Growth & Development

• Growth - Change of Shape, size, weight &

• Height - Social, Mental, Physical, Emotional

Growth-----Maturation-----Development

Growth

• According to Munro - " The term growth is generally used to implicate the change of quantitative
nature such as change in size weight height etc."

• According to Frank - "Growth is regarded as multiplication of cells as growth in height and weight"

• According to L.D Crow and A.crow - "Growth refers to structural and physical changes"

General Characteristics of Growth

• Growth is result of heredity and environment

• Growth is an natural process

• The range of growth varies at different base level

According to H.V Meridith, Longitudinal Study

Age Group Growth Rate

From Birth-2 & 1/2yrs. Very High Rate

2 & 1/2 -2yrs before the period of adolescence Growth rate is being decrease

Just before adolescence -during adolescence Growth rate increases

After adolescence- During adulthood Growth rate is decreased & they

ceased slowly

Growth & Practice

• Growth is measurable

• Growth continues upto certain age

• Growth concerned with only living organism

• Growth is a quantitative process

• Growth varies man to man

• All organs do not grow at a uniform rate

• Maintains its rate with age

Development

• According to Woolfoll - " Development refers to the certain changes of human being from conception
to death."

• According to Hurlock - " Development consists of progressive series of changes that occur in an orderly
predictable pattern as a result of maturation and experience."

• According to Athinson Berme & Woodworth - " Development is a progressive and continuous changes
in an organism from birth to death."

• According to Berk - " Development includes all the changes we experience throughout the lifespan."

Principles Of Development

• Principle of interaction between heredity and environment

• Principle of continuity

• Principle of general rule

• Principle of interrelation

• Principle of predetermined

• Principle of cephalocaudal ( from top to bottom)

• Principle of proximodistal ( from centre to circumference)

• Principle of spiral versus linear

• Principle of bilateral to unilateral

• Development is a result of learning ---> Behavioural change

• Development is a continuous process

• Development is interrelated with its different types

• Development is a individual process

• Development occurs orderly

1. Infancy

2. Childhood

3. Adolescence

4. Adulthood

• Development starts from general ----> specific

• Development is a cumulative process

Characteristics & Principles

1. Principle of Development :- Principal of states that cephalocaudal - The principle states that
development proceeds from top to bottom. According to this principle, a child will get physical control
over their head first. After this physical control, development process downwards, that is to the eye,
arm and lastly to the legs. For example, the infant can lift his or her head in his or her first week of life
but can stand on his or her field not before the end of the first year.

2. Principle of Proximodistal :- the principle also states about the direction of the development.
According to this principle, development proceeds from "centre to circumference" or from the centre of
the body to outwards. It is observed that in very young age children, that the part of the body which is
closest to the proximity develop motor skills before rest parts of the body. For simplicity we can
understand this like that gross motor skills like waving an arm develops before then the fine motor skills
like writing eligibility develops.

3. Principle of Spiral vs Linear arrangement :- This principle implies that the development of a child is
not in a straight line. It is in the form of a corkscrew (spiral). The children advances its development in
one period but takes rest in the following period and turns back to previous activity. This enabled skills
to consolidate its development.
4. Principle of Bilateral to Unilateral :- The principle sets about to bilateral and unilateral,but this
process is noticeable only in two parts of the body (hands and legs). After an observation it is stated that
a new born baby can use his or her hands for holding a bottle and legs for doing any activity uniformly
but when he or she reaches in the age of 2 - 2.5 years he or she gradually starts to use particularly any
one hand or leg for different type of activities.

Difference Between Growth & Development

Sl. No. Growth Development

01. The growth refers to structured and physiological Development consists of progressive series of changes
changes. that occur in an orderly, predictable pattern and a result
of maturation and experience.

02. Growth is the cause Development is the result of growth

03. Growth is confined only to physical structure In development process physical mental social and
emotional all are included.

04. In case of growth practice also related to specific Development is a whole some process. Ex- if any one of
field. Ex - if we exercise for the development of hand us practices for our mental development then it shows
only muscle will develop not others. the reflection in the development of others three fields
(social, emotional and physical).

05. Growth is a natural process but in some cases development process is organisational. Though it occurs
influences of practice is noticeable due to the information between heredity and
environment.

06. Growth does not continuous through what the life it Development is a continuous process that grows from
stops when maturity is being attained. "Womb to Tomb" . It does not end with the attainment
of maturity. Rather another throughout the lifespan of
an individual even for the small changes till death.

07. Growth can be measured Development is observable

08. Growth concept is quantitative Development is a qualitative process

 09. Educational system influences the growth rate but But the main aim of education is to all round
there is contradiction among educational psychologist development of the individual.
that is deserved or not

Stages & Sequences of Growth & Development

1) According to Rousseau

Sl. No. Stages Age Group

01. Infancy from birth - 5yrs

02. Childhood 5-12yrs

03. Early Adolescence 12-15yrs

04. Later Adolescence 15-20yrs

2) According to Earnest Jones

Sl. No. Stages Age Group

01. Infancy from birth - 5yrs

02. Childhood

a) Early Childhood 5-8yrs

b) Later Childhood 8-12yrs

03. Adolescence 12-18yrs

04. Adulthood Greater than 18yrs

3) According to Pikunus

Sl. No. Stages Age Growth

01. Pre - natal from fertilisation to birth

 02. Post- natal from birth to 1month

03. Early Infancy 1month - 1½yrs

04. Later Infancy 1½ - 2½ yrs

05. Early Childhood 2½ - 5yrs

06. Later Childhood 5yrs - 9yrs

07. Adolescence 9-12yrs

08. Adulthood 21 - 70yrs

09. Old Age Greater than 70 yrs

**In general, stages of sequence in growth & development - (This is included in practicum)

Sl. No. Stages Age Group

01. Infancy From Birth - 5yrs

02. Childhood 5-12 yrs

03. Adolescence 12- 20 yrs

04. Adulthood Greater than 20 yrs

Motor Skill Development

Sl. Age Gross Motor Skill Development Fine Motor Skills Development
No.

01. 3 months Learn to support head Plays with hands.

02. 6months Rolls Over Hold toys with the whole hand
(pulmer grace)

03. 9months Sits up without support and may Picks up toy with a finger grasp
start to crawl

04. 12months/1year Stands up and may start to take Develops a primitive tripod grief
first step (thumb and two fingers)
05. 15months beigns to walk unassisted Able to put and brick block on top
of another

06. 2years Runs and walk up and down in Able to use a zipper and build a
stairs with two feet at a step tower of 5-6blocks

07. 3years Able to run and catch objects Hold a crayon with control and is
able to draw a phrase

08. 4years Balance and control tricycle Able to fasten and unlasten
buttons and build a tower of 10 or
more blocks.

09. 5years Climbs,Skips, Hops,etc Has good control over pencil and
can colour neatly

Language Development at Infancy Stage

Sl. No Age Language Development

01. Birth - 2months Crying

02. 2 - 4months Cooing

03. 4 - 6months Babbling

04. 1 - 1½yrs Around 10-12 words, single words- 'Maa, Baba'- This is called
Holophrase

05. 2½yrs Around 3000words two words used to express their

feelings,this is called Telegraphic speech, when any baby
wants to eat food then he/she only speak - " Mom food". In
this stage sentence cannot be formed properly.

06. 2½ - 4yrs Around 5600 he/she can frame sentence properly & it cause
properly.

07. 5yrs Around 9500 words can he/she say, he/she can learn the uses
of language.

Mental Developmental Characteristics in Infancy Stage

i) Reflex Action - At the time of birth sense organs are active & through these organs they can able to do
some activity like grasping, holding, sucking, looking, crying,etc.

ii) Circular Action - At early infancy stage it is notified that children love to do some activities in
repetative way this is called circular action.

a) Type 1(1 - 4months) - At this stage. Children loves to do repetitive action with their body parts.
Ex - Thumb Sucking

b) Type 2 (4 - 8months) - At this phase children like to do repetitive action with any external object.
Ex - Rattle Shaking.

c) Type 3 (12 - 18months) - At this stage children wants to do some new activities & wants to apply
the results on another activity.

For example if unintentionally any utensil fa from their hands, then the sound arise due to fall
attracts the child & then again he tries to arose that kind of sound by felling other object.

iii) Object permanency - After birth at pre-infancy stage, children cannot realise about permanent
existence of the object. At the last phase of the stage they can arrive to the concept of object
permanency.

iv) Make believe play - At this stage they love to imagine & all day what they plays it totally depends
upon their imagination & they act like their imagination. This is male believe play.

v) Social development -

Sl. No. Age Social Development

01. 2months Response through laughing & crying.

Recognise his/her mother only.

02. 5-6months He/she can differentiate between affection

& scolding, can recognise unknown people
strictly avoid them.

03. 8-9months Can understand the meaning of the word

'No', loves to imitate the elder person and
family members.

04. 1-1½ years Negative mentality, loves to spend time with

elder person.

05. 2-5years They learn to help others, make friends,

participate in social activity, sympathetic
attitude can be observed.
Emotional Development

From the birth time till in each stage of hundred development, emotional devey & its expression is
according to Watson -

i) During birth time children possess only three types of emotions :-

 Anger
 Fear
 Love

ii) At the last phass of the stage he/she acquires some more emotional expression like jealousy, hatred,
joy & happiness.

Childhood Stage

i) Physical Developmental Characteristics

 Steady & slow but uniform growth in the external as well in the internal organs.
 During this period, children get an average height, i.e 2-3 inches per year
a) Girls average height - 58inches
b) Boys average height - 57.5 inches
 Children gain about 5-7pounds per year
 Milk teeth are replaced by parmanent set
 Muscle, mass & strength increase
 Skeletal bones lengthens, skeletal growth
 Milk teeth replace by permanent set
 Brain nervous system develops nd becomes more complex. By the age of 8 to 9 years,the brain
is nearly about adult size
 Motor skills are continue to refine , children love to learn jump, throw, catch and balance
 They become faster, stronger , and more coordinated