Table of Contents

❖ Straight Lines
❖ Circles
❖ Conic Sections
 Centres of Triangles

Centroid
It is the point of concurrence of the medians of a triangle.

A (x1, y1)

F E
G

B (x2, y2) D C (x3, y3)

 Centres of Triangles

Incentre
It is the point of concurrence of the internal angle bisectors of a triangle.

A (x1, y1)

c b
I

B (x2, y2) C (x3, y3)

a
 Centres of Triangles

Orthocentre

It is the point of concurrence of the altitudes of a triangle.

A (x1, y1)
E
F
H
B (x2, y2) D C (x3, y3)
 Centres of Triangles

Circumcentre
It is the point of concurrence of the perpendicular bisector of the sides of a triangle.

A(x1, y1)

F E

O(x, y)

B (x2, y2) D C (x3, y3)

 Centres of Triangles

Result

In any scalene triangle,

O
G
H

Note
In an equilateral triangle, G, I, O and H,
all coincide.
 Slope of a Straight Line

If a straight line makes an angle α with the x-axis, then

it’s slope m is defined as tan α, where 0 ≤ α < π.

Note
Here, α is the angle made by the line with the positive
direction of the X-axis in the anti-clockwise sense.

Remark
 Slope of a Straight Line

Remark

1. A line cutting same intercepts on the coordinate axes.

In both cases, observe that m = –1

 Slope of a Straight Line

Remark
2. A line cutting intercepts of equal length on 3. If a line is equally inclined to the axes,
the coordinate axes. then its slope is 1 or –1.

Try to observe that the slope is either 1 or –1.

 Various forms of Equations of a Line

1. Slope Intercept form

2. Point Slope form

3. Two Point form

4. Intercept form

5. Normal form

6. Parametric form

7. General form
 Various forms of Equations of a Line

1. Slope Intercept form 3. Two point form

slope = m

2. Point slope form 4. Intercept form

slope = m
 Various forms of Equations of a Line

5. Normal form
Y

p
X
O

x cos𝛼 + y sin𝛼 = p where, 0 ≤ 𝛼 < 360o

 Various forms of Equations of a Line

6. Parametric form
Eg. Find the distance of the point (1, 3) from
m = tan θ the line 2x − 3y + 9 = 0 measured along the
line x − y + 1 = 0.

r (x, y) Ans:

(x1, y1) θ
 Various forms of Equations of a Line

7. General form

Any linear equation in x and y represents a straight line,

that is, the equation ax + by + c = 0 is the general form
of the equation of a line.
 Relation b/w slopes and angle b/w the lines

where θ is the acute angle between the two lines

 JEE Main 2020

Eg. If a ΔABC has vertices A(-1, 7), B(-7, 1) and C(5, - Eg. Slope of line(s) which makes 45o
5), then its orthocentre has coordinates angle with y = 2x - 1 is _____.

A (-3, 3) B C (3, -3) D

Some Formulae
 Some Formulae

Distance of a Point from a Line

Eg. Find the coordinates of a point on x + y + 3 = 0,
(x1, y1) whose distance from x + 2y + 2 = 0 is √5.

Ans: (1, -4) or (-9, 6)

Special case:
Distance of origin from ax + by + c = 0 is
 Some Formulae

Distance between two Parallel Lines

 Some Formulae

Foot of Perpendicular from a Point to a Line Eg. Find foot of perpendicular of (2, 3) on
3x - 4y = 1.
(x1, y1)
 Some Formulae

Image of a Point in a Line

(x1, y1)
 Family of Lines

Given any two lines L1 = 0 and L2 = 0, all the lines

passing through their point of intersection Eg. ax + by + c = 0 is a variable line such
constitutes family of lines of L1 = 0 and L2 = 0. that a - 2b + c = 0, then find the point
through which these lines pass through.
Note
Any line through intersection point of L1 = 0 and
L2 = 0 (that is a member of their family) has
equation of the form L1 + λL2 = 0
Eg. If a2 + 9b2 = 6ab + 4c2 then ax + by + c = 0
passes through _____.

A B

C D
 Standard Equation of Circles

Equations of a Circle

x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
(x - x1)2 + (y - y1)2 = r2
Centre : (-g, -f)
Centre : (x1, y1)
Radius :
Radius : r

Note

Diametric form : (x - α1)(x - α2) + (y - β1)(y - β2) = 0

where (α1, β1) & (α2, β2) are endpoints of diameter
 Some Special Circles

1. Circle touching X - axis 2. Circle touching Y - axis

Y

(0, b)
X
(a, 0)

3. Circle touching X - axis at origin 4. Circle touching Y - axis at origin

Y Y

X O X
O
 Some Special Circles

5. Circle touching both axes Eg. Radius of the circle touching both the
Y axes and passing through the point (1, 1)
Y is ____.

O X

O X

Y Y
X
O

X
O
 Parametric Form of a circle

(a) x2 + y2 = r2

⇒ x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ

P(θ)
r
θ X
O

In particular, a general point on x2 + y2 = 1 is of

the form (cosθ, sinθ) for some θ.
 Parametric Form of a circle

(b) (x − x1)2 + (y − y1)2 = r2

⇒ x = x1 + r cosθ, y = y1 + r sin θ
 Intercepts made by a circle
JEE Main 2019
Whenever a circle makes an intercept Eg. A circle touching the X-axis at (3, 0)
on a line, always refer to this figure. and making an intercept of length 8 on
the Y-axis passes through the point

A (3, 10)

B (3, 5)
r
C (2, 3)

D (1, 5)
 Intercepts made by a circle

Intercepts made by a circle on the axes

(1) Intercept made by x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 on the X - axis.

X
A B

(2) Intercept made by x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 on the Y - axis.

Y
B

A
Some Standard Notations
 Some Standard Notations

(1) S ≡ x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c

(2) For a point (x1, y1): Value of S at (x1, y1) is represented by S1, that is
S1 = x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c

(3) For a point (x1, y1): If we replace in S,

then we get T,

that is T
 Position of a Point w.r.t. a Circle

Method 1
Find distance of point P from centre of circle O.
OP < r ⇒ P lies inside the circle

OP = r ⇒ P lies on the circle

OP > r ⇒ P lies outside the circle

Method 2
S1 < 0 ⇒ P lies inside the circle
S1 = 0 ⇒ P lies on the circle
S1 > 0 ⇒ P lies outside the circle
 Position of a Point w.r.t. a Circle

Result
Greatest and least distance of a point from a circle.

|OP - r| = least distance of point P from the circle

|OP + r| = greatest distance of point P from the circle
 Various Equation of Tangents of a Circle

Slope form Tangent at a point on a circle

Eg. Find 𝜆 such that y = 2x + 𝜆 is
slope = m (x1, y1) T=0 tangent to x2 + y2 = 5.

Parametric form

P(θ)
T=0
 Various Equation of Tangents of a Circle

Result
Equations of tangents to x2 + y2 = r2, having slope
m, are given by .

Note
Equations of tangents to (x − x1)2 + (y − y1)2 = r2, with
slope m, are given by
 Various Equation of Tangents of a Circle

Remark
For a given circle S = 0,

(1) Length of tangent from point P

T

(2) S1 is also called power of point P(x1, y1) with

respect to S = 0.
 Various Equation of Tangents of a Circle

Observation
If a pair of tangents is drawn from a point P to a circle as shown
in the figure, then 𝞡
A
𝞡
R L
P
O 𝞗
R L
B
(1) angle between the pair of tangents is given by

(2)Length of AB =

(3)Area =

(4)circumcircle of Δ PAB has OP as diameter.

Number of Common Tangents

4 common tangents

3 common tangents

2 common tangents

1 common tangent

0 common tangents
 Number of Common Tangents

(1) ⇒ 4 common tangents

(2) ⇒ 3 common tangents

(3) ⇒ 2 common tangents

(4) ⇒ 1 common tangent

(5) ⇒ 0 common tangents

Position of Two circles
JEE Main 2019
Eg. If the curves, x2 - 6x + y2 + 8 = 0 and
x2 - 8y + y2 + 16 - k = 0, (k > 0) touch
each other at a point, then the largest
value of k is

Ans : 36
 Family of Circles

(1) S + L = 0
S=0 L=0

(2) S + λS’ = 0, λ ≠ -1
S=0
S’ = 0

Note
S - S’ = 0 is the equation of common chord
 Family of Circles

(3) Family of circles tangent to a given line Eg. Family of circles touching 2x + 3y + 5 = 0
L = 0 at a given point A (x1, y1) : at (2, - 3)

(x − x1)2 + (y − y1)2 + 𝜆L = 0

L=0

A (x1, y1)
 Family of Circles

(4) Family of circles passing through 2 points A (x1, y1) and B (x2, y2)
 Chords of a Circle

(1) Equation of CoC with respect to P(x1, y1) Eg. If the straight line x - 2y + 1 = 0 intersects
the circle x2 + y2 = 25 in points P and Q, then
the coordinates of the point of intersection of
Its equation is, T = 0 tangents drawn at P and Q to the given circle
P (x1, y1) is _________.

S=0 Ans : (-25, 50)

(2) Equation of chord with given midpoint P(x1, y1)

P (x1, y1) Its equation given by T = S1

S=0
 Orthogonality of Circles

Condition for Orthogonality

r1 r2
C1
C2
d

Two circles intersect each other orthogonally if

Or 2 g1 g2 + 2 f1 f2 = c1 + c2
 Standard Parabola & their Equations

Standard Parabolas having vertex at origin.

(1) y2 = 4ax (2) y2 = −4ax

Y Y

LR = 4a LR = 4a
O X O X
Z (−a, 0) S (a, 0) S (−a, 0) Z (a, 0)

x = −a x=a
 Standard Parabola & their Equations

Standard Parabolas having vertex at origin.

 Standard Parabola & their Equations

Standard Parabolas having vertex at any Point

Consider the following equations for a > 0 and remember their graphs.

(1) (y − k)2 = 4a(x − h) (2)(y − k)2 = −4a(x − h)

LR = 4a LR = 4a
A (h, k) A (h, k)
Z (h − a, k) S (h + a, k) S (h − a, k) Z (h + a, k)

x=h−a x=h+a
 Standard Parabola & their Equations

Standard Parabolas having vertex at any Point

Consider the following equations for a > 0 and remember their graphs.

(3)(x − h)2 = 4a(y − k) (4)(x − h)2 = −4a(y − k)

S (h, k + a) Z ( h, k + a )
LR = 4a
A (h, k)

A (h, k)
Z ( h, k − a ) LR = 4a
S (h, k − a)
Eg. Draw the following parabola and mark its focus,
directrix and length of LR :
(a) (y − 2)2 = 4(x − 3)
(b) (x − 3)2 = −8(y − 1)
Eg. Find equation of parabola with vertex (−2, −2)
and focus (−6, −6).
 Standard Ellipse & their Equations
Standard Ellipse having centre at origin
 Standard Ellipse & their Equations
Standard Ellipse having centre at origin
 Standard Ellipse & their Equations

Remark

is the equation of an ellipse having centre at (h, k).

Eg. Draw the following Ellipse and mark its
foci, directrices, centre and LR.
9(x - 1)2 + 4(y - 2)2 = 36
 JEE Main 7th Jan, 2020

Eg. If distance between the foci of an ellipse is

6 and distance between its directrices is 12,
then length of its latus rectum is

A 4 B C 9 D
 Standard Hyperbolas & their Equations

Standard hyperbolas having centre at origin

 Y

S(0, be)

B(0, b)

Z
O X
A’(-a, 0) A(a, 0)
Z’
B’(0, -b)

S’(0, -be)
 Standard Hyperbolas & their Equations

Remark

and are

hyperbolas having centre at (h, k)

 JEE Main 31st Jan, 2023

Let H be the hyperbola, whose foci are and

eccentricity is . Then the length of its latus rectum is:

A 5/2 B 3 C 2 D 3/2
 Conjugate Hyperbolas

Two hyperbolas, such that the transverse and

conjugate axes of one, are the conjugate and
transverse axes of the other, respectively, are called
conjugate hyperbolas.

Result
If e1 and e2 are the eccentricities of two conjugate
hyperbolas, then
 Rectangular Hyperbola

If a = b, i.e., lengths of transverse and conjugate

axes are equal, then the hyperbola is called
rectangular or equilateral.

Remark
1. Eccentricity of an equilateral hyperbola is
always .

2. ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents

a rectangular hyperbola if Δ ≠ 0 and a + b = 0.
 Parametric Form of Conics

(1) y2 = 4ax ⇒ (at2, 2at)

(2) x2 = 4ay ⇒ (2at, at2)

(3) y2 = - 4ax ⇒ (-at2, 2at)

(4) x2 = - 4ay ⇒ (2at, -at2)

 Position of a Point w.r.t. a Conic

Result
For Parabola For Ellipse For Hyperbola
(1) S1 > 0 Point lies Outside Point lies Outside Point lies inside

(2) S1 = 0 Point lies on the conic Point lies on the conic Point lies on the conic

(3) S1 < 0 Point lies inside Point lies inside Point lies Outside
Position of a Line w.r.t. a Conic
 Position of a Line w.r.t. a Conic

General Method
Eg. Find ‘k’ such that y = kx + 3 is
Solve line with conic to get a quadratic equation. tangent to y2 = 3x.
D > 0 ⇒ line cuts the conics
Ans: 1/4
D = 0 ⇒ line is tangent to conics
D < 0 ⇒ line does not meet conics
Equation of Tangents of a Conic
 Equation of Tangents of a Conic

Eg. Find the equation of the

Various equations of tangents to y2 = 4ax tangents to the parabola y2 = 9x
which go through the point (4, 10).
Slope form Tangent at a point Parametric form
Ans : x - 4y + 36 = 0
or 9x - 4y + 4 = 0
Equation of Tangents of a Conic
JEE Main 2019

Eg. The equation of a common

tangent to the curves, y2 = 16x and
xy = -4, is

Ans : x - y + 4 = 0
 Equation of Tangents of a Conic

Note
(1) Slope of tangent to y2 = 4ax
at P(t) is
ty = x + at2
 Equation of Tangents of a Conic

Note
(2) Parametric tangent of x2 = 4ay can be obtained by
interchanging x and y in corresponding formula for
y2 = 4ax. It does not happen in equation of tangent
having given slope m.
 Equation of Tangents of a Conic

Note
(3) Point of intersection of tangents to y2 = 4ax at
P(t1) and Q(t2) is (a t1 t2, a(t1 + t2))

(at1t2, a(t1 + t2)) P(t1)

Q(t2)
 Equation of Tangents of a Conic

Equations of Tangents of an Ellipse and Hyperbola

 Equation of Tangents of a Conic

Equations of Tangents of an Ellipse and Hyperbola

Slope form

For Ellipse : Tangent is

For Hyperbola : Tangent is

 Equation of Tangents of a Conic

Equations of Tangents of an Ellipse and Hyperbola

Slope form

For Ellipse : Tangent is

For Hyperbola : Tangent is

For Hyperbola :
 Equation of Tangents of a Conic

Equations of Tangents of an Ellipse and Hyperbola

Slope form

For Ellipse : Tangent is

For Hyperbola : Tangent is

For Hyperbola :

Tangent of slope m is given by

Focal Chords & Focal Distances
 Focal Chords & Focal Distances

Result
(1) For y2 = 4ax, if P(t1) and Q(t2) are the endpoints
of a focal chord then t1t2 = − 1.
(2) Tangents at endpoints of a focal chord are
perpendicular and hence intersect on directrix.
(3) Length of a focal chord of y2 = 4ax, making an

angle α with the X-axis, is 4acosec2α.

(4) Length of focal chord whose one endpoint
is P(t) is a(t + 1/t)2
(5) If AB is a focal chord of y2 = 4ax, then
where S is the focus.
The length of the focal chord of the parabola y2 = 4x,
lying at distance of 0.4 units from the origin is

A 22 units B 23 units C 24 units D 25 units

 Focal Chords & Focal Distances

Focal Distances in Parabola

It is the distance of any point on the parabola from its focus.

Y
In particular, for y2 = 4ax,
PS = PM
M P (x1, y1)

O X
S

x = −a
 Focal Chords & Focal Distances

Focal Distances in Ellipse

Y

P
M’ M

X
S’(−ae, 0) O S(ae, 0)
 Focal Chords & Focal Distances

Focal Distances in Hyperbola

Y

M P(x1, y1)

X
S’ O S
 Normals of a Conic

Equations of Normals of a Parabola

For parabola y2 = 4ax

 Normals of a Conic

Equations of Normals of a Parabola

For parabola y2 = 4ax

Normal at P(t) is given by
y + tx = 2at + at3

Normal having given slope ‘m’ is given by

y = mx − 2am − am3
 Normals of a Conic

Remark
The points P, Q, R, normals at which are concurrent,
are called conormal points.

Observation
Centroid of triangle formed by 3 conormal points of
y2 = 4ax lies on the X-axis.
 Normals of a Conic

Result

(1) If normal to y2 = 4ax at P(t1) intersects the parabola

again at Q(t2), then

(2) If normals to y2 = 4ax at P(t1) and Q(t2) intersect on the
parabola at R(t3), then
(a) t1t2 = 2
(b) t3 = −(t1 + t2)
(3) 3 distinct normals drawn to y2 = 4ax from (h, 0) are
real if h > 2a.
 Normals of a Conic

Equations of Normals of an Ellipse

 Normals of a Conic

Equations of Normals of an Ellipse

Equation of normal at P(x1, y1) on

P(x1, y1)
 Normals of a Conic

Equations of Normals of a Hyperbola

 Normals of a Conic

Equations of Normals of a Hyperbola

Equation of normal at P(x1, y1) on Eg. Find the equation of normal to the curve

Ans :
 Chords of Conics

The formulae for the equation of the chord of

Eg. Find the locus of the midpoints of the chords
contact and a chord with given midpoint of y2 = 4x that pass through the focus.
remain the same for all conics, that is
Ans :
Chord of Contact : T = 0
Chord with given midpoint : T = S1