is given by 2x + 2y and the area
by xy.
2x + 2 y = 700
x + y = 350
x = 350 - y (1)
xy = 30000 (2)
Substitute (1) into (2)

(350 - y ) y = 30 000
350 y - y 2 = 30 000
y 2 - 350 y + 30 000 = 0
( y - 150)( y - 200) = 0
y = 150 m or y = 200 m
x = 350 - y
x = 200 m or x = 150 m
The dimensions of the farm are
200 m × 150 m.

© Cambridge University Press 2019 54

Solutions to Exercise 8H
1 ( x + 3)
2
e - 11 = 0
æ 22 ö
a çç ÷÷ = 1
è2 ø
(x +3+ )(
11 x + 3 - 11 = 0 )
( x - 1)
2
æ 62 ö f -2= 0
b çç ÷÷ = 9
è2 ø ( x - 1 + 2 )( x - 1 - 2 ) = 0
æ 20 2 ö 3
c çç ÷÷ = 100
è 2 ø a ( x - 2 )( x + 2 ) = 0
x=± 2
æ 50 2 ö
d çç ÷÷ = 625
è 2 ø b ( x - 7 )( x + 7 ) = 0
x=± 7
æ -4 2 ö
e çç ÷÷ = 4
è2 ø c (x - )(
10 x + 10 = 0 )
æ -10 2 ö x = ± 10
f çç ÷÷ = 25
è 2 ø
d ( x - 3 + 5 )( x - 3 - 5 ) = 0
æ 5 2 ö 25 x =3± 5
g çç ÷÷ =
è2 ø 4
e ( x - 4 + 6 )( x - 4 - 6 ) = 0
æ -3 2 ö 9 x =4± 6
h çç ÷÷ =
è2 ø 4
f (x +5+ )(
14 x + 5 - 14 = 0 )
2
x = -5 ± 14
a x2 - 3 = 0
4
( x + 3 )( x - 3 ) = 0 a x 2 + 6x + 3 = 0
x 2 + 6x + 9 - 9 + 3 = 0
b x -7 = 0
2
( x + 3)
2
-6 = 0
( x + 7 )( x - 7 ) = 0 ( x + 3 - 6 )( x + 3 + 6 ) = 0
c x 2 - 10 = 0 x = -3 ± 6

(x + )(
10 x - 10 = 0 ) b x 2 + 4x + 2 = 0
x 2 + 4x + 4 - 4 + 2 = 0
( x + 1)
2
d -5 = 0
( x + 2)
2
-2= 0
( x + 1 + 5 )( x + 1 - 5 ) = 0 ( x + 2 - 2 )( x + 2 + 2 ) = 0
x = -2 ± 2

© Cambridge University Press 2019 55

c i x 2 - 2x - 16 = 0
x 2 - 2x + 1 - 1 - 16 = 0
( x - 1)
2
- 17 = 0

(x -1- )(
17 x - 1 + 17 = 0 )
x = 1 ± 17
d x 2 + 4x - 2 = 0
x 2 + 4x + 4 - 4 - 2 = 0 j x 2 - 10x + 18 = 0
( x + 2) x 2 - 10x + 25 - 25 + 18 = 0
2
-6 = 0

( x + 2 - 6 )( x + 2 + 6 ) = 0 ( x - 5)
2
-7 = 0

x = -2 ± 6 ( x - 5 - 7 )( x - 5 + 7 ) = 0
x =5± 7
e x 2 + 8x - 3 = 0
x 2 + 8 x + 16 - 16 - 3 = 0 k x 2 - 6x + 4 = 0
( x + 4) x 2 - 6x + 9 - 9 + 4 = 0
2
- 19 = 0

( )( ) ( x - 3)
2
x + 4 - 19 x + 4 + 19 = 0 -5 = 0

x = -4 ± 19 ( x - 3 - 5 )( x - 3 + 5 ) = 0
x =3± 5
f x 2 + 6x - 5 = 0
x 2 + 6x + 9 - 9 - 5 = 0 l x 2 - 8x + 9 = 0
( x + 3) x 2 - 8 x + 16 - 16 + 9 = 0
2
- 14 = 0

(x +3- )( ) ( x - 4)
2
14 x + 3 + 14 = 0 -7 = 0

x = -3 ± 14 ( x - 4 - 7 )( x - 4 + 7 ) = 0
x =4± 7
g x 2 - 8x - 1 = 0
x 2 - 8 x + 16 - 16 - 1 = 0 m x 2 + 6x - 4 = 0
( x - 4) x 2 + 6x + 9 - 9 - 4 = 0
2
- 17 = 0

( )( ) ( x + 3)
2
x - 4 - 17 x - 4 + 17 = 0 - 13 = 0

x = 4 ± 17 (x +3- )(
13 x + 3 + 13 = 0 )
x = -3 ± 13
h x 2 - 12x - 3 = 0
x 2 - 12x + 36 - 36 - 3 = 0 n

( x - 6)
2
- 39 = 0 x 2 + 20x + 13 = 0
(x -6- )(
39 x - 6 + 39 = 0 ) x 2 + 20x + 100 - 100 + 13 = 0
( x + 10)
2
x = 6 ± 39 - 87 = 0

( x + 10 - )(
87 x + 10 + 87 = 0 )
x = -10 ± 87

© Cambridge University Press 2019 56

o e x 2 - 10x - 3 = 0
x 2 - 10x + 25 - 25 - 3 = 0
( x - 5)
2
- 28 = 0

( x - 5 - 28 )( x - 5 + 28 ) = 0
5
( x - 5 - 2 7 )( x - 5 + 2 7 ) = 0
a x 2 + 8x + 4 = 0 x =5±2 7
x + 8 x + 16 - 16 + 4 = 0
2

f x 2 + 8x - 8 = 0
( x + 4)
2
- 12 = 0
x 2 + 8 x + 16 - 16 - 8 = 0
( x + 4 - 12 )( x + 4 + 12 ) = 0 ( x + 4)
2
- 24 = 0
( x + 4 - 2 3 )( x + 4 + 2 3 ) = 0 ( x + 4 - 24 )( x + 4 + 24 ) = 0
x = -4 ± 2 3
( x + 4 - 2 6 )( x + 4 + 2 6 ) = 0
b x 2 + 6x + 1 = 0 x = -4 ± 2 6
x 2 + 6x + 9 - 9 + 1 = 0
g x 2 - 2x - 31 = 0
( x + 3)
2
-8 =0
x 2 - 2x + 1 - 1 - 31 = 0
( x + 3 - 8 )( x + 3 + 8 ) = 0 ( x - 1)
2
- 32 = 0
( x + 3 - 2 2 )( x + 3 + 2 2 ) = 0 ( x - 1 - 32 )( x - 1 + 32 ) = 0
x = -3 ± 2 2
( x - 1 - 4 2 )( x - 1 + 4 2 ) = 0
c x 2 - 10x + 5 = 0 x =1±4 2
x 2 - 10x + 25 - 25 + 5 = 0
h x 2 + 12x - 18 = 0
( x - 5)
2
- 20 = 0
x 2 + 12x + 36 - 36 - 18 = 0
( x - 5 - 20 )( x - 5 + 20 ) = 0 ( x + 6)
2
- 54 = 0
( x - 5 - 2 5 )( x - 5 + 2 5 ) = 0 ( x + 6 - 54 )( x + 6 + 54 ) = 0
x =5±2 5
( x + 6 - 3 6 )( x + 6 + 3 6 ) = 0
d x 2 - 4 x - 14 = 0 x = -6 ± 3 6
x - 4 x + 4 - 4 - 14 = 0
2

i x 2 + 6 x - 41 = 0
( x - 2)
2
- 18 = 0
x 2 + 6 x + 9 - 9 - 41 = 0
( x - 2 - 18 )( x - 2 + 18 ) = 0 ( x + 3)
2
- 50 = 0
( x - 2 - 3 2 )( x - 2 + 3 2 ) = 0 ( x + 3 - 50 )( x + 3 + 50 ) = 0
x = 2±3 2
( x + 3 - 5 2 )( x + 3 + 5 2 ) = 0
x = -3 ± 5 2

© Cambridge University Press 2019 57

6 7
a Difference of 2 squares, so 2 solutions a x 2 + 5x + 2 = 0
25 25
b Difference of 2 squares, so 2 solutions x 2 + 5x + - +2=0
4 4
2
c Not a difference of 2 squares, so no æ 5 ö 17
solutions çx + 2÷ - 4 =0
è ø
d Not a difference of 2 squares, so no æ 5 17 öæ 5 17 ö
çç x + - ÷ç
֍
x+ + ÷=0
solutions
è 2 2 øè 2 2 ÷ø
e Not a difference of 2 squares, so no -5 ± 17
solutions x=
2
f Difference of 2 squares, so 2 solutions
b x 2 + 3x + 1 = 0
g Difference of 2 squares, so 2 solutions 9 9
x 2 + 3x + - +1 =0
4 4
h x 2 - 2x + 6 = 0 2
æ 3ö 5
x - 2x + 4 - 4 + 6 = 0
2
çx + 2÷ - 4 =0
è ø
( x - 2)
2
+2=0 æ 3 5 öæ 3 5ö
çç x + - ÷ç
֍
x+ + ÷=0
Not a difference of 2 squares, so no
è 2 2 øè 2 2 ÷ø
solutions
-3 ± 5
x=
i x 2 - 3x + 10 = 0 2
9 9
x 2 - 3x + - + 10 = 0 c x 2 + 7x + 5 = 0
4 4
2 49 49
æ 3 ö 31 x 2 + 7x + - +5=0
çx - 2÷ + 4 =0 4 4
è ø 2
Not a difference of 2 squares, so no æ 7 ö 29
çx + 2÷ - 4 =0
solutions è ø
æ 7 29 öæ 7 29 ö
j x 2 + 2x - 4 = 0 çç x + - ÷ç
֍
x+ + ÷=0
è 2 2 øè 2 2 ÷ø
x 2 + 2x + 1 - 1 - 4 = 0
-7 ± 29
( x + 1)
2
-5 = 0 x=
2
Difference of 2 squares, so 2 solutions
d x 2 - 3x - 2 = 0
k x 2 + 7x + 1 = 0
9 9
49 49 x 2 - 3x + - -2= 0
x 2 + 7x + - -4=0 4 4
4 4 2
æ 3 ö 17
çx - 2÷ - 4 =0
2
æ 7 ö 65
çx + 2÷ - 4 =0 è ø
è ø
æ 3 17 öæ 3 17 ö
Difference of 2 squares, so 2 solutions çç x - - ÷ç
֍
x- + ÷=0
è 2 2 øè 2 2 ÷ø
l x 2 - 2x + 17 = 0
3 ± 17
x 2 - 2x + 4 - 4 + 17 = 0 x=
2
( x - 2)
2
+ 13 = 0
Not a difference of 2 squares, so no
solutions

© Cambridge University Press 2019 58

e x2 - x - 3 = 0 i x2 + x - 4 = 0
1 1 1 1
x2 - x + - -3 = 0 x2 + x + - -4=0
4 4 4 4
2 2
æ 1 ö 13 æ 1 ö 17
çx - 2÷ - 4 =0 çx + 2÷ - 4 =0
è ø è ø
æ 1 13 öæ 1 13 ö æ 1 17 öæ 1 17 ö
çç x - - ÷ç
֍
x- + ÷=0 çç x + - ÷ç x+ + ÷=0
è 2 2 øè 2 2 ÷ø è 2 ÷ç
2 øè 2 2 ÷ø
1 ± 13 -1 ± 17
x= x=
2 2

f x 2 + 5x - 2 = 0 j x 2 + 9x + 9 = 0
81 81
x 2 + 9x + - +9=0
4 4
2
æ 9 ö 45
çx + 2÷ - 4 =0
è ø
æ 9 45 öæ 9 45 ö
çç x + - ÷ç
֍
x+ + ÷=0
è 2 2 øè 2 2 ÷ø
-9 ± 3 5
x=
g x - 7x + 2 = 0
2
2
49 49
x 2 - 7x + - +2=0
4 4 3
k x 2 - 3x - = 0
æ 7 ö 41
2 4
çx - 2÷ - 4 =0 9 9 3
è ø x 2 - 3x + - - = 0
4 4 4
æ 7 41 öæ 7 41 ö 2
çç x - - ÷ç
֍
x- + ÷=0 æ 3ö
è 2 2 øè 2 2 ÷ø ç x - 2 ÷ -3 = 0
è ø
7 ± 41 æ 3 öæ 3 ö
x=
2 ç x - 2 - 3 ÷ç x - 2 + 3 ÷ = 0
è øè ø
3
h x 2 - 9x + 5 = 0 x= ± 3
81 81 2
x 2 - 9x + - +5=0
4 4
5
æ 9 ö 61
2
l x 2 + 5x +
=0
çx - 2÷ - 4 =0 4
è ø 25 25 5
x 2 + 5x + - + = 0
æ 9 61 öæ 9 61 ö 4 4 4
çç x - - ÷ç
֍
x- + ÷=0
è 2 2 øè 2 2 ÷ø æ 5ö
2

ç x + 2 ÷ -5 = 0
9 ± 61 è ø
x=
2 æ 5 öæ 5 ö
ç x + 2 - 5 ÷ç x + 2 + 5 ÷ = 0
è øè ø
-5
x= ± 5
2

© Cambridge University Press 2019 59

8 e 3x 2 + 15x + 3 = 0
a 2x - 4 x + 4 = 0
2

(
3 x 2 + 5x + 1 = 0)
( 2
)
2 x - 2x + 2 = 0
æ 25 25 ö
3 ç x 2 + 5x + - + 1 ÷ = 0
2 ( x - 2x + 1 - 1 + 2 ) = 0
2
è 4 4 ø

(
2 ( x - 1) + 1 = 0
2
) ææ 5 ö 21 ö
2

3ç ç x + ÷ - ÷ = 0
çè
Not a difference of two squares, so no è 2ø 4 ÷ø
solutions -5 ± 21
x=
2
b 4 x 2 + 20x + 8 = 0
(
4 x 2 + 5x + 2 = 0) f 2x 2 - 12x + 8 = 0
æ 25 25 ö
4 ç x 2 + 5x + - + 2 ÷ = 0
( )
2 x 2 - 6x + 4 = 0
è 4 4 ø 2( x - 6x + 9 - 9 + 4) = 0
2

ææ 5 ö 17 ö
2

4ç ç x + ÷ - ÷ = 0
çè
è 2ø 4 ÷ø (
2 ( x - 3) - 5 = 0
2
)
-5 ± 17 x =3± 5
x=
2 9
a x 2 + 3x = 5
c 2x 2 - 10x + 4 = 0
9 9
(
2 x 2 - 5x + 2 = 0) x 2 + 3x + - - 5 = 0
4 4
æ 25 25 ö æ 3 ö 29
2
2 ç x 2 - 5x + - + 2 ÷ = 0
è 4 4 ø çx + 2÷ - 4 =0
è ø
ææ 5 ö 17 ö
2
æ 3 29 öæ 3 29 ö
2ç ç x - ÷ - ÷ = 0 çç x + + ÷ç x+ - ÷=0
çè 2ø 4 ÷ø 2 2 ÷ç 2 2 ÷ø
è è øè
5 ± 17 -3 ± 29
x= x=
2 2

d 3x 2 + 27 x + 9 = 0 b x 2 + 5x = 9
(
3 x 2 + 9x + 3 = 0) 25 25
x 2 + 5x + - - 9 = 0
4 4
æ 81 81 ö
3 ç x 2 + 9x + - + 3÷ = 0 æ
2
5 ö 61
è 4 4 ø çx + 2÷ - 4 =0
ææ è ø
9 ö 69 ö
2

3ç ç x + ÷ - ÷ = 0 -5 ± 61
çè 2ø 4 ÷ø x=
è 2
-9 ± 69
x=
2 c x 2 + 7 x = -15
49 49
x 2 + 7x + - + 15 = 0
4 4
2
æ 7 ö 11
çx + 2÷ + 4 =0
è ø
Not a difference of two squares, so no
solutions

© Cambridge University Press 2019 60

d x 2 - 8 x = -11 300 ( 400 - 300 )
ii h=
x - 8 x + 16 - 16 + 11 = 0
2 20 000
3 ´ 100
( x - 4)
2
-5 = 0 h=
200
x =4± 5 h = 1.5 km

e x 2 + 12x + 10 = 2x + 5 x ( 400 - x )
b i =0
x + 10x + 5 = 0
2
20 000
x 2 + 10x + 25 - 25 + 5 = 0 x ( 400 - x ) = 0

( x + 5)
2
- 20 = 0 x = 0 km or x = 400 km
x ( 400 - x )
x = -5 ± 20 ii 2=
20 000
x = -5 ± 2 5
40 000 = 400x - x 2
f x2+ x + 9 = 5x – 3 x 2 - 400x + 40 000 = 0
2
x – 4x + 12 = 0 ( x - 200)
2
=0
2
x – 4x + 4 – 4 + 12 = 0
(x – 2)2 + 8 = 0 x = 200 km

Not a difference of two squares, so no x ( 400 - x )

c 1=
solutions 20 000
20 000 = 400x - x 2
10 x ( x + 3) = 20
x 2 - 400x + 20 000 = 0
9 9
x 2 + 3x + - - 20 = 0 x 2 - 400x + 40 000 - 40 000 + 20 000 = 0
4 4
2
( x - 200)
2
æ 3 ö 89
2
- 100 2 = 0
çx + 2÷ - 4 =0
è ø x = 200 ± 100 2 km
æ 3 89 öæ 3 89 ö
çç x + + ÷ç
֍
x+ - ÷=0 12
è 2 2 øè 2 2 ÷ø a x 2 + 4x + 5 = 0
-3 ± 89 x 2 + 4x + 4 - 4 + 5 = 0
x=
2
( x + 2)
2
+1 =0
-3 + 89
x > 0, so choose Not a difference of 2 squares, so no
2
solutions.
The dimensions of the rectangle
-3 + 89 3 + 89 b x 2 - 3x = -3
are cm ´ cm
2 2 9 9
x 2 - 3x + - + 3 = 0
4 4
11 2
100 ( 400 - 100 ) æ 3ö 3
a i h= çx - 2÷ + 4 =0
20 000 è ø
Not a difference of 2 squares, so no
300
h= solutions.
200 13 Factorise by quadratic trinomial.
h = 1.5 km 6 × (-5) = -30 and 6 – 5 = 1, therefore
(x + 6)(x – 5) = 0 and x = 5 or -6.

© Cambridge University Press 2019 61

14 f x 2 + 10x + 1 = 0
a x - 6x + 2 = 0
2
x 2 + 10x + 25 - 25 + 1 = 0
x - 6x + 9 - 9 + 2 = 0
2

( x + 5) - 24 = 0
2

( x - 3) - 7 = 0
2

( x + 5) = 4 ´ 6
2

( x - 3) = 7
2

x + 5 = ±2 6
x -3 = ± 7
x = -5 ± 2 6
x =3± 7
15
b x 2 + 8x + 6 = 0 a AB = BE = AF = 1
x 2 + 8 x + 16 - 16 + 6 = 0 BC = a - 1
AC BE
( x + 4 ) - 10 = 0
2
=
AF BC
( x + 4 ) = 10
2
a 1
\ =
x + 4 = ± 10 1 a -1
x = -4 ± 10 a 1
b =
1 a -1
c x 2 + 4x - 7 = 0
a ( a - 1) = 1
x 2 + 4x + 4 - 4 - 7 = 0
1 1
( x + 2) - 11 = 0
2 a2 - a + - -1 = 0
4 4
( x + 2) = 11
2 2
æ 1ö 5
ça - 2÷ - 4 = 0
x + 2 = ± 11 è ø
2 2
x = -2 ± 11 æ 1ö æ 5 ö
ç a - 2 ÷ - çç 2 ÷÷ = 0
è ø è ø
d x 2 - 2x - 5 = 0
1± 5
x 2 - 2x + 1 - 1 - 5 = 0 a=
2
( x - 1) - 6 = 0
2
1+ 5
Choose a =
2
( x - 1) = 6
2

x -1 = ± 6 16
x =1± 6
a 2x 2 + 4 x - 1 = 0
1
x 2 + 2x + 1 - 1 - = 0
e x - 8x + 4 = 0
2
2
2
x - 8 x + 16 - 16 + 4 = 0
2
æ 3ö
( x + 1) - çç ÷÷ = 0
2

( x - 4 ) - 12 = 0 è 2ø
2

( x - 4) = 4 ´ 3
2 3 6
x = -1 ± = -1 ±
2 2
x - 4 = ±2 3
x = 4±2 3

© Cambridge University Press 2019 62

b 3x 2 + 6 x - 12 = 0
x 2 + 2x - 4 = 0 e 4 x 2 + 20x + 8 = 0

x 2 + 2x + 1 - 1 - 4 = 0 x 2 + 5x + 2 = 0
2 25 25
( x + 1) x 2 + 5x + - + 2 = 0
2
- 5 =0
4 4
x = -1 ± 5 2 2
æ 5 ö æ 17 ö
ç x + -ç ÷ =0
è 2 ÷ø çè 2 ÷ø
c -2x 2 + 16 x - 10 = 0
x 2 - 8x + 5 = 0 5 ± 17
x =-
x 2 - 8 x + 16 - 16 + 5 = 0 2
2
( x - 4)
2
- 11 = 0 f 5x 2 + 5x - 15 = 0
x = 4 ± 11 x2 + x - 3 = 0
1 1
x2 + x + - - 3 = 0
d 3x 2 - 9 x + 3 = 0 4 4
2
x 2 - 3x + 1 = 0 æ
2
1 ö æ 13 ö
ç x + -ç ÷ =0
9 9
x 2 - 3x + - + 1 = 0 è 2 ÷ø çè 2 ÷ø
4 4
-1 ± 13
æ
2
3ö æ 5 ö
2
x=
x - -ç ÷ =0 2
ç 2 ÷ø çè 2 ÷ø
è
3± 5
x=
2

© Cambridge University Press 2019 63

Solutions to Exercise 8I
1
a a = 3, b = 2, c = 1 3
a b2 - 4ac = 0
b a = 2, b = 1, c = 4
-b ± b2 - 4ac -b
=
c a = 5, b = 3, c = -2 2a 2a
One solution
d a = 4, b = -3, c = 2
b If the discriminant is negative no real
e a = 2, b = -1, c = -5 solutions exist, as any solution would
involve taking the square root of a
f a = -3, b = 4, c = -5 negative number.

2 c If the discriminant is positive there will be

a D = b - 4ac
2 two possible solutions based on the
positive and negative square root of the
= 22 - 4 (3)(1 ) discriminant.
= 4 - 12
= -8 4
a D = 52 - 4 (1)(3)
b D = b2 - 4ac = 25 - 12
= 1 - 4 ( 2)( 4 )
2
= 13
= 1 - 32 D > 0, so two solutions
= -31
b D = 32 - 4 (1)( 4 )
c D = b2 - 4ac = 9 - 16
= 3 - 4 (5)( -2)
2
= -7
= 9 + 40 D < 0, so no solutions
= 49
c D = 62 - 4 (1)( 9 )
d D = b2 - 4ac = 36 - 36
= ( -3) - 4 ( 4 )( 2) =0
2

= 9 - 32 D = 0, so one solution
= -23
d D = 72 - 4 (1)( -3)
e D = b2 - 4ac = 49 + 12
= ( -1) - 4 ( 2)( -5)
2 = 61
D > 0, so two solutions
= 1 + 40
= 41
e D = 52 - 4 (1)( -4 )
f D = b2 - 4ac = 25 + 16
= 42 - 4 ( -3)( -5) = 41
D > 0, so two solutions
= 16 - 60
= -44

© Cambridge University Press 2019 64

f D = 42 - 4 (1)( -4 ) b a = 1, b = 7, c = -4
= 16 + 16 -7 ± 49 + 16
x=
= 32 2
D > 0, so two solutions -7 ± 65
=
2
g D = 52 - 4 ( 4 )(3)
c a = 1, b = -7, c = 5
= 25 - 48
= -23 7 ± 49 - 20
x=
D < 0, so no solutions 2
7 ± 29
=
h D = 32 - 4 ( 4 )(1 ) 2
= 9 - 16
d a = 1, b = -8, c = 16
= -7
8 ± 64 - 64
D < 0, so no solutions x=
2
8
i D = 122 - 4 ( 2)( 9 ) = =4
2
= 144 - 72
= 72 e a = -1, b = -5, c = -4
D > 0, so two solutions 5 ± 25 - 16
x=
-2
D = ( -6 ) - 4 ( -1)( -9)
2
j 5± 9
=-
= 36 - 36 2
=0 = -1, or - 4
D = 0, so one solution
f a = -1, b = -8, c = -7
k D = 32 - 4 ( -2)( -4 ) 8 ± 64 - 28
x=
= 9 - 32 -2
= -23 8 ± 36
=-
D < 0, so no solutions 2
= -1, or -7
l D = -62 - 4 ( -4 )(3)
g a = 4, b = 7, c = -1
= 36 + 48
= 84 -7 ± 49 + 16
x=
D > 0, so two solutions 8
-7 ± 65
=
5 8
a a = 1, b = 3, c = -2
h a = 3, b = 5, c = -1
-3 ± 9 + 8
x=
2 -5 ± 25 + 12
x=
-3 ± 17 6
=
2 -5 ± 37
=
6

© Cambridge University Press 2019 65

i a = 3, b = -4, c = -6 b a = 1, b = -6, c = 4
4 ± 16 + 72 6 ± 36 - 16
x= x=
6 2
4 ± 88 6 ± 20
= =
6 2
4 ± 2 22 2 ± 22 6±2 5
= = = =3± 5
6 3 2
c a = 1, b = 6, c = -2
j a = -2, b = 5, c = 5
-6 ± 36 + 8
-5 ± 25 + 40 x=
x= 2
-4
-6 ± 44
5 ± 65 =
= 2
4 -6 ± 2 11
= = -3 ± 11
k a = -3, b = -1, c = 4 2
1 ± 1 + 48 d a = -1, b = -3, c = 9
x=
-6 3 ± 9 + 36
x=
-1 ± 49 -2
=
6 -3 ± 45
=
4 2
= 1, or -
3 -3 ± 3 5
=
l a = 5, b = 6, c = -2 2
e a = -1, b = 4, c = 4
-6 ± 30 + 40
x=
10 -4 ± 16 + 16
x=
-6 ± 76 -2
=
10 4 ± 32
=
-6 ± 2 19 -3 ± 19 2
= =
10 5 4±4 2
= = 2±2 2
2
6
a a = 1, b = 4, c = 1 f

-4 ± 16 - 4
x=
2
-4 ± 12
=
2
-4 ± 2 3 g a = 2, b = -2, c = -3
= = -2 ± 3
2
2 ± 4 + 24
x=
4
2 ± 28
=
4
2±2 7 1± 7
= =
4 2

© Cambridge University Press 2019 66

h a = 3, b = -6, c = -1 c 5x = 2 - 4 x 2
6 ± 36 + 12 4 x 2 + 5x - 2 = 0
x=
6 a = 4, b = 5, c = -2
6 ± 48 -5 ± 25 + 32
= x=
6 8
6± 4 3 3±2 3 -5 ± 57
= = =
6 3 8
i a = -5, b = 8, c = 3 1
d 2x - 5 = -
-8 ± 64 + 60 x
x=
-10 2x - 5x + 1 = 0
2

8 ± 124
=
10
8 ± 2 31 4 ± 31
= =
10 5
3
e = 3x + 4
1 x
7 10 = x ( x + 5)
2 3x 2 + 4 x - 3 = 0
20 = x 2 + 5x a = 3, b = 4, c = -3
0 = x 2 + 5x - 20 -4 ± 16 + 36
x=
a = 1, b = 5, c = -20 6
-5 ± 25 + 80 -4 ± 4 ´ 13 -2 ± 13
x= = =
2 6 3
-5 ± 105
= 5
2 f - = 2- x
Since the height of the triangle is positive, x
-5 + 105 x 2 - 2x - 5 = 0
the height equals . a = 1, b = -2, c = -5
2
2 ± 4 + 20
8 x=
2
a 3x 2 = 1 + 6 x
2 ± 4´6
3x 2 - 6 x - 1 = 0 = =1± 6
2
a = 3, b = -6, c = -1
6 ± 36 + 12 2x + 2
x= g 5x =
6 x
6 ± 16 ´ 3 3 ± 2 3 5x - 2x - 2 = 0
2
= =
6 3 a = 5, b = -2, c = -2
2 ± 4 + 40
b 2x 2 = 3 - 4 x x=
10
2x 2 + 4 x - 3 = 0
a = 2, b = 4, c = -3 2 ± 4 ´ 11 1 ± 11
= =
10 5
-4 ± 16 + 24
x=
4
-4 ± 4 ´ 10 -2 ± 10
= =
4 2

© Cambridge University Press 2019 67

 3x + 4 c Area =
h x=
2x
2x - 3x - 4 = 0
2

a = 2, b = -3, c = -4
3 ± 9 + 32
x=
4
3 ± 41
=
4
10x - 1 11 (3 + 2x )(6 + 2x ) = 31
i 3x =
2x 4 x 2 + 18 x - 13 = 0
6 x - 10x + 1 = 0
2
-18 ± 324 + 208
a = 6, b = -10, c = 1 x=
8
10 ± 100 - 24 -18 + 532
x= x= » 0.63 m
12 8
10 ± 4 ´ 19 5 ± 19 x = 63 cm
= =
12 6
-b ± b2 - 4ac
9 x - y =3 12 When b2 - 4ac = 0 , x =
2a
x = y + 3 (1) -b
xy = 11 (2) reduces to x = which has only a single
2a
Now substitute (1) into (2) solution.
y ( y + 3) = 11 13
a Answers will vary, but b2 - 4ac < 0 .
y 2 + 3 y - 11 = 0
a = 1, b = 3, c = -11
b Answers will vary, but b2 - 4ac = 0 .
-3 ± 9 + 44
x=
2 c Answers will vary, but b2 - 4ac > 0 .
-3 ± 53
= 14 b2 - 4ac = 0
2
k2 - 4 ´1´ 9 = 0
Since both numbers are positive,
k 2 = 36
k = ±6

15
10 a D = 42 - 4k
a ( x + 3) + x 2 = ( x + 4 )
2 2
i 42 - 4k < 0
2x 2 + 6 x + 9 = x 2 + 8 x + 16 4k > 42
x 2 - 2x - 7 = 0 k >4
2 ± 4 + 28 ii 42 - 4k = 0
x=
2 4k = 42
=1±2 2 k =4
Choose 1 + 2 2 . iii 42 - 4k > 0
b (
p =1+2 2 + 4+2 2 + 5+2 2 ) ( ) 4k < 16
k <4
= 10 + 6 2

© Cambridge University Press 2019 68

b D = 32 - 8k d D = k 2 + 12
i 3 - 8k < 0
2
i k2 ³ 0
8k > 9 \ k 2 + 12 ³ 0
9 No values of k
k> ii k ³ 0
2
8
ii 32 - 8k = 0 \ k 2 + 12 ³ 0
8k = 9 No values of k
iii k ³ 0
2
9
k= \ k 2 + 12 ³ 0
8
iii All values of k

c D = k2 - 4
i k2 - 4 < 0
k2 < 4
-2 < k < 2
ii k2 - 4 = 0
k2 = 4
k = ±2
iii k 2 - 4 > 0
k2 > 4
k < -2 or k > 2

© Cambridge University Press 2019 69

Solutions to Investigations
Expanding the triangle

a The most important pattern to be found is that each number is the sum of the two numbers on
either side of it in the previous row.
Other interesting points are that the outermost numbers are always 1 and the second and second-
last numbers of each row are equal to the row number.

b The next row can be found by summing successive pairs of digits from the previous row (row 5).

c
1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1
1 10 45 120 210 256 210 120 45 10 1

Expanding brackets

(x + y)
0
1

(x + y)
1
1x + 1 y

(x + y)
2
1x 2 + 2xy + 1 y 2

(x + y)
3
1x 3 + 3x 3 y + 3xy 2 + 1 y3

(x + y)
4
1x 4 + 4 x 3 y + 6 x 2 y 2 + 4 xy 3 + 1 y 4

(x + y)
5
1x 5 + 5x 4 y + 10x 3 y 2 + 10x 2 y 3 + 5xy 4 + 1 y 5

(x + y)
6
1x 6 + 6 x 5 y + 15x 4 y 2 + 20x 3 y 3 + 15x 2 y 4 + 6 xy 5 + 1 y 6

(x + y)
7
1x 7 + 7 x 6 y + 21x 5 y 2 + 35x 4 y 3 + 35x 3 y 4 + 21x 2 y 5 + 7 xy 6 + 1 y 7

(x + y)
8
1x 8 + 8 x 7 y + 28 x 6 y 2 + 56 x 5 y 3 + 70x 4 y 4 + 56 x 3 y 5 + 28 x 2 y 6 + 8 xy 7 + 1 y 8

© Cambridge University Press 2019 70

Factorials and combinations

æ0ö
0 objects ç ÷ =1
è0ø

æ1ö æ1ö
1 object ç ÷ =1 ç ÷ =1
è0ø è1ø

æ 2ö æ 2ö æ 2ö
2 objects ç ÷ =1 ç ÷ =2 ç ÷ =1
è0ø è1ø è 2ø

æ3ö æ3ö æ 3ö æ 3ö
3 objects ç ÷ =1 ç ÷ =3 ç ÷ =3 ç ÷ =1
è0ø è1ø è 2ø è 3ø

æ 4ö æ 4ö æ 4ö æ 4ö æ 4ö
4 objects ç ÷ =1 ç ÷=4 ç ÷ =6 ç ÷=4 ç ÷ =1
è0ø è1ø è 2ø è3ø è 4ø
Expanding binomial expressions without the triangle

(x + y)
5
a = x 5 + 5x 4 y + 10x 3 y 2 + 10x 2 y 3 + 5xy 4 + y 5

(x + y)
10
b = x 10 + 10x 9 y + 45x 8 y 2 + 120x 7 y 3 + 210x 6 y 4 + 256x 5 y 5
+ 210x 4 y 6 + 120x 3 y7 + 45x 2 y 8 + 10xy 9 + y 10

( x + 1)
3
c = x 3 + 3x 2 ´ 1 + 3x ´ 12 + 13
= x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 1

( x + 3)
5
d = x 5 + 5x 4 ´ 3 + 10x 3 ´ 32 + 10x 2 ´ 33 + 5x ´ 34 + 35
= x 5 + 15x 4 + 90x 3 + 270x 2 + 405x + 243

( 2x + 3 ) = ( 2x ) + 4 ( 2x ) ´ 3 + 6 (2x ) ´ 32 + 4 (2x ) ´ 33 + 34
4 4 3 2
e
= 16 x 4 + 96 x 3 + 216 x 2 + 216 x + 81

( 3x + 1 ) = ( 3x ) + 5 (3x ) ´ 1 + 10 (3x ) ´ 12 + 10 (3x ) ´ 13 + 5 ´ 3x ´ 14 + 15

5 5 4 3 2
f
= 243x 5 + 405x 4 + 270x 3 + 90x 2 + 15x + 1

(1 - x ) = 14 + 4 ´ 13 ´ ( - x ) + 6 ´ 12 ´ ( - x ) + 4 ´ 1 ´ ( - x ) + ( - x )
4 2 3 4
g
= 1 - 4x + 6x 2 - 4x 3 + x 4
= x 4 - 4x 3 + 6x 2 - 4x + 1

( 3 - 2x ) = 35 + 5 ´ 34 ´ ( -2x ) + 10 ´ 33 ´ ( -2x ) + 10 ´ 32 ´ ( -2x ) + 5 ´ 3 ´ ( -2x ) + ( -2x )

5 2 3 4 5
h
= 243 - 810x + 1080x 2 - 720x 3 + 240x 4 - 32x 5

(x ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (-1) ( ) (-1) ( ) (-1)

6 6 5 4 3 2
+ 6 x 2 ´ ( -1) + 15 x 2 + 6 x ( -1 ) + ( -1 )
2 3 4 5 6
i 2
- 1 = x2 + 20 x 2 + 15 x 2
= x 12 - 6 x 10 + 15x 8 - 20x 6 + 15x 4 - 6 x 2 + 1

© Cambridge University Press 2019 71

Solutions to Challenges
1 Work backwards from the solution, b Let a = x 2
following the steps used to solve quadratic
x 4 - 7 x 2 - 18 = 0
equations.
First of all we know a = 1, so convert a2 - 7a - 18 = 0
the solution into a fraction with
7 ± 121
denominator 2a. a=
2
x = 2± 3
= 9, or -2
4±2 3
x= x= a
2
= ±3
4 ± 12
=
2 4
-b ± b - 4ac
2 a Let a = 3x
=
2a a2 - 4a + 3 = 0
It can be seen that b = -4, and we know
4± 4
a = 1 so finding c is simple. a=
b2 - 4ac = 12
2
= 1, or 3
16 - 4c = 12
3x = a
c =1
x = 0, or 1
x 2 - 4x + 1 = 0

2 Complete the square. b Let a = 2x

2
æ 1ö x 1 4a2 - 9a + 2 = 0
ç x + x ÷ = x + 2 x + x2
2

è ø 9 ± 49
a=
1 8
= x2 + 2 + 2
x 1
2 = , or 2
1 æ 1ö 4
\x + 2 = ç x + ÷ - 2
2

x è xø 2 =a
x

=7 -2
2 x = -2, or 1
= 47
5 First find AC, and the area of triangle ABC.
3 Let the length of AC = x.
a Let a = x 2 x 2 = 62 + 82
x 4 - 5x 2 + 4 = 0 x 2 = 100
a2 - 5a + 4 = 0 x = 10
1
5± 9 AABC = 6 ´ 8
a= 2
2
= 24 cm2
= 4, or 1
Next find the relationship between
x= a CD and AD using the perimeter. Let the
= ±2, or ± 1 length of CD = y and the length of AD = z.
y + z = 64 - 8 - 6
= 50
z = 50 - y

© Cambridge University Press 2019 72

 2
1 æxö
Next use Pythagoras’ theorem to find y. 7 x ( x + 10) + π ç ÷ = 20
2 è2ø
102 + y 2 = z 2
πx 2
102 + y 2 = (50 - y ) x 2 + 10x + = 20
2
8
100 + y 2 = 2500 - 100 y + y 2 ( π + 8 ) x 2 + 10x - 20 = 0
100 y = 2400 8
y = 24 ( π + 8 ) x 2 + 80x - 160 = 0
Finally, with the length of CD, find the
-80 ± 802 - 4 ´ ( π + 8 ) ´ ( -160)
area of triangle ACD and the area of x=
quadrilateral ABCD. 2π + 16
1 » 1.6
AACD = 10 ´ 24
2
= 120 cm2 8 x 2 - 2x + 2 = x 2 - 2x + 1 + 1
x 2 - 2x + 2 = ( x - 1 ) + 1
2
AABCD = AABC + AACD
= 24 + 120 Since ( x - 1 ) ³ 0, ( x - 1 ) + 1 > 0
2 2

= 144 cm2

6 Let t be the time taken by the cyclist

and x be the average speed.
First find the relationship between t and x.
tx = 300
300
t=
x
We also know that tx = 300 = (t – 2)(x+5).
Substitute the above value for t into this
equation.
(t - 2)( x + 5) = 300
æ 300 ö
ç x - 2 ÷ ( x + 5) = 300
è ø
1500
300 - 2x + - 10 = 300
x
1500
2x + 10 - =0
x
2x 2 + 10x - 1500 = 0
( )
2 x 2 + 5x - 750 = 0
2 ( x + 30)( x - 25) = 0
x = -30 or x = 25
Choose x = 25 km/h.

© Cambridge University Press 2019 73

Solutions to multiple-choice questions
( x + 5)
2
1 = x 2 + 10x + 25 14 ± 196 - 4 ´ 24
8 x=
Answer: D 16
14 ± 10
=
2 (
2 ( 2x - 1 )( x + 4 ) = 2 2x 2 + 8 x - x - 4 ) 16
3 1
= 4 x + 14 x - 8
2
= or
Answer: B 2 4
Answer: C
4 x 2 - 25 = ( 2x ) - 52
2
3
x -3
= ( 2x + 5)( 2x - 5) 9 = 2x
x
Answer: C x - 3 = 2x 2
2x 2 - x + 3 = 0
4 2
(
2x - 10x - 28 = 2 x - 5x - 14 2
) Answer: E
= 2 ( x - 7 )( x + 2)
10 xy = 72
Answer: A
y = x +1
x 2 + x - 20 2x + 8 x ( x + 1) = 72
5 ´ 2
8x x - 16 x + x - 72 = 0
2

=
( x + 5)( x - 4 ) ´ 2 ( x + 4 ) Answer: C
8x ( x + 4 )( x - 4 )
( x - 7)
2
x +5 11 -3 = 0
= 2
4x ( x - 7)
2
- 3 =0
Answer: B
( x - 7 - 3 )( x - 7 + 3 ) = 0
x - 6 x + 9 = ( x - 3)
2 2
6
x =7± 3
Answer: D Answer: A

7 2x 2 - 8 x = 2x ( x - 4 ) so x = 0 or 4 12 If there are two solutions then the

Answer: C determinant is positive.
Answer: B.

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Solutions to short-answer questions
1
a 2 ( x + 3) - 4 ( x - 5) = 2x + 6 - 4 x + 20
f (
x 2 - 11 = x + 11 x - 11 )( )
= -2x + 26
g (
-2x 2 + 40 = -2 x 2 - 20 )
b ( x + 5)(3x - 4 ) = 3x 2
+ 15x - 4 x - 20 ( )(
= -2 x + 20 x - 20 )
= 3x + 11x - 20
2

= -2 ( x + 2 5 )( x - 2 5 )
c (5x - 2)(5x + 2) = 25x 2 - 4
( x + 1) - 16 = ( x + 1 + 4 )( x + 1 - 4 )
2
h
( x - 6)
2
= x - 12x + 36 = ( x + 5)( x - 3)
2
d

( x + 4 ) - ( x + 3)( x - 2) ( )( )
2
e ( x - 3)
2
i - 10 = x - 3 + 10 x - 3 - 10
= x + 8 x + 16 - x + x - 6
2
( 2
) 4
= 7 x + 22 a x 2 - 8 x + 12 = ( x - 6 )( x - 2)

f (3x - 2)( 4 x - 5) = 12x 2 - 8 x - 15x + 10 b x 2 + 10x - 24 = ( x + 12)( x - 2)

= 12x 2 - 23x + 10
c (
-3x 2 + 21x - 18 = -3 x 2 - 7 x + 6 )
2
= -3 ( x - 6 )( x - 1 )
( x + 2)
2
a = x 2 + 4x + 4
5
a a × c = 30. Choose 15 and 2.
b (3 + 2x )(6 + 2x ) - 3 ´ 6 = 4 x 2 + 18 x 3x 2 + 17 x + 10 = 3x 2 + 15x + 2x + 10
= 3x ( x + 5 ) + 2 ( x + 5 )
( x + 4 ) ( x + 4 - ( x - 1) ) + ( x - 1)
2
c
= (3x + 2)( x + 5)
= 5 ( x + 4 ) + ( x - 1)
2

= 5x + 20 + x 2 - 2x + 1 b a × c = -60. Choose 10 and -6.

4 x 2 + 4 x - 15 = 4 x 2 - 6 x + 10x - 15
= x 2 + 3x + 21
= 2x ( 2x - 3 ) + 5 ( 2x - 3 )
3 = ( 2x - 3)( 2x + 5)
a x 2 - 49 = ( x + 7 )( x - 7 )
c a × c = -36. Choose -18 and 2.
b 9x 2 - 16 = (3x + 4 )(3x - 4 ) 12x 2 - 16 x - 3 = 12x 2 - 18 x + 2x - 3
= 6 x ( 2x - 3 ) + ( 2x - 3 )
c 4 x 2 - 1 = ( 2x + 1 )( 2x - 1 )
= ( 2x - 3)( 6 x + 1 )

d (
3x 2 - 75 = 3 x 2 - 25 ) d a × c = 120. Choose -15 and -8.
= 3 ( x + 5)( x - 5) 12x 2 - 23x + 10 = 12x 2 - 15x - 8 x + 10
= 3x ( 4 x - 5 ) - 2 ( 4 x - 5 )
e 2x - 18 = 2 x - 9
2
( 2
) = ( 4 x - 5)(3x - 2)
= 2 ( x + 3)( x - 3)

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6 9 49 49 18
f x 2 + 7x + = x 2 + 7x + - +
12x x2 - 1 2 4 4 4
a ´
x 2 + 2x - 3 6 x + 6 æ
2
7 ö 31
( x + 1)( x - 1) =çx + ÷ -
12x è 2ø 4
= ´
( x + 3)( x - 1) 6 ( x + 1) æ 7 + 31 öæ 7 - 31 ö
2x =çx + ÷ç x+ ÷
ç 2 ÷ç 2 ÷ø
= è øè
x +3
8
4x 2 - 9 8 x + 12
b ÷ 2 a x 2 + 4x = 0
2x + x - 6 x - 2x - 8
2
x ( x + 4) = 0
=
(2x + 3)(2x - 3) ´ ( x + 2)( x - 4 )
x = 0 or - 4
(2x - 3)( x + 2) 4 (2x + 3)
x -4 b 3x 2 - 9 x = 0
=
4 3x ( x - 3 ) = 0
7
a x 2 + 8 x + 10 = x 2 + 8 x + 16 - 16 + 10 x = 0 or 3

= ( x + 4) - 6
2
c x 2 - 25 = 0
(
= x +4+ 6 x +4- 6 )( ) ( x + 5)( x - 5) = 0
x = ±5
b x + 10x - 4 = x + 10x + 25 - 25 - 4
2 2

d x 2 - 10x + 21 = 0
= ( x + 5) - 29
2

( x - 7 )( x - 3) = 0
(
= x + 5 + 29 x + 5 - 29 )( ) x = 3 or 7

c x 2 - 6x - 3 = x 2 - 6x + 9 - 9 - 3 e x 2 - 8 x + 16 = 0
( x - 4)
2
= ( x - 3) - 12
2
=0

(
= x -3+ 2 3 x -3-2 3 )( ) x =4

f x 2 + 5x - 36 = 0
9 9
d x 2 + 3x - 2 = x 2 + 3x + - -2 ( x + 9)( x - 4 ) = 0
4 4
2 x = 4 or - 9
æ 3 ö 17
=çx + ÷ -
è 2ø 4 g 2x 2 + 3x - 2 = 0
æ 3 + 17 öæ 3 - 17 ö (2x - 1)( x + 2) = 0
=çx + ÷ç x+ ÷
ç 2 øè÷ç 2 ÷ø
è 1
x= or -2
2
25 25
e x 2 + 5x + 3 = x 2 + 5x + - +3
4 4 h 6 x 2 + 11x - 10 = 0
æ 5 ö 13
=çx + ÷ -
2
(3x - 2)(2x + 5) = 0
è 2ø 4 2 5
x= or -
æ 5 + 13 öæ 5 - 13 ö 3 2
=çx + ÷ç x+ ÷
ç 2 ÷ç 2 ÷ø
è øè

© Cambridge University Press 2019 76

i 18 x 2 + 25x - 3 = 0 11
a x 2 + 4x - 3 = 0
( 9x - 1)(2x + 3) = 0
1 3 x 2 + 4x + 4 - 4 - 3 = 0
x = or -
( x + 2)
2
9 2 -7 = 0

9 ( x + 2 + 7 )( x + 2 - 7 ) = 0
a 3x = 27
2
x = -2 ± 7
3x 2 - 27 = 0 b x 2 - 6x + 1 = 0
( )
3 x2 - 9 = 0 x 2 - 6x + 9 - 9 + 1 = 0
3 ( x + 3)( x - 3) = 0 ( x - 3)
2
-8 =0
x = ±3
( x - 3 + 2 2 )( x - 3 - 2 2 ) = 0
b x 2 = 4x + 5 x =3±2 2
x - 4x - 5 = 0
2

c x 2 - 3x - 2 = 0
( x - 5)( x + 1) = 0 9 9
x = 5 or -1 x 2 - 3x + - -2= 0
4 4
2
c 2x 2 - 28 = x ( x - 3) æ 3 ö 17
çx - 2÷ - 4 =0
2x 2 - 28 = x 2 - 3x è ø
æ 3 + 17 öæ 3 - 17 ö
x 2 + 3x - 28 = 0 çç x - ÷ç x- ÷=0
2 ֍ 2 ֿ
( x + 7 )( x - 4 ) = 0 è øè
x = 4 or -7 3 ± 17
x=
2
3x + 18
d =x d x 2 + 5x - 5 = 0
x
3x + 18 = x 2 25 25
x 2 + 5x + - -5 = 0
x 2 - 3x - 18 = 0 4 4
2
( x - 6 )( x + 3) = 0 æ 5 ö 45
çx + 2÷ - 4 =0
è ø
x = 6 or -3
æ 5 + 3 5 öæ 5-3 5 ö
x ( x + 2) = 48 çç x + ÷ç
֍
x+ ÷=0
10
è 2 øè 2 ÷ø
x + 2x - 48 = 0
2
-5 ± 3 5
x=
( x + 8 )( x - 6 ) = 0 2
x = 6 or - 8
12
Choose x = 6 m, so the dimensions
of the sand pit are 6 m × 8 m. a D = 22 - 4 (1)(1)
=4-4
=0
D = 0, so one solution

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 D = ( -3) - 4 (1 )( -3)
2
b ( -2)
2
2± + 16
b x=
= 9 + 12 2
= 21 2 ± 20
=
D > 0, so two solutions 2
2±2 5
=
D = ( -4 ) - 4 ( 2)(3)
2
c 2
= 16 - 24 =1± 5
= -8
( -4 )
2
4± + 40
D < 0, so no solutions c x=
4
d D = 12 - 4 ( -3)(5) 4 ± 56
=
4
= 1 + 60
4 ± 2 14
= 61 =
4
D > 0, so two solutions
2 ± 14
=
13 2
-3 ± 32 + 24
a x= -1 ± 12 + 36
2 d x=
-6
-3 ± 33
= 1 ± 37
2 =
6

© Cambridge University Press 2019 78

Solutions to extended-response questions
1 2
a i l = 15 + 2x m a S = 3π ´ 32 + 2π ´ 6 ´ 3
ii w = 12 + 2x m
= 63π m2
b A = (15 + 2x )(12 + 2x ) b 3π ´ 52 + 2π ´ h ´ 5 = 250
= 4 x + 54 x + 180 m
2 2
75π + 10πh = 250
10πh = 250 - 75π
c At = (15 + 2x )(12 + 2x ) - 15 ´ 12
250 - 75π
= 4 x 2 + 54 x m2 h=
10π
= 0.46 m
d 4 x 2 + 54 x = 58
4 x 2 + 54 x - 58 = 0 c i 420 = 3πr 2 + 12πr
(
2 2x 2 + 27 x - 29 = 0 ) ii 3πr 2 + 12πr - 420 = 0
iii 3πr 2 + 12πr - 420 = 0
2 ( 2x + 29 )( x - 1 ) = 0
πr 2 + 4πr - 140 = 0
29
x = 1 or - 140
2 r 2 + 4r - =0
Choose x = 1 since the width is positive. π
The minimum width of the trench is 1 m. 560
-4 ± 16 +
r= π
2
» 4.97 m

© Cambridge University Press 2019 79