exam is 2-00 hows, ‘You ae supposed to attempt all questions and the total time allotted to the exam Part I: Write the answer cleaily and neatly (30 marks) 2 basic es between thein 1. Define lomodynie anu hetevodyne deteetion teelii es and point-out the basic differene: cpressions of each detector. (8 Marks sath a supportive diagram along with necessary mathenalieal expressions of each det Answer for Qh:- Ther c lwo different colierent detection techniqu os to choose fiom, depending on whether or not w7¢ equals zero They are known as homodyne ani heterodsue detection techniques. Reve Electrical bitstream Homodyne Detection In tlus coherent detection techniques, the local oseillator frequency camer frequency wo sothat wp = 0. the by 1g is selected to coincide with the signal Photocwrent (/=RP. whare R is the detector responsivity) is given M0) = BU + Pio) + IRB Pe gcos(h, — Pio) Typically. Pio >>R, and P+ Fig © Pio. The last term in the above equation contain ‘wanatited and is used by the decision circuit. Consider the ease in whieh the to the signal phase so that ¢b. = @yo. The the information Jocal-oscillator pliase is locked homodyne signal is then given by i) = 2RYPPg Heterodyne Detection Un the case of he i fer the case of heterodyne detection the local-osellator frequency ayy is chosen to diflr fiom the signal- Siinet Fequeney dig such thit the intertuediate freqnet ‘The Photocurent is now given by Y aye is in the microwave region (VIF ~ 1 GHz) 1 = RE + Pio) + 2RYPPincos(uet +s dao)Since Pio = A an practice, the cirect-cwent (cc) term is newrly constant and can be removed easily usar, bband pass filters, The heterodyne signal is then given by the altematimg-cursent (ac) term Tgc(t) = 2R P,P, ocos(wist + bs — bro) The baste differences between them are: Inhomodyne detection * The aveage electrical power is increased by a fietor of 4?,o/P, with the use of homedyne detection Smnce Pig can be made much larger than , thie power enhancement can exceed 20 dB. [timproves the signal to noise ratio{ SNR) bya large factor In practice, both @, and jp fluctuate wath time in a random manner. Matching of the transmitter and local escillator frequencies puts stringent requirements on the two optical sources. In heterodyne detection, © the Local oscillator still amplifies the received signal by a large factor, thereby improving the SNR However, tle SNR umproveient is lower by a fuetor of 2 (or by 3 dB) compared with the homodyne cas This rectnetion is referred to as the heterodyne detection penalty The advange gained at the expanse of the 3-4B penalty is thal the receiver design is conaderably simplified because an optical phas: locked loop 1s no longer needed. © Fluctuations in both &, and dip still to be controlled using narrow-linewidth semiconductor lasers for both optical sources, However, the linewidth requirements are quite moderate when an asynchronous Gemodulation scheme is used. This feature makes the heterodyne-detection scheme quits suitable for ‘paactical implementation in coherent lightwave systems Explain heterodyne asynchronous and synchronous deitodulation with supportive block diagrams (7 Marks) Answer for Q2:- Heterodyne detection simplifies the receiver design, as matching of the local oscillator is required. D: asynchronously either optical phase locking nor frequency modulation can be carted out either symehronously or Heterodyne synchronous Demodulation. resulting in a much { does not require reeavery of the microwave carrier at the intennediate frequency si envelope detector, 5 converte baseband by using an en sampler receiver design The filtered signal Jj(t) is converted to the 5 just fq = [fp] It ean be written as followed by a low-pass filter. The signal received by the decision circuit is just fq = [Ir] "| f s of the receiver noise ‘The main difference is that both the in-phase and out-of-phase quadratize components ‘terns nae affget the signal. The SNR is ths degiadad compared with the case of synchronous dam ss Te 5 AS the phase stability sensitivity degradation resulting fiom the reduced SNR is quite small (about 05 dB). As the pl 3s is commonly used for requirements are quite modest in the case of asynchronous demodulation, this scheme is t= OL = | [(Gpcoste + ie))° + Upsin(o + coherent lightwave systems 3. Explain the working principle of EDFA with a supportive diagram and compere and contrast it with a Raman Amplifier. (8 Marks) Answer for Q3:- Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifiers The explosion of dense wave ngth-civision multiplexing (DWDM) applications make these optical ‘amplifiers ant essential ber optic system building block. EDFAs allow information to be transmitted over longer distances without the need for conventional repeaters. The fiber is doped with erbium, a rare earth sleiment, that has the appropiate energy levels in their atomic structures for amiplifing light [Link] are designed to amplify light at 1550 nm. EDF is usually pumped by senuconduetor la 8t 980 nm or 1480 nm, A three level model can be used for 980 nm punps. while a two level model usually suftices for 180 nm pumps. Complete inversion can be actueved wath 980 nm pamping but not with 1480 nm pumpung ‘The Spontanzous lifetime of the metastable energy level “Lys 1s about 10ms As stimulated Smission dominates over spontaneous, amplification is efiicient When hght at 980 or 1480 sun is appl ed to fiber doped with Ex, the fiber absorbs this energy, 12, electrons are eveited to a lugher energy level where they remain in a metastable state for some tune. If lett tundisturbed, the Er doped fiber will eventually release this eneigy in the band of frequeneizs trom about 1530 to 1565 mm witha Gains of 30-40 dB possiblei it {UIT i onion Power inferenange between pump and data signals 5 ii Ld Beda Tes ‘ena asta sia , isolator Ginpue input He—Hoow POD yy nm 1 Erbium Doves TM X= Futon Splice Li Pump Source EDFA Vs Raman Amplifiers: Comparison ] Raman ing ulfinsi¢ nor-lineanly property of siliea Bi ‘The physes behinds called Suumalated enassion |The physies behind | fied Sumulated Raman Seatiering Moderate cnerey pump wave is colauiched unto! High energy pump Wave is eolaunchad into the | | EDF fiber EDFA gaint 2008 or more, depend on ion | Raman gain 4-118 depends on the pump power Ceniccnttation, EDF length and pump configration | anil ieueney offset between pump aul signal “Aimplitication band is dopant dependent ~ Atplifcatton bands dopant on pamp wavelengths | t iG {aso bandividih of Zum, more for muiple |W has a Dandwidth oF 48nm, more for oudtiple |dopants — pap Satuzalon power equals about Pow Saturation power depends on gain and ‘natenial sonstarts - oe EDF is usually pumped by semiconductor I y ‘ondugtor lasers that hav | 980 nm of 1480 nm. | tod Lower than the signal saeetengtly st peak \ | gain Td ealize DWDM 44 Discuss the Benefits of DWDM, an list at Least four optical components vsed 101 commurticatien systems (7 Matks) Answer for Qt Capacity up gradation: WDM mcteases the enpacity of e fbr systetn ci samatically with each additional wavelength channel 4 Transparency: Each optical channel ean ery any frasmission format a Wavelength routing: Puve optival end-to-end comicetion between users nt some eases, light paths may be converted from ong wavelength to another wavelength along they route DWDM requites a vanety of pasuve andior active devices to combine, distribute, isolate, adc, deep, different wavelengths, such as sttenuate, and amplify optical pow tunable opteal filters, v v fhinable opneal sources such as Simmcodactet laser diodes, DEL Ets v add/drop mnnitiplexers. y opteat switches, ¥ optical amplifiers Isclator ¥ Crrendator MZI vr v Coupler ¥ Fiber gratings eLePart I: Write down allt 2 steps that you have done to obtain your answers (20 miatks) & Let us assume @ simple optical communication ink: operating at | fiber ym that uses LOOK single mode ih attennistion of 0.34B/Kun and narrow linewidth optical some for launching 2mWW of average power into the fiber. Determine (10 Marks) The amplifier gain to restores te signal Level to a value alinost equivalent to the level at the start of the section (2 Marks) b. Considering the transmitter SNR is 50 dB, amplifier noise figure of S dB and the minimum power to be detected al the receiver side to be 20 dB as a reasonable limit, Fund 1 mT number of amplifier to he wsed in the system (3 Marks) 1 ‘The maxiunum span of communication link: (3 Marks) What type of an In-line amplifier will you recommend for the system?. (2 Marks) Answer for QS Gain has to be equal to the Losaes in a fiber=100Kmx0 34B/Kin=300B b Gamplfier — (S0dB-20UBVSdB=6 and Maximum span=700K0, © EDFA Oru with a Lat us consider typical parameters ofa simple optical counaunication link operating at 1 data rate of 100 Cib's and which uses an optical source of 0 O1nm spectral inessidth for launching Lm of average power into the fiber, Assum:—0.0lns tise time of the tansmnitier, 0.01ns rise ume of the receiver, 0.8 fs’‘nm-km Dispersion at 1550nm, 0 25dB han fiber less, 0.01dB splice loss every 1k, 0.3dB connector Joss at cach end of liber Link, and InW receiver sensitivity (10 marks) a Make the power budget and time bud get analysis of a simple optical corumuucation link and CCaleulate the masinmun transmission distanee by allowing 4-4B system maxgin. (7 marks) Db. List the type of optical souree, detector and fiber optie to be used in the system (3 nuarks) Answer for Q6 a. Using power budget analysis L 1, = 001dax = ~ 1)Fiber Total toss sxbdB Phe — Pur = by + by + Floss +P mn L é 60 = 1+ O01 EG — 1) + OAL +d 60 = 1+ 0.01xL = 0.01 + 0.25xL +4 60-5 +0.01 34.99 0.26xL = 211.3Km wae = 2h ‘Unig time budget analysis Oey = Gry = 0.008 S sypeorabso en zxfs0.007Tig Ope fee aaa 103095 Frepssext=osws01ns 0.00304ns Dxad __0.00304ns = Thoomnsx0.01 “Therefore the optumnn span of the kak is 2U1,5A'm and itis wtlemuation linuted communication link b Ain = 380.99Km = 381K {An optical souice of a very nattow specttal linewidth is requmre stich as Disuibuted Feedback Lase(DFB) iu Dispersion flattened fiber or Dispersion Shifted fiber with a dispersion parmmeter of D < 0.8 psiuy-kiny 15800, th, Photo dlode with a very high sensitivity that can delzet ess han or equal to Line, stich as APD Bonus Question 7. Let ns assmne the qnantunt eBieiency of the photo detector used ut a homodyne synchronous ASK | detection (o be 99% ancl the ratio of the average energy per bit to noise power tobe [= 100, Determine } (5 Maks) & The mirwtun nismber of photon requitedl tor such a system (2 Marks) b, The mminnnn probability of error sor such, a system (3 Marks)Answer for Bonus Question wen = pre fe for BASK BER = ger 4 for BASK therefore SNR=200 and also SNR = 4yN, 200 Np = qaqgp = 505 = St photons required From the error fithetion table at x=5. we will get 0,999999990998