This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been

fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/TPEL.2015.2477459, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics
1

A Hybrid Electrical Magnetic Power Quality

Compensation System with Minimum Active
Compensation Capacity for V/V Co-phase
Railway Power Supply System
Baichao Chen, Member, IEEE, Chenmeng Zhang, Student Member, IEEE, Cuihua Tian, Member, IEEE
and Jiaxin Yuan*, Member, IEEE

power supply system [6], [7].

Abstract—To solve the power quality problem in V/V co-phase Recently, some research efforts have been put on the power
railway power supply system, a hybrid electrical magnetic power quality compensation in traction power supply system. Static
quality compensator (HEMPQC) based on magnetic static var var compensator (SVC) is used to compensate NSC in [8]. SVC
compensator (MSVC) and hybrid power quality compensator is capable of NSC and reactive power compensation, but
(HPQC) is proposed in this paper. Compared with conventional couldn’t eliminate harmonic currents. To compensate all the
HPQC, the proposed HEMPQC could keep the active
power quality problems in traction power system, active power
compensation capacity minimum to any load condition. The
output current of MSVC is conducted to make the active conditioners based on power electronic devices have become
compensation capacity minimum. The coupling branch the hotspot in recent years [9]-[11]. Japanese scholars proposed
impedance optimum design procedures are deduced. Based on the the Railway Power Conditioner (RPC) in 1980s [12]. RPC
instantaneous current detecting and reactive current distribution could compensate reactive power, harmonic currents and NSC
method, the collaboration control strategy is proposed for at the same time [13]-[15]. The compensation principle of RPC
HEMPQC to achieve the dynamic tracking of the reference in V/V traction power system is discussed in [16]. The control
signals. Finally, simulation and experiment results have verified method of RPC is studied in [17] and a fuzzy algorithm is
the proposed hybrid compensation system and compensation adapted to realize a fast and smooth tracking to the reference
method effectively.
signals. A half-bridge converter based RPC (HBRPC) for
Index Terms—Co-phase power supply system, Power quality,
high-speed traction power system is discussed in [18].
Hybrid compensation, Collaborate control Compared with the conventional RPC, HBRPC reduces half of
the power switches when accomplishing the same function of
RPC. An active power quality compensator (APQC) made up
I. INTRODUCTION of a Scott transformer and a three-phase three-wire converter is
proposed in [19] to compensate NSC, reactive power and
With the development of railway transport, power quality harmonics for the traction power supply system. These
problem has drawn more and more attentions [1]-[3]. researches show that active power electronic devices are
Locomotive load has the characteristics of non-linear and low effective way to solve power quality problems in traction power
power factor (PF), which will result in the power quality system, but the capacity of active devices is too big to make
problems of harmonics and reactive power. Locomotive load is them into practice.
single-phase load [4], [5], which will result in asymmetric For traditional traction power supply system, it is separated
three-phase currents in the public grid. The asymmetric into electrically isolated sections with the length of 20-30 km
three-phase currents will lead to negative sequence current by neutral sections (NSs). The length of NS varies from
(NSC) according to symmetrical component analysis. The hundred meters to more than 1 km [20]. Therefore the co-phase
harmonics, reactive power as well as the NSC will seriously traction power supply system is proposed [21], [22]. The
affect the safe operation of the public grid and the traction number of NSs in co-phase traction system is half of traditional
traction system, and the remaining NSs can be replaced by
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China section insulators. V/V transformers are widely used for its
(No. 50807041), Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Fund, Hubei province simple structure and high utilize rate. Therefore, V/V co-phase
science and technology support program (No. 2014BAA013), the Fundamental traction power supply system is discussed in this paper.
Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2042015kf004, A co-phase traction power supply system based on balance
2042014kf0233) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central
Universities (No. 2014207020202). transformer and active power conditioner (APC) is proposed in
Baichao Chen, Chenmeng Zhang, Cuihua Tian and Jiaxin Yuan [23]. An actual 10MVA/27.5kV co-phase system with
(corresponding author) are with the School of Electrical Engineering, Wuhan impedance-matching balance transformer and APC is designed,
University, Wuhan, China. (e-mail: whgycbc@[Link]; zcm@[Link]; developed and tested in [24]. APC is capable for NSC
13886089037@[Link]; yjx98571@[Link]).
compensation, harmonics suppression and PF regulation. But a

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big active capacity is needed which will increase the initial cost which can provide a stable DC-link voltage. Two converters are
of the project. To reduce the active part of the compensation connected to V/V transformer’s secondary power arms through
device, hybrid compensation methods are proposed. A hybrid the output coupling branch and the step-down transformer. The
power quality compensator for negative-sequence and Phase-ac converter in HPQC is connected to the point of
harmonic currents in high-speed electric railway is proposed in common coupling (PCC) through capacitive coupled branch.
[25]. The compensator is constituted by RPC, two The Phase-bc converter in HPQC is connected to the PCC
thyristor-controlled reactors and two thyristor-controlled 3rd through a inductive coupled branch.
filters. The RPC is used to transfer active power and the A
B Grid
reactive power is compensated by thyristor-controlled reactors C
and thyristor-controlled 3rd filters. To avoid additional ib ibc
harmonics, the thyristors only work as switch. Hence, the RPC
will not only transfer the active power but also compensate icc

HPQC
some reactive power. An electrical-magnetic hybrid power ia ic Traction
Substation
quality compensator is proposed in [26]. The hybrid
compensation system is constituted by RPC and magnetic static iac
var compensator (MSVC). The reactive power is compensated
by MSVC and the RPC is used for active power transferring
and harmonic suppressing. But in this compensation method Section
Isolator
iL Section
Isolator
Traction
Network
the capacity of the active part is not pure active power. A hybrid
power quality compensator (HPQC) is proposed in [27], [28]. Fig. 1. Circuit configuration of V/V co-phase traction power supply system
with conventional HPQC.
HPQC is able to provide system unbalance, reactive power and
harmonic compensation in co-phase traction power system with
reduced operation voltage. HPQC reduce the compensation iac Cac Lac Lbc ibc
capacity in a way, but the capacity couldn’t keep to a minimum + + + + +

to different load conditions which will be discussed in Section vac vvscaf -

vvscbf
-
vbc
II. The initial cost of passive compensation device is much Stepdown Stepdown
Converter ac Converter bc
Transformer Transformer
lower than the active power electronics devices [29]. It is
advantageous to make use of passive compensation devices to
Fig. 2. Detailed structure of HPQC.
reduce active compensation devices capacity.
To reduce the active compensation capacity, a hybrid In Fig. 1, the compensation currents should be provided by
electrical magnetic power quality compensator (HEMPQC) for the compensation device in V/V traction power supply system
V/V co-phase traction power system is proposed in this paper. have been discussed in many theses [16]-[19],[25]-[28], which
The system is consisted of HPQC and MSVC. The output are
current of MSVC is properly controlled to keep the active
 
I L1 p sin (ωt − 30 ) +
2
compensation capacity minimum. A collaboration control − 
strategy for HEMPQC is proposed to make a fast tracking to the  2 
reference currents. Hence, the response speed of HEMPQC is  iac    1  
fast enough to meet the high speed locomotive load    2 I L1 p + I L1q  cos (ωt − 30 ) − iLh


requirement. The simulation and experiment results verified the  ibc  =   2 3   (1)
i   
 cc   2
I L1 p sin (ωt − 90 ) − I L1 p cos (ωt − 90 ) 
effectiveness of the proposed HEMPQC. Compared with 2
compensation system proposed in [25] and [26], HEMPQC  2 2 3 
could keep the active part of the compensation system pure  
active power. Compared with conventional HPQC [27], [28],  −iac − ibc 
HEMPQC could keep the active compensation capacity In (1), IL1p is RMS value of load fundamental active current.
minimum to different load conditions. IL1q is RMS value of load fundamental reactive current. iLh is
load harmonic current. As it’s shown in (1), half of the load
II. COMPARISON BETWEEN CO-PHASE TRACTION WITH active power is transferred from Phase-bc to Phase-ac. And
CONVENTIONAL HPQC AND PROPOSED HEMPQC appropriate amount of reactive power should be compensated
in the two phases. Set Phase-ac as the example to illustrate the
A. Co-phase Traction with Conventional HPQC compensation principle of HPQC.
The circuit configuration of V/V co-phase traction power The output voltage of Phase-ac converter is
supply system with conventional HPQC is shown in Fig. 1. The Vvscaf
= Vac + jX ac Iacf (2)
three-phase public grid is transformed to single-phase power I is the fundamental current vector of i . The impedance of
supply system by two single phase transformers connected into acf ac

V/V structure, which is known as V/V transformer. The LC coupling branch is,
locomotive load is connected across one output of V/V 1
=
X ac − ω Lac (3)
transformer which is denoted as Phase-ac and the other phase is ωCac
unloaded which is denoted as Phase-bc. The detailed structure Furthermore, the voltage drop across the LC coupling branch
of HPQC is shown in Fig. 2. HPQC is made up of two
back-to-back voltage converters, and a common DC capacitor, is defined as VLC and the phase angle between −Vac and Iacf is

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θ. The vector diagram of Phase-ac converter is shown in Fig. 3. 3, the converter output voltage increases to Vvscaf
′ which is
Iacf
′ bigger than the minimum output voltage Vvscaf . The converter
output power in this case is,
Iacf
− I L1 pVac − j ( X ac I acf − X ac I acf
′ ) I acf
1
Svsca =Vvscaf Iacf = ′
Vac
2
θ O (7)
− I L1 pVac − j (Vac I acf ′ )
1
θ = ′ sin θ − X ac I acf 2

2
Vvscaf As it’s shown in (7), the difference reactive power
Vvscaf
′ ′ sin θ − X ac I acf
Vac I acf ′2 is supplied by the converter. A fixed

VLC = X ac Iacf
value of LC branch impedance couldn’t keep the converter
output voltage as well as the capacity minimum. Hence, a novel
Line L
HEMPQC is proposed in this paper to make a minimum active
Fig. 3. Vector diagram of Phase-ac HPQC converter at fundamental domain. capacity and voltage of the converter.

In Fig. 3, if the amplitude of Iacf changes, the voltage vector B. Co-phase Traction with Proposed HEMPQC
V varies along Line L. To make the output voltage of
LC The circuit configuration of V/V co-phase traction power
Phase-ac converter minimum, Vvscaf should be perpendicular to supply system with HEMPQC is shown in Fig. 4. The system is
composed by HPQC and traction arm connected MSVC.
V . The impedance of LC branch is determined by
LC Structure of HPQC is shown in Fig. 2. The MSVC can be
Vac sin θ individual phase controlled.
X ac [Vvscaf _ min ] = (4) A
I acf B Grid
In Fig. 3, the solid arrow vectors show the case that output C
voltage of Phase-ac converter minimum. In this case, the output
ib i i i
bc bcm bcn
voltage and current of the converter is collinear, which means
MSVCb
the output power of the converter is pure active power. And the

HPQC
ia ic Traction
converter output power is icc MSVCa
Substation
1
Svsca = Pvsca = Vvscaf Iacf = − I L1 pVac (5) iac iacm iacn
2
To the PCC voltage Vac, the compensation power is,
Sac =Vac Iacf =
1
− Vac I L1 p − jVac I acf sin θ = Pvsca − jX ac I acf
2
(6)
Section iL Section Traction
Isolator Isolator Network
2
As it’s shown in (6), the total compensation power is divided Fig. 4. Circuit configuration of V/V co-phase traction power supply system
into two parts: the active power is generated by the converter with HEMPQC.
and the reactive power is generated by LC coupling branch. The
needed active power in (1) is provided by the converter. Similar The detailed circuit configuration of MSVC is shown in Fig.
to hybrid active power filter (HAPF) [30], the coupling branch 5. Fig. 5(a) is the circuit configuration of MSVC. MSVC is
is not only used for suppressing current ripples but for constituted of magnetic controlled reactor (MCR) parallel with
providing reactive power in HPQC. When the converter output passive filter. Fig. 5(b) is the structure of MCR. The reactance
voltage is minimum, the reactive power generated by LC of an MCR is changed by controlling the DC current through
2 the control winding, which saturates the iron core. In Fig. 5(b),
coupling branch X ac I acf equals to the needed compensation the DC current is controlled by the trigger angles of the
reactive power in (1) Vac I acf sin θ . Hence, the output power of thyristors K1 and K2. Compared with thyristor controlled
the converter is pure active power and the output voltage is reactor (TCR), MCR can be implemented in ultra-high-voltage
minimum. power systems and is much more economical and operational.
The compensation current Iacf is determined by the The output current harmonics of MCR can be reduced by a
locomotive load which changes frequently. When load changes, special design of the magnetic valve (l1 in Fig. 5(b)) [31].
the reactive power generated by the LC coupling branch Magnetic Controlled Reactor
will not equal to the needed reactive power Vac I acf sin θ .
2
X ac I acf
The difference reactive power Vac I acf sin θ − X ac I acf will be
2

supplied by the converter. This will result in the output power Cf Lf

of the converter is not pure active power as well as the output
Passive Harmonic Filter
voltage is not minimum. For instance, when the compensation
current increases to Iacf
′ as the dot arrow vectors shown in Fig. (a)

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In Fig. 6, the output power of the converter is pure active

power. The needed reactive power is supplied by LC coupling
branch and MSVC. In this way, the capacity of the converter
could keep to minimum. In HPQC, the converter output power
e=Esinωt
D couldn’t always be pure active power. But it can be realized in
K1 l1 K2 HEMPQC with the help of MSVC.

III. PARAMETER DESIGN OF HEMPQC

A. Parameter Design of Coupling Branch Impedance
In (12), two converter output currents are conducted. Denote
the output current when the negative sign is taken by C1 and the
(b) output current when the positive sign is taken by C2. The vector
Fig. 5. Circuit configuration of MSVC. (a) Circuit configuration of MSVC. (b) diagram of C1 and C2 is shown in Fig. 7.
Structure of MCR.

The working condition of Phase-ac is analyzed as an I(acmf

2) Iacnf
( 2)

example to illustrate the operation principle of HEMPQC. Set

Phase-ac voltage as the reference vector, the compensation
Iacf C2

vector diagram is shown in Fig. 6. I(acmf

1)

Iacnf
(1) C1
Iacf
Iacmf Vac
δ 2 δ1
Iacnf θ Iacnfp O δ1 δ 2 )
I(2acnf
Iacnfq δ
Vac jX ac
jX ac I(1)
acnf
δ V (vscaf
2)

Iacnfp O
jX ac Iacnf V (vscaf
1)

Vvscaf Fig. 7. Vector diagram of C1 and C2.

Fig. 6. Compensation vector diagram of Phase-ac.
In Fig. 7, Iacf is the total compensation current. Iacnf
(1)
and
In Fig. 6, Iacf is total compensation current should be
Iacnf
( 2)
are the two currents conducted by (12). Vvscaf
(1)
and Vvscaf
( 2)
provided by HEMPQC. It can be decomposed into three parts:
Iacnfp is the active current generated by HPQC; Iacnfq is the are the converter output voltages in two cases. Iacmf
(1)
and Iacmf
( 2)

reactive current generated by HPQC; Iacnf is the total output are the MSVC output currents in two cases. In Fig. 7, even
though the converter output currents are different, the output
current of HPQC; Iacmf is the reactive current generated by power is the same. C1 has a lower output current but a higher
Phase-ac MSVC. output voltage. C2 has a higher output current but a lower
To keep the converter output power pure active power, the output voltage.
converter output current and output voltage should be collinear. The reactive power generated by the LC coupling branch is
In this case, the difference reactive power is 0, 2
X ac I acnf . Compared with C2, C1 will lead to a lower LC branch
2
X ac I acnf − Vac I acnf sin θ =
0 (8) capacity. What’s more, the loss of the power electronic devices
Take the following relationships into consideration, is related to the output current. C1 has a smaller output current
 I=
2 2
I acnfp + I acnfq
2 so the loss of power electronic devices is smaller than that of C2.
acnf
 (9) For these reasons, C1 is chosen as the output current of the
 I acnf sin θ = I acnfq converter,
Substitute (9) into (8). Thus, Vac − Vac2 − I L21 p X ac2
1
2
X ac I acnfq − Vac I acnfq + X ac I acnfp
2
=
0 (10) Iacnf =− I L1 p + j (13)
2 2 X ac
The active compensation current can be only supplied by the The corresponding MSVC output current is,
converter, hence I acnfp = I L1 p 2 . The reactive power can be
  1  Vac − Vac − I L1 p X ac
2 2 2
derived from (10) that,  I acmf
=  I L1 p + I L1q  −
 2 3  2 X ac
Vac ± Vac2 − I L21 p X ac2  (14)
I acnfq = (11)
2 X ac  1 Vbc − Vbc − I L1 p X bc2
2 2

=  I bcmf I L1 p −
Phase-ac converter total output current can be conducted,  2 3 2 X bc
1 Vac ± Vac2 − I L21 p X ac2 According to (13),
Iacnf =
− I L1 p + j (12) Vac2 − I L21 p X ac2 ≥ 0 (15)
2 2 X ac

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Hence, the total install capacity when X ac < 29.8Ω is smaller than that
X ac ≤ Vac I L1 p(16) when 29.8Ω < X ac < 34.4Ω . Since the initial cost per kvar of
According to (1), fundamental compensation current is
MSVC is higher than coupling branch, X= opt
ac 29.8Ω is chosen
determined by load active current and PF. In Fig. 6, the
compensation current angle θ is determined by to make the install capacity as well as the initial cost minimum.
The minimum passive install capacity is 22.9Mvar. The install
 1 
 I L1 p + I L1q  capacity of LC coupling branch is 6.4Mvar. The install capacity
 1 
= θ tan −1  2 3 =  tan −1  + 2 tan ϕ L  (17) of MSVC is 16.5Mvar.
 1
I L1 p   3  In (1), Phase-bc compensation current angle is 30°. By the
 
 2  same analysis method, the minimum install capacity of
In (17), tanφL=IL1q/IL1p and determined by the load PF. Phase-bc passive part can be conducted which is 6.3Mvar. The
Assume range of locomotive load PF is 0.8~1, so the variation install capacity of L coupling branch is 2.9Mvar. The install
range of θ is 30°~64.3°. The active current RMS value of capacity of MSVC is 3.4Mvar. The optimum impedance value
locomotive load is usually range from 200A to 800A. The of coupling inductor X bcopt is 17.1Ω.
maximum value of Xac impedance is 34.4Ω according to (16). The initial cost of coupling branch and active compensation
Hence the compensation current area is the shadow part in Fig. device is about USD$5/kVA and USD$60/kVA, respectively
8. [29]. The initial cost of MSVC is about USD$20/kVA. The
Iq /A coupling branch impedance for conventional HPQC is
Xac=34.375 confirmed according to [28], that is Xac=50Ω and Xbc=2.5Ω.
A
800 Xac=25 The coupling branch impedance for proposed HEMPQC is
Xac=29.8Ω and Xbc=17.1Ω. The initial capacity and cost of
600 HPQC and HEMPQC are compared in Table I. The transient
Iq=tan64.3°*IL1p/2 process is taken into consideration.
(1) TABLE I
400 N INITIAL CAPACITY AND COST COMPARISON OF HPQC AND HEMPQC
Compensation
C1 Iq=tan30°*IL1p/2
B current area MSVC Coupling branch Active Initial
200 capacity capacity capacity cost
N(2) (MVA) (MVA) (MVA) (USD)
HPQC 0 52.5 40.4 2686.5k
0 HEMPQC 19.9 10.3 22 1769.5k
400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0
IL1p/2 /A As it’s shown in Table I, the initial active capacity and cost
Fig. 8. Variation of C1 at different Xac.
of HEMPQC are significantly deduced compared with
The variation of C1 at different Xac is also shown in Fig. 8. conventional HPQC.
The parameter design target is to make the passive compensator
install capacity minimum. The install capacity of the coupling B. Harmonic Currents Suppress Principle
= X ac ( I )
install max 2 max
branch is Q branch acnf
. I acnf is the maximum output Broad spectral harmonic currents are generated by
current of the converter. The install capacity of MSVC is, locomotive load [32]. Since 3rd harmonic current is the
maximum among the total harmonic currents, the passive
= install
QMSVC ind .max
Vac ( I MSVC + I MSVC
cap .max
) (18) harmonic filter of MSVC is tuned resonance at 3rd harmonic
ind .max cap .max
I MSVC and I MSVC are the maximum inductive current and order. The LC coupling branch of Phase-ac converter is
capacitive current of MSVC, respectively. The total install resonance at 5th harmonic in order to suppress the second-most
capacity of the passive part of HEMPQC is, 5th harmonic current. That is
Q= install install
+ QMSVC
install 1
total Qbranch (19) 5ω Lac = (20)
5ωCac
In Fig. 8, point A is the intersection point of I L1 p 2 = 400
The 3rd and 5th harmonic currents will be suppressed by
and the upper boundary of the compensation area. Point B is the
passive filters. The left harmonic currents are eliminated by
intersection point of I L1 p 2 = 400 and the lower boundary of active harmonic filter. The harmonic output current of Phase-ac
the compensation area. N is the intersection point of converter is,
I L1 p 2 = 400 and C1. When X ac < 29.8Ω , N is below B (as (i ) (i ) (i )
iac nh =
−iacmh − iLh (21)
N(2) in Fig. 8). The install capacity of the LC branch will (i )
In (21), iacnh is the ith order harmonic current generated by
increase when Xac increase. The install capacity of MSVC will (i ) (i )
decrease when Xac increase. The total passive part Phase-ac converter. iacmh and iLh are the ith order harmonic
compensation capacity stays constant. When currents generated by Phase-ac MSVC and locomotive load,
29.8Ω < X ac < 34.4Ω , N is between A and B (as N(1) in Fig. 8). respectively.
The install capacity of MSVC stays constant when Xac increases, There is no locomotive load in Phase-bc, the harmonic
while the install capacity of the LC branch will increase. Hence, currents generated by Phase-bc converter are
(i ) (i )
ibcnh = −ibcmh (22)

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2 I L1 p sin (ωt − π 6 ) − 2 I L1q cos (ωt − π 6 )

(i )
In (22), ibcmh is the ith order harmonic currents generated by =iL
Phase-bc MSVC. ∞ (23)
+ ∑ 2 I Lh sin ( hωt + ϕ Lh )
h=2
IV. CONTROL STRATEGY OF HEMPQC
In (23), IL1p and IL1q are the load fundamental active and
The control system of proposed HEMPQC is shown in Fig. reactive current RMS value. ILh and φLh are the RMS value and
9. phase angle of hth order harmonic current.
sin (ωt − π 6 ) sin (ωt − π 2 ) According to the instantaneous phase detection method [33],
vac PLL
− cos (ωt − π 6 ) vbc PLL
− sin (ωt ) IL1p and IL1q can be obtained [14]-[18]. To eliminate NSC,
reactive power and harmonic currents, the expectation currents
sin (ωt − π 6 )
iL × LPF 2 I L1 p in the feeder transmission line are
 exp 2  π 2  π
− cos (ωt − π 6 ) = iac I L1 p sin  ωt −  + I L1 p cos  ωt − 
iL × LPF 2 I L1q  2  6 2 3  6
 (24)
i i exp 2  π 2  π
sin (ωt − π 6 )
iacexp+ - L =  bc I sin  ω t −  − I cos  ω t − 
× iacref
L1 p L1 p
+  2  2 2 3  2
+ - According to Kirchhoff Current Law, the ideal reference
cos (ωt − π 6 )
× iacm signal of HPQC is
iac ( t ) = iac ( t ) − iacm ( t ) − iL ( t )
I L1 p 1 2 1 3  ref exp

− sin (ωt ) × ibcm  ref (25)

+ exp
ibc - ibc=
 ( t ) ibcexp ( t ) − ibcm ( t )
sin (ωt − π 2 ) × + + ibcref
(a) B. MSVC Controller
I L1 p I acmf The reference RMS values of MSVC output current are
Eq. (14) determined by (14). The MSVC is controlled by PI controller.
I L1q I bcmf The actual measured MSVC fundamental current RMS value
can be obtained by fast Fourier transform (FFT). With the
FFT reference signal minus the measurement signal, then passing
− the result through a PI regulator. The output signal of PI
I acmf + PI MSVC iacm controller will be used to regulate the output current of MCR.

I bcmf +
PI MSVC ibcm
− C. HPQC Controller
FFT A steady DC link voltage is the premise of HPQC proper
(b)
operation. So, a DC link voltage control signal should be added
to the ideal reference signal. The loss of electronic devices is
sin (ωt − π 6 )
ref
U DC shared by two converters. Hysteresis control is adopted to make
sin (ωt − π 2 ) a fast track to the reference signal.
U DC
+

- PI × The harmonic content of MCR is less than TCR, but the

× response speed is slow (about 0.1~0.2s). HPQC is a power
electronic device which has a quite fast response speed. To the
+ i′acref+ −
iacref +
Hysteresis
Controller iac
rapidly changed locomotive load, the control system in Fig. 9
makes HEMPQC have a fast response speed. In Fig. 9, the
+ ibc′ref HPQC
ibc reference signal of MSVC changes instantaneously when load
ibcref + +
Hysteresis
Controller increases. But the output current of MSVC couldn’t change
− immediately. The lacked reactive power will be supplied by
(c) HPQC. When the MSVC output current approach to the
Fig. 9. Control system of HEMPQC. (a) Reference signal detecting system. (b) reference current, the reactive power supplied by HPQC will
MSVC controller. (c) HPQC controller. decrease until the compensation system reaches to the steady
state. In this way, the response speed of HEMPQC is actually
The control system is made up of three parts: reference signal the response speed of HPQC which is fast enough to meet the
detecting system; MSVC controller and HPQC controller. requirement of rapidly changed load.

A. Reference Signal Detecting System V. SIMULATION RESULTS

Assume the load current is To verify the effectiveness of HEMPQC, simulations are
done by MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation of conventional
HPQC is also done at the same load condition for the
comparison. Simulation time is 1s and sample frequency is

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200kHz. The circuit schematic of the system used in simulation vA vB vC

is shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 4.
V/V transformer is made up of two 20MVA, 220kV:27.5kV 200

v/kV
single-phase transformers. Locomotive load is simulated by
0
linear impedance parallel with harmonic current sources [30].
Two load conditions are simulated. Load Condition 1: -200
PL=8MW, QL=2Mvar. Load Condition 2: PL=16MW,
QL=4Mvar. Assume the conventional HPQC coupling branch
50
iA iB iC
impedance is set according to Load Condition 1 [28]. The
detailed simulation parameters are shown in Table II.
TABLE II

i/A
0
SIMULATION PARAMETERS

Items Description
Three-phase public grid voltage 220kV -50
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
V/V transformer 20MVA, 220kV:27.5kV
Phase-ac step-down transformer 27.5kV:27.5kV
t/s
Phase-bc step-down transformer 27.5kV:27.5kV Fig. 11. Compensation results with conventional HPQC to Load Condition 1.
HPQC DC capacitor 10000μF
Phase-ac coupling branch in HPQC Lac, Cac 12.5mH, 32.5μF The compensation result with proposed HEMPQC is shown
Phase-bc coupling branch in HPQC Lbc 8mH in Fig. 12. The DC voltage is 40kV.
Phase-ac coupling branch in HEMPQC Lac, Cac 3.95mH, 102.7μF
Phase-bc coupling branch in HEMPQC Lbc 10 mH vA vB vC
Rating of ac side MSVC 6.0Mvar 200
Rating of bc side MSVC 2.0Mvar

v/kV
0

A. Load Condition 1(PL=8MW, QL=2Mvar) -200

The three-phase voltage and current waveforms of the
primary side of V/V transformer without compensation are
50
iA iB iC
shown in Fig. 10. It can be seen that the system suffer from
reactive power, unbalance and harmonics.
i/A

vA vB vC 0

200
-50
v/kV

0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

0
t/s
-200 Fig. 12. Compensation results with proposed HEMPQC to Load Condition 1.

100
iA iB iC It can be seen from Fig. 11 and 12 that both conventional
HPQC and proposed HEMPQC have a good compensation
50 performance. The three-phase currents are compensated to
balance with little distortion. The three-phase currents are in
i/A

0
phase with three-phase voltages which means the PF is
-50 compensated to 1. The comparison of active part output power
-100 of HPQC and HEMPQC is shown in Table III.
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 TABLE III
t/s ACTIVE PART COMPENSATION PERFORMANCE COMPARISON USING HPQC
Fig. 10. System performance of V/V traction power supply system without AND HEMPQC (LOAD CONDITION 1)
compensation (Load Condition 1). HPQC HEMPQC
Items
Phase ac Phase bc Phase ac Phase bc
The compensation result with conventional HPQC is shown Output active power (MW) -3.95 3.96 -4.11 3.80
in Fig. 11. The DC voltage of HPQC is 35kV which is set Output reactive power (Mvar) 0.01 0.02 0.01 -0.04
according to the converter output voltage.
In Table III, both the HPQC and HEMPQC active part have a
small output reactive power. In HPQC, the coupling branch
impedance is set according to Load Condition 1. The needed
reactive power is provided by the coupling branch [27], [28].
Hence, the active part output power is almost pure active power.
In HEMPQC, the needed reactive power is provided by
coupling branch together with MSVC. Hence, the converter
output power is also almost active power. Both HPQC and
HEMPQC could have a minimum output capacity to Load

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Condition 1. vA vB vC
The output power of active and passive part of HEMPQC to
Load Condition 1 is shown in Table IV. It should be noticed 200

v/kV
that there are two passive compensation devices in HEMPQC:
0
MSVC and the coupling branch.
TABLE IV
-200
OUTPUT POWER OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE PART OF HEMPQC (LOAD
CONDITION 1)
100
iA iB iC
Items Phase ac Phase bc
Active Part (MW) -3.95 3.96 50

i/A
MSVC -3.69 1.98 0
Passive Part (Mvar)
Coupling Branch -0.64 0.33 -50

-100
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
B. Load Condition 2 (PL=16MW, QL=4Mvar) t/s
The system performance without compensation to Load Fig. 14. Compensation results with conventional HPQC to Load Condition 2.
Condition 2 is shown in Fig. 13. The current waveforms are vA vB vC
similar to the Load Condition 1 in Fig. 10, but the amplitudes
200
are twice.

v/kV
vA vB vC 0

200 -200
v/kV

0
100
iA iB iC
-200
50
i/A
0
200
iA iB iC
-50
100 -100
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
i/A

0 t/s
-100 Fig. 15. Compensation results with proposed HEMPQC to Load Condition 2.
-200
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 The comparison of the active part output power to Load
t/s Condition 2 is shown in Table V. It is shown that the active part
Fig. 13. System performance of V/V traction power supply system without in HPQC couldn’t keep the minimum output power any more,
compensation (Load Condition 2). while the active part in HEMPQC could keep the output power
minimum which is pure active power.
The compensation results with HPQC and HEMPQC to TABLE V
Load Condition 2 are shown in Fig. 14 and Fig. 15, respectively. ACTIVE PART COMPENSATION PERFORMANCE COMPARISON USING HPQC
The DC voltage of HPQC increases to 50kV and the DC AND HEMPQC (LOAD CONDITION 2)

voltage of HEMPQC is still 40kV. Both of them have a good HPQC HEMPQC
Items
Phase ac Phase bc Phase ac Phase bc
compensation performance. Three-phase currents are balanced Output active power (MW) -8.04 7.80 -7.87 7.66
with little distortion and in phase with three-phase voltages.
Output reactive power (Mvar) -8.36 4.65 0.19 0.05

As it’s shown in Fig. 14 and Fig. 15, even though both HPQC
and HEMPQC have a good compensation performance, the
active part compensation capacity is different. The active part
of HPQC will supply amounts of reactive power to offset the
difference between the needed reactive power and the coupling
branch generated reactive power. While the active part of
HEMPQC only supplies little reactive power because the
needed reactive power is provided by coupling branch and
MSVC. It means the proposed HEMPQC could achieve a
similar performance to HPQC with a lower active part capacity
as well as the DC voltage. The DC voltage of HPQC to Load
Condition 2 is 50kV, which is almost the same DC voltage
rating of RPC. This shows the disadvantage of HPQC that

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couldn’t keep the active part output power minimum to 400

different load conditions. While for the proposed HEMPQC, 200

the DC voltage keeps to 40kV to both Load Condition 1 and 2.

I/A
This result illustrates the advantage of HEMPQC that has a 0

minimum active compensation capacity to different load

-200
conditions.
The output power of active and passive part of HEMPQC to -400
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Load Condition 2 is shown in Table VI. t/s
TABLE VI
OUTPUT POWER OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE PART OF HEMPQC (LOAD (b)
CONDITIOIN 2) 1000

Items Phase ac Phase bc 500

I/A
Active Part (MW) -7.87 7.66 0
MSVC -5.80 3.15
Passive Part (Mvar) -500
Coupling Branch -2.81 1.44
-1000
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

The compensation results of conventional HPQC working at t/s

(c)
40kV DC voltage are shown in Fig. 16. Compared with the Fig. 17. Transient process of HEMPQC. (a) Transient process of three-phase
HEMPQC, the performance of HPQC working at 40kV DC currents. (b) Transient process of MSVC output current. (c) Transient process
voltage is far from satisfaction. It means EMHPQC has a better of converter output current.
compensation performance than HPQC at the same DC voltage
(40kV).
VI. EXPERIMENT RESULTS
vA vB vC
In order to verify the compensation performance of
200
HEMPQC, a laboratory scare V/V co-phase traction power
v/kV

0 supply system was built as shown in Fig. 18. The V/V

transformer is made up of two 5kVA 220V:220V single phase
-200 transformers. The traction load is represented by rectifier RL
circuit, with a linear active capacity of 700W. The experiment
100
iA iB iC parameters are listed in Table VII.
TABLE VII
EXPERIMENT PARAMETERS
Items Description
i/A

0 Phase-ac step-down transformer 220V:65V, 3kVA

Phase-bc step-down transformer 220V:65V, 3kVA
DC capacitor 6600μF
-100 Phase-ac coupled branch in HEMPQC Lac, Cac 10mH, 33μF
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Phase-bc coupled branch in HEMPQC Lbc 10 mH
t/s Rating of Phase-ac MSVC 2000var
Fig. 16. Compensation results with conventional HPQC at 40kV DC voltage to Rating of Phase-bc MSVC 2000var
Load Condition 2. Phase-ac coupled branch in HPQC Lac, Cac 10 mH, 33μF
Phase-bc coupled branch in HPQC Lbc 10 mH
C. Transient Process of HEMPQC
Assume the load change from Load Condition 1 to Load
Condition 2 at 0.5s, the three-phase current waveforms, the
Phase-ac MSVC output current waveform and Phase-ac
converter output current waveform are shown in Fig 17 (a)~(c),
respectively. Lacked reactive power should have been supplied
by MSVC in transient process is supplied by the converter. In
this way, the HEMPQC system has a very fast response speed.
100

50
I/A

-50

100
0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7
Fig. 18. Photos of the prototype.
t/s
(a)

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Three-phase currents without the compensation are shown in

Fig. 19. It is a typical single phase load currents with
harmonics.

5A/div
iA iB iC
5A/div

25ms/div
(d)

10ms/div
Fig. 19. Three-phase currents without compensation.

2.5A/div
The HEMPQC compensation results are shown in Fig. 20. Fig.
20(a) shows three-phase currents after the compensation. It can
be observed that the power quality problems of unbalance,
reactive power and harmonics are solved by HEMPQC. Fig. 20
(b) and (c) show the output currents of the converter and MSVC.
25ms/div
Fig. 20(d) give the transient process of HEMPQC. The
(e)
response time is short enough to meet the locomotive load
compensation requirement. Fig. 20(e) and (f) show the transient
process of Phase-bc converter output current and MSVC output

2.5A/div
current. It can be observed that the response speed of MSVC is
slow, but the converter could supply the lacked reactive current
to keep a fast overall response speed.

iA iB iC
5A/div

25ms/div
(f)
Fig. 20. Experimental results after the compensation. (a) Three-phase currents
after the compensation. (b) Output currents of converters. (c) Output currents of
MSVCs. (d) Overall transient process of HEMPQC. (e) Transient process of
Phase-bc converter. (f) Transient process of Phase-bc MSVC.

10ms/div The compensation experiment with conventional HPQC is

(a) also done to verify the advantage of HEMPQC. The converter
iacn ibcn output current and voltage of EMHPQC and conventional
HPQC are shown in Fig. 21. Fig. 21(a) shows the converter
output current and voltage of HEMPQC and Fig. 21(b) shows
2.5A/div

the converter output current and voltage of HPQC. The FFT

analysis results of the converter output current and voltage are
shown in Table VIII. As it’s shown in Table VIII, the converter
output reactive power of HEMPQC is much smaller than it of
HPQC. This means HEMPQC could have a smaller active
10ms/div compensation capacity with the help of MSVC compared with
(b) conventional HPQC.
iacm ibcm iacn vvsca
v(50V/div)
2A/div

i(3A/div)

10ms/div
(c)
10ms/div
(a)

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instantaneous powers in single-phase and three-phase systems with use electrical engineering from the Wuhan
of p-q-r theory,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 711– University, Wuhan, China, in 2002 and 2007,
720, Sep. 2002. respectively.
From 2007 to 2009, he was a lecturer in
Wuhan University, where he has been
engaged in power electronics system control,
power quality issues, application and control of inverters. From
Baichao Chen (M’00) was born in Hunan 2014 to 2015, he was a visiting scholar at the Electrical and
Province, China, on March 13, 1960. He Computer Engineering Ohio state university, Columbus, OH.
graduated from Huazhong University of Science 2009, He is an Associate Professor in in electrical
Science and Technology, and received his engineering from the Wuhan University. Dr. Jiaxin is an active
B.E in 1982. Then he received the M.S. and member of IEEE. He is the author of more than 60 scientific
Ph.D degree from School of Electrical publications, among which, 15 papers were published or
Engineering, Wuhan University, in 1989 accepted in IEEE transactions or IET proceedings and 25
and 1993. patents. Dr. Jiaxin is the corresponding author of this paper.
Currently, he is a Professor of Wuhan University. He was Vice
Dean of School of Electrical Engineering, Wuhan University.
He was a visiting scholar with the Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, Troy, New York, U.S.A, from 1997 to 1998.

Chenmeng Zhang (S’13) was born in

Xiangyang, Hubei Province, China, in 1988.
He received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in
electrical engineering from Wuhan
University in 2011 and 2013, respectively.
He is working towards his Ph.D. degree at
the school of Electrical Engineering, Wuhan
University. His research interest is the power
quality problem in electrical railway power supply system.

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