PC1 (MODULE 1) - The golden rule to excel in public

speaking.
Communication – transmission of thoughts from
one mind to others. (Flores and Lopez 2003)

- It is a dual or two-way process of

transmitting messages. (Diaz, 2005)

FIVE FACTORS OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS

Sender – the speaker of the communication. Lasswell’s Model of Comm. – first popular
comm. model that was devised by Harold
Message – the idea being transmitted by the
Lasswell in 1948.
sender to the listener.
- well known for his 5W model of
3 aspects of message: content, structure, style
communication.
Channel – the medium or vehicle through which
the message is sent.

Receiver – the target of the communication.

Feedback – the reaction given by the listener to

the sender. Shannon and Weaver Model of Comm. – offered
by Shannon and Weaver in 1949.
FIVE ELEMENTS
- was developed from an engineering
Sender (encodes)
perspective.
Message (idea, opinion) - used to describe the process on how
various communication technologies like
Channel (radio, tv, magazine, f2f) telephone and radio transmit the
Receiver (decodes) information through airways.

Feedback

Turn-taking – where the receiver changes its role

from decoder to encoder. (receiver to sender)

STAGES OF COMMUNICATION (SIETRDUA)

The Osgood – Schramm Model of Comm. –
Stimulus – perceived by our senses that can circular model of comm. that was devised by
trigger communication. Charles Osgood and Wilbur Schramm in 1954.
Ideation – stage in which brain starts to process
- decoder, encoder and interpreter are
what you have perceived. present in the model.
Encoding – stage in which you start to compose - It presents that the communicators
the message. (both the sender and the receiver)
performed the mentioned elements
Transmission – stage in which you delivered the during the conversation.
thoughts you want to utter.

Reception – stage in which your friend received

what you have communicated.

Decoding – the message will be processed by the

recipient.

Understanding – the receiver will interpret the

message depends on his/her understanding. Berlo’s Model of Comm. – was devised by David
Berlo in 1960. It operates the SMCR pattern.
Action – stage where the receiver will react on (Source, Message, Channel, Receiver)
the message.
Different aspects of message
MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
Content – refers to the context of the message.
Aristotle Model of Comm. – first to take an
initiative and design the comm. model Element – refers to what compose the message.

- widely accepted and the most common Treatment – how the source will manage the
model of communication. message.
Structure – refers to construction of the Public Comm. – communication between one
message. person to a huge group of people.

Code – refers to symbol that will represent the - Composed of heterogeneous audience.
message.
Mass Comm. – communication that involves
mass media such as newspaper, radio, television.

Organizational Comm. – communication that

takes place inside the organization.

Intercultural Comm. – communication that

involves person-to-person, person-to-group or
group-to-group from diff. cultures.
ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION Technology-Mediated Comm. – communication
Verbal or Linguistic Aspect – aspect that that uses technology when communicating like
makesuse of words. cellphone, telephone, and computer.

- may be oral or written, formal or PRINCIPLES FOR EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONS

informal. Accessible (make information available online)
Non-verbal or Extralinguistic Aspect – does not Actionable (move audiences to action)
make use of words but may enhance or change
the linguistic code. Credible (technical accuracy, be transparent)

TWO ELEMENTS OF NON-VERBAL Relevant (know, motivate, listen to the audience)

Non-linguistic Elements Timely (communicate early, build conversation)

Kinesics – language of body movements. (hand Understandable (use plain and familiar languages)
gestures) ETHICS OF ORAL COMMUNICATION
Proxemics - language of distance or space. Ethical Communicators are respectful of their
(public, social, personal and intimate space) audiences.
Chronemics – language of time. E C consider the consequences of their
Haptics – language of touch. communication.

Olfactics – language of smell. E C respect truth.

Oculesics – language of eye movement. E C use information properly.

Gustatory – language of taste. E C do not falsify information.

Physical Appearance – how the person appears E C respect the rights of others to information.
suggests his/her personality. BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
Paralinguistic Elements – the meaning of what Ethnocentrism (people implicitly believes that
the person says change. their way of doing and seeing things are the right
Vocal Quality – quality of the voice. and only way)

Pitch – the highness and lowness of the voice. Stereotyping (people rely on oversimplified
clichés about people from diff. cultures)
Tempo – the speed of the voice.
- (can be done on the basis of many things
Volume – the loudness of the voice. like nationality, gender, race, religion,
Juncture – the pauses while speaking. ethnicity, age, etc.)

LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION Psychological Barriers (undermining of one’s

confidence)
Intrapersonal Communication. –
communication within yourself. Language Barrier (people who are less fluent in
English or other language)
Interpersonal Comm. – communication
between one person to another person. Conflicting Values (a person did not understand
or do not agree with a behavior)
- Two or small group of people echanging
thought and ideas.
MODULE 2 TYPE OF LISTENERS

Hearing – accidental, involuntary, and effortless. People-oriented listeners (“supporters”)

This indicates that hearing is simply the process
- concerned about the emotional states of
of absorbing sound.
others
Listening – focus voluntary, and intentional. - they are known as people who will “lend
an ear”
MAIN PURPOSE OF LISTENING ACCORDING TO
OWEN HARGIE (author of Skilled Interpersonal Action-oriented listeners (“builders”)
Interaction)
- focus on what action needs to take place
- to focus on messages sent by other people or in regards to a received message and try
noises coming from our surroundings to formulate an organized way to initiate
- to better our understanding of other
that action.
people’s communication
- to critically evaluate other people’s Content-oriented listeners (“learners”)
messages
- to monitor nonverbal signals - like to listen to complex information and
- to indicate that we are interested or paying evaluate the content of a message
attention
- to empathize with others and show we care Time-oriented listeners (“executives”)
for them (relational maintenance)
- to engage in negotiation, dialogue, or other - more concerned about time limits and timelines
exchanges that result in shared that they are with the content or senders of a
understanding of or agreement on an issue message.
IMPORTANCE OF LISTENING (DIAZ, 2005) THE LISTENING PROCESS
1. Stimulates better communication between Listening – process of receiving, interpreting, recalling,
the parties involved
evaluating, and responding to verbal and non-verbal
2. Facilitates the meeting of minds
3. Gives pleasure and even comfort messages.
4. Assists in understanding of what is being said
The Physical or Attention Stage – listener is preparing
5. Enables to react to what is said
6. Enlarges one’s experience him/herself to listen.
7. Corrects problems of vocalization
8. More importantly, it decreases the tensions
The Logical or Auditory Discrimination Stage – the
of life listener is choosing which information he/she will be
processed.
TYPES OF LISTENING
The Semantic or Comprehension – the listener
Discriminative Listening - involves identifying understands the information heard.
the difference between tones and sounds to
The Retention Stage – the listener will remember or
figure out how these differences may affect the
retain the information heard.
meaning of a sentence.
LEVELS OF LISTENING
Informational Listening – it is not evaluative and
is common in teaching and learning contexts. Ignoring – doesn’t show interest
- entails listening with the goal of Pretending – called the “listening on the eye level”.
comprehending and retaining
information. - Listener does not understand what the person is
saying.
Critical Listening – it enables professionals to
conduct brainstorming sessions, create new Selective Listening – listener choose only the person who
solutions and strategies. or what he/she wants to listen.

- Important type of listening that requires Attentive Listening – listening from ears to mind
you to listen to a message and assess - Listeners shows interest to listen.
whether the message and the speaker
are trustworthy. Sympathetic Listening – listening from ears to heart.

Empathetic Listening - most challenging form of - Listeners listens to show compassion to others.
listening and occurs when we try to understand Emphatic Listening – more than just listening but also
or experience what a speaker is thinking or showing that you are someone whom they can lean on.
feeling.
- it is showing a deeper compassion and genuine
- It is distinct from sympathetic listening. heart.
- Empathy mean “feel into” or “feel with”
- Sympathy means “feel for”
COMMON PROBLEMS IN LISTENING AND ETHICAL WAYS
TO BECOME AN EFFECTIVE LISTENER AND SPEAKER

Tuning out dull topics (there are no uninteresting

subjects, only uninterested people.)

- Listen for something you want or need. You can

always find something of value in what another
person is saying

Faking attention (we pretend to pay attention,

though our minds are a thousand miles away.)

- Sincerely pay attention. Lean forward,

make eye contact, smile, nod your head,
and ask questions to show you are
listening. Good listening is not relaxed or
passive. It takes energy to listen.

Yielding to distractions (outside noises or

movements often affect our concentration. we
give our attention to these distractions instead of
the speaker in front of us. )

- Choose a suitable environment in which

to have personal conversations. Learn to
ignore the distractions and don’t become
a distraction yourself!

Criticizing delivery or physical appearance

(people abandon their good listening habits
when they overly critical of the speaker’s physical
appearance or delivery.)

- Be generous enough to overlook the

difficulties of a speaker. Pay attention to
what is said, not how it is said. Don’t use
poor appearance or speaking style as an
excuse for not listening.

Jumping to conclusions (we often think that we

know what a person is going to say before they
have even finished speaking.)

- Hear the speaker out. Understand their

point of view fully before accepting or
rejecting it.

Interrupting (almost a certain sign that you don’t

know or care about what the person is saying.)

- Take time to think about what is being

said before responding. Wait for an
opening. Put yourself in their shoes.

Overreacting to emotional words (we’ll react

from time to time to certain words or phrases
that push our “hot buttons”.)

- Compose yourself. Try to control your

emotion. Breath in to calm yourself.