Review of Related Concepts
1 𝑞0 𝑞1
• Coulomb’s Law: 𝐹 =
4𝜋𝜖 𝑟 2
1 𝑞0
• Electric Field: E =
4𝜋𝜖 𝑟 2
• Electric Potential/Voltage at a point: the amount of work energy
needed to move a unit positive electric charge from a reference point
(usually from an infinite distance) to the specific point in an electric
field.
𝑟 𝑟 1 (𝑞0 )(+1) 1 𝑞0
•𝑉= 𝐸 ∞. 𝑑𝑟 = ∞− 4𝜋𝜖 𝑟 2 . 𝑑𝑟 =
4𝜋𝜖 𝑟
Courtesy: [Link]
Review of Related Concepts
• Work done to move q amount of charge: 𝑊 = 𝑉𝑞
• Current: Rate of change of charge
• Current flows from higher potential (voltage) to lower
𝑑𝑞
•𝐼=
𝑑𝑡
• Power: Rate of change of energy
𝑑𝑊 𝑑(𝑉𝑞) 𝑑𝑞
•𝑃= = = 𝑉 = 𝑉𝐼
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
• Energy=𝑡𝑑𝐼𝑉 = 𝑡𝑑𝑃
Circuit Elements (Active)
Circuit Elements (Passive)
Courtesy: [Link]
Circuit Elements (Passive)
Circuit Element (Measurement Devices)
Courtesy: [Link]
Passive Sign Convention
+ve: consuming/absorbing power
-ve: generating/supplying power
Example
Practice
Ohm’s Law
1
• 𝐼 ∝ (𝑉1 − 𝑉2 ) → 𝐼 ∝ 𝑉 → 𝐼 = 𝐺𝑉 → 𝐼 = 𝑉 → 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅
𝑅
𝜌𝑙
•𝑅=
𝐴
𝑉2
• 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 = 𝐼2 𝑅 =
𝑅
Example
Practice
Nodes, Branches, Mesh and Loops
• A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source or a
resistor.
• A node is the point of connection between two or more branches.
• A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
• Mesh is a closed loop in which there is no other loop within it.
Nodes, Branches, Mesh and Loops
Courtesy: [Link]
Practice
Kirchoff’s Law
• Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of currents
entering a node is zero.
• σ𝑁𝑛=1 𝐼𝑛 = 0
• 𝐼1 + −𝐼2 + 𝐼3 + 𝐼4 + (− 𝐼5 ) = 0
• 𝐼1 + 𝐼3 + 𝐼4 = 𝐼2 + 𝐼5
Example
Practice
Kirchoff’s Law
• Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all
voltages around a closed path is zero.
• σ𝑀𝑚=1 𝑉𝑚 = 0
• −𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 − 𝑉4 + 𝑉5 = 0
• 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 + 𝑉5 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉5
Example
Example
Practice
Example
• Find currents and voltages in the circuit shown in Fig. 2.27(a).
Example
• Ohm’s Law:
• KCL:
• KVL:
• Solving:
Practice
Parallel Current Sources and Series Voltage
Sources
Short and Open Circuit
Series Equivalent Resistance
• Two or more elements are in series if they exclusively share a single
node and consequently carry the same current.
Voltage Division
Parallel Equivalent Resistance
• Two or more elements are in parallel if they are connected to the
same two nodes and consequently have the same voltage across
them.
Current Division
Current Division Application
Short Circuit:
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 0
Entire current flows through short circuit
Open Circuit:
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1
Entire current flows through 𝑅1
Example
Practice
Example
Practice
Example
Practice
Example
Negative
Example
Practice
Y-∆ Transformation
Y-∆ Transformation
Y-∆ Transformation
Y-∆ Transformation
Example
Practice
Example
Example
