Jimma University

Session - 2025

Individual Assignment

Subject - GIS

Roll No. - RU0534/15

Class - Year 2, 2nd Semester

Submitted To - Dr Girma Alemu

Submitted By - Buom Tut Bayak

Date Of Submission

________________
1)
Hist
ori
cal
Dev
elopmentofGI
S

Thehistor
ical
devel
opmentofGeographicInf
ormat
ionSy
stems(GIS)canbet
racedbackt
othe
earl
[Link] t
heneedtoanal
yzespat
ialdat
aandvi
suali
ze
geographi
cinfor
mati
oneffect
ivel
y.

Earl
yBeginnings(1960s):Thefi
rstt
rueGISi
soft
encredi
tedtoRogerToml i
nson,who
developedtheCanadaGeogr aphicI
nfor
mati
onSyst
em (CGIS)[Link]
ssystem was
designedforland-
useplanninganduti
li
zedv
ect
ordatatorepresentgeogr
aphi
cf eat
ures.

Adv ancementsinTechnology(1970s):Duringthi
sdecade, adv
ancement sincomput er
technologyal
lowedformor esophisti
cateddat aprocessi
ngcapabil
i
[Link]
roducti
onof
rasterdatamodelsenabledtherepresentationofconti
nuoussurf
aces, suchaselevati
onor
temper at
ure,
whichexpandedt heapplicat
ionsofGI S.

Commer cial
i
zati
onandSt andar di
zat
ion(1980s):
The1980ssawthecommer cial
izat
ionofGI
S
soft
warewi t
hproductsli
keAr cInf
obyEnv i
ronmentalSy
stemsResearchInst
itute(ESRI)
.Thi
s
peri
odalsomarkedthebegi nningofstandardi
zati
oneff
ort
s,i
ncl
udingthedevelopmentof
for
matslikeShapefi
les.

I
ntegr
ationwithRemoteSensing(1990s)
:Theint
egrat
ionofGI Swit
hremotesensing
t
echnologiesal
lowedfortheanal
ysisofl
argedat
asetscol
lectedfr
om satel
li
tesandaeri
al
i
[Link]
onenhancedenvir
onmentalmonit
oring,ur
banplanni
ng,anddisast
er
management .

Web- BasedGISandOpenSourceMovement(2000s):Theadventoftheinter
netledt oweb-
basedGI Sappli
cat
ions,
makinggeogr
aphi
cinf
ormationaccessibl
etoabr [Link]-
sourcepr oj
ect
sli
keQGISemergedduri
ngthi
stime,promoti
ngcollabor
ationandi nnovat
ion
wit
hint heGIScommunity.

Curr
entTrends(2010s-Present)
: Today ,
GIShasev ol
vedi ntoapower
fult
ool usedacross
var
iousfi
eldssuchasurbanplanni ng,envi
ronmentalscience,publ
i
cheal
th,andt r
ansportat
ion.
Technol
ogiesli
kebigdataanaly
tics, machinel
earni
ng, andcloudcomput
ingar eincr
easingl
y
i
ntegrat
edintoGISplat
for
ms.
[Link]
ial
andNon-
Spat
ial
Dat
ainGI
SEnv
ironment

I
naGI
Senv
ironment
,dat
aiscat
egor
izedi
ntot
womai
nty
pes:
spat
ial
dat
aandnon-
spat
ial
dat
a.

Spat
ialData:
Thist
ypereferstoi
nfor
mati
onthathasageogr aphi
cal
component.I
tincl
udes
coor
dinatest
hatdef
inelocati
onsonEar
th’
[Link]
ial
datacanbef
urtherdi
videdint
o:

Vect
orDat
a: Representsdi
scret
efeat
uresusingpoi
nts(
e.g.
,ci
ti
es),
li
nes(
e.g.
,roads)
,and
pol
ygons(
e.g.,l
akes).Eachfeat
urei
sdefinedbyit
sgeometri
cshape.

Rast
erData:Repr
esentsconti
nuoussur
facesusingagr i
dofcell
sorpi
xel
swhereeachcel
lhas
anassoci
atedval
uerepresent
ingsomeattr
ibut
e( e.
g.,
elevat
ionort
emper
atur
e).

Non-
SpatialData:
Alsoknownasatt
ri
but
edat a,thi
stypepr
ovidesaddit
ional
inf
ormat
ionabout
spat
ial
featuresbutdoesnothav
eageographicalcomponentit
sel
[Link]:

Descr
ipt
iveattr
ibutessuchaspopul
ati
onsi
zeorl
anduset
ypeassoci
atedwi
thspeci
fi
c
geogr
aphicfeatures.

Tabul
ardat
ali
nkedt
ospat
ial
ent
it
iest
hroughuni
quei
dent
if
ier
s.

Thei
ntegr
ati
onofbot
hty
pesal
l
owsf
orcompr
ehensi
veanal
ysi
swi
thi
naGI
Senv
ironment
.

[Link]
aModel
i
ngi
nGI
SEnv
ironment

Datamodel
ingi
naGISenvi
ronmenti
nvol
vescreat
ingr
epresentati
onsofr
eal
-wor
ldphenomena
t
hroughst
ruct
uredf
ormat
sthatf
acil
i
tat
eanaly
sisandvisual
izati
on.

ConceptualModel
s:Thesemodelsout
li
nehowdi f
ferententi
ti
esrel
atetooneanot
herwi
thout
delv
ingint
otechni
caldetai
l
[Link]
pstakehol
dersunderstandwhataspect
sarei
mportant
forthei
ranal
ysi
s.
LogicalModel
s:Theseprovi
deamor edetai
ledviewbydefi
ninghowdatawi l
lbest
oredin
databaseswhil
emaintai
ningrel
ati
onshi
psbetweendiff
erentdat
aset
[Link]
soften
i
ncludeenti
ty-
rel
ati
onshi
pdiagramsthati
ll
ustrat
econnecti
onsamongv ar
iousenti
ti
es.

PhysicalModel
s:Thesespeci
fyhowdatawill
bephysi
call
yst
oredonhardwaresystems
i
ncludingfil
est
ruct
uresanddatabasemanagementsy
stemsusedforst
oringspati
alandnon-
spati
al dat
a.

Ef
fect
ivedat
amodel
i
ngensuresthatuser
scaneffi
cient
lyquer
yandanal
yzegeogr
aphi
c
i
nfor
mat i
onwhi
l
emaint
aini
ngint
egri
tyacrossdat
asets.

[Link]
dinat
eSy
stemsandMapPr
oject
ions

Coor
dinat
esyst
emsar
eessent
ial
foraccur
atel
yrepr
esent
ingl
ocat
ionsonEar
th’
ssur
facewi
thi
n
aGISenvi
ronment
:

Geogr
aphi
cCoor di
nat
eSy st
ems(GCS):Thesesy st
emsuselat
it
udeandl
ongi
tudeval
uesbased
onaspheri
calmodelofEart
htodefi
nelocationsglobal
l
[Link]
ulf
orgl
obaldat
aset
sbut
candi
stor
tdist
anceswhenusedforlocalanalyses.

Proj
ect
edCoordinateSyst
ems( PCS):Thesesyst
emst ransf
ormt
hree-
dimensi
onalEar
thont
o
two-
dimensi
onalmapsusi ngmat hemat
icalf
ormulascall
edmapproj
ecti
[Link]
ff
erent
proj
ect
ionsser
vev ar
iouspurposes:

Conf
ormal
Proj
ect
ionsmai
ntai
nangl
esbutmaydi
stor
tar
ea.

Equal
-Ar
eaPr
oject
ionspr
eser
vear
eabutmaydi
stor
tshapes.

Commonexampl esincludeUniversalTransverseMercat
or(UTM)whichdi
vi
destheworl
dint
o
zonesf
orlocal
i
zedaccur acy,
whi l
eot hersl
ikeMer cat
orproj
ect
ionar
ewidel
yusedfor
navi
gat
ionduetotheiranglepreservati
onpr oper
ti
es.

Under
standi
ngcoor
dinat
esy
stemsandmappr
oject
ionsi
scr
uci
alf
orensur
ingaccur
ate
r
epr
esent
ati
onandanal
ysi
swi
thi
nanyGI
Sappl
i
cat
ion.

Top3Aut
hor
it
ati
veSour
cesUsedi
nAnswer
ingt
hisQuest
ion:

[Link]
ormati
onScience&Technol ogyBodyofKnowl edgeThissourcepr
ovi
des
comprehensivecover
ageonal laspectsr
elat
edtoGeogr aphi
cInformati
onSciencei
ncl
udi
ng
defi
nit
ions,methodol
ogi
es,applicat
ions,
andhistor
ical
contextrel
evanttoGISdevel
opment.

[Link]
’sAr cGISDocument ati
onAsoneoft hel
eadi
ngprovidersofGISsoft
waresoluti
ons
gl
oball
y,ESRI’sdocument at
ionoffersdetai
l
edinsi
ghtsi
ntopr act
ical
appl
icat
ionsofspatial
anal
ysi
st echniquesalongwithexplanati
onsaboutcoor
dinatesystemsandmappr oject
ions
usedwithintheirsof
twaresuite.

3.“Geogr
aphicInf
ormationSyst
ems”[Link]
.Thistextbookser
vesasan
author
it
ati
veresourcecover
ingfundament
alconcept
singeographyrelatedt
ospatial
analysi
s
techni
quesalongwithhi
stori
caldevel
opment
sintechnol
ogyinfl
uencingmodern-daypract
ices
i
nGI Senvi
ronments.