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GENERAL CHEMISTRY
USE PROPERTIES OF MATTERS TO IDENTIFY SUBSTANCES AND TO
SEPARATE THEM
A property characteristic of a substance used in its identification and description.
Atom is the smallest particle
molecule composed with atoms
Physical Property- can be observed or measured without changing basic composition
Common physical properties include color, odor, taste, physical state (solid, liquid, or gas), density, boiling point,
melting point
Chemical property- describes the way the substance undergoes or resists change to form a
new substance
For example, copper objects turn green when exposed to moist air for long periods of time.
Extensive properties change their value when the amount of matter is engaged
Intensive properties do not change their value
Pure substance composed of only one components/ one kind of atom (ex: gold, iron, salt)
Compound mixture is composed of several components (ex: soft drinks, brown sugar)
Heterogeneous mixture- non-uniform composition
Homogeneous mixture - uniform composition
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
1). Density- An object has a high density if it is heavy and compact
2). Solubility- ability of a substance to dissolve in a given amount of solvent
3). Magnetic Properties- ability to attract magnetic materials like paper clip
4). Boiling Point- the temperature at which a liquid is converted into a gas.
5). Electric Properties- Metals are good conductors of electricity.
6). Heating Properties- When substances are heated they respond in different ways.
A mixture can contain solids, liquids and/or gases.
The components in a mixture are not chemically joined, they are just mixed so you can
separate them.
DIFFERENT WAYS IN SEPARATING MIXTURE
1). Hand sorting- mixture can be separated by just picking them
2). Sieving- different sizes are separated from a mixture on the basis of the difference in their
sizes
3). Filtration- used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid
4). Magnetic separation- used to separate magnetic materials from non-magnetic
5). Evaporation- a method used to separate a soluble solid from a liquid
6). Distillation- process of separating components of a mixture based on different boiling
points
7). Chromatography- Chromatography is suitable to separate different colored dyes.
JDS Based on Module
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FORMULAS OF COMMON CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
for you to easily remember 7 diatomic elements:
“I Bring Cookies For Our New Home”
Molecular formula consists of the chemical symbols followed by numeric subscripts
describing the number of atoms.
Structural formula indicates not only the number of atoms and their arrangement in space.
The empirical formula represents the simplest whole-integer ratio of atoms in a compound
Compound mixture: Chemically mixed. (Ex: Rubbing Alcoholl—C3H8O)
COMPARE CONSUMER PRODUCTS ON THE BASIS OF THEIR
COMPONENTS FOR USE, SAFETY, QUALITY AND COST
Household Cleaning Materials
Bleach Muriatic Acid
- helps clean and whiten surfaces by - The muriatic reacted immediately in
generally lowering the stability of the rusted metal rod because it is one of
chemical bonds in stain molecules the strong acid
- Didn't reacted immediately on rusted
metal rod
Product quality: entity satisfies the specified set of attributes or requirements
JDS Based on Module
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Product cost refers to the amount of money incurred by a business from manufacturing a
product
SIMPLE SEPARATION TECHNIQUES
1. Decantation- separates undissolved material from the liquid by carefully
pouring only the liquid into another container. The liquid obtained is called supernatant.
2. Filtration- process of separating fine and light solid ppp poparticles from a liquid by
pouring a mixture using a filter paper
3. Sublimation - solid transforms into a gas phase without passing through the liquid
phase.
4. Extraction- efers to transference of compound(s) from a solid or liquid into a different
solvent or phase, example is the tea making
5. Distillation is a process of separating liquid mixtures if they have significantly different
boiling points, condensed liquid called the distillate
6. Chromatography- to separate different colored dyes
- Mobile phase,stationary phase and retention time
DISTILLATION VARIATIONS
1. Simple distillation is a process in which v opapors from the boiling flask are directly
loofed
into the condenser
2. Fractional Distillation- the vapors are fed through a fractionating column before
entering the condenser.
3. A vacuum distillation is any distillation conducted under reduced pressure.
4. Steam distillation is same to simple distillation, the main difference being that
steam (or water) is used in the distilling flask along with the material to be distilled.
5. Rotary Distillation- The preferred method for solvent removal in the laboratory is by
use of a rotary evaporator also known as a rotavap.
CHEMICALS
TYPES OF CHEMICAL FORMULA
1. Empirical formula- The empirical formula represents the relative number of atoms of
each element in the compound.
2. Molecular formula- The molecular formula comes in to show the actual number of
atoms within each molecule.
3. Structural formula- The structural formula of a molecule is a chemical formula with a
more artistic twist
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Difference of Empirical Formula from Molecular Formula
Empirical formula gives the composition of Molecular formula gives the composition of
the molecule, in terms of the smallest ratio the molecule, in terms of the actual number
of the number of atoms present of atoms present
NAMING OF COMPOUNDS
Compounds made of a metal and nonmetal are commonly known as Ionic Compounds,
where the compound name has an ending of –ide.
Cations have positive charges
Anions have negative charges
The net charge of any ionic compound must be zero which also means
it must be electrically neutral
The metal is changed to end in –ous or –ic
-ous ending is used for the lower oxidation state.
-ic ending is used for the higher oxidation state.
CALCULATE MOLECULAR FORMULA GIVEN MOLAR MASS
In calculating the molar mass CO2
Multiply subscript and the atomic weight of the elements
- The subscript of C is 1 so, it will be 1×12.01
- After multiplying get the sum
- Mass of C + mass of O= molar mass of CO2
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- therefore, the molar mass of CO2 is, 44.01 grams
Emperical formula: CF2
Molar mass: 200. 04
- get the molar mass of the emperical formula first
- after getting the molar mass of the emperical formula, divide the given molar mass
and the molar mass of emperical formula
- Multiply the value of n to the subscripts of emperical formula
- Therefore, the molecular formula is C4F8
percent composition/percent by mass
Molecular formula: H2O2
- calculate the molar mass first
- Calculate the percent composition of Hydrogen
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- Therefore, Hydrogen is 5.94%
- Do the same process in calculating the percent composition of Oxygen, it will be
94.06%
- remember that when you add the percent composition of each element, it must be
equal to 100%
BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
-When balancing a chemical equation, there should be equal numbers of every atom on both
sides of the equation
Ex: N2 + H2—NH3
- Notice that the atom counts of the events of is not equal in both sides
- So, find a number that will help N in NH3 be N=2
- The nitrogen is already equal since we put coefficient 2.
- But in this step, it’s the H is not equal
JDS Based on Module
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- Find a number that will help H2 in N2+H2 be H=6
- put 3 as the coefficient
- therefore H=6
- balanced formula is:
Tip: always balance the smallest unbalanced element first, example is N= 2 and N=1. Always List the atom
counts to avoid confusion.
