CHEM 100: Chemistry for the Arts
Learning outcome
To understand the importance of the periodic
table in terms of groups, periods, valency,
charge, atomic size and periodicity
Topics Covered
✓Organization of modern periodic table
(groups and periods)
The modern periodic table was first
published by D. Mendeleev in 1869. He
arranged the elements in the period
table as per their atomic mass and left
some spaces empty for the unknown
elements
Henry Moseley (a British chemist) has organized the
elements in the modern periodic table as per their atomic
number in 1913. As after the discovery of protons,
scientists realized that number of protons are equal to the
number of electrons.
Organization of modern periodic table
(Periods and groups)
Period: A period is a horizontal row of the periodic table.
Group: Elements with similar chemical properties appear at
regular intervals, within the vertical columns
Modern Periodic table
The elements in modern periodic table are arranged from
left to right (rows called periods) and top to bottom (vertical
column called groups) in order of increasing atomic number
Periodic table - groups and periods
There are 7 periods and 18 groups in
the modern periodic table.
Period 1: 2 elements (H to He)
Period 2: 8 elements (Li to Ne)
Period 3: 8 elements (Na to Ar)
Period 4: 18 elements (K to Kr)
Period 5: 18 elements (Rb to Xe)
Period 6: 32 elements (Cs to Rn)
Period 7: 32 elements (Fr to Og)
The bottom rows shown in the modern periodic table are
separated from the periods 6 and 7 because of their
different behaviors and helped the scientist to fit the
periodic table in one page.
Groups
Group 1: Alkali metals (Li to Fr)
Group 2: Alkaline Earth metals (Be to Ra)
Group 3 -12:
Transition metals (showing transitions in there oxidation
numbers
Group 13: Boron family
Group 14: Carbon family
Group 15: Nitrogen family (also called Pnictogens: make
(someone) unable to breathe properly; suffocate or
suffocation)
Group 16: Oxygen family ( Also called Chalcogens)
Group 16 is also called chalcogens as most of the ores in
the earth crust are either oxides or sulfides . For example:
Oxygen is the most abundant of all elements on earth.
Oxygen forms about 46.6% by mass of earth’s crust. Dry
air contains 20.946% oxygen by volume
Group 17: Fluorine family (Halogens)
Halogen is a Greek word means salt producing, They react
with metals to form compounds called salts , NaCl )
Group 18: Helium family: ( Noble gases, inert gases)
The noble gases have a complete octet (completely filled
outer shell orbitals), making them very stable and unlikely
to gain or lose any electrons. That's why, they are called
Noble or inert gases.
Period table with Roman Numerals
IIB
Topics Covered
✓Valency and charge
✓Atomic size
✓periodicity
Modern Periodic table
Blocks of elements in the periodic table)
s Block elements
Example: Na (sodium)
p Block elements
Example: Cl (chlorine)
d Block elements
Example: Fe (iron)
f Block elements
Example: Ce (Cerium)
Atomic size of elements in the periodic table
Periodicity
Homework
What is electron affinity?
What is electronegativity?
What is ionization energy?
What is Aufbau principle?
References:
Text Book:
Basic Concepts Of Chemistry (9th Edition), Leo J. Malone, Theodore, O Dolter, John Wiley
& Sons, 2013, ISBN: 978-0-470-93845-4
Chemistry: The Central Science (13th Edition), Theodore E. Brown, H. Eugene H LeMay,
Bruce E. Bursten, Catherine Murphy, Patrick Woodward & Matthew E. Stoltzfus, Pearson,
2014, ISBN-13: 978-0321910417
Introductory Chemistry (Problem Solving Guide & Workbook), S. Russo & M. Silver,
Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006, 3rd edition, ISBN 978-0321451453
Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinking (6th Edition), Prentice Hall, 2010,
6th edition, ISBN 978-0321663054
[Link]
Homework
What is electron affinity?
What is electronegativity?
What is ionization energy?
What is Aufbau principle?
What is electron affinity (EA)?
Electron affinity is defined as the amount of
energy released when an electron is added to a
neutral atom/molecule (gaseous state)
جزيء محايد (الحالة/ يتم تعريف تقارب اإللكترون على أنه كمية الطاقة المنبعثة عند إضافة اإللكترون إلى ذرة
)الغازية
F - 328 kJ mol-1
Cl - 349 kJ mol-1 Highest EA in the Periodic table
Br - 324 kJ mol-1
I - 295 kJ mol-1
What is electronegativity
Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to
attract shared pair of electrons towards itself.
السالبية الكهربية هي قدرة الذرة على جذب زوج مشترك من اإللكترونات نحو نفسها
F 3.98: Highest electronegativity in the periodic table
What is ionization energy (IE)?
Ionization energy is the minimum amount of
energy required to remove the electron in the
outer most shell of an isolated gaseous neutral
atom or molecule
طاقة التأين هي الحد األدنى من الطاقة المطلوبة إلزالة اإللكترون في الغالف
الخارجي
لمعظم ذرة أو جزيء محايد غازي
Example: Na(g) → Na+(g) + e- I1 = 496 kJ/mol.
What is Aufbau principle?
According this principle the lower electron orbitals fill
before higher orbitals do, "building up" the electron shell.
"بناء" غالف اإللكترون، تمتلئ مدارات اإللكترون السفلية قبل المدارات األعلى، وفقًا لهذا المبدأ
Types of orbitals
4 types
s orbital can accommodate maximum 2 electrons
p orbital can accommodate maximum 6 electrons
d orbital can accommodate maximum 10 electrons
f orbital can accommodate maximum of 14 electrons
How many electrons can s,p,d,f hold?
Answer:
2,6,10,14 respectively
Based on Aufbau principle:
We can write electronic configuration of an atoms/ions by
using this series of orbitals
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s………………..
Electronic configuration of
20-Ca: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
11-Na: 1s22s22p63s1
16-S : 1s22s22p63s23p4
9-F: 1s22s22p5
Na+: Loss of 1 electrons, only 10 electrons left
Na+: 1s22s22p6.
7- N3- Means addition of 3 electrons = 7+3 =10 electrons
total
N3-: 1s22s22p6
Periodicity
Other references
[Link]
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[Link]
groups/
[Link]
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[Link]&psig=AOvVaw3LlQh-
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[Link]
References:
Text Book:
Basic Concepts Of Chemistry (9th Edition), Leo J. Malone, Theodore, O Dolter, John Wiley
& Sons, 2013, ISBN: 978-0-470-93845-4
Chemistry: The Central Science (13th Edition), Theodore E. Brown, H. Eugene H LeMay,
Bruce E. Bursten, Catherine Murphy, Patrick Woodward & Matthew E. Stoltzfus, Pearson,
2014, ISBN-13: 978-0321910417
Introductory Chemistry (Problem Solving Guide & Workbook), S. Russo & M. Silver,
Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006, 3rd edition, ISBN 978-0321451453
Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinking (6th Edition), Prentice Hall, 2010,
6th edition, ISBN 978-0321663054
[Link]
