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Index

[Link] Topic Page No.

1. Abstract

2. Introduction

3. Image of Household water

filtration

4. Types of water filtration

5. Advantages, Disadvantages

6. Goals of filtration

7. Reference

8. Result

9. Conclusion

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Abstract:-

One of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals is to reduce to

half by 2015 the number of people, worldwide, who lack access to safe water.
Due to the numerous deaths and illnesses caused by waterborne pathogens,
various household water treatment devices and safestorage technologies have
been developed to treat and manage water at the household level. The new
approaches that are continually being examined need to be durable, lower in
overall cost and more effective in the removal of the contaminants. In this
study, an extensive literature survey was conducted to regroup various
household treatment devices that are suitable for the inexpensive treatment
of water on a household basis.

The survey has resulted in the selection of four household treatment devices: the
bios and filter (BSF), bucket filter (BF), ceramic candle filter (CCF) and the
silver-impregnated porous pot filter (SIPP). The first three filters were
manufactured in a Tshwane University of Technology workshop, using modified
designs reported in literature. The SIPP filter is a product of the Tshwane
University of Technology. The performance of the four filters was evaluated in
terms of flow rate, physicochemical contaminant (turbidity, fluorides,
phosphates, chlorophyll a, magnesium, calcium and nitrates) and microbial
contaminant (Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholera, Salmonella typhimurium,
Shigella, dysenteriae) removals.

The flow rates obtained during the study period were within the recommended
limits (171l/h, 167l/h, 6.4l/h and 3.5l/h for the BSF, BF, CCF and SIPP,
respectively). Using standard methods, the results of the preliminary laboratory
and field studies with spiked and environmental water samples indicated that all
filters decreased the concentrations of contaminants in test water sources. The
most efficiently removed chemical contaminant in spiked water was fluoride
(99.9%) and the poorest removal efficiency was noted for magnesium (26–56%).
A higher performance in chemical contaminant removal was noted with the BF.
For pathogenic bacteria, the mean percentage removals ranged between 97% and
100%.

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Introduction:-

Water purifier, also known as water purifier and water purifier, is water
treatment equipment for deep filtration and purification of water quality
according to the requirements of water use. Usually speaking, the water
purifier refers to the small purifier used for household use.

Its core technology is the filter membrane in the filter element device. At
present, the main technology comes from ultrafiltration membrane and RO
reverse osmosis membrane. The water purifier can effectively remove rust,
sand, colloid and adsorb residual chlorine, odor, discoloration, pesticides and
other chemicals in water. It can effectively remove bacteria, pathogens,
toxins, heavy metals and other impurities in water. The application of water
purification technology in the field of drinking water will soon make the
phenomenon of "soil and water incompatibility" a history and effectively
solve the local diseases caused by excessive harmful substances in
groundwater in many places.

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Household water purification :-

The function of water purifier is to remove floats, heavy metals, bacteria,

viruses, residual chlorine, sediment, rust, microorganisms and so on. It has high
precision filtration [Link] first stage of five-stage filtration technology
of water purifier used at home is called PPF filter core, the second stage is UDF
filter core, and the third stage is CTO filter. Core, the fourth stage is reverse
osmosis membrane or ultrafiltration membrane, the fifth stage is activated
carbon (small T33). The water purifier is not only suitable for areas with
serious pollution of tap water, but also can filter residual chlorine in
conventional tap water and improve the taste of water.

In August 2013, the General Office of the State Health and Family Planning
Commission issued the Regulations for the Management of Label Instructions
for Hygienic and Safe Products Involving Drinking Water, which states that the
labels and instructions for aquatic products should not be labeled as "acidic
water", "alkaline water", "activated water", "small molecular water",
"functional water", "energy water" or "oxygen- rich water".

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Image of Household water filtration :-

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Ultrapure Water System / Ultra Pure Water Systems :-
Ultra pure water is water nearly or completely devoid of contaminants.
Ultrapure water systems are an important component for laboratories across
markets including manufacturing and the semi-conductor industry. These ultra
pure water systems remove chemical contaminants through de-ionization (DI)
and reverse osmosis. An ultra pure water system eliminates bacteria with UV
radiation.
An ultrapure water system is equipped with ultra filters to remove endotoxins,
DNase and Rnase left over from bacteria destroyed by UV, resulting in
extremely low total organic carbon (TOC). Additional carbon filters in these
laboratory water purification systems reduces the need for pre-treatment,
permitting tap water as a source.

Vitality Enhancing Technology :-

From physics, we know that everything is vibration. Every material reacts on

certain frequencies more or less strongly. Ideal vibrations create impulses,
which, under defined circumstances, start a chain reaction (of vibrations) with
increasing force. Water is changeable; it is able to absorb, transfer and
release information in its structure. Therefore, even after physical
purification, water still often carries unhealthy electromagnetic frequencies
from poisonous substances.

In the last stages of water purification, 2 Pure H2O Vita Tech Water
Purification System technology will erase unwanted frequencies and
Reprogram the water to copy that of nature

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TYPES OF WATER FILTERATION :-
Activated Carbon :-

Carbon removes contaminants by chemically bonding to the water that is

poured into the system. Some are only effective at removing chlorine, which
only improves taste and odor, while others remove more harmful contaminants,
such as mercury and lead. It is important to note that carbon filters do not have
the ability to remove inorganic pollutants such as nitrates, fluoride, and arsenic.
Carbon filters are usually sold in block or granulated form to consumers.

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Carbon Block :-
Carbon block filters are block-shaped filters that are composed of crushed
carbon particles. These filters tend to be more effective than other types of
carbon-based filters since they have a larger surface area. The rate at which
water flows through these filters has a direct impact on their level of
effectiveness. Fibre dyne carbon block filters have a greater sediment- holding
capacity than other types of block filters.

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Distillation :-

Distillation is one of the oldest water purification methods. It vaporizes water

by heating it to exceptionally high temperatures. The vapor is then condensed
back into drinkable, liquid water. Distillation removes minerals,
microorganisms, and chemicals that have a high boiling point. These filters
cannot remove chlorine and many other volatile organic chemicals.

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ADVANTAGES :-

1. After the water has been purified it is separated from unwanted substances.

2. It is safe for consumption and also in doing household chores.

3. It does not require a lot of energy to maintain.

DISADVANTAGES :-

1. Not all germs and contaminants are removed from filtered water. When the
process is taking place very, small particles can pass through the membranes
used to perform water filtering.

2. Thorough cleaning and care of the equipment are very vital so that they can
carry out the water softening process without any hitch whatsoever.

All the cartridges must be disposed of after the water softening process. These
cartridges contain harmful toxins that were purified from the hard water. If they
are thrown anyhow theymight end up being pollutants to the environment.

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Goals of Filteration :-

The goals of the treatment are to remove unwanted constituents in the water
and to make it safe to drink or fit for a specific purpose in industry or
medical applications. Widely varied techniques are available to remove
contaminants like fine solids, micro-organisms and some dissolved
inorganic and organic materials, or environmental persistent
pharmaceutical pollutants. The choice of method will depend on the quality
of the water being treated, the cost of the treatment process and the quality
standards expected of the processed water. The processes below are the ones
commonly used in water purification plants. Some or most may not be used
depending on the scale of the plant and quality of the raw (source) water.

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References:-

1. Achak, M., Mandi, L., Ouazzani, N., 2009. Removal of organic pollutants
and nutrients from olive mill wastewater by a sand filter. J. Environ.
Manage. 90, 2771–2779.

2. American Public Health Association, AWWA, 1991. Manual of design

for slow sand filtration. In: Hendricks, D. (Ed.), AWWA. Research
Foundation and American Water Works Association, Denver, CO, USA.

3. APHA, 2001. Revisions to Standard Methods for the Examination of

Water and Wastewater (Suppl.). Washington, DC.

4. Baumgartner, J., Murcott, S., Ezzati, M., 2007. Reconsidering

‘appropriate technology’: the effects of operating conditions on the
bacterial removal performance of two household drinking-water filter
systems. Environ. Res. Lett. 2, 1–6.

5. Brown, J., Sobsey, M., 2006. Independent Appraisal of Ceramic Water

Filtration Interventions in Cambodia: Final Report, Department of
Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health,
University of North Carolina, USA.

6. Campbell, E., 2005. Study on Life Span of Ceramic Filter Colloidal

Silver Pot Shaped (CSP) Model, Managua, Nicaragua. Research on the
Colloidal Silver Impregnated Pot, pp. 17.

7. CAWST, 2008. Biosand Filter Manual: Design, Construction,

Installation, Operation and Maintenance.
<[Link] (retrieved 24.02.10)

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Result:-

Water purification, process by which undesired chemical compounds, organic

and inorganic materials, and biological contaminants are removed from
water. That process also includes distillation (the conversion of a liquid into
vapors to condense it back to liquid form) and deionization (ion removal
through the extraction of dissolved salts). One major purpose of water
purification is to provide clean drinking water.

Water purification also meets the needs of medical, pharmacological, chemical,

and industrial applications for clean and potable water. The purification
procedure reduces the concentration of contaminants such as suspended
particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, and fungi. Water purification takes
place on scales from the large (e.g., for an entire city) to the small (e.g., for
individual households).

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Conclusion:-

The water quality is increased and is therefore safer to drink. The activated
charcoal was the most effective method, and is also capable of removing
airborne toxins and gases from waterand from the environment. Not only did
the activated charcoal help purify the water, but it isalso good for the
environment overall.

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