ACTIVITY 1

AM: Toidentify adiode, an LED, aresistor and acapacitor froma mixed collection ofsuchitems.
APPARATUSSAND MATERIAL
Apparatus. Multimeter.
Material. Above mixed collection of items.

THEORY
have tobe considered.
For identihcation, appearance and working of each item will
diode
A is a two-terminal device. It conducts when forward biased and does not conduct
1.
conducting. Hence, it does not glow.
when reverse biased. It does not emit light while
emitting diode) is also a two-terminal device. It also conducts when forward
2. ALED (light biased. It emits light while conducting. Hence,
biased and does not conduct when reverse
it glows. conducts when either forward biased
or reverse
two-terminal device. It
3 A resistor is a conducts even when
forward or reverse bias for a resistor). It
biased. (Infact there is no
operated with A.C. voltage. not conduct when either
forward biased
two-terminal device. It does
4 A capacitor is also a connected to a D.C. source, then multimeter
shows
reverse biased. When a capacitor is
or capacitor
initially a
current initially but it decays to zero quickly. It is because that
full scale
draw a charge.
components to be identified are shown in figure.
The
1000 uF
123 4
6V
Wire
0.47 uF
Paper Electrolytic

Rings (b) Capacitors

(a) Carbon resistor Mica

LED
7
(c) Diodes
elements.
Fig. Some of the commonly available circuit
 PROCEDURE
1 It the item has two terminals, it may be
diode, a LED, a resistor or a capacitor.
In order to differentiate proceed as ahead:
identified and the
Connect the battery eliminator, reversing key, the items to be
Switch on the circuit and carefully observe the movement of the
pointer of the mul tinet
[Link].
move when reversod
(0) Ifpointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and does not
there is nolight emission, the item is a diode.
(i) Ifpointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and does not move when reversed nd
there is light emission, the item is a LED.
(i) If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and also when reversed, the item is a
resistor.

(iv) If pointer does not move when voltage is applied in one way and also when reversed, the
item is a capacitor.
OBSERVATIONS

No. of Number oflegs Name ofdevice No. of Possible current Name of device
Obs. Obs. flow
1. Two Capacitor, Diode, 2. Unidirectional, Diode
LED or resistor emitsno light
3. Unidirectional, LED
emits light
4. Both directions Resistor
(steady)
5. Initially high but Capacitor
decays to zero
 ACTIVITY 3 Physics
AIM: To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (on/off).
apower source. switches, fusea

APPARATUSAND MATERIAL
Apparatus. No apparatus required in assembling acircuit.
Material. Three bulbs (6 V. 1 W) each, fuse of 0.6 A, main switch power
supply
eliminator), three (on/off) switches, connecting wire with red and black plastic covering and
Supplementary. Main electric board with atwo-pin socket and main switch. afu(bseat enwit
THEORY

Electricity supplied to us for domestic purposesis 220 VA.C. and 50 Hz. In case of the
circuit, allappliances are connected in parallel" with mains. The switches are connected in series w househola
each appliances in live wire. 5A switches are required for normal appliances like bulbs,fuoresrov
tubes, fans, etc. 15 Asockets and switches are required for heavy load appliances like
refrigerator, är
conditioner, geyser, hot plates, etc. All appliances must have three wires called live, neutral and th
earth. Total power consumption 'P'at a time,
P=P+P, +P,t...
where P, P, P, are the powers drawn by appliances.
To protect the appliances from damage when unduly high currents are
drawn, use fuse of little
higher rating, 10 to 20% higher than the current normally drawn by all
MAINS FUSE of suitable value like rating 32 Ais connected in series withappliances. further safety,
For
supply source.
DIAGRAM
B
S,

B S.

B $,
S

A.C. ammeter
()A(A.C.)
M.S. F
Power
SOurce
0246g 10
Source of supply
0to 10 V Fuse (0 to 0.75 A)
(a) (b)
(a) Circuit diagram, (b) Actual layout.
 99
PROCEDURE

Connectthe bulbsB,, B, and B, in series

with
parallel with each other. switches S,, S, and S,,respectively and connect
each set of) B-S in
Connect main supply to a step-down
voltagefrom 0to 10 V(0, 2, 4, 6, 8 transformer (battery eliminator) to get required
and 10 V).
Connect the mains fuse M.S. in
series with the power supply (battery eliminator).
Connect an A.C.
ammeter in series with the B-S set.
Connect one end of power supply to
one end of B-S set.
Check the circuit once again to ensure that
household circuit is
Cradually increase the current to 0.75 A, the fuse must burn [Link] about 0.6 A.

ACTIVITY 4
AIM: To assemble:the components of agiven electricalcircuit.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAI.

Apparatus. A voltmeter arnd an ammeter of appropriate range, a battery, a rheostat and
one-waykey.
Material. An unknown resistance or resistance coil, connecting wires and apiece of sand paper.

DIAGRAM

R,

PROCEDURE
1 Connect the components (Resistors, inductors, etc.) in series with each other as shown in
diagram and then in series with the battery.
Connect the ammeter in series with the circuit,to measure the current.
3
Connect the voltmeter in parallel to the resistor, to measure the potential difference.
Connect the switch in series with the battery.
Assembly of the electrical components in electric circuit is complete.
UTILITY
It is used for measuring an unknown resistance (see Experiment 2: Section A).