q-1 what do you mean by internet security ?
ans 1 .Internet security refers to measures taken to protect data and information
on the internet from unauthorized access,
cyberattacks, and other threats. It involves employing techniques such as
encryption, firewalls,
and antivirus software to safeguard online activities and prevent breaches
of privacy or data integrity.
q-2 what do you mean by communication protocol ?
ans 2 .A communication protocol is a set of rules and conventions that govern the
exchange of data between devices or systems.
It defines how data is transmitted, received, and interpreted, ensuring
seamless communication.
Examples include TCP/IP for internet communication and HTTP for web
browsing.
q-3 define hard disk .
ans 3 .A hard disk, often referred to as a hard drive, is a non-volatile storage
device used to store and retrieve digital data.
It consists of one or more rigid disks coated with a magnetic material,
which are mounted inside a sealed unit.
Hard disks are commonly used in computers and other electronic devices to
store operating systems, software applications, and user files.
q-4 define RAM.
ans 4 .RAM, or Random Access Memory, is a type of computer memory that is used to
store data and machine code currently being used or processed by a computer's CPU.
Unlike storage memory such as hard drives, RAM is volatile, meaning it
requires power to maintain data, and data is lost when the computer is powered off.
RAM allows for fast access to data, speeding up the operation of programs
and overall system performance.
q-5 what do you mean by cache memory .
ans 5 .Cache memory is a high-speed type of computer memory located between the
central processing unit (CPU) and main memory.
Its purpose is to store frequently accessed data and instructions, allowing
the CPU to access them quickly, thereby speeding up computer operations.
q-6 what is difference between LAN and WAN ?
ans 6 .LAN (Local Area Network) is a network that connects devices within a
limited area, like a home, office, or building, typically using Ethernet cables or
Wi-Fi.
WAN (Wide Area Network) spans a larger geographical area, connecting LANs
over long distances via technologies like leased lines or satellites.
q-7 define search engine .
ans 7 .A search engine is an online tool or software that allows users to search
and retrieve information from the vast amount of data available on the internet.
It works by crawling web pages, indexing their content, and providing
relevant results in response to user queries, typically ranked by relevance.
q-8 what do you mean by internet service provider ?
ans 8 .An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company that provides individuals
and organizations with access to the internet.
ISPs offer various services, including internet connectivity, email
services, web hosting, and domain registration.
They connect users to the internet through technologies like DSL, cable,
fiber optics, or wireless networks.
q-9 define INTRANET .
ans 9 .An intranet is a private network within an organization that uses internet
protocols and technologies for internal communication and collaboration.
It enables employees to access company information, resources, and services
securely, typically behind a firewall,
fostering efficient communication, sharing of documents, and collaboration
among team members.
q-10 what do you mean by internet ?
ans 10 .The internet is a global network of interconnected computers and devices
that use standardized protocols to communicate and share information.
It facilitates the exchange of data, access to websites, online services,
and communication platforms worldwide.
The internet enables activities such as browsing, emailing, social
networking, and online commerce.
2.(a) Explain the categories of transmission media .
ans > Transmission media can be categorized into guided and unguided media.
Guided media > Guided media refers to transmission media that utilize
physical pathways to transmit data, including twisted pair cables, coaxial cables,
and fiber optic cables.
Data is transferred through these pathways, enabling reliable communication
over short to medium distances..
Unguided media > Guided media refers to transmission media that utilize
physical pathways to transmit data, including twisted pair cables, coaxial cables,
and fiber optic cables.
Data is transferred through these pathways, enabling reliable communication
over short to medium distances.
Each category offers different advantages in terms of speed, distance, and
susceptibility to interference.
2. (b) write short note on IP address and web browser .
ans > An IP address is a unique numerical label assigned to each device connected
to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.
It serves as an identifier for the device, allowing it to send and receive
data across the internet.
A web browser is a software application used to access information on the
World Wide Web.
It interprets HTML documents, allowing users to view websites, navigate
between pages, and interact with web-based content such as images, videos, and
forms.
Popular web browsers include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Microsoft
Edge.
2. (C) what is multiplexing and demultiplexing ?
ans > Multiplexing is the process of combining multiple signals or data streams
into a single transmission medium, such as a cable or radio channel.
It allows efficient use of available bandwidth by transmitting several
signals simultaneously.
Demultiplexing, on the other hand, is the reverse process. It involves
separating the combined signals at the receiving end of the transmission,
directing each signal to its intended destination. Multiplexing and
demultiplexing are essential techniques used in telecommunications and networking
to transmit multiple signals
efficiently over shared channels.
2. (d) explain the characteristics of transmission media.
ans > Transmission media possess several characteristics crucial for data
communication. These include bandwidth, which determines the data-carrying
capacity; attenuation,
indicating the signal loss over distance; noise susceptibility, referring
to the media's vulnerability to interference; transmission speed,
dictating how quickly data can be transmitted; and security, ensuring data
confidentiality during transmission. Additionally, factors like cost,
installation complexity, and scalability influence the selection of
transmission media for specific communication needs.
2. (e) Differerentiate between primary and secondary memory .
ans > Primary memory, also known as main memory or RAM (Random Access Memory), is
volatile and directly accessible by the CPU.
It stores data and instructions temporarily during program execution,
facilitating fast data access.
Secondary memory, such as hard disk drives (HDDs) and solid-state drives
(SSDs), is non-volatile and stores data permanently even when the power is off.
It serves as long-term storage for programs, files, and operating systems,
allowing data retention beyond the immediate session.
Q-3 Define switch , bridge , router and gateway .
ans > A switch is a networking device that connects multiple devices within a
local area network (LAN),
allowing them to communicate efficiently by forwarding data packets only to
the intended destination based on the device's MAC address.
It operates at the data link layer of the OSI model.
A bridge is a network device that connects multiple network segments
together, filtering and forwarding data packets between them based on MAC
addresses.
It effectively reduces network traffic and improves performance within
LANs.
A router is a networking device that connects multiple networks together
and directs data packets between them based on IP addresses.
It operates at the network layer of the OSI model and makes decisions about
the best path for data transmission.
A gateway is a networking device or software that acts as an entry and exit
point between two networks, such as a LAN and the internet.
It translates data between different network protocols, enabling
communication between networks with different architectures or protocols.
Gateways often perform tasks such as protocol conversion, data encryption,
and network address translation (NAT).
Q-4 Explain different types of network topologies with block daigram .
ans > The arrangement of a network that comprises nodes and connecting lines via
sender and receiver is referred to as Network Topology. The various network
topologies are:
Mesh Topology
Star Topology
Bus Topology
Ring Topology
Tree Topology
Hybrid Topology
