08

574 NDA/NA Pathfinder

OPTICS

As an average 4 to 5 questions are asked from this chapter. These questions are based on reflection of light,
refraction of light, scattering of light, uses of mirrors, refractive index, human eye, eye defects and optical
instruments.

Optics is the branch of physics which deals with the study of Laws of Reflection
behaviour, effect and properties of light.
There are two laws of reflection
(i) Angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of
LIGHT reflection.
Light is a form of energy which produces visual sensation in ∠i = ∠r
our eyes. Light is an electromagnetic waves which is transverse (ii) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal
in nature. The speed of light in vacuum is 3 × 10 8 m/s. at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.
➨ Note Ray of light A straight line path along which the transfer of light
energy takes place is called a ray of light. Mirror
Mirror is a polished surface of glass from which all the
Reflection of Light light is reflected. If the reflecting surface is plane, then
mirror is called plane mirror and if reflecting surface is
The phenomenon of bouncing back of light rays in the same spherical, then it is called spherical mirror.
medium on striking a smooth surface is called reflection of light.
There are two types of reflection Image
(i) Regular reflection If If light rays coming from a point on object meets at
Normal
the reflecting surface is N another point after reflection or appear to come from
perfectly smooth A Angle of C other point, then this second point is called the image
Angle of
surface, then the incidence
reflection of first point. There are two types of image
In

reflection is called (i) Real image If the light rays coming from a
c

ra
id

ed
en

regular reflection. point, meets at another point actually after

ct
tra

fle

i
y

reflection, then the image formed is called real

Re

(ii) Irregular reflection If r

M O M′ image.
the reflecting surface is
Smooth surface (ii) Virtual image If the light rays coming from a
rough, then the Point of incidence
reflection is called Reflection from plane surface point, does not meet actually after reflection or
irregular reflection. appear to come from another point, then the
image formed is called virtual image.
 (ii) Convex mirror The spherical mirror with outward
Reflection from Plane Mirror curved reflecting surface is called convex mirror. A beam
In the plane mirror, the size of image is always equal to of light generally diverges after reflection from its
the size of the object and it is of virtual nature. The surface, hence it is also called divergent mirror.
image in a plane mirror appears as far behind the mirror e.g. The outer curved surface of a shining spoon can be
as the object is in front of it. treated or considered as a convex mirror.
Important points related to simple mirror are given below M1
• If the object is displaced by a distance a towards or Aperture
away from the mirror, then its image will be displaced Focus Centre of curvature
by a distance a towards or away from the mirror.
(Pole) P F C
• The minimum size of the mirror required to see the
full image of an observer is half the height of the Principal
M2 axis
observer.
f
• If the plane mirror is rotated in the plane of incidence R
by an angle θ, then the reflected ray rotates by an angle Convex or diverging mirror
2θ.
• Focal length of plane mirror is infinity, i.e. power is Some Definitions Related to Spherical Mirrors
zero. Linear magnification produced by plane mirror is (i) Centre of curvature Centre of curvature of a
1. When two plane mirrors are kept facing each other spherical mirror is the centre of the sphere of which
at an angle θ and an object is placed between them, the mirror is apart. In the above figures, it is marked
360 ° 360 ° by C.
then number of images, n = − 1, if is even or
θ θ (ii) Radius of curvature Radius of curvature of a
the object lies symmetrically. Number of images, spherical mirror is the radius of sphere of which the
 360 °  360 ° mirror is apart. In the above figure, it is shown by R.
n=   , if is odd or the object lies
 θ  θ (iii) Pole The pole of the spherical mirror is mid-point of
asymmetrically. its reflecting surface. In the figure, it is shown by P.
• When two plane mirrors is parallel to each other, then (iv) Principal axis The principal axis of a spherical mirror
the number of images are infinity. is the line joining the pole and centre of curvature. In
the figure, PC is principal focus.
➨ Note The plane mirror is utilised in the form of kaleidoscope,
periscope and looking glass, etc.
(v) Aperture of mirror The part of the reflecting surface
of a mirror which can be exposed to the incident light
is called its aperture. In the figure, M1 M 2 is the
Spherical Mirror aperture of mirror.
If the reflecting surface of the mirror is curved inwards (vi) Principal focus or focus It is a point on the principal
or outwards, then the mirror is called a spherical mirror. axis of the mirror at which the light rays coming
Spherical mirrors are of two types parallel to principal axis, after reflection actually meet
or appear to be coming from. It is represented by F.
(i) Concave mirror The spherical mirror with inward
For a concave mirror, the focus is in front of the
curved reflecting surface is called concave mirror. A
mirror, while for a convex mirror, the focus is behind
beam of light generally converges after reflection
the mirror. The focus of a concave mirror is real, while
from its surface, hence it is also called convergent
the focus of a convex mirror is virtual.
mirror.
(vii) Focal length The distance between pole and focus of a
e.g. The inner curved surface of a shining spoon can
spherical mirror is called its focal length. It is
be considered as a concave mirror.
represented by f .
Principal
M1 (a) Focal length of plane mirror is infinity.
axis
Aperture
(b) Radius of curvature of plane mirror is infinity.
C F Relation between Focal Length and Radius of
P (Pole)
Curvature of Spherical Mirror
Focus
If the aperture of the mirror is small, then the following
Centre of M2
curvature
relation is given below between focal length ( f ) and radius
f of curvature ( R).
R
R
Concave or converging mirror i.e. f =
2
Sign Convention for Reflection by Formation of Image by Concave Mirror
Spherical Mirrors for Different Positions of Object
While dealing with the reflection of light by Position of
Ray Diagram
Position of Nature and
spherical mirrors, we shall follow a set of sign object image size of image
convention called the new cartesian sign convention At infinity At focus or Real, inverted,
based on cartesian coordinates. In this convention, A in the focal extremely
the pole ( P ) of the mirror is taken as the origin. The plane diminished
point size
principal axis of the mirror is taken as X-axis of the At
P
coordinate system. infinity C F

C F
Principal axis
Beyond the Between Real, inverted
centre of B focus and and diminished
f= R
2
curvature but the centre of
f at finite curvature
R C F
distance
(a) Concave mirror A A′ P

B′

P F C
Principal axis At the centre At the centre Real, inverted
of curvature A D of curvature and equal to
f= R the object
2
f B
R P
B′ C F
(b) Convex mirror

The conventions are as follows A′

E

• The object is always placed to the left of the

mirror. Between focus Beyond the Real, inverted
• All distances parallel to principal axis (X-axis) are and centre of centre of and bigger than
curvature B curvature object
measured from the pole of the mirror.
A′ A P
• Distances to the left of pole (− ve X-axis) are
C F
negative. Distances to the right of pole
(+ ve X-axis) are positive.
B′
• Distances measured perpendicularly above the
principal axis (along + Y-axis) are taken as
positive. At the focus At infinity Real, inverted
E
and extremely
• Distances measured perpendicularly below the A D magnified
principal axis (along –Y-axis) are taken as B
P
negative. F
ity
in fin
Image Formation by Spherical To

Mirrors Between the A′ Behind the Virtual, erect

Image formation by spherical mirrors are of two pole and focus mirror and magnified
types A

(i) Image Formation by a Concave C F B P B′

Mirror
The table given below illustrates the ray diagram
along with the position and nature of image, formed
by a concave mirror for various positions of the
object.
(ii) Image Formation by a Convex Mirror Identification of Mirrors
For studying the image formed by a convex mirror, there are two By the observation of the image produced by the
positions of the object which are considered. Firstly, when the mirror at different positions of object, nature of the
object is at infinity and the second position is, when the object is at mirror can be identified.
a finite distance from the mirror. The table given below illustrates (i) If the image formed by the mirror is of same
the ray diagrams along with the position and nature of image, size as that of object for different positions of
formed by convex mirror for the above two positions of the object. object, then the mirror is plane mirror.
Formation of Image by Convex (ii) If the image formed by the mirror is diminished
Mirror for Different Positions of Object for all positions of object, then the mirror is
convex mirror.
Nature and
Position of
Ray diagram
Position of
size of (iii) If the image formed behind the mirror is
object image
image longer than the object, then the mirror is
At infinity At the focus, Virtual, erect concave mirror.
M behind the and extremely
A mirror diminished Uses of Mirrors
(i) Plane mirror As looking glass.
At P F C
(ii) Concave mirror As shaving mirrors, used by
infinity doctors, shades of table lamp, for search lights.
B (iii) Convex mirror As back view mirrors in
N vechicles, in street lamps, etc.
(iv) Cylindrical mirror The mirrors whose
Between infinity Between the Virtual, erect
and the pole of focus and the and
reflecting surface from the part of a cylinder
A are called cylindrical mirrors.
the mirror pole, behind the diminished
(i.e. at finite A′ mirror
distance)
B P B′ F C
REFRACTION OF LIGHT
Change in path of a light ray as it passes from one
medium to another medium is called refraction of
light.
Mirror Formula When light travels from a rarer medium to a denser
In spherical mirror, the distance of the object from its pole is one, it bends towards the normal (i > r) and when
called the object distance (u ). The distance of the image from pole travels from a denser medium to a rarer one, it
of the mirror is called the image distance (v ). The relation between bends away from the normal (i < r).
quantities (u, v and f ), i.e. mirror formula, Incident
1 1 1 Incident
ray
+ = i
Rarer ray i
v u f Denser
(i > r)
where u, v and f are to used according to their new cartesian sign r Denser r Refracted
Rarer
convention. ray (i < r)
Refracted ray
Linear Magnification where, i = angle of incidence
The ratio of height of image to the height of object is called linear and r = angle of refraction
magnification ( m).
height of image ( I )
➨ Note A medium in which the speed of light is more, is
i.e. m= known as optically rarer medium and the medium in
height of object (O) which speed of light is lesser is known as optically denser
Or medium.
The ratio of image distance to the object distance is called linear When a ray of light suffers refraction, then its
magnification. velocity and wavelength changes but frequency
image disance (v) − v remain same
i.e. m= = v1 v
object distance (u) u i.e. n1 = n2 or = 2
λ1 λ 2
Linear magnification produced by plane mirror is 1.
Laws of Refraction This value is equal to lateral shift of ray.
Laws of refraction is governed by following laws

Inc
ide
(i) The incident ray, the normal to surface of separation Air

nt
i
(rarer)

r
at the point of incidence and refracted ray all lie in

ay
A B
the same plane.
r
(ii) For the light ray of same colour, for two medium, Glass

Refr
the ratio of sine of angle of incidence and sine of slab

ac
angle of refraction is constant, i.e. (denser)

ted
r
sin i µ

ra
= 1µ 2 = 2 [constant]

y
D C
sin r µ1 Air
e
where, 1 µ 2 is called refractive index of second (rarer)

Em
er
medium with respect to first medium.

gen
Lateral

t
This law is also called Snell’s law.

ra
displacement

y
where, i = angle of incidence, r = angle of refraction
Refractive Index
and e = angle of emergence
Refractive index of a medium,
c λ air speed of light in vacuum Critical Angle
µ= = =
v λ medium speed of light in the medium When a light ray goes to rarer medium from denser medium,
where, c = speed of light in vacuum = 3 × 10 8 m/s then as we increase the angle of incidence, angle of refraction
also increases, so the angle of incidence for which the angle
• Value of refractive index depends on the nature of the of refraction becomes 90° is called critical angle.
two mediums, colour of light ray and temperature of µ µ   1 
the two mediums. sinC = R ⇒ C = sin −1  R  = sin −1  
µD µ
 D  rµ d 
• On increasing the temperature of medium, its refractive
index decreases.
• Refractive index is the optical property of the medium. TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
• Refractive indices of all mediums are measured with respect If the angle of incidence in denser medium is greater than
to air. critical angle (C ), then the ray is reflected back into the first
• Refractive index is maximum for diamonds. rarer medium, this phenomenon is called total internal
reflection.
• If light ray travels from vacuum to a medium, then
refractive index is known as the absolute refractive For total internal reflection, it is necessary that
index of that medium, (i) Light ray should go to rarer medium from denser
velocity of light in first medium medium.
1µ 2 = (ii) Angle of incidence in denser medium should be
velocity of light in second medium greater than critical angle.
wavelength ( λ ) in first medium
1µ 2 = Some Phenomena Based on Total
wavelength ( λ ) in second medium
Internal Reflection (TIR)
aµg (i) Brilliance of diamond is due to total internal reflection.
➨ Note For glass/water pair, w µ g = .
a µw (ii) A fish inside the water cannot see the entire surface, it
sees only a circular path of radius r of light.
Refraction through a Rectangular r =
h
Glass Slab µ −1
2

When a light ray enters in a glass slab, then the emergent (iii) In desert the phenomena of mirage occurs due to total
ray is parallel to the incident ray but it is shifted sideward internal reflection.
slightly. In this case, refraction takes place twice, first (iv) The air bubbles in glass paper weight appear silvery
when ray enters glass slab from air and second when exits white due to total internal reflection.
from glass slab to air.
(v) When a test tube blackened from outsider dipped in
The perpendicular distance between incident ray and water from outside appears silvery white due to total
  internal reflection.
cos i
emergent ray, d = t 1 −  sin i (vi) Critical angle increases on increasing the temperature.
 µ 2 − sin 2 i 
REFRACTION FROM Some Definitions Related to Lenses
(i) Optical centre The centre point of a lens is known as
SPHERICAL SURFACES its optical centre. It is represented by O. The optical
centre is a point within or outside the lens, directed to
Refraction at spherical surface are of two types
which incident rays refract without any deviation in the
(i) Convex path.
(ii) Concave
P P
For both surfaces refraction formula is given by
1µ 2 1 µ −1
− =1 2 O O
v u R S S
Optical Optical
1 µ 2 is refractive index of second medium with respect to centre centre
first. If µ 1 and µ 2 are refractive indices of first and (ii) Principal focus Lens has two principal foci
second medium with respect to air, then
(a) First principal focus It is a point on the principal
µ 2 µ1 µ 2 − µ1 axis of lens, the rays starting from or directed to
− =
v u R which become parallel to principal axis after
refraction.
Lens
A lens is a uniform refracting medium bounded by two
spherical surfaces or one spherical and one plane surfaces.
Lens are mainly of two types O
F1 O F1
(i) Convex or Convergent Lens
The transparent medium bound by two bulging surfaces f1 f1
is called convex lens. Convex lens are of three types (as
shown below) (b) Second principal focus It is the point on the
principal axis at which the rays coming parallel to
the principal axis, converge on the other side of lens
(convex) or appear to meet on the same side of lens
(concave), after refraction from the lens.

(a) Double convex (b) Plano-convex (c) Concavo-convex

lens lens lens

If the plane surface of a plano-convex lens is polished,

then it behaves like a concave mirror of focal length half O F2 F2 O
of the initial value.

(ii) Concave or Divergent Lens f2 f2

The transparent medium bounded by two hollow Both the foci of convex lens are real while that of
surfaces is called concave lens. concave lens are virtual.
(iii) Centres of curvature The centres of the two imaginary
spheres of which the lens is a part are called centres of
curvature of the lens. A lens has two centres of
curvature with respect to its two curved surfaces.
(a) Double concave (b) Plano-concave (c) Convexo-concave (iv) Radii of curvature The radii of the two imaginary
lens lens lens spheres of which the lens is a part are called radii of
curvature of the lens. It is represented by C. A lens has
two radii of curvature. These may or may not be equal.
Image Formation by Lenses
Formation of Image by a Convex Lens
The table given below illustrates the ray diagrams along with the position and nature of image, formed by convex lens for
various positions of the object.

Formation of Image by Convex Lens for Different Positions of Object

Position of object Position of image Size of image Nature Ray diagram

At infinity Extremely diminished Real and inverted

At F2
2F1 F1 O F2 2F2

A
Beyond 2F1 Between F2 and 2 F2 Diminished Real and inverted B F2 B′
(at finite distance) 2F1 F1 O 2F2
A′

A
B F2 2F2
At 2F1 At 2F2 Same size Real and inverted
2F1 F1 O B′
A′

Between F1 and 2 F1 Beyond 2F2 Magnified Real and inverted

2F1 F1 O F2 2F2

A
F1 F2
At F1 At infinity Highly magnified Real and inverted
B O To i
n finit
y

A′

A
Between lens and F1 On same side of the lens
Magnified Virtual and erect
as an object
B′ F1 B F2
Formation of Image by a Concave Lens
For studying the image formation by concave lens, there are two positions of object. Firstly, when the object is at infinity
and the second position is when the object is at finite distance from the lens. The table given below illustrates the ray
diagrams along with the position and nature of image, formed by concave lens for the above two positions of the object.
Formation of Image by Concave Lens for Different Positions of Object
Position of object Position of image Size of image Nature of image Ray diagram

At focus on same side of lens Highly diminished Virtual and erect

At infinity
as an object 2F1 F1 O 2F2
F2

A
At finite distance Between focus and optical Diminished Virtual and erect AN
centre on the same side of
lens as an object 2F1 B F1 BN F2 2F2
O

Important Formula Related to Lens (ii) Areal magnification of lens Areal magnification ( ms )
(i) Lens formula The formula connecting the object and is given by
image distance, for both convex and concave lens is 2
1 1 1 area of image A i  f 
= − . ms = = = m2 =  
f v u area of object A o  f + u
where, f = focal length of lens, ➨ Note Relation between speed of object and image
u = object distance and v = image distance  f 
(ii) Power of lens The ability of lens to converge or vi =   vo
f + u 
diverge the light ray is called power of lens. It is
measured as the reciprocal of focal length. Some Phenomenon Related to Lens
1 100 1. Lens immersed in a liquid If a µ g is the refractive
Power, P= ⇒ P=
f (in metre) f (in cm) index of lens and a µ l refractive index of liquid, then
Its unit is diopter (D). the total length of lens is
Power of a plane mirror is zero. 1  1 1
= ( r µ g − 1)  − .
(iii) Newton’s formula for lenses Newton’s formula for f  R1 R2 
lens is given by
2. Cutting of a lens
f 2 = a1 a2 ⇒ f = a1 a2
(i) If a symmetrical convex lens of focal length f is
where, a1 = distance of object from first focus cut into two parts along its optical axis, then focal
and a2 = distance of object from second focus length of each part (a plano-convex lens) is 2f.
However, if the two parts are joined as shown in
Magnification Produced by Lens figure, then the focal length of combination is
(i) Linear magnification of lens Linear magnification again f.
( m) is given by f 2f 2f f f
O′

I
O
IN
AN
u v
size of image ( I ) distance of image v (a) (b) (c) (d)
m= = ⇒ m=
size of object (O) distance of object u
 (ii) If a symmetrical convex lens of focal length f is Dispersion of Light
cut into two parts along the principal axis, then
When white light is incident on a glass prism, then it
focal length of each part remains changed at f. If
splits into its seven colour components in the sequence of
these two parts are joined with curved ends on
f VIBGYOR. This phenomenon is called dispersion of
one side focal length of the combination is . But white light.
2
on joining two parts in opposite sense the net A
focal length becomes infinite (or net power = 0).
f ∞
f f 2

t R
ligh O
ite
Wh Y
G
B
I
V
f B C
(a) (b) (c) (d) Dispersion of light

Combination of Thin Lenses The refractive index of glass is maximum for violet colour
1. If two or more lenses are placed in contact, then and minimum for red colour of light. Therefore, violet
equivalent focal length of the combination, colour of white light (sunlight) deviated maximum and red
n colour of light deviated least.
1 1 1 1
= + + ... = ∑
f f1 f2 i = 1 fi
RAINBOW
Power of combination, When the sun shines just after a shower of rain, a rainbow is
n
seen in the sky opposite to the sun. It is in the form of
P = P1 + P2 + ... = ∑ Pi circular arcs of seven colours. Rainbow is formed due to
i =1
dispersion of sunlight by water droplets suspended in air. In
2. If two lenses of focal lengths f1 and f2 are separated each drop, dispersion of sunlight and then total internal
by a distance x, then its equivalent focal length, reflection take place. There are two kinds of rainbow such as
primary rainbow and secondary rainbow.
1 1 1 x
= + −
F f1 f2 f1 f2
Angular Dispersion
Power of combination,
It is the angular separation between the two extreme rays.
P = P1 + P2 − x P1 P2
Angular dispersion, θ = δV − δ R = (µ V − µ R )A
PRISM Dispersive Power
Prism is a uniform transparent refracting medium bounded The dispersive power of a prism material is measured by
by two plane surfaces inclined at an angle. the ratio of angular dispersion to the mean deviation
suffered by light beam.
Angle of Deviation ∴ Dispersive power,
The angle subtended between the directions of incident ray
(i) and emergent ray (e) is called angle of deviation (δ ). δV − δ R µ V − µ R
ω= =
δ µ −1
A
where, µ is the mean value of refractive index of prism
Angle of prism Angle of
δ deviation • The dispersive power of a prism depends only on its
r ay material and is independent of angle of prism, angle of
nt
ide incidence or size of the prism.
Inc e
i
• Dispersive power is a unitless and dimensionless term.
Emergent
ray • Dispersive power of a flint glass prism is more than that
B C of a crown glass.
Angle of deviation
Dispersion without Deviation • Clouds appear white because clouds are consists of
(Direct Vision Prism) large size of droplets of water and dust particles which
scatter all colours of light equally. The mixture of all
1. To produce dispersion without mean deviation, we use
seven colours of sunlight is white.
a combination of two prisms of different materials such
that • Sky appears black to astronauts from space because
there is no atmosphere in space and therefore no
Flint scattering of light takes place.
V
R
A

R HUMAN EYE
Human eye is one of the most valuable and sensitive
A′
V sense organs in the human body. It enables us to see the
Crown wonderful world and colour around us. It consists of a
lens which is made up of living tissues.
 µ − 1
A′ =  A A human eye has the following main parts
 µ ′ − 1
Cornea It is the transparent spherical membrane covering
2. Net dispersion caused the front of the eye. Light enters the eye through this
= ( µ V − µ R ) A + ( µ ′V − µ ′ R )A ′ membrane.
= ( µ − 1)A (ω − ω ′ ) = δ (ω − ω ′ ) Crystalline lens The eye lens is a convex lens made of a
transparent, soft and flexible material like a jelly made
Deviation without Dispersion of proteins.
(Achromatic Prism) Iris It is a dark muscular diaphragm between the cornea
1. To produce deviation without dispersion, we use a and the lens. It controls the size of the pupil.
combination of two prisms of different materials such Pupil It is a small hole between the iris through which
that light enters the eye.
[µ V − µ R ]
A′ = A Ciliary muscles They hold the lens in position and help
[µ ′V − µ ′ R ] in modifying the curvature of the lens.
Flint Retina It is the light sensitive surface of eye on which
the image is formed. It contains light sensitive cells
A
rods and cones.
R Optic nerve It transmits visual information from the
retina to the brain.
V A′
Sclera It is an opaque, fibrous, protective, outer layer of
Crown an eye containing collagen and elastic fibre. It is also
 ω known as white of the eye.
2. Resultant deviation produced = δ 1 − 
 ω ′ Blind spot It is the point at which the optic nerve leaves
the eye. It contains no rods and cones, so an image
Scattering of Light formed at this point is not sent to the brain.
When light passes through a medium in which particles are Ciliary muscles
suspended whose sizes are of the order of wavelength of Crystalline Sclera
light, then light on striking these particles, deviated in lens
different directions. This phenomenon is called scattering of Aqueous Retina
light. Therefore, red colour of light is scattered least humour
Blind spot
(wavelength is highest) and violet colour of light is scattered Pupil
most (wavelength is least). Iris Optic nerve
• Danger signals are of red colours because red colour of Cornea
light scatters least and therefore these signals can be seen
from far away.
• The sky appears blue because in sunlight, the blue colour Vitreous humour
of light is scattered maximum and this scattered blue light
enters our eyes and therefore sky appears blue. Human eye
Aqueous humour Behind the cornea, we have a space Microscope
filled with a transparent liquid called the aqueous
It is an optical instrument which forms a magnified image of
humour.
a small nearby object and thus increases the visual angle
Vitreous humour The space between eye lens and retina subtended by the image at the eye, so that the object is seen
is filled with another liquid called vitreous humour. to be bigger and distinct.
Accommodation of eye It is the ability of eye lens, to
Simple Microscope
change its focal length to form sharp images of objects
at different positions from the eye on the retina of the A simple microscope is a convex lens of short focal length
eye. which is fixed in a frame provided with handle.
A′
Range of vision It is the distance between near point
and the far point of an eye. For normal eye, the range
of vision is 25 cm to infinity.
A
Near point It is the nearest position of an object from A1
human eye, so that its sharp images is formed on the β α
F
retina. B′ F B

Defects of Vision u
d
• Myopia or short sightedness It is a defect of eye due
to which a person can see nearby objects clearly but Simple microscope
cannot see far away objects clearly. Magnification of simple microscope
• In this defect, the far point of eye shifts from infinity (i) When final image is formed at least distance of distinct
to a nearer distance. The defect can be removed by D
vision, M =1+
using a concave lens of appropriate power. f
• Hypermetropia or long sightedness It is a defect of D
(ii) For relaxed eye, M =
eye due to which a person can see far away objects f
clearly but cannot see nearby objects clearly.
where, D = least distance of distinct vision
• Presbyopia It is found in old age people. In this
defect, one connot read comfortably and clearly. This Compound Microscope
defect can be corrected by using bifocal lenses. In this It consists of two converging lenses arranged coaxially. The
defect, the near point of eye shifts away from the eye. one facing the object is called objective and the one close to
The defect can be removed by using a convex lens of eye is called eye piece. The objective has a smaller aperture
appropriate power. and smaller focal length than those of the eyepiece.
• Astigmatism In this defect, a person cannot focus on Q L
horizontal and vertical lines at the same distance at the
same [Link] defect can be removed by using suitable
cylindrical lenses.
α P′ E
• Colour Blindness In this defect, a person is unable to P P′′ O α′ β
distinguish among few colours. The reason of this
Q′
defect is the absence of cone cells sensitive for few
colours. This defect cannot be removed.
• Cataract In this defect, an opaque, white membrane is fo fo
developed on cornea due to which a person loses
Compound microscope
power of vision partially or completely. This defect
can be removed by removing this membrane through Magnification of compound microscope
surgery. vo  D 
(i) For relaxed eye, M ∞ = −  
With the application of generalised rules of optics, u o  fe 
optical instruments are developed and used.
In this position, length of microscope,
Optical Instruments L∞ = v o + fe
Optical instrument is a device which is made from (ii) When final image is formed at least distance of distinct
proper combination of mirrors, prisms and lenses. The vision,
principle of working of optical instruments depends on vo  D
laws of reflection and refraction of light. MD = − 1 + 
uo  fe 
 Length of microscope, Q L
LD = v o + u e
where,
α P′ E
v o = distance of first image from object lens, P P′′ O α′ β
u o = distance of object from objective lens Q′
and fe = focal length of eyepiece

Telescope fo fo
Telescope is an optical instrument which Telescope
increases, the visual angle at the eye by Magnification of astronomical telescope
forming the image of a distant object at fo
the least distance of distinct vision, so (i) For relaxed eye, M ∞ = −
fe
that the object is seen distinct and bigger.
In this position, length of telescope, L∞ = fo + fe
Astronomical Telescope (ii) When final image is formed at least distance of distinct vision,
It consists of two converging lenses f  f 
M D = − o 1 + e 
placed coaxially. The one facing the fe  D
distant object is called the objective and
Length of telescope,
has a large aperture and large focal
length. LD = fo + fe
The other is called the eyepiece, as the where, fo = focal length of objective lens and
eye is placed closed to it. The eyepiece
tube can slide within the objective tube, fe = focal length of eyepiece
so that the separation between the It is used for observing distinct images of heavenly bodies like stars, planets, etc.
objective and the eye-piece may be
varied. ➨ Note A refracting telescope consists of two convex lenses of unequal focal length.

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. The principle of working of the refractive index of the
periscope is based on material of the block is
(a) Only reflection (a) greater than µ (a) (b)
(b) Only refraction (b) equal to µ
(c) Both reflection and refraction (c) less than µ
(d) Both reflection and interference (d) equal to unity
5. The blue colour of the sky can be (c) (d)
2. If a concave mirror of focal length
10 cm is immersed in water, its attributed to
focal length will (a) differential scattering of sunlight by
(a) be reduced the atmosphere
(b) be increased (b) total internal reflection of the 8. Which one of the following is the
(c) remain unchanged sunlight by the atmosphere correct arrangement in the
(d) change sign (c) absorption of sunlight decreasing order of the refractive
(d) refraction of sunlight by the indices of glass, diamond and
3. The sun is visible to us a little atmosphere water?
before the actual sunrise and a (a) Glass, water, diamond
little after the actual sunset. This 6. If a man approaches a plane (b) Water, diamond, glass
is because of mirror at the rate of 2 km/h, then (c) Diamond, water, glass
(a) refraction (b) scattering his image would approach him at (d) Diamond, glass, water
(c) reflection (d) diffraction the rate of
(a) 1 km/h (b) 2 km/h 9. When light passes from air into
4. The boundaries of a block of glass, it experiences change of
transparent material are found to (c) 4 km/h (d) 8 km/h
(a) frequency and wavelength
be completely invisible when 7. Which one of the following (b) frequency and speed
placed in a liquid of refractive diagrams correctly illustrates the (c) wavelength and speed
index µ. This is possible only, if refraction of a normally incident (d) frequency, wavelength and speed
ray of light through a glass slab?
10. The correct sequence of the 19. The wavelength of the light of 28. Which one of the following optical
decreasing order of velocity of violet colour is instruments produce a virtual
light in glass, diamond and water (a) 4 micron (b) 0.4 micron image?
is (c) 0.04 micron (d) 0.004 micron (a) A simple magnifier
(a) diamond, glass, water (b) Movie projector
20. The order of colour in a secondary (c) An ordinary single lens reflex camera
(b) glass, diamond, water
(c) diamond, water, glass
rainbow is (d) None of the above
(a) no regular pattern is observed
(d) water, glass, diamond 29. Focal length of the eye lens which
(b) red on the inner edge and violet enables us to see the object at
11. If the refractive indices of water on the outer edge
and that of glass with respect to varying distances, is controlled and
(c) red on the outer edge and violet changed by
air are 4/3 and 3/2 respectively, on the inner edge (a) retina (b) ciliary muscles
then the refractive index of glass (d) None of the above (c) choroid (d) vitreous humour
with respect to water is
(a) 2.66 (b) 2 (c) 1.125 (d) 0.88 21. A stereoscopic camera produces 30. Which one of the following is
an image, which is correct? Large aperture telescopes
12. When a ray of light is reflected (a) magnified are used for
under multiple reflections by a (b) three-dimensional (a) greater resolution
set of plane parallel mirrors, then (b) greater magnification
(c) three-dimensional in appearance
the intensity of the ray (c) reducing lens aberration
(d) coloured (d) ease of manufacture
diminishes due to
(a) absorption as well as scattering of 22. The inability of rays of different 31. In a healthy human eye, the
light from the mirrors colours to converge at a single focussing is done by
(b) scattering of light by the point after refraction through a (a) the change in the convexity of the
atmosphere convex lens is called lens through ciliary muscles
(c) absorption of light by the (a) coma (b) changing in the refractive index of
the eye fluid
atmosphere (b) spherical aberration
(c) changing curvature of retina
(d) None of the above (c) chromatic aberration
(d) to and from movement of the eye
(d) distortion lens
13. If half of the body of a lens is
converted with black paper, then 23. For a thin lens, the nodal points 32. The human eye has essentially a
the image produced by the lens coincide with lens and a retina used as a screen.
will (a) nodal planes (b) principal focii Which one of the following
(a) have its size reduced to half (c) optical centre (d) optional axis statements is true about this
(b) disappear combination of lens and retina?
(c) have its intensity reduced to half 24. A convex lens is immersed in a (a) It is a convex lens with variable
(d) None of the above liquid denser than glass. It will focal length and at a fixed distance
behave as a between the retina and the lens
14. A beam of monochromatic is (b) It is a convex lens with variable
(a) diverging lens (b) plane glass
passing from one medium to focal length and its distance from
(c) convergent lens (d) optical axis
another. Which one of the following the retina
quantities does not change? 25. An air bubble inside water (c) It is a convex lens of constant focal
(a) Amplitude (b) Velocity behaves as a length at a fixed distance from the
(c) Wavelength (d) Frequency (a) concave lens retina
(b) concave convex lens (d) It is a concave lens of adjustable
15. An astronaut in an the earth focal length at a fixed distance from
satellite will observe sky as (c) plano-convex lens the retina
(a) blue (b) red (c) white (d) black (d) convex lens
33. The region of retina in which the
16. Rays of light get refracted while 26. The magnifying power of a vision is most acute is
passing from air to glass because telescope can be increased by (a) conjunctiva (b) ciliary body
(a) density of glass is higher than that (a) increasing the diameter of the (c) fovea centralis (d) vitreous humour
of air objective 34. Defect of colour blindness can be
(b) they cannot be reflected from a (b) reducing the focal length of eyepiece remedied by the use of
glass surface (c) reducing focal length of the objective (a) cylindrical lens (b) bifocal lens
(c) glass absorbs energy from the (d) increase the diameter of eyepiece (c) contact lens (d) None of these
light rays
27. In Rayleigh scattering, the degree 35. Which one of the following is used
(d) speed of light in glass is less than
the speed of light in air of scattering is proportional to to remove astigmatism for a
human eye?
17. The stars twinkle at night fourth power of wavelength but (a) Concave lens (b) Convex lens
because the size of the scattering particles (c) Cylindrical lens (d) Prismatic lens
(a) they emit energy (b) of diffraction of the medium should be
36. Two plane mirrors are inclined at
(c) of refraction (d) of reflection (a) less than the wavelength used an angle of 60° to each other. If an
(b) equal to the wavelength used object is placed between them,
18. Which one of the following colours
(c) atleast four times the wavelength then the number of images
has longest wavelength? used
(a) Green (b) Yellow
produced will be
(d) three times the wavelength used (a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 10 (d) 4
(c) Blue (d) Red
37. A plane mirror lies face up, making III. A convex mirror can give a II. The minimum distance between
an angle of 15° with the horizontal. virtual image. an object and its real image
A ray of light coming down IV. A convex mirror cannot give formed by a convex lens of
vertically on the mirror. The angle a real image. focal length f is equal to 4f .
of incidence, the angle between the Select the correct answer from Which of the statement(s) given
reflected ray and the horizontal are the codes given below above is/are correct?
respectively (a) Both I and III (b) Both I and IV (a) Only I (b) Only II
(a) 10°, 20° (b) 15°, 15° (c) I, III and IV (d) II, III and IV (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(c) 15°, 30° (d) 15°, 60°
44. Which of the following pairs are Previous Years’ Questions
38. In a motor car, spherical mirrors correctly matched? 48. If the focal length of the biconvex
are utilised at two different places, I. Power of lens : diopter lens is 25 cm, then the power of
(i) the head light and (ii) rear view II. Two waves of same frequency: the lens will be e 2012 (I)
mirror. What type of mirrors are diffraction and amplitude
used? (a) + 4 D (b) − 4 D
having constant phase
(a) concave for case (i) and convex for (c) + 0.04 D (d) + 0.04 D
difference optical fibre
case (ii) III. Total internal reflection : 49. Two thin convex lenses of focal
(b) convex for case (i) and concave for optical fibre lengths 4 cm and 8 cm are
case (ii) IV. Change of focal length of a separated by a distance of 4 cm in
(c) concave for both cases lens with colour : spherical air. The combination will have the
(d) convex for both cases aberration focal length e 2012 (I)
(a) Both II and IV (b) I, II and III (a) 4 cm (b) 8 cm (c) 12 cm (d) 32 cm
39. Suppose that a light wave
(c) II, III and IV (d) Both I and III 50. Statement I Convex mirror is
propagates from a point A to
another point B and we introduce 45. Consider the following used as a driver mirror.
into its path a glass plate statement(s) Statement II Images formed by
( µ g = 1.33) of thickness t = 1 mm. If I. Compound microscope has an convex mirror are diminished in
objective lens with a very size. e 2012 (I)
λ 0 = 500 nm is at A, then the
short focal length. Codes
change in wavelength of the wave (a) Both the statements are individually
II. Simple microscope is of a
at B is strong converging lens system. true and Statement II is the correct
(a) 1000 wavelength (b) 1500 wavelength III. Television camera converts explanation of Statement I
(c) 2500 wavelength (d) 3000 wavelength the optical image into (b) Both the statements are individually
40. Two convex lenses of focal lengths electrical video signals. true but Statement II is not the
IV. Hypermetropia is corrected by correct explanation of Statement I
f1 and f2 are separated by a
using a diverging lens. (c) Statement I is true but Statement II
distance d. The combination will is false
work as a glass slab, if Which of the statement(s) given
(d) Statement I is false but Statement
(a) d = f1 + f2 (b) d < f1 + f2 above is/are correct? II is true
(c) d > f1 + f2 (d) d ≥ f1 + f2 (a) Only IV (b) I, II and III
(c) All of these (d) Both II and III 51. To obtain the powerful parallel
41. Which one of the following can be beams of light from a vehicle’s
used to focus sun light? 46. Match List I (Defect in vision)
headlight, one must use
(a) Plane mirror (b) Concave lens with List II (Correcting lens) and
e 2012 (II)
(c) Concave mirror (d) Convex mirror select the correct answer using
(a) front surface silvered plane mirror
42. Consider the following statements the codes gives below the lists.
(b) back surface silvered plane mirror
I. In a periscope, prisms are used List I List II (c) concave mirror
to turn the incoming light (Defect in vision) (Correcting lens) (d) convex mirror
through 90°. A. Short sight or 1. Cylindrical lens
II. In a periscope, plane mirrors myopia
52. A refracting telescope consists of
can also be used instead of e 2012 (II)
prisms. B. Long sight or 2. Bifocal lens
hypermetropia (a) one concave mirror and one
III. The loss of intensity of light is convex lens
C. Presbyopia 3. Convex lens
more in the case of reflections (b) two convex lenses of equal focal
by a mirror. D. Astigmatism 4. Concave lens
length
Which of the statements given Codes (c) two concave mirrors of different
above are correct? A B C D A B C D focal lengths
(a) Both II and III (b) Both I and II (d) two convex lenses of unequal focal
(a) 4 3 2 1 (b) 3 4 2 1
(c) All of these (d) Both I and III lengths
(c) 4 2 3 1 (d) 3 2 1 4
43. Which of the following are true 53. The mirror used for the head light
regarding image formation with 47. Consider the following
statement(s) of a car is e 2012 (II)
the help of mirrors? (a) spherical concave
I. A concave mirror can give a I. The focal length of the
objective of a microscope is (b) plane
diminished virtual image.
less than the focal length of (c) cylindrical
II. A concave mirror can give a
real image. the eyepiece. (d) parabolic concave
54. Yellow colour light is used as fog 60. During sunrise and sunset, sun (a) Half of the image will be visible
light because yellow colour appears reddish- orange because (b) Intensity of the image will be
e 2012 (II) e 2013 (II) diminished
(a) light is most scattered by fog (a) during that time sun emits only (c) Image will be inverted now
(b) has the longest wavelength among reddish-orange light (d) One can see an image of smaller size
all colours (b) all other colours are absorbed by
(c) has the longest wavelength among 67. Which one of the following
the atmosphere
all colours except red and orange, processes explains the splitting of
(c) reddish-orange light is least
but the red colour is already used a beam of white light into its
scattered by the atmosphere
for brake light and stop light, constituent colours? e 2014 (II)
whereas orange colour is avoided (d) all other colours apart from
reddish-orange are reflected back (a) Dispersion (b) Reflection
due to its similarity with red
by the atmosphere (c) Diffraction (d) Polarisation
(d) has the shortest wavelength
among all colours not already 61. Rays of light get refracted while 68. Optical glass used in the
reserved for other purpose passing from air to glass because construction of spectacles is made
55. The human eye is like a camera e 2013 (II) by e 2014 (II)
and hence it contains a system of (a) density of glass is higher than that (a) flint glass (b) crookes glass
lens. The eye lens forms of air (c) quartz glass (d) hard glass
e 2013 (I) (b) they cannot be reflected from a
glass surface 69. A ray of light travels from a
(a) a straight or upright, real image of
the object on the retina (c) glass absorbs energy from the light medium of refractive index n1 to a
(b) an inverted, virtual image of the rays medium of refractive index n2. If
object on the retina (d) speed of light in glass is less than angle of incidence is i and angle of
(c) an inverted, real image of the the speed of light in air sin i
refraction is r, then is
object on the retina 62. White light while passing through sin r
(d) a straight or upright, real image of a glass prism breaks up into light
the object on the iris equal to e 2014 (II)
of different colours because
(a) n1 (b) n2
56. An object is placed at the focus of e 2013 (II)
n n
a concave mirror. The image will (a) refractive index of glass for different (c) 2 (d) 1
colours of light is different n1 n2
be e 2013 (I)
(a) real, inverted, same size at the (b) glass prism absorbs white light and 70. Light waves projected on oil
focus emits lights of several colours in
different directions
surface show seven colours due to
(b) real, upright, same size at the
focus (c) of total internal reflection of white the phenomenon of e 2014 (II)
(c) virtual, inverted, highly enlarged at light on surfaces of the prism (a) polarisation (b) refraction
infinity (d) of the interference of different (c) reflection (d) interference
(d) real, inverted, highly enlarged at colours inside the prism 71. Light waves are e 2014 (II)
infinity
63. Consider the following (a) electromechanical waves
57. An optician prescribes a power statement(s) A real image (b) electromagnetic waves
= − 0.5 D. The corresponding lens e 2014 (I) (c) electrooptical waves
must be a e 2013 (I) I. can be formed on a screen (d) magnetooptical waves
(a) convex lens of focal length 2 m II. is always magnified and inverted
(b) convex lens of focal length 50 cm Which of the statements given
72. Optical glass used in the
(c) concave lens of focal length 2 m above is/are correct? construction of spectacles is made
(d) concave lens of focal length 50 cm (a) Only I (b) Only II by e 2014 (II)

58. The spread in colours in a (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II (a) flint glass (b) crookes glass
(c) quartz glass (d) hard glass
rainbow on sky is primarily due 64. In optical instruments, the lenses
to are used to form image by the 73. A ray of light when refracted
(a) dispersion of sunlight e 2013 (I) phenomenon of e 2014 (I) suffers change in velocity. In this
(b) reflection of sunlight (a) reflection (b) refraction context, which one among the
(c) refraction of sunlight (c) scattering (d) diffusion following statements is correct?
(d) total internal reflection of sunlight
65. If speed of light in air is e 2015 (I)
59. A beautiful rainbow on the sky is 3 × 108 m/s, then the speed (a) Velocity increases as the ray
due to the e 2013 (II) of light in glass (with refractive passes from a rarer to a denser
(a) dispersion of sunlight from a water index 1.5) would be e 2014 (I) medium
droplet only (a) 2 × 10 8 m/s (b) 4.5 × 10 8 m/s (b) Velocity decreases as the ray passes
(b) reflection of sunlight from a water (c) 3 × 10 8 m/s (d) 1.5 × 10 8 m/s from a denser to a rarer medium
droplet only (c) Velocity decreases as the ray
(c) reflection and refraction of sunlight 66. While looking at an image formed passes from a rarer to a denser
from a water droplet only by a convex lens (one-half of the medium
(d) refraction, dispersion and reflection lens is covered with a black paper), (d) Change of velocity does not
of sunlight from a water droplet which one of the following will depend on the nature of medium
only happen to the image? e 2014 (I)
74. An object is placed 10 cm in front Statement II Irregular Select the correct answer using
of a convex lens of focal length reflection, where the reflected the codes given below
15 cm. The image produced will be rays are not parallel, does not (a) Only I (b) Both I and IV
e 2015 (I) follow the laws of reflection. (c) II and III (d) II and IV
(a) real and magnified 78. Optical fibres, though bent in any 81. Which one of the following
(b) virtual and magnified manner, allows light to pass statements is not correct?
(c) virtual and reduced in size through. What is the inference e 2015 (II)
(d) real and reduced in size that one can draw from it? (a) The radius of curvature of a
e 2015 (II) concave mirror is twice its focal
75. The sun is observed to be reddish length
(a) The concept that light travels in
when it is near the horizon, i.e. in straight path is wrong (b) Power of a convex lens is negative
the morning and the evening. (b) Light can flow through the optical and that of a concave lens is
This is because e 2015 (I) fibres positive
(a) red light is least scattered by (c) Light can travel through the fibres (c) The radius of curvature of a plane
atmosphere because of their ductility mirror is infinity
(b) red light is most scattered by (d) Light can travel through the fibres (d) When a ray of light passes from
due to multiple total internal an optically denser medium to an
atmosphere
reflection optically rarer medium, then the
(c) it is the colour of the sun in the angle of refraction is greater than
morning and evening 79. Which one of the following the corresponding angle of
(d) the earth’s atmosphere emits red light statements is correct? e 2015 (II) incidence
Directions (Q. Nos. 76 and 77) The (a) The image formed by a concave 82. A lady is standing in front of a
mirror for an object lying at infinity
following four items consist of two is at the principal focus, highly
plane mirror at a distance of 1 m
statements, Statement I and diminished, real and inverted from it. She walks 60 cm towards
Statement II. You have to examine (b) A ray of light parallel to the the mirror. The distance of her
principal axis after reflection from a image now from herself (ignoring
these two statements carefully and
concave mirror appears to diverge the thickness of the mirror) is
select the answers to these items using from the principal focus of the e 2016 (I)
the codes given below mirror (a) 40 cm (b) 60 cm
Codes (c) The focal length of a spherical (c) 80 cm (d) 120 cm
(a) Both the statements are individually mirror is double of its radius of
true and Statement II is the correct curvature 83. An object is placed at the centre of
explanation of Statement I (d) A ray of light travelling from a rarer curvature of a concave mirror of
(b) Both the statements are individually medium to a denser medium bends focal length 16 cm. If the object is
true but Statement II is not the away from the normal shifted by 8 cm towards the focus,
correct explanation of Statement I then the nature of the image
80. In case of a compound microscope,
(c) Statement I is true but Statement II would be e 2016 (I)
which of the following statements
is false is/are correct? e 2015 (II) (a) real and magnified
(d) Statement I is false but Statement II (b) virtual and magnified
I. The focal length of the (c) real and reduced
is true eyepiece is larger than the (d) virtual and reduced
76. Statement I Diamond is very focal length of the objective.
bright. e 2015 (I) II. The focal length of the 84. A pencil is placed upright at a
eyepiece is smaller than the distance 10 cm from a convex lens
Statement II Diamond has very of focal length 15 cm. The nature
focal length of the objective.
low refractive index. of the image of the pencil will be
III. The image produced in a
77. Statement I Due to diffused or normal optical microscope is e 2016 (I)
irregular reflection of light, a real. (a) real, inverted and magnified
closed room gets light even, if no IV. The image produced in a (b) real, erect and magnified
direct sunlight falls inside the normal optical microscope is (c) virtual, erect and reduced
room. e 2015 (II) virtual. (d) virtual, erect and magnified

ANSWERS
1 c 2 b 3 a 4 d 5 a 6 c 7 d 8 d 9 c 10 d
11 c 12 a 13 c 14 d 15 a 16 a 17 c 18 d 19 b 20 b
21 c 22 c 23 c 24 a 25 a 26 a 27 b 28 a 29 b 30 a
31 a 32 a 33 c 34 d 35 c 36 a 37 d 38 a 39 a 40 a
41 c 42 b 43 d 44 d 45 b 46 c 47 a 48 a 49 a 50 c
51 c 52 d 53 d 54 c 55 c 56 d 57 c 58 a 59 d 60 c
61 d 62 a 63 c 64 b 65 a 66 b 67 a 68 a 69 c 70 d
71 b 72 a 73 c 74 b 75 a 76 c 77 a 78 d 79 a 80 b
81 b 82 c 83 a 84 c
 Solutions
6. (c) 65. (a) Given, c = 3 × 10 8 m/s, µ = 1.5 After moving 60 cm towards the mirror,
v I new distance is
8
c 3 × 10
v ∴ vg = = = 2 × 10 8 m/s x2 = 100 − 60 = 40 cm
µ 1.5
∴ Distance of her image from herself is
Q v IO = v I − vO = − v − v = − 2v 67. (a) The phenomenon of splitting of d = x2 + x2 = 2x2 = 80 cm
= − 2 × 2 = 4 km/h white light (sunlight) into its constituent
colours is called dispersion. 83. (a) Given, focal length of the concave
[given, v = 2 km/h] mirror, f = − 16 cm
Dispersion of white light when it passes
Hence, image will approach with through a prism is shown as below. ∴ Magnitude of radius of curvature of
4 km/h. the mirror,
69. (c) According to Snell’s law,
11. (c) Given, a µ g = 3 / 2 , a µ w = 4 / 3, | R| = 2 f = 32 cm
wµ g = ?
When object is shifted towards the
Medium (1) focus, new distance of the object
We know that, Refractive index n1
aµ g 3/2 9 u = − ( 32 − 8 ) cm = − 24 cm
= = 1.125 i
wµ g = =
Applying mirror formula, we get
µ
a w 4 /3 8
Medium (2) 1 1 1 1 1 1
36. (a) Given, θ = 60 ° + = ⇒ − =
r Refractive index n2 v u f v 24 −16
360 ° 360
∴ n= = = 6 = even 1 1 1 16 − 24 −8
θ 60 ⇒ = − = =
v 24 16 24 × 16 24 × 16
⇒ Number of images = 6 − 1 = 5 n1 × sin i = n2 × sin r
⇒ v = − 48 cm
48. (a) Given, f = 25 cm = 25 × 10 −2 m sin i n2
⇒ = ∴ Magnification,
We know that, sin r n1
v − ( − 48 )
1 1 Patches of light due to the interference. m= − = =−2
P= = = 4D u −24
f ( metre) 25 × 10 −2 73. (c) When light goes from one medium to As magnification is negative and having
1 1 1 x another, it is called refraction. magnitude more than one, image will be
49. (a) We know that, = + −
f f1 f2 f1 f2 Velocity of light in any medium, real and magnified.
Velocity of light in vacuum ( c ) 84. (c) It is given that,
where, f1 = 4 cm, f2 = 8 cm, x = 4 cm v=
1 1 1 4 Refractive index of the medium (µ ) focal length of the convex lens,
∴ = + − f = 15 cm
f 4 8 4×8 For denser medium µ d > µ r (rarer
1 3 1 1 medium). Distance of pencil from the pole,
= − = u = − 10 cm
f 8 8 4 ∴ vd < vr
Therefore, velocity decreases as the ray Applying mirror formula, we get
Focal length, f = 4 cm
passes from a rarer to a denser medium. 1 1 1
+ =
56. (d) The object is placed at the focus of a 74. (b) Given, f = + 15 cm, u = − 10 cm v u f
concave mirror. Now, using mirror
1 1 1 ∴ Lens formula, 1 1 1
formula, + = ⇒ − =
v u f 1 1 1 1 1 1 v 10 15
= − ⇒ = + 1 1 1 25
1 1 1 f v u v f u ⇒ = + =
⇒ + = ⇒ v=∞
v (− f ) −f v 10 15 150
1 1 1 1 2− 3
⇒ = − or = ⇒ v = 6 cm
−v v 15 10 v 30
Also, magnification, m = =∞
v 1 −1 ∴ Magnification,
or = ⇒ v = − 30 cm v −6
Therefore, the image will be real, v 30 m= − =
inverted and highly enlarged at infinity. u −10
Now, we can write
57. (c) It is given that, P = − 0.5 D = 0.6
∴ Magnification
1 1 Height of image ( hi ) v As magnification is positive and less
∴ f = = = − 2m m= = than one image will be vertical, erect and
P − 0.5 Height of object ( ho ) u diminished.
Negative sign shows concave lens. It −30 A
means it is a concave lens of focal length ⇒ m= =3
−10
2 m. r
Q m > 0 and m > 1
59. (d) The formation of a rainbow involves i
∴ Image is virtual and magnified.
a series of physical phenomena, R
refraction, dispersion and total internal 82. (c) Initial distance of the lady from the
reflection. mirror is B C V
x1 = 1 m = 100 cm