SOLID MENS PRELIM REVIEWER

LESSON1: POINTS, LINES, PLANES

Basic Postulates and Theorems Involving the Undefined Terms of Geometry

• Postulate

An accepted statement without proof.

• Theorem

A statement whose truth is accepted only after it has been proven.

• Corollary

A statement whose proof follows that of a given theorem.

Postulate 1: Line Postulate

Two points determine exactly one line.

In figure 1, points T and V, when connected, determine only one line (line n). This
means that line n is the only line that contains points T and V.

Theorem 1

If two distinct lines intersect, then their intersection is a point.

In figure 2, lines m and n are two different lines intersecting at point V.

Figur

Postulate 2: Plane Postulate

For every three noncollinear points, there is exactly one plane through these points.

In figure 3, three points G, E, and O are noncollinear points. When connected using

segments, there is exactly one plane (Plane M) formed.

Figur
Postulate 3

If two distinct planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.

In figure 4, planes L and P intersect at line m. If you want to see a concrete example of this,

try to look at the intersection of the floor and the wall of your house.

Figur
Postulate 4

If two points lie in a plane, then the line connecting them lies in that plane.

In figure 5, U and E of line x lie in plane Q. Therefore, line x is in plane Q. Since line x
could be extended infinitely, then it divides the plane into two subsets, each of which
is called a half-plane.

Figu

In figure 6, line i, not in plane M, intersects plane M at

point K.

In figure 7,QP
´ and point S not in QP
´ are contained in
plane R.

In figure 8, two lines, x and y, intersect at point A. They

are contained in plane Q.

In figure 9, the four points A,P,E, and X are noncoplanar.

When connected to one another using segments, a space is
formed.

Figur

Ruler Postulate and Midpoint of a Segment

RULER POSTULATE

The distance between two points is the absolute value of the difference between the real numbers in a
number line.

Example:

Find the distance between the following pairs of points using figure 10.

a. B and H b. H and D c. D and F d. F and B

Solution:

a. |B−H|=|−6−5|=|−11|=11units
b. |H −D|=|5−( 1.5 )|=|6.5|=6.5 units
c. |D−F|=|−1.5−3|=|−4.5|=4.5units
d. |F−B|=|3− (−6 )|=|9|=9 units

Take note: the distance between two points is the same as the length of the segment formed by the two points.

MIDPOINT

the point on the line segment that divides

the segment into two congruent segments. Figure

For example,

Two segments are said to be congruent if they have equal lengths. Considering figure 11, point R is between
points N and J. since NR and RJ have equal lengths, we can say that the midpoint of NJ is point R.

In any given number line, we can find for the coordinate of the midpoint of any segment by getting the half of the
sum of the coordinates of the endpoints of the segment.

For example:

Find the coordinate of the midpoint of the following segments in

figure 12.

a. B and J b. H and D c. H and F d. D and J

Solution:

a. BJ

B+ J −6+0 −6
midpoint = = = =−3
2 2 2
b. HD

H + D 5+ (−1.5 ) 3.5
midpoint = = = =1.75
2 2 2
c. HF

H + F 5+ 3 8
midpoint = = = =4
2 2 2
d. DJ

D+ J −1.5+0 −1.5
midpoint = = = =−0.75
2 2 2
Example: solve the following problems completely.

Note: let x be the coordinate of the other endpoint.

a. Find the other endpoint if one endpoint is L and the midpoint is at 1.5

b. Find the other endpoint if one endpoint is D and the midpoint is at 1.75

c. Find the other endpoint if one endpoint is J and the midpoint is at 1.5

SOLUTION:

Generalization

A postulate is a statement which is accepted as true without proof. A Statement that needs to be proven is called a
theorem. A corollary is a direct consequence of another theorem. Once a theorem is proven, it can also be used as a
reason I proving other statement. The following postulates and theorems describe basic relationships among the
undefined terms.

 Postulate 1: Line Postulate: Two points determine exactly one line.

 Theorem 1: If two distinct lines interest, then their intersection is a point.

 Postulate 2: Plane Postulate: For every three noncollinear points, there is exactly one plane
through these points.

 Postulate 3: If two distinct planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.

 Postulate 4: If two points lie in a plane, then the line connecting them lies in that plane.

 Theorem 2: If a line contained in a plane intersects the plane, then the intersection contains
only one point.

 Theorem 3: A line and a point not on the line are contained in exactly one plane.

 Theorem 4: Every plane contains at least two intersecting lines.

 Postulate 5: A space contains at least four noncoplanar points.

The distance of any two points in a number line can be solved using the ruler postulate which states, “The
distance between two points is the absolute value of the difference between the real numbers in a number line.”.
Moreover, a midpoint of a line segment is the point that divides the line segment in to two congruent segments. In
any given number line, we can find for the coordinate of the midpoint of any segment by getting the half of the sum
of the coordinates of the endpoints of the segment.
LESSON 2: REGULAR POLYGON

REGULAR POLYGON is a polygon that is equiangular (all angles are equal in measure) and equilateral (all sides have
the same length). Regular polygons may be either convex or star.

Parts of a Polygon

 SIDE/EDGE - one of the line segments that make up the polygon.

o Adjacent sides are pairs of sides that share a common endpoint.
 VERTICES - endpoints of each side of the polygon.
o Adjacent vertices are end points of a side.

 DIAGONAL - line segment joining two non – adjacent vertices of the polygon.

 INTERIOR ANGLE - angle formed by two adjacent sides inside the polygon.

 EXTERIOR ANGLE - angle that is adjacent to and supplementary to an interior

angle of the polygon.

PROPERTIES OF REGULAR POLYGON

 CENTRAL ANGEL
o The angle that is opposite a side of a regular polygon.
o It is the angle formed by two lines drawn from the center of the polygon to two adjacent vertices.

360 °
θ=
n
 APOTHEM
o line segment from the center of the polygon perpendicular to the midpoint of a side of the polygon.
o It is the altitude of the isosceles triangles that can be formed from a regular polygon.
o bisects the central angle and its opposite side.

s
a=
180°
2 tan(¿ )¿
n

 INTERION ANGLES θi
o In each isosceles triangle, the measure of the base angles can be denoted by φ , and each interior
angle of the regular polygon by 2 φ

180 ° (n−2) ONLY ONE ANGLE

θi =
n
φ s=180 ° (n−2) GENERAL ANGLES

 EXTERIOR ANGLES
o angles drawn from an adjacent side.
o The interior and exterior angles add to 180 degrees, hence the measure of each interior angle is
given by.
 θe =180 °−θ i

 PERIMETER
P=ns
where
n is the number of sides of the regular polygon
s is the length of the side of the regular polygon

 AREA
o a positive number that represents the number of square units needed to cover the polygon.
o region bounded by the sides of the polygon

where P is the perimeter

a is the apothem
1
A= Ap
2
Where n is the no. of side
S is the sides
2
ns
A=
180 °
4 tan(¿ )¿
n
 DIAGONAL
o drawn from the vertex to a non- adjacent vertex.

n
D= ¿)
2

EXAMPLE:

Find the area of a regular heptagon whose sides measure 5 units. Determine also the number of distinct diagonals
that can be drawn from each vertex and the sum of its interior angles.

1ST STEP:
2
ns
A=
180 °
4 tan(¿ )¿
n
A=7 ¿ ¿
A=90.85 square units
2nd step:

n
d= (n−3)
2
7
d= (7−3)
2
d=14 diagonals
3RD STEP:

φ s=180 ° (n−2)
 φ s=180 ° (7−2)
φ s=900 °

EXAMPLE:

The number of diagonals of a regular polygon is 65. Find the perimeter of the polygon if its apothem measures 15
inches.

n
D= (n−3)
2
n
65= (n−3)
2
2
130=n −3 n
2
n −3 n−130=0
n=13∧n=−10
Choose n = 13.

2ND STEP:

s
a=
180°
2 tan(¿ )¿
n
s
15=
180 °
2 tan (¿ )¿
13

[
s=15 2 tan
13 )]
( 180
s=7.39inches
3RD STEP:

P=ns
P=13 (7.39)
P=96.07 inches
TRIVIA

A polygon with 13 sides is called tridecagon.

A regular tridecagon is represented by Schläfli symbol.

LESSON 3: TRIANGLES

TRAINGLE

 integral part in most computations involved in architecture and engineering.

 In architecture, triangles are used in creating scale models and in engineering; it is very useful in measuring
the heights of inaccessible objects such as mountains.
  Surveyors also use triangles in computing distances in navigation.

Classification of Triangles According to Sides

 Equilateral triangle is a triangle with three congruent sides and three congruent angles. Each angle measures
60º.
 Isosceles triangle is a triangle with two congruent sides and two congruent angles.
 Scalene triangle is a triangle with no congruent sides and no congruent angles.

CONGRUENT TRAINGLE

 Two triangles are congruent when they have the same shape and size.
Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent.

SIMILAR TRIANGLE

 Two triangles are similar if their corresponding angles are congruent

and their corresponding sides are proportional.

a1 b1 c 1
= =
a2 b2 c 2

( )( )( )
2 2 2
A1 a1 b1 c1
= = =
A2 a2 b2 c2

P 1 a 1 b1 c 1
= = =
P 2 a2 b2 c2

PARTS OF A TRIANGLE

 VERTEXT ANGLE
o The angle opposite the base
 BASE ANGLES
o The two angles adjacent to the base

PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLE CENTERS

 ORTHOCENTER
o point of intersection of the altitudes of a triangle
 CENTROID
o point of intersection of the medians of a triangle.
  INCENTER
o point of intersection of the angle bisectors of the triangle.
 CIRCUMCENTER
o the point of intersection of the perpendicular bisectors.

ALTITUDE, MEDIAN AND ANGLE BISECTOR FORMULAS

Consider any triangle with sides a, b, and c, and angles A, B and C. Let hc, mc and lc be the lengths of the altitude,
median and angle bisector from vertex C, respectively. Then

FORMULAS FOR AREA OF TRIANGLE