Flood is a natural disaster that is uncontrollable by human beings and affects the

economic infrastructure, agricultural crops and livestock loss, and even can lose a life.

The Philippines is known as a flood prone area because of its location that expect 10-20

tropical cyclones per year (Figure 1). Shows the tropical cyclone information of

PAGASA.

Communities can suffer terrible effects from floods, including infrastructure

damage, population displacement, destruction of crops and property, and even

fatalities. While some floods develop gradually, others can occur quickly and

without much notice, which makes them especially dangerous. Along with natural

factors, human activities like deforestation, urbanization, and inefficient land-use

can also influence the frequency and severity of floods (Frank Jerome Glago, 2021).

Governments and communities must therefore take action to reduce the risk and

impact.

Natural disasters like floods, which can take many different forms and have

terrible consequences for both communities and the environment. For effective

disaster management and mitigation, it is essential to understand the various

types of floods. The causes, severity, and duration of a flood can be used to

classify it, and each type of flood has its own characteristics and effects.

Floods have three types (L. Saravanan, et al., 2022):

1) Flash floods – this kind occurs in six hours of rainfall that are heavy- and is typically

related with cloud bursts, cyclones, and storms-immediate evacuation not possible all

the time.
2) Riverine Floods - a flood that happens when rivers overflow their banks and spill

over into surrounding areas.

3) Urban Floods - occurs when city landscapes cannot absorb excess water after

prolonged periods of intense rainfall, river overtopping, or storm surge

Floods in cities cause significant disruption to city life. Roads may be closed,

preventing people from getting to work or school. The economic losses are

significant, but the number of casualties is usually very low due to the nature of

the flood. Urban flooding is mostly experienced by populated cities and towns

that have a high percentage of surface area such as concrete and buildings. In

fact, the cause is the lack of drainage system and blocked stormwater drains.

High intensity rainfall can cause flooding when there is no capacity to drain away

the amounts of rain that are falling. The majority of flood-prone areas are along

creek-street intersections in topographic lows. When creeks overflow or a rapidly

accumulating street flood fails to drain quickly enough to the nearest stream

channel, the intersecting road becomes flooded as well (B.V. Elsevier, et

al.,2017). Heavy rain flooding has been extensively researched, and existing

simulation software can be used to predict and improve protection levels.

result of copious amounts of rainfall from thunderstorms that cause flash flooding. This

can also occur when slow-moving or multiple thunderstorms move over the same area.

These sudden downpours can rapidly change the water levels in a stream or creek and

turn small waterways into violent, raging rivers

During the last couple of decades, a series of floods and typhoons caused not only

severe threats to human life on a large scale but also affected largely the world’s

sustainable development goals. Floods are the most common in both developing and

developed countries. In Asia, particularly the Philippines, flooding is a common

occurrence. In this nation, worries are expressed about the welfare of the local

residents. According to the UN Office, for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (J.

Bean et al., 2012), 9.6 million people and their cities are currently impacted by flooding

throughout South and Southeast Asia.

Over the past decades, the number of casualties caused by flooding is still

increasing around the world. According to World Data, there are 7, 398 deaths caused

by floods all over the world (Ritchie et al., 2022). This suggests that there are several

knowledge limitations of flood early warning systems. According to Rana (2020),

institutional problems like a lack of resources and community trust make it difficult to

inform end users about early warnings. According to Sukhwani (2019), there are three

categories of institutional, technological, and knowledge-based barriers that can prevent

efficient flood early warning and response system is essential for minimizing the effects

of flood disasters, but the system currently in place frequently fails to give stakeholders

the information they require. Jain (2018) reviews various aspects of flood forecasting,

such as models, new techniques, uncertainties, and warnings, and identifies potential

future research and development areas. In general, the authors suggest that there are a

number of knowledge limitations of flood early warning systems, including institutional

challenges, barriers to effective operation, and the need for improved forecasting

methods.

Researchers have different opinions on the current situation and provide

alternative procedures and solutions that may work in the current situation and drag the

whole world to a better possible outcome. The current study aims to analyze the

research published in which there are literatures focused on determining the best

possible solutions for flood risk reduction and management in urban areas. These

systems include an early flood warning system with monitoring and warning capabilities

such as the use of siren instead of manual monitoring where there are areas that are

difficult to reach. Likewise, in Japan, a disaster management administration system is in

place that is linked to local autonomy and government at all levels to establish a

community-based early warning system (Cheng, 2006). has proposed a real-time guide

for accurate flood prediction, which incorporates flood risk analysis based on machine

learning (Ma et al., 2019). However, all of these technologies and systems utilized do
not possess the capability to adequately mitigate disaster awareness. Additionally, there

are fewer studies that addressed the utilization of IoT-EFW Systems with Innovative

Siren and Real-Time Monitoring in management’s information that targets SDG 2021,

11, and 13. Thus IoT-EFW system is an approach to help minimize flood impacts on

flood-prone areas. Moreover, EFW system can provide faster dissemination of

information for quick response. To determine the relevant factors, this review aims to

answer the effectiveness of using flood early warning systems.