SUMMARY IN MAPEH 10

MUSIC: AFRO-LATIN AND POPULAR MUSIC

Traditional Music of Africa

- Largely functional in nature, used in different ceremonial rites (death, birth, marriage, worship)
- Can be work-related, traditional, or for entertainment
- Types of African Music
o Axe – musical genre from Salvador, Bahia, and Brazil; consists of MR. C (marcha, reggae, and
calypso)
o Jive – South African music, a variation of the jitterbug or swing dance
o Marabi – a South African three-chord township music of the 1930s-1960s, evolved into African Jazz;
characterized by using simple chords in varying vamping patterns and repetitive harmony in an
extended period time to allow the dancers more time on the dance floor

Characteristics of African Music

- Rhythm: uses polyrhythm, syncopation, and call-and-response
- Melody: pentatonic scales, harmony is simple, repetition of melodic patterns
- Vocals and Singing: call-and-response vocals, rapping, and storytelling
- Developed blues, jazz, rock, reggae, and hip-hop

Hornbostel–Sachs System
- A classification system that divides musical instruments into four main categories:
o Idiophones
o Chordophones
o Membranophones
o Aerophones

Musical Instruments of Africa

1. Balafon – West African xylophone
2. Agogo – can be single or multiple bells originated in the Yoruba tribe; oldest samba instrument
3. Djembe – best known African drums; can be held under the armpit or with a sling
4. Shekere – a type of gourd and shell megaphone from West Africa with beads woven into a net covering the
gourd
5. Body percussion – the use of out bodies as musical instruments to make an ostinato (body rhythms and
sounds by clapping, slapping, etc.)
6. Talking drum – used to send messages to announce birth, death, sporting, events, or war;
7. Musical bow – the ancestor of all string instruments
8. Zeze – the African fiddle originated from the Sub-Saharan Africa
9. Ngoni – also called a lute; shaped like the modern guitar and played in similar fashion
10. Panpipes – made up of a series of short, vertically-aligned pipes of different lengths tied together in a
bundle
11. Fulani flutes – a diatonic flute that lacks a bell
12. Kudu horn – instrument made from the kudu antelope; sound is mellow and warm

Music Genres
- category or type of music that shares a set of characteristics, including style, form, and content, that
distinguishes it from other types of music.
- can be defined by the instruments used, musical structures, harmonies, rhythms, themes, and cultural or
geographical origin such as:
o Jazz music
o Rock and roll
o Disco
o Hip hop and rap
o Alternative music
o Ballad
o Standards
o Philippine pop music
ARTS: TECHNOLOGY-BASED ART

Technology-based Art or Computer-Digital Arts

- The use of electronic and mechanical devices to produce art
- Uses personal gadgets such as laptops, tablets, and android phones
- Started in the early 1960s – technology at that time was constantly developing and available
- Scientists and engineers were the first to recognize the potential of art using technology through
application of scientific and mathematical principles

Mobile Phone Art

- Using mobile phones through photography, image editing, animation, and drawing, to create art
- Examples of mobile phone art applications include:
Photo Grid – downloadable application that make collages out of images from your gallery

Picsart – a free photo editor and drawing application, as well as a social network for you to
share your art with others

Flipagram - an app that allows users to create short videos using their photos and music

Snapseed – a photo application that enables you to enhance, transform, and share your
photos
Instagram - allows users to upload media that can be edited with filters and can be shared
across different social media platforms

Computer-Generated Imagery (CGI)

- Images created out from a computer
- Often using 3D modeling, animation, and rendering techniques
- Usually designed to run on desktop computers and laptops
- can achieve a higher level of photorealism
- Examples of computer-generated images (CGI) include:
Adobe Photoshop Express – a photo editing and design software that allows users to create,
edit, and manipulate images, graphics, and art
Artweaver - a full-featured painting tool with a huge set of predefined realistic brushes to
paint creatively or just experiment.
SmoothDraw - a natural painting and image editing software that can produce the same
quality as Painter.

Digital Photography
- The process of capturing images using a camera and storing them electronically as computer files

Point-and-Shoot or Compact Camera

- A camera designed for easy operation
- Settings are automatic (just point the camera and shoot)
- Ideal for capturing everyday moments and other casual photography

Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR) Camera

- A camera that allows freedom and control for the artist to manipulate the camera settings to attain the
desired final image
- Require more technical knowledge to operate effectively

Basic Tips for Taking Good Photographs

1. Choose a good location.
2. Make sure that the available background is simple and not cluttered.
3. Natural light in the outdoors or near a window is usually the most flattering or effective for any kind of
subject. Ideally, the best light for photos is within the first hour after sunrise and the last hour before sunset.
4. Avoid taking shots facing the light, as this would make your subject back-lit and most of the details would be
lost in shadow.
5. If you intend to take a posed shot, position your subject where you want in relation to the location,
background, and source of light.
6. If you intend to take a candid shot, position yourself where you can capture the most interesting, amusing,
touching, or engaging moment or expression.
 7. Take a variety of shots—ranging from far shots showing the surroundings, to medium-distance shots
concentrating on the main subject, to tight or close-up shots that focus on details of the subject. You can then
choose from among all these for the best photo or photos.

Video Game
- An electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a two-or
three-dimensional video display device.
- Examples of game development application include:
Twine – a tool that lets you make interactive stories where you can choose your own path; An
open-source tool for telling interactive, nonlinear stories
Stencyl – user-friendly game development tool that allows you to create 2D video games
without writing complex code
GameMaker - A series of cross-platform games engines created by Mark Overmars

Digital Painting
- a method of creating an artwork using a computer
- similar to CGI but still uses traditional painting mediums (acrylic, oils, ink, watercolor) that is virtual, existing
only within the computer
- example of digital painting application is CTRL+Paint

Video Technology / Imaging Videos

- Social media purposes – The explosion of social media in recent decades has provided a new platform for
video materials targeting the “netizens” of today
- Medical/scientific purposes – the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computerized tomography
(CT scan) to create and record visual images of a patient’s internal anatomy in order to diagnose and treat
diseases and injuries

PHYSICAL EDUCATION: WALKING AND RUNNING EXERCISE PROGRAM

Walking
- Moving by putting one foot in front of the other at a regular pace

Brisk Walking
- a type of walking that is faster than your average pace; low-impact exercise

Running
- A form of aerobic exercise that involves moving your body forward at a faster pace than walking; high-impact
exercise
- Types of running include:
• Hill Repeats – a running workout that involves running a steep terrain at a hard effort, followed by
a jog or a walk going down
• Fartlek – a speed play that includes alternate periods of fast running and slower recovery jogging
• Long Run – also called a marathon; a 1 to 2-hour run that helps build endurance, improve running,
and prepare the body for longer race distance
• Sprints – also called a dash; a run that allows you to move at the top-most speed of the body in a
limited period of time
• Recovery Run – a “follow-through” run done after an intense workout or race; allows the body to
“catch breath”
• Base Run – a short to medium-length run done at a relaxed easy pace; low-intensity, builds
foundation of running
• Progression Run - Starts from an easy jog, then running at a comfortable pace, slowly increasing
speed, finishing the run at your hardest effort, and end with a cool down
• Tempo Run – a type of run that is considered as your “comfortably hard” pace, being able to run
faster than your comfortable pace but not too much that you will collapse
• Interval - It is a mixture of low-moderate and high-intensity run.
Common Injuries of Walking and Running
❖ Sprain – a stretching or tearing of ligaments (tough band tissues that connect two BONES together in your
joints)
❖ Strain – also called a pulled muscle; occurs when a muscle or tendon is stretched too far and part of it tears
 ❖ Cramp – sudden, involuntary contractions or spasms that occur in various muscles groups due to injuries,
overuse, and dehydration
❖ Tendinitis – inflammation of a tendon, often due to overuse
❖ Rotator Cuff Tear – rips in the group of muscles and their tendons that hold the arm in the shoulder socket
❖ Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) and Meniscus Tear – ACL is a ligament that connects the thigh bone to
the shin bone, keeping the knee stable; meniscus is a cartilage that acts as shock absorbers between the
thigh bone and the shin bone.

HEALTH EDUCATION: THE 9 HEALTH-RELATED LAWS

I. Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 (10354)

- Enforced by the Department of Health (DOH)
- Aims to promote accessibility to methods such as contraception, fertility control, sexual education, and
maternal care
- Reproductive health: the state of the holistic well-being of the reproductive system and to its functions and
process; the right to assert consensual sex, and the equal relationships of men and women pertaining to
sexual relations and reproduction
- Four pillars:
• Informed choice – reproductive healthcare services for mother and child is given priority;
integration of reproductive education to schools, community, and other educational settings
• Respect for life – emphasized the importance of human life; abortion is illegal and punishable by
law; mothers will be served with post-abortive treatment and counseling if she had aborted an
unborn child
• Birth control – reproductive healthcare, information, and supplies shall be available for the poor;
respecting the people’s choices of family planning method
• Responsible parenthood – couples determining ideal family sizes according to their status and the
role of the government to equip them the needed information to help make the decision
- Family planning: the process of couples deciding freely and responsibly the number and spacing of their
future children

II. Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act of 1998 (RA 8504)
- Oversees the implementation of the law by the Department of Health (DOH)
- Aims to prevent and control the spread of HIV/AIDS in the Philippines

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

• Viral infection that destroys the immune system
• Cause of immune deficiency as the virus attacks the white blood cells that is responsible in protecting
our body from germs

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

• Last stage of HIV
• Happens when the immune system is at its lowest, allowing opportunistic pathogens to enter the
body and infect the person with multiple illnesses

HIV transmission is through body fluids such as

• Blood • Vaginal fluids
• Semen • Breastmilk
• Rectal fluids

HIV transmission is NOT acquired/transmitted by:

• Insect bites • Sharing utensils
• Toilet seats • Touching
• Kissing

III. Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 (RA 10175)

- The Department of Justice oversees the implementation of the law (the BRAIN)
- The National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) and the Philippine National Police (PNP) enforces the law
(the ARMS and LEGS)
- Aims to address legal issues concerning online interactions
- mandates the prohibition of cybersex, child pornography, unsolicited commercial communications,
and computer-related identity theft.
 A. Offenses against the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of computer data and systems:
1. Illegal access – using a part or a whole of a computer system without consent or the right to do so
2. Illegal interception
- Also called spying
- someone secretly and illegally captures private digital communications, like emails or
messages, without permission. This can involve tapping into computer systems or
intercepting wireless signals
3. Data interference
- Intentionally or carelessly damaging or destroying digital information without permission
- Ex. Deleting, altering data, and introducing virus
4. System interference
- The act of intentionally causing harm to a computer system or network
- This action include hacking, malware attacks, data destruction, and network disruption
5. Misuse of Devices
- Using, creating, selling, or sharing tools or information that can be used to commit
cybercrimes, such as hacking or data theft
6. Cybersquatting
- is when someone registers a domain name (like a website address) that is similar to a well-
known brand or person's name, with the intention of:
a. profiting from it
b. misleading people
c. damaging reputation
- Ex. A common example of cybersquatting is registering a domain name that is a misspelling
of a popular brand. For instance, someone might register "[Link]" or "[Link]"
with the intention of selling it to Apple or Facebook at a high price.

B. Computer-related offenses:
1. Computer-related forgery - the act of falsely creating, changing, or deleting digital information with
the intent to deceive others.
2. Computer-related fraud - the act of intentionally damaging or disrupting a computer system or
network with the intent to deceive or steal.
3. Computer-related Identity Theft - intentional acquisition, use, misuse, transfer, possession,
alteration, or deletion of identifying information belonging to another, whether natural or juridical,
without right

C. Content-related offenses:
1. Cybersex - the act of engaging in sexually suggestive or explicit activities online, often through video
calls or chat rooms. It involves using a computer or similar device to share sexually explicit images
or perform sexual acts.
2. Child pornography - refers to any representation, whether visual, audio, or written combination
thereof, by electronic, mechanical, digital, optical, magnetic or any other means, of a child engaged or
involved in real or simulated explicit sexual activities.
3. Unsolicited Commercial Communications – spamming or flooding emails, text, and advertisement
without consent
4. Libel - act of spreading false information about a person through online platforms, such as social
media or email, with the intent to damage their reputation.

IV. Seat Belt Use Act of 1999 (RA 8750)

- Aims to safeguard the driver and passengers through the mandatory use of seat belts
- Aims to enhance road safety and reduce injuries and fatalities due to vehicular accidents
- Enforced by the Philippine National Police (PNP) and the Land Transportation Office (LTO)
- Seat belt: a device or strap that functions as a pelvic restraint or lap belt designed to secure a person
in a motor vehicle
- Motor vehicle: includes all public and private motor vehicles not including tricycles and motor cycles
- Mandatory seat belt use:
o Drivers and front seat passengers (public and private)
o Back seat passengers (for specific vehicles) for private vehicles
o Vehicle manufacturers should install seat belt devices
- Violation: fines only, no imprisonment