ALTERNATING CURRENT
All derivations
AC CIRCUIT CONTAINING RESISTOR ONLY (IMP)
Consider a resistor of resistance R connected to an alternating emf source as shown.
Let the applied emf be E E o sin ωt .
Dividing both sides by R, we get
E Eo
sinωt
R R
E Eo
sinωt
R R
I Io sinωt
Therefore, current and voltage are in same
phase.
AC CIRCUIT CONTAINING INDUCTOR
ONLY (V IMP)
Consider an inductor of inductance L connected to an AC source as shown
Let the applied emf be E E o sin ωt .
dI
Since E L
dt
E
Therefore dI dt
L
E
dI dt
L
E sinωt
dI o dt
L
Integrating both sides we get
E
dI o sinωtdt
L
Eo
L
I sinωtdt
E
I o cosωt
ωL
π
cosθ sin θ
2
E π
I o sin ωt
ωL 2
As ωL XL
Eo π
I sin ωt 2
XL
π
I Io sin ωt
2
Eo
where Io
XL
Thus, current lags behind voltage in a 9purely inductive circuit.
AC CIRCUIT CONTAINING CAPACITOR ONLY (V IMP)
Consider an inductor of inductance L connected to an AC source as shown
Let the applied emf be E E o sin ωt .
Since Q = CE
Q CEo sinωt
Q CEo sinωt
dQ d
I CEo sinωt
dt dt
I ωCEo cos ωt
Eo
I cosωt
1
ωC
π
I Io sin(ωt )
2
Eo
where Io
1
ωC
Thus current leads the voltage by a phase of
π
in a purely capacitive circuit.
2
IMPEDANCE IN SERIES LCR
CIRCUIT (M IMP)
Consider a resistor of resistance R, inductor of inductance L and capacitor of capacitance C
connected in series to an alternating EMF source as shown:
Voltage across all the components is shown in the diagram below. Net voltage V is given by
VL VC
2
V VR2
VL IXL , VR IR, VC IXC
IXL IXC IR
2 2
V
V I2 X L XC R 2
2
V I XL XC R 2
2
V
I
XL XC
2
R 2
XL XC
2
Z R2
Where Z is called the impedance of the circuit.
RESONATING FREQUENCY IN SERIES LCR CIRCUIT (IMP)
Resonance occurs when inductive reactance becomes equal to capacitive reactance
XL XC
1
2πν rL
2πv r C
1
2πν r
2
LC
1
2πv r
LC
1
vr , ν r is called resonance frequency.
2π LC
ENERGY STORED IN AN INDUCTOR (M IMP)
Consider an inductor of inductance L connected to a voltage source E as shown in figure above.
Let current at any instant be I.
As we know that instantaneous power is given by
P EI
dI
As E L
dt
dI
so, P LI
dt
dW
P
dt
dW dI
LI
dt dt
dW LIdI
So, total work done by source to build a max. current Io in the circuit is
Io
W LIdI
0
Io
I2
W L
2 0
I2
W L 0 0
2
1
W LIo2
2
This work is stored in the circuit as magnetic potential energy. So,
1
UB LIo2
2
POWER IN SERIES LCR CIRCUIT (M IMP)
Let a voltage E E o sin ωt be applied to a series LCR circuit and current flowing through it is
Io sin ωt φ , so instantaneous power supplied to the source is
P EI Eo sinωt Io sin ωt φ
EoIo
cos φ cos 2ωt φ
2
The average power over a cycle is given by the average of the two terms in RHS of above
equation. It is only the second term which is time dependent. Its average is zero (the positive half
of the cosine cancels the negative half). Therefore
EoIo E I
P cos φ o o cos φ
2 2 2
P ErmsIrms cos φ
For purely inductive or purely capacitive circuit
φ 90o cos φ 0 P 0
