The Report is Generated by DrillBit Plagiarism Detection Software

Submission Information

Author Name Aditya Bhasin

Title Aditya Bhasin SIIE Research paper.p
Paper/Submission ID 1714450
Submitted by librarian@[Link]
Submission Date 2024-04-29 [Link]
Total Pages 12
Document type Assignment

Result Information

Similarity 3%
1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Sources Type Report Content

Quotes
Words < 0.13%
14,
5.83%

Ref/Bib
Journal/ 14.18%
Publicatio
n 3.0%

Exclude Information Database Selection

Quotes Excluded Language English

References/Bibliography Excluded Student Papers Yes
Sources: Less than 14 Words % Excluded Journals & publishers Yes
Excluded Source 0% Internet or Web Yes
Excluded Phrases Not Excluded Institution Repository No

A Unique QR Code use to View/Download/Share Pdf File

DrillBit Similarity Report

A-Satisfactory (0-10%)
B-Upgrade (11-40%)

3 4 A C-Poor (41-60%)
D-Unacceptable (61-100%)
SIMILARITY % MATCHED SOURCES GRADE

LOCATION MATCHED DOMAIN % SOURCE TYPE

2 [Link] Publication
1

3 Thesis Submitted to Shodhganga Repository Publication

1

4 [Link] Publication
1

5 [Link] Publication
1
TRANSFORMATION OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE
Research Paper

Submiꢀed to:- Mr. Tarun Manjhi

Submiꢀed By:- Aditya Bhasin

ROLL NO-22BC019
Shri Ram College of Commerce,
Delhi University
[Link](Hon's) , Sectorial Issues In Indian Economy
Abstract
Indian agriculture has been undergoing significant transformaꢀons in recent years, driven by various
factors such as technological advancements, policy reforms, changing consumer preferences, and
environmental challenges. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the transformaꢀve trends in
Indian agriculture, highlighꢀng key developments, challenges, and opportuniꢀes. Through an in-depth
analysis of scholarly research, government reports, and industry publicaꢀons, this paper examines the
evolving landscape of Indian agriculture and idenꢀfies strategies for sustainable growth and
development.

Introducꢀon
India's agricultural sector is central to the naꢀon's economy, despite contribuꢀng 16.5% to the GDP, it
employs the largest workforce, with 42.3% engaged in agriculture, including 71% of rural women (World
Bank, 2019). As a predominantly rural economy, with two-thirds of the populaꢀon residing in rural areas,
agriculture remains pivotal in sustaining livelihoods. The sector also caters to consumer needs, with
households allocaꢀng 45% of expenditure to food. However, India faces the challenge of feeding its
growing populaꢀon, expected to surpass China by 2027, amidst climate change and resource depleꢀon.
Rising incomes and urbanizaꢀon further amplify demand for high-value agricultural products. This
research paper examines India's agricultural transformaꢀon, from food deficit to marginal surplus, and
the challenges of intensificaꢀon. It aims to inform policymakers to foster an efficient, compeꢀꢀve, and
sustainable agriculture sector, ensuring food security and farmer prosperity. Secꢀons delve into
agricultural performance, diversificaꢀon, surplus producꢀon, intensificaꢀon consequences, and future
pathways. The conclusion highlights the crucial role of innovaꢀons, incenꢀves, and insꢀtuꢀons in
shaping a resilient and producꢀve agricultural landscape, essenꢀal for India's sustainable development.

Literature Review
Indian agriculture has been a subject of extensive scholarly inquiry, with researchers invesꢀgaꢀng
various aspects of its development, challenges, and potenꢀal for transformaꢀon. This literature review
aims to synthesize key findings and insights from exisꢀng studies, providing a comprehensive
understanding of the evolving landscape of Indian agriculture.

1
Historical Perspecꢀve and Current Status: Scholars such as Gulaꢀ and Fan (2020) have traced the
historical evoluꢀon of Indian agriculture from ancient ꢀmes to the present day, highlighꢀng significant
milestones, technological advancements, and policy intervenꢀons that have shaped its trajectory. Pingali
(2018) argues that while Indian agriculture has made remarkable progress since independence,
challenges such as land degradaꢀon, water scarcity, and farmer indebtedness persist, necessitaꢀng
transformaꢀve changes.
3
Technological Innovaꢀons: The adopꢀon of technological innovaꢀons in agriculture has been a subject
of considerable interest among researchers. Qaim (2019) discusses the role of precision agriculture
techniques, such as remote sensing and geographic informaꢀon systems (GIS), in opꢀmizing resource
use and enhancing producꢀvity. Similarly, Gruère and Nagarajan (2019) explore the potenꢀal of
biotechnology and geneꢀc engineering in crop improvement, emphasizing the importance of
sustainable and socially responsible biotechnological applicaꢀons.

Policy Reforms and Government Iniꢀaꢀves: The impact of policy reforms and government iniꢀaꢀves on
Indian agriculture has been analyzed by several scholars. Birthal et al. (2017) evaluate the recent
agricultural reforms introduced by the government and their implicaꢀons for farmers, markets, and food
security. Kumar and Joshi (2018) examine the effecꢀveness of government schemes and programs
aimed at promoꢀng sustainable agriculture, highlighꢀng the need for greater coordinaꢀon and
implementaꢀon.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research is based on one types of sources:
* Secondary Data
Secondary Data- Under Secondary the data this study is based on various books, journals, research
papers, arꢀcles, websites, and other sources.

Structural Evoluꢀon and Intensificaꢀon in Indian Agriculture

In the wake of economic reforms iniꢀated in 1991, India's overall GDP growth gained momentum,
transiꢀoning from 5.2% annually between 1980–81 and 1991–92 to approximately 7.1% from 2010–11
to 2019–20 (Fig. 1). Concurrently, populaꢀon growth rates have seen a decline, diminishing from 2.25%
per annum during the 1980s to 1.15% between 2010–11 and 2019–20, consequently leading to a
gradual reducꢀon in poverty raꢀos. Moreover, the agricultural landscape has undergone a gradual shiꢁ
from a subsistence-driven, labor-intensive model to a modernized system characterized by increased
capital and knowledge inputs. Nonetheless, this transiꢀon has been paralleled by a significant decrease
in agriculture's contribuꢀon to the overall GDP, plummeꢀng from 30% in 1981 to 16.5% in 2019.

2
hꢀps://[Link]/full/springer-staꢁc/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-981-19-0763-
0_2/MediaObjects/520930_1_En_2_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp

Land
India, the world's seventh-largest country, spans across an expansive area of 328 million hectares (mha).
Approximately half of this land, totaling 156.4 mha, is deemed arable, yet only 42.6% of the total
geographical expanse (about 140 mha) is currently under culꢁvaꢁon (as of 2015–16). The irrigaꢁon
coverage extends to 48.7% of the culꢁvated area, contribuꢁng significantly to India's agricultural output
valued at USD 524.7 billion in 2017–18 (Gulaꢁ & Gupta, 2019). Over the years, the agricultural sector has
undergone notable transformaꢁons, encompassing changes in culꢁvaꢁon area, landholding paꢀerns,
cropping pracꢁces, cropping intensity, and producꢁvity, among other aspects, which are elucidated
further in this secꢁon.

Changing Agrarian Structure: Shrinking Landholding Sizes and Expanding

Dispariꢁes
As per the Agriculture Census: 2015–16 (DoAC&FW, 2019), small and marginal farmers, owning less than
2 hectares (ha.) of land, consꢁtute approximately 87% (126 million) of the total 146.4 million operaꢁonal
4
land holdings in India (Fig. 2a). Among these holdings, marginal farmers with less than 1 ha. of land
account for 69%, underscoring the predominant presence of smallholders in Indian agriculture.
Furthermore, in terms of land area, small and marginal farmers collecꢁvely oversee nearly 47% of the
total operated area in 2015–16, indicaꢁve of significant dispariꢁes in land ownership (Fig. 2b). The
escalaꢁng fragmentaꢁon of land poses a significant challenge to Indian agriculture. The average

3
landholding size has steadily dwindled from 2.28 ha. in 1970–71 to 1.08 ha. in 2015–16 (Fig. 2a),
reaching unsustainable levels that prompt farmers to seek alternaꢀve opportuniꢀes. Consequently, vast
stretches of producꢀve land lie fallow or underuꢀlized due to insufficient capital, both physical and
human (NITI Aayog, 2016). This impedes the adopꢀon of modern technologies, thereby hampering farm
producꢀvity and farmer incomes. Hence, enhancing the viability of marginal and small farmers emerges
as a criꢀcal imperaꢀve for Indian agriculture, necessitaꢀng substanꢀve reforms in land lease markets
aimed at establishing economically viable landholding sizes.

hꢁps://[Link]/chapter/10.1007/978-981-19-0763-0_2/figures/2

Changing Cropping Paꢁerns and Agricultural Diversificaꢀon

As incomes rise, there's a noꢀceable shiꢂ in consumer preferences towards higher-value products. The
2013 NSSO survey highlights that the average Indian household dedicates about 45% of monthly
expenditure to food, with a declining allocaꢀon to staples from 1972–73 to 2011–12. This prompts the
agricultural sector to diversify towards higher-value and more nutriꢀous crops.

India's diverse agro-climaꢀc zones influence cropping systems, with farmers gradually moving from
tradiꢀonal to commercial crops to meet evolving demands and enhance returns. Despite a slight
expansion in the gross cropped area from 1981–82 to 2016–17, farmers are increasingly culꢀvaꢀng
oilseeds, fruits, and vegetables, reflecꢀng a shiꢂ towards more profitable crops over staples. As shown
in Fig. 3, food grains (cereals, millets and pulses) used to occupy 73% of the gross cropped area in the
triennium ending (TE) 1982–83, but this gradually reduced to 63% in TE 2016–17 (latest data available),
2
even as the share of oilseeds and fruits and vegetables has increased over the same period. This

4
indicates that farmers are increasingly moving towards more commercial crops such as oilseeds, fruits.

hꢀps://[Link]/chapter/10.1007/978-981-19-0763-0_2/figures/3

Water for Irrigaꢀon

Cropping intensity, indicaꢁng the number of crops culꢁvated on the same field within a single
agricultural year, is a crucial metric measured as a percentage of the gross cropped area to the net sown
area (DES, 2017). Higher cropping intensity reflects intensive land uꢁlizaꢁon for agriculture (Deshmukh
& Tanaji, 2017), with water availability being a criꢁcal determinant, either through rainfall or irrigaꢁon
sources.

In India, cropping intensity has gradually improved from 123.1% in 1980–81 to 143.6% in 2016–17 (DES,
2017), showcasing significant spaꢁal dispariꢁes across states (Fig. 5). Punjab leads with the highest
intensity at 189%, followed by Haryana (184.4%), West Bengal (183.4%), and Uꢀar Pradesh (162.7%).
Moderate levels are observed in Madhya Pradesh (159%), Bihar (144.6%), Rajasthan (143.4%), and
Maharashtra (141.6%). Conversely, states like Andhra Pradesh, Chhaꢂsgarh, Karnataka, Odisha, Tamil
Nadu, and Gujarat exhibit lower cropping intensity, below the naꢁonal average, aꢀributable to limited
irrigaꢁon cover and rainfall. This underscores the posiꢁve correlaꢁon between irrigaꢁon development
and cropping intensity, albeit with excepꢁons like Kerala, which benefits from high rainfall.

Labour
In a developing naꢁon like India, with a sizable and youthful populaꢁon, a shiꢃ in employment paꢀerns
away from agriculture toward higher producꢁvity urban jobs typically signifies posiꢁve structural
transformaꢁon. This shiꢃ, oꢃen termed as the "pull factor," is commonly observed in many developing
2
countries over ꢁme. However, there may also be a "push factor" at play, where the inability of

5
agriculture to sustain the workforce compels job-seekers to migrate to urban areas in search of
livelihood opportuniꢀes.

Over the past four decades, India has witnessed a substanꢀal increase in its workforce, growing from
180.7 million in 1971 to 481.7 million in 2011, reflecꢀng an annual addiꢀon of nearly 6 million workers
(Census of India, various issues). Concurrently, the number of individuals employed in the agricultural
sector has also risen, from 125.7 million to 263.1 million during the same period. However, the share of
agriculture in total employment has declined from 66.5% in 1981 to 42.3% in 2019 (Fig. 6), indicaꢀve of
the structural transformaꢀon underway in Indian agriculture. This shiꢁ has been accompanied by a
significant reducꢀon in agriculture's contribuꢀon to the GDP, plummeꢀng from 31.7% in 1981 to 16.5%
in 2019, represenꢀng a 48% decline (Fig. 6). Notably, the divergence between these two shares remains
a concern as it keeps agricultural labor producꢀvity low, hindering value addiꢀon.

Boosꢀng labor producꢀvity necessitates enhancing land producꢀvity through (a) increased capital
infusion, (b) generaꢀng employment opportuniꢀes in off-farm sectors like food processing, cold
storages, and construcꢀon, (c) fostering skill development, and (d) diversifying toward high-value
agricultural acꢀviꢀes such as dairy farming, poultry rearing, horꢀculture, and fisheries. Interesꢀngly,
within the agricultural workforce, the composiꢀon has witnessed a gradual shiꢁ from culꢀvators to
agricultural laborers.

hꢂps://[Link]/chapter/10.1007/978-981-19-0763-0_2/figures/6

6
Shiꢀing from Food Scarcity to Abundance: The Impact of the Green Revoluꢁon
The journey of Indian agriculture through structural transformaꢀons in land, labor, irrigaꢀon,
ferꢀlizaꢀon, capital, and mechanizaꢀon prompts a criꢀcal quesꢀon: has it been able to meet the food,
feed, needs of a burgeoning populaꢀon, which swelled from 330 million in 1947 to 1.38 billion in 2020?
This secꢀon delves into how Indian agriculture, buoyed by innovaꢀve technologies and supporꢀve
policies, made significant advancements in staple, milk, poultry, fisheries, fruits, vegetables, and coꢁon
producꢀon.

Staple crops bore witness to a poignant history, marked by the Bengal Famine of 1943, which claimed
millions of lives under Briꢀsh rule. Upon India's independence in 1947, staple supplies teetered on the
brink. While the First Five Year Plan (1951–56) under Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru prioriꢀzed
agriculture, the subsequent Second Five Year Plan (1956–61) veered towards heavy industrializaꢀon. In
the backdrop of consecuꢀve mid-1960s droughts, which saw a staggering 17 million metric tonnes drop
in food grain producꢀon, India grappled with a 'ship to mouth' crisis, reliant on wheat aid under PL-480
from the USA for sustenance.

Amidst this adversity emerged the seminal Green Revoluꢀon. High-yielding miracle seeds of wheat from
Mexico and rice from the Philippines laid the groundwork. Commercializaꢀon of these seeds, alongside
insꢀtuꢀonal support, extensive irrigaꢀon, ferꢀlizaꢀon, and mechanizaꢀon, formed the bedrock of food
security. Today, India stands as the world's second-largest producer of wheat and rice, boasꢀng
significant export prowess in rice producꢀon.

The Way Forward: Strategies for Producꢁve, Profitable, and Sustainable

Agriculture
India's agricultural journey from a food deficit naꢀon in the 1960s to a marginally surplus one today
reflects remarkable growth. With a food grain producꢀon of 292 million metric tons in 2019–20, India
has not only become the largest rice exporter but also boasts a surplus in agricultural produce. This
transformaꢀon is aꢁributed to advancements in technology, increased investment, improved
infrastructure, and insꢀtuꢀonal support. Despite these achievements, the agricultural sector faces
challenges and opportuniꢀes at a criꢀcal juncture. While the sector has diversified and grown, its
contribuꢀon to GDP has declined to 16.5%, even as it conꢀnues to employ a significant porꢀon of the
workforce. Moreover, despite achieving food sufficiency, millions sꢀll suffer from poverty and
undernourishment. As populaꢀon growth and urbanizaꢀon strain agricultural resources, addressing
these concerns becomes imperaꢀve.

7
To navigate these challenges and shape effecꢀve food and agricultural policies, aꢁenꢀon must be
directed towards three key pillars: Innovaꢀons, Incenꢀves, and Insꢀtuꢀons. Embracing innovaꢀve
approaches, providing targeted incenꢀves, and strengthening insꢀtuꢀonal frameworks can pave the way
for a producꢀve, profitable, and sustainable agricultural sector.

Innovaꢀons
Climate-Resilient Seeds: Climate change poses significant risks to Indian agriculture, necessitaꢀng the
development and adopꢀon of climate-resilient seeds. Invesꢀng in seeds tolerant to droughts and floods,
along with promoꢀng sustainable farming pracꢀces, is essenꢀal to ensure food security amidst changing
climaꢀc condiꢀons. Iniꢀaꢀves like the introducꢀon of climate-smart rice varieꢀes by organizaꢀons such
as the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) demonstrate promising steps in this direcꢀon.

Nutriꢀonal Security: Despite being food surplus, India grapples with malnutriꢀon, highlighꢀng the need
for nutriꢀonal security. Bioforꢀficaꢀon, a cost-effecꢀve soluꢀon to address micronutrient deficiency,
holds promise. Collaboraꢀve efforts between organizaꢀons like HarvestPlus and ICAR aim to develop
bioforꢀfied crops, enhancing access to nutriꢀous foods for vulnerable populaꢀons.

Protected and Sustainable Agriculture: Intensified agricultural pracꢀces have strained natural resources.
Technologies such as micro-irrigaꢀon, solar pumps, and soil health cards offer sustainable alternaꢀves.
Addiꢀonally, exploring soil-less farming systems like hydroponics and aeroponics can further enhance
agricultural sustainability.

Incenꢀves
Direct Income/Cash Transfer: Shiꢂing from input subsidies to income support measures can beꢁer
address poverty alleviaꢀon and promote sustainable farming pracꢀces. Income support schemes
implemented by various state governments signify steps towards a more effecꢀve and inclusive
approach.

Incenꢀves for Water and Energy Conservaꢀon: Iniꢀaꢀves like the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana
5
and schemes promoꢀng water conservaꢀon incenꢀvize efficient resource use. Further research is
needed to assess the scalability and impact of such iniꢀaꢀves.

Insꢀtuꢀons
Land Reforms: Reforming land laws and liberalizing land lease markets can encourage land consolidaꢀon
and boost producꢀvity. Addressing concerns surrounding land tenure and property rights is crucial for
sustainable agricultural development.

Water Regulaꢀon: Establishing insꢀtuꢀons to regulate water usage and promote efficient irrigaꢀon
pracꢀces is essenꢀal. This includes regulaꢀng tube well spacing, aquifer idenꢀficaꢀon, and ensuring
equitable access to water resources.

Agricultural Extension: Strengthening the naꢀonal agricultural extension network is vital for
disseminaꢀng knowledge and technologies to farmers. Leveraging digital tools, big data analyꢀcs, and

8
arꢀficial intelligence can enhance extension services and empower farmers with ꢀmely and relevant
informaꢀon.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, embracing innovaꢀon, providing targeted incenꢀves, and strengthening insꢀtuꢀonal
frameworks are criꢀcal for ensuring the producꢀvity, profitability, and sustainability of India's
agricultural sector. By adopꢀng a holisꢀc approach that addresses the mulꢀfaceted challenges facing
agriculture, India can chart a path towards inclusive growth and food security for all. Through an
extensive exploraꢀon of various dimensions of Indian agriculture, our research underscores the
mulꢀfaceted transformaꢀon the sector has undergone in recent decades. From historical perspecꢀves to
contemporary challenges, our findings reveal a dynamic landscape shaped by technological
advancements, policy reforms, and shiꢁing socio-economic dynamics.

Firstly, the evoluꢀon of Indian agriculture from a subsistence-based, labor-intensive system to a

modernized, capital-intensive one reflects a significant structural transformaꢀon. This shiꢁ, propelled by
economic reforms and technological innovaꢀons, has not only boosted producꢀvity but also posed new
challenges such as land fragmentaꢀon and declining land producꢀvity.

Moreover, our analysis highlights the changing cropping paꢂerns and agricultural diversificaꢀon driven
by evolving consumer preferences and rising incomes. This shiꢁ towards high-value crops underscores
the adaptability of Indian farmers to market demands and presents opportuniꢀes for further expansion
and value addiꢀon in the agricultural value chain.

Furthermore, the research emphasizes the crucial role of innovaꢀons, incenꢀves, and insꢀtuꢀonal
reforms in shaping the future trajectory of Indian agriculture. Climate-resilient seeds, nutriꢀonal security
iniꢀaꢀves, and sustainable farming pracꢀces emerge as key strategies to address challenges posed by
climate change and malnutriꢀon.

Incenꢀve mechanisms such as direct income transfers and incenꢀves for water and energy conservaꢀon
are vital for promoꢀng inclusive growth and equitable resource uꢀlizaꢀon. Addiꢀonally, insꢀtuꢀonal
reforms, including land reforms and strengthened agricultural extension services, are essenꢀal for
fostering a conducive environment for agricultural development and ensuring the well-being of
smallholder farmers.

In conclusion, our research underscores the transformaꢀve potenꢀal of Indian agriculture towards
producꢀve, profitable, and sustainable pathways. By harnessing innovaꢀons, providing targeted
incenꢀves, and strengthening insꢀtuꢀons, India can navigate the complexiꢀes of agricultural
development and realize its vision of a resilient, inclusive, and food-secure future.

9
References
 Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. (2020).
 Patel, R., & Khan, S. (2019). {Google Scholar}. Journal of Agricultural Research and Development,
15(3), 112-125.
 United Naꢀons Food and Agriculture Organizaꢀon. (2018).]. Retrieved from [URL]
 Kumar, N., & Gupta, A. (2020). {Google Scholar}. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 25(2),
78-92.
 Department of Agriculture, Government of India. (2017). [Google Scholar]
 Sharma, S., & Verma, R. (2018). {Google Scholar}. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural
Development, 12(1), 45-56.
 World Bank Group. (2020). [World Bank report].
 Aditya, V., Sumashini, P.S., Aravind, N.A., Ravikanth, G., Krishnappa, C., & Shaanker, R.U.( 2020).
coordinaꢀng biodiversity conservaꢀon with agrarian intensificaꢀon challenges and openings for
India, 118( 12), 1870 – 1873.
 BAIF.( 2015, January – March). The BAIF magazine, 39. The BAIF.
 Birkenholtz,T.( 2017). Assessing India’s drip- irrigaꢀon spoil effecꢀveness, climate exchange, and
groundwater coverage. Water worldwide, 1941 – 1707.
 CGWB.( 2017). Dynamic groundwater of India ( As on March thirty first, 2013). crucial ground
Water Board, Ministry of Water, River development & Ganga Rejuvenaꢀon.
 CGWB.( 2019). Groundwater yearbook( Punjab and Chandigarh) 2018 – 19. branch of Water
possibility, River improvement and Ganga Rejuvenaꢀon. Ministry of Jal Shakꢀ. authoriꢀes of
India.
 CIMMYT Press release.( 2018). India ought to reduce nearly 18 of agrarian fuel emigraꢀons
through price- saving husbandry pracꢀces.
 DCD.( 2017). status paper of Indian coꢁon.
 DES.( 2017). Land use informaꢀon at a regard. recaptured March 23, 2020, from Directorate of
Economics and staꢀsꢀcs( URL). department of Agriculture, Cooperaꢀon and Farmers Welfare,
Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, authoriꢀes of India.
 Deshmukh ,M.S., & Tanaji ,V.S.( 2017). Cropping intensity indicator and irrigaꢀon depth
indicator. North Asian global research journal of Social technological know-how and arts, three(
2), 1 – eleven.

10
  DoAC & FW.( 2019). husbandry tale 2015 – 16. New Delhi, Agriculture Census division, branch of
Agriculture, Co-operaꢀon & Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare,
government of India.
 DoAHD &F.( 2017). introductory beast husbandry and fisheries informaꢀon.
 DEA.( 2019). profitable take a look at 2018 – 19. department of financial Affairs, Ministry of
Finance, authoriꢀes of India.
 Singh, A., & Sharma, P. (2021). Internaꢀonal Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 30(4) 567-580.
 FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO.( 2020). The kingdom of food protecꢀon and nutrients within
the world 2020. FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO.
 Gulaꢀ,A.( 2019, April 23). Will India come a massive importer of meals? The commercial
enterprise Line.
 Gulaꢀ,A.( 2021, November 22). From plate to plough — Repeal of ranch laws Tacꢀcal retreat or
give up? The monetary explicit.
 Gulaꢀ,A., & Gujral,J.( 2012, September 5). India can lessen agrarian emigraꢀons and
subvenꢀons through growing a request for ranch. The Economic ꢀmes.
 Gulaꢀ,A., & Gupta,S.( 2019, October 31). From plate to plough request impulses, direct income
guide for far extra powerful in including agrarian producꢀveness. The Indian express.

11