LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION…
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION…
We will be repeating these ALL year!
Atoms 🡪 Molecules 🡪 Macromolecules…
Today we will dig into the four macromolecules that
are essential for life to exist.
What are the 4 biomolecules?
• Carbohydrates Each of them has a
• Lipids different chemical
structures and
• Nucleic Acids
functions
• Proteins
WE TYPICALLY GET BIOMOLECULES FROM FOOD…
THIS IS WHY WE MUST EAT IN THE FIRST PLACE!
THE BIOMOLECULES SERVE TO KEEP ORGANISMS ALIVE.
#1:
CARBOHYDRATES
ARE SUGARS!
We get 4 kilocalories per gram
of carb that we eat!
What are Carbohydrates?
⚫ Most common organic molecule
⚫ Function: Primary energy source our body needs
⚫ Elements present: C, H, O ([Link] ratio)
IMPORTANT!
⚫ Monomer (building block):
Monosaccharides (Glucose is most common)
⚫ Polymer: Polysaccharides (starch, Glycogen,
Cellulose, Chitin)
⚫ Examples: Chocolate, Bread, Pasta, Fruits,
Vegetables (ALL FROM PLANTS!!!)
Structure of Carbohydrates
• Remember: Elements are C, H, and O
• Primarily in a Ring shape (but not always)
Sugars that make up Carbs
⚫ Single sugar: monosaccharide
⚫ Ex: glucose , fructose (in fruits)
⚫ 2 monosaccharides: disaccharide
⚫ Ex: maltose, sucrose
⚫ 3+ monosaccharides: polysaccharide
⚫ Ex: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, and Chitin
I am a
polysaccharide!
Types of Polysaccharides: Storage
• Starch, a storage
polysaccharide of
plants, consists
entirely of glucose
monomers
• Plants store surplus
starch as granules
within chloroplasts
and other plastids
• The simplest form of
starch is amylose
12
Types of Polysaccharides: Storage
• Glycogen is a
storage
polysaccharide in
animals
• Humans and other
vertebrates store
glycogen mainly in
liver and muscle cells
13
More Polysaccharides
Cellulose:
• Providesstructural
support in plants (found
in the cell wall)
GIVES US FIBER!!!
Chitin:
• Found in exoskeletens of
arthropods (insects,
spiders)
• Found in cell wall of some
fungi
Who knew?
Take a minute to find the word that
does NOT belong. Raise your hand, do
not shout out!
#2: LIPIDS
ARE FATS
We get 9 kcals per
gram
Of fat that we
consume.
Lipids
⚫ Function: Store energy, Insulates
your body, and make up the cell
membrane!
⚫ Elements: C-H-O
⚫ Monomer (Building blocks): glycerol
& 3 fatty acids
⚫ Polymer: Phospholipids, triglycerides
⚫ Example: Steroids, cholesterol, fats,
Oils, Nuts, Waxes, and make up part
of the cell membrane!
Lipid Structure
Remember:
Elements
present are
C, H, O Satu
rate
Long strands d
of Carbon Fats
and
Hydrogen Uns
atur
CALLED ated
HYDROCARBONS! Fats
Lipids
Lipids are Hydrophobic (water fearing) and do
not dissolve in water!
Import
ant!
• Lipids can be:
•Saturated: The bonds between all the carbons are
single bonds.
•Solid at room temperature
•Mainly animal fats (bacon grease, lard)
•Unsaturated: There is at least one double or triple
bond between carbons present.
•Liquid at room temperature
•Mainly plant based fats (olive oil, peanut oil) as well as
oily fish (Tuna, Sardines)
Fats: Major function is storage!
• The major function of
fats is energy storage
• Humans and other
mammals store their
fat in adipose cells
• Adipose tissue also
cushions vital organs
and insulates the
body
24
Take a minute to find the word that
does NOT belong. Raise your hand, do
not shout out!
#3: PROTEINS
BUILD US
We get 4 kcals per
gram
Of protein that we
consume.
Proteins NITROGEN IS PRESENT, NOW!
⚫ Elements: C-H-O-N
⚫ Monomer (Building Block):
amino acids (20 different
ones!)
⚫ Polymer: proteins (tons)
⚫ Examples of proteins:
hemoglobin in red blood
cells, albumin in eggs,
enzymes that control
reactions in the body, and
antibodies
⚫ Found in: fish, eggs, meat
Protein Structure
Remember: Elements are C, H, O, and N
“R” groups represent one of the 20 Amino
Acids! (so, each amino acid has something
different in that spot)
Protein Structure
• Primary structure – the
order of amino acids making
up the polymer string
• Secondary structure –
helixes and sheets of the
polymer string folding on
itself
Protein Structure
• Tertiary structure – globs of • Quaternary Structure – individual
sheets and helixes folding around proteins bound to each other to form a
each other multi-protein unit with is own unique
function
Stopping enzymatic reactions – using
heat
Stopping enzymatic reactions – using heat
Proteins
• Function of proteins
• Transport molecules in and out of the cell
• Control the speed of chemical reactions
• Used for growth and repair
Proteins make up the structure of living things…
Hair, nails, skin, bones, muscle, etc are all built by
protein!
Why are amino acids important?
• When groups of amino acids are joined
together a protein is formed
• There are 20 kinds of amino acids
• They consist of a carboxyl group (COOH) and
an amino group NH2
• Peptide bonds form between amino acids
(polypeptide = many peptide bonds = protein!)
Proteins make up the
structure of living
things…
Keratin is the type of protein that
makes up your hair, skin, and nails.
Keratin can also be found in your
internal organs and glands.
Keratin can be derived from the
feathers, horns, and wool of
different animals and used as an
ingredient in hair cosmetics.
Take a minute to find the word that
does NOT belong. Raise your hand, do
not shout out!
#4: NUCLEIC ACIDS
These biomolecules
are not
necessarily from
food
Nucleic acids
Function:
• Provide our genetic information
• Holds the instructions to make proteins.
Elements: C-H-O-N-P
Monomer : nucleotides
• A nucleotide is made up of:
• Sugar
• Phosphate
• Nitrogen Base: A, T, G, C, or U
Polymer: DNA, RNA and ATP
Energy
Genetic
carrier
code! Recipe for
proteins
Structure of Nucleic Acid
Take a minute to find the word that
does NOT belong. Raise your hand,
do not shout out!
