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EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAMILY INFLUENCE AND JOB

MARKET CONDITIONS ON CAREER CHOICES AMONG RECENT GRADUATES OF A
UNIVERSITY IN CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY

Thesis · November 2024

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.24283.37926

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 Xavier University- Ateneo De Cagayan

School of Business and Management

EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAMILY INFLUENCE AND JOB

MARKET CONDITIONS ON CAREER CHOICES AMONG RECENT GRADUATES

OF A UNIVERSITY IN CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY

Submitted by:

Lagunay, Marianne Judee

Santos, Stiffe Lindsay Cabilan

Tautoan, Kiara Lumosad

Udasco, Josh Andrew Rama

Waga, Robin Jan Legaspi

Submitted to:

Dr. Jimbo A. Fuentes

 ABSTRACT

EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAMILY INFLUENCE AND JOB

MARKET CONDITIONS ON THE CAREER CHOICES AMONG RECENT

GRADUATES OF A UNIVERSITY IN CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY

This study investigates how family influence, particularly parental expectations and

family socioeconomic status, as well as job market conditions, including job availability and

industry demand, affect the career choices of recent graduates from a university in Cagayan de

Oro City. Grounded in Social Cognitive Career Theory and Anne Roe’s Career Choice Theory,

the research explores the challenges graduates face when balancing familial expectations with

practical job market considerations. Data were gathered through structured surveys distributed

among graduates of the Bachelor of Science in Business Administration program. Results reveal

the varying degrees to which these independent variables impact graduates' career decisions,

specifically in terms of their field of employment and job type preference. The study’s findings

aim to guide educators, career counselors, families, and policymakers in supporting informed

career choices among young professionals.

 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

This is to certify that we assume full responsibility for the work titled “EXAMINING THE

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAMILY INFLUENCE AND JOB MARKET CONDITIONS

ON THE CAREER CHOICES AMONG RECENT GRADUATES OF A UNIVERSITY IN

CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY” submitted as a requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science in

Business Administration at the School of Business and Management, Xavier University–Ateneo de

Cagayan, we affirm that this work is our own, that it is original except as specified in the

acknowledgments, footnotes, or references, and that it has never been submitted to this or any other

school for a degree or for other requirement.

LAGUNAY, MARIANNE JUDEE J.

November , 2024

SANTOS, STIFFE LINDSAY C.

November , 2024

TAUTOAN, KIARA L.

November , 2024

UDASCO, JOSH ANDREW R.

November , 2024

WAGA, ROBIN JAN L.

November , 2024
 APPROVAL SHEET

This Research proposal entitled “EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAMILY

INFLUENCE AND JOB MARKET CONDITIONS ON THE CAREER CHOICES AMONG

RECENT GRADUATES OF A UNIVERSITY IN CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY” prepared and

submitted by Marianne Judee J. Lagunay, Stiffe Lindsay C. Santos, Kiara L. Tautoan, Josh Andrew

R. Udasco, and Robin Jan L. Waga in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor

of Science in Business Administration, has been examined and is recommended for Oral

Examination.

Jimbo Fuentes
Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of .

ENP. ROLAN LITERATUS, CPA, MBA,REB, REA, CFMP, AFP

Panelist

ENP EDGARDO PALASAN, MBA, REB, REA

Panelist

Approved and accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science
in Business Administration.

Ruth Love V. Russell, DM

Dean, School of Business and Management

November 2024
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following individuals and

groups who made this study possible.

Firstly, heartfelt thanks are extended to Dr. Jimbo R. Fuentes, our thesis adviser, for his

invaluable support, insightful feedback, and encouragement throughout this research process. His

guidance played a crucial role in refining our study and enhancing the overall quality of our

work.

The researchers also acknowledge the unwavering support of their families and friends, whose

encouragement provided strength and motivation during the research process. Their faith and

patience were crucial in helping us overcome challenges and achieve our goals.

Finally, the researchers wish to express their gratitude to the respondents who participated in the

survey, without whom this research would not have been possible. Their willingness to share

their experiences and perspectives greatly contributed to the depth and relevance of this study.

The Researchers
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

ABSTRACT

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

APPROVAL SHEET

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE....................................................................................................................................i

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM

Introduction............................................................................................................. 1

Theoretical Framework........................................................................................... 4

Conceptual Framework........................................................................................... 7

Statement of the Problem........................................................................................ 9

Hypothesis............................................................................................................. 10

Significance of the Study...................................................................................... 11

Scope and Limitation............................................................................................ 14

Definition of Terms............................................................................................... 16

CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature................................................................................ 17

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design.................................................................................................... 39

Research Environment.......................................................................................... 40

Respondents.......................................................................................................... 42

Sampling Procedure.............................................................................................. 43

Research Instrument.............................................................................................. 48

Validity and Reliability of Instrument................................................................... 50

Cronbach's Alpha Results and Expert Validation.............................................….51

Data Gathering...................................................................................................... 52

Scoring Guidelines................................................................................................ 53

Statistical Treatment of Data................................................................................. 54

Ethical Considerations.......................................................................................... 55

REFERENCES............................................................................................................................ 57

APPENDICES

Appendix A: Survey Questionnaire...................................................................... 65

Appendix B: Computation of Cronbach’s Alpha.................................................. 72

Appendix C: Curriculum Vitae............................................................................. 73

 1

CHAPTER I

Introduction

The decision to choose a career is one of the most defining moments in a graduate's life,

balancing between passion, family influence, and the ever-shifting job market. As they transition

from academic life to the workforce, graduates encounter both opportunities and challenges.

These challenges arise from the interaction between family influence and job market conditions,

which may either contradict or align in shaping their career path.

Family, as a primary socializing agent, plays a significant role in shaping an individual‘s

career choices (Pisker, 2022). Parents and other family members often have strong opinions

about which careers are most suitable, shaped by their experiences, cultural values, and

perceptions of economic stability. These expectations can sometimes push graduates to pursue

fields like medicine or law, even when these choices do not align with their personal interests

(Kumar, 2016). A comparative analysis between Western and Asian societies reveals that

individuals in Asian societies are generally more influenced by their families’ career preferences

(Pisker, 2022). This is particularly evident in Cagayan de Oro City, where close family ties and

deep respect for parental authority are culturally significant. Graduates are often expected to

follow family expectations, especially in pursuing traditional professions.

However, family expectations do not exist in isolation; it’s closely tied to job market

realities, as graduates weigh the perceived stability of certain careers against actual job

opportunities. While families may encourage traditional career paths, job market conditions
 2

present a different set of considerations. Factors such as job availability and demand in specific

industries also play a crucial role in shaping career decisions. Graduates often prioritize practical

concerns, such as immediate employment opportunities, over their passions, especially in highly

competitive job markets (Kennedy, 2021). Kennedy emphasizes that the pressure to secure stable

employment can lead individuals to select jobs that may not align with their long-term

aspirations, a reality that is even more pronounced in regions like Cagayan de Oro City, where

local economic conditions may limit job options.

This tension between fulfilling family expectations and adapting to market conditions is

further complicated by the growing appeal of alternative career paths, such as part-time work,

freelancing, or entrepreneurship, which may offer more flexibility but lack the traditional

stability that families often value. A study by Younger (2021) emphasizes this shift,

demonstrating that younger professionals are increasingly drawn to alternative work

arrangements, such as gig work and freelancing, which offer autonomy and flexibility despite the

perceived lack of job security. The study highlights the evolving nature of career expectations,

which are shaped by personal aspirations alongside broader economic and labor market changes

(Younger, 2021).

While much research has explored family influence and job market conditions at national

and international levels, there remains a significant gap in studies focused on specific regional

settings, such as Cagayan de Oro City. This region presents unique economic and cultural

dynamics that set it apart from both national averages and urban centers. For instance, Cagayan
 3

de Oro’s economic structure is largely driven by business process outsourcing (BPO) and small

to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). With over 27,000 businesses in the city, more than 90% are

classified as micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) (Juan & Legaspi, 2020), unlike

larger urban areas where corporate jobs and industrial work dominate the job market (World

Bank, 2021). Additionally, traditional family structures in the region often involve

multi-generational households, influencing career decisions more directly due to strong familial

ties than in urbanized, nuclear-family settings common in major cities. These distinct local

factors suggest that both job market realities and family expectations may differ from broader

national trends, offering an important context for understanding career choices in this locality.

This study seeks to bridge this gap by examining how family influence, including socioeconomic

status and parental expectations, alongside the role job market conditions, such as industry

demand and job availability, shape employment decisions in Cagayan de Oro.

To conclude, the findings of this study will provide valuable insights into how graduates

navigate the complexities of entering the workforce and offer a deeper understanding of the

challenges young professionals face today. By examining how graduates perceive their career

choices in terms of job type preference and field of employment, this research seeks to address

the key question: Which of the independent variables—family influence or job market

conditions—has the most significant impact on the career choices of recent graduates.

Furthermore, it seeks to guide educators, career counselors, and policymakers in supporting more

informed and balanced career choices for graduates.

 4

Theoretical Framework

This study integrates Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) and Anne Roe’s Career

Choice Theory to examine how family influence and job market conditions shape the career

decisions of graduates in Cagayan de Oro City.

Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) provides a comprehensive framework for

understanding how personal factors, such as self-efficacy, and external influences, such as family

and job market conditions, interact to influence career paths. Building on Bandura’s (1986)

social cognitive theory, SCCT identifies self-efficacy (belief in one’s ability), outcome

expectations (anticipated results), and personal goals (motivation to pursue a task) as the core

constructs that shape career interests, choices, and performance (Lent et al., 2017). These

constructs are influenced by four key factors—personal accomplishments, vicarious learning,

social persuasion, and emotional or physiological states. Learning experiences, shaped by

contextual factors such as family and social influences, significantly impact the formation of

career interests and choices.

In this study’s context, family influence impacts graduates' self-efficacy, shaping their

confidence in pursuing specific careers and providing critical environmental supports or barriers,

while job market conditions—such as perceived employability and job availability—affect their

outcome expectations and perception of opportunities (Grosemans et al., 2024). As Grosemans

et al. (2024) note, perceived employability—the belief in one’s likelihood of finding a job—is

shaped by both internal factors, such as career engagement, and external conditions, such as

labor market demands. Graduates are thus faced with the challenge of balancing familial
 5

expectations with the realities of the job market, where practical concerns such as job availability

and industry demand play a key role.

Meanwhile, Anne Roe’s Career Choice Theory complements SCCT by focusing on the

influence of early familial experiences and socioeconomic factors in shaping career decisions.

Roe’s theory proposes that family background and parenting styles significantly impact the

development of career interests and preferences. In regions where family ties are culturally

significant, such as Cagayan de Oro City, family influence is often a strong determinant of career

choices. However, Roe’s theory also acknowledges that economic conditions, such as job market

availability, play a crucial role in shaping these decisions (Nuha et al., 2024).

Nuha et al. (2024) suggests that while family expectations may direct individuals toward

certain career paths, job market conditions—including the availability of jobs in desired

fields—can either align with or contradict those expectations. Graduates often find themselves

navigating between family-imposed aspirations and the need to adapt to labor market conditions

that prioritize employability and immediate job opportunities.

Roe’s theory, rooted in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and psychoanalytic theory, suggests

that early childhood experiences, particularly parent-child relationships, shape future career

preferences (Truyens, 2019). Parenting styles, such as emotional concentration, avoidance, and

acceptance, affect whether individuals develop people-oriented or non-people-oriented career

interests. Those with nurturing, accepting parents may gravitate toward interpersonal careers,

such as teaching or healthcare, while those from avoidant environments may prefer technical or
 6

science-related fields. Roe’s classification system, which groups careers into eight fields and six

hierarchical levels, operationalizes how psychological needs and external factors intersect in

career decision-making. This classification highlights the psychological dimension of career

choices, emphasizing that early emotional environments profoundly influence later career paths

(Truyens, 2019).

This study employs both SCCT and Roe’s Career Choice Theory providing a

comprehensive and balanced framework for investigating how graduates navigate family

expectations and labor market constraints. SCCT focuses on how family influence shapes

self-efficacy and career engagement, while Roe’s theory addresses how family background and

early life experiences influence career preferences. Job market conditions, as outlined in these

theories, are equally important, as they determine the external opportunities and constraints that

affect career choices. Together, these theories help assess whether family influence or job market

conditions have a more significant impact on career decisions.

 7

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 presents the schematic representation of the study. This study explores the

relationship between two sets of independent variables—family influence and job market

conditions—and their impact on the career choices of recent graduates from a university in

Cagayan de Oro City. Family influence is examined through (a) parental expectations and (b)

family socioeconomic status. Parental expectations refer to the career paths that parents

envision for their children, potentially leading them toward conventional and stable careers,

especially in professions such as medicine, law, or engineering (Nawabi et al., 2019). This

influence may steer graduates away from more flexible or unconventional career options,

regardless of the opportunities presented by the job market.

Family socioeconomic status, in contrast, plays a significant role in shaping career

decisions. In this study, it is assumed that graduates from lower socioeconomic backgrounds may

be more likely to pursue risky or nontraditional career paths, such as entrepreneurship or

freelancing, as they might view these paths as opportunities to break out of financial constraints

and achieve upward mobility (Ibourk & Aynaoui, 2023). On the other hand, graduates from

higher socioeconomic backgrounds may prioritize job security and financial stability, opting for

more traditional and stable full-time employment in established industries (Schalewski, 2021).

This could be due to a lack of immediate financial pressures, allowing them to be more selective

and cautious in their career choices.

The second set of independent variables pertains to job market conditions, specifically

(a) job availability and (b) industry demand. Job availability refers to the number of positions

open in various fields. Graduates may choose careers in fields where there are more job
 8

openings, even if those fields do not align with their personal interests or family expectations

(Siddiky & Akter, 2021). Industry demand represents the sectors that have the highest need for

workers, which can also direct graduates toward specific fields. For instance, high demand in

fields such as telecommunications or technology may attract graduates to enter these industries,

regardless of their background or personal preferences.

These independent variables shape the career choices of graduates, which are measured

by (a) field of employment and (b) job type preference. Field of employment refers to the

sector or industry that graduates choose to work in, shaped by both family influence and job

market conditions. Job type preference includes whether graduates opt for full-time, part-time,

or freelance work. Graduates from lower socioeconomic backgrounds may take greater risks by

entering freelance work or entrepreneurship in an effort to escape economic challenges, while

those from higher socioeconomic backgrounds may pursue full-time employment in stable

industries for security.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES

Figure 1 | Schematic Representation of the study

Figure 1: Schematic Presentation

 9

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to examine the relationship between family influence and job market

conditions on the career choices among recent graduates of a university in Cagayan de Oro City.

Specifically, it seeks to understand how parental expectations and family socioeconomic status

shape graduates’ decisions regarding their field of employment and job type preference (e.g.,

part-time, full-time, freelance). Furthermore, the study investigates how job market conditions,

such as job availability and industry demand, influence the career paths chosen by these

graduates. The research addresses the following questions:

1. How does family influence affect the career choices of recent graduates in terms of:

1.1 Parental Expectations

1.2 Family Socioeconomic Status

2. How does job market conditions affect the career choices of recent graduates in terms of:

2.1 Job Availability

2.2 Industry Demand

3. How do recent graduates perceive their career choices in terms of:

3.1 Field of Employment

3.2 Job Type Preference

4. Is there a significant impact of family influence on the career choices of recent graduates?

5. Is there a significant impact of job market conditions on the career choices of recent

graduates?

6. Which of the independent variables (family influence or job market conditions) is most

likely to have a significant impact on the career choices of recent graduates?

 10

Statement of the Hypothesis

H01: Graduates from higher socioeconomic backgrounds are expected to be less

influenced by family in their career choices compared to those from lower socioeconomic

backgrounds.

H02: Graduates facing more competitive job market conditions are expected to prioritize

job availability and market demand over family influence in their career decisions.
 11

Significance of the Study

In today’s challenging job market, it is important to understand the factors that guide

graduates in their career decisions. Thus, the result of this study will benefit the following:

Recent Graduates: Recent graduates are at a critical point in their lives, where the

choices they make will significantly shape their future careers. This study can offer them a

deeper understanding of the external pressures they face, such as family expectations and job

market conditions. By gaining this awareness, they can better differentiate between what they

genuinely want and what others expect of them, leading to more authentic and fulfilling career

choices. Moreover, the insights provided can enhance their decision-making skills, allowing

them to critically evaluate the pros and cons of following family advice versus pursuing a path

more aligned with their personal interests and job market realities.

Educators and Career Counselors: Educators and career counselors play a vital role in

guiding students toward successful career paths. They can benefit from this study as it deepens

their understanding of the challenges students face when deciding on a career. It offers them a

broader perspective on the factors that influence students' decisions, allowing them to provide

more meaningful and empathetic guidance. This understanding can inspire them to create

programs and workshops that address the emotional and social aspects of career

decision-making, helping students to not only choose a career path but also feel confident and

supported in their choices.

 12

University Administrators: The insights from this study can inform university

administrators about the way they shape academic programs and support services. By

recognizing the important role that family and job market conditions play in students' career

choices, they can ensure that the university provides an environment that supports students in all

aspects of their journey, from selecting the right courses to preparing for life after graduation.

This might include offering more comprehensive career counseling, involving families in the

career planning process, or forming partnerships with local businesses to create job opportunities

that align with students’ aspirations.

Families of Graduates: Families play a significant role in the career choices of recent

graduates, and this study can help them better understand the impact of their influence. By

gaining a clearer picture of the challenges and pressures their children face, families can offer

more thoughtful and supportive guidance. This might involve being more open to discussing

different career paths, understanding the realities of the job market, and finding a balance

between their expectations and their children's aspirations. Furthermore, this study can help

families foster better communication and support, ensuring that their graduates feel empowered

to pursue careers that are both personally fulfilling and practically viable.

Policy Makers: Policy makers can draw on the insights from this study to shape policies

that better support recent graduates as they enter the workforce. Understanding the impact of

family influence and job market conditions can help in crafting initiatives that address these

factors, such as programs that support job creation in fields that are in demand or educational

reforms that better prepare students for the realities of the job market. Additionally, policies
 13

could be developed to encourage family involvement in career planning in a way that is

supportive rather than restrictive.

Future Researchers: This study serves as a valuable resource for future researchers

interested in understanding the dynamics of career decision-making among young adults. The

findings can inspire new research questions, such as how these influences vary across different

cultures or socioeconomic groups, or how they evolve over time. Future studies might also

explore the long-term impact of career choices influenced by family and job market conditions

on professional satisfaction and success. By building on this research, future researchers can

contribute to a deeper understanding of career decision-making processes and help shape more

effective educational and career support systems.

 14

Scope and Limitations

This study will focus on recent graduates (2023–2024) from a university in Cagayan de

Oro City, specifically those who completed a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration.

Cagayan de Oro presents a compelling case for examining career choices due to its rapid

economic transformation over the past decade. Once a relatively quiet provincial hub, it is now

one of the fastest-growing urban centers in Northern Mindanao. Its strategic location as a

gateway for trade and commerce in the region, coupled with infrastructure development and the

influx of both local and foreign investments, has significantly altered its job market landscape.

What makes Cagayan de Oro particularly interesting for a study on career choices is the

evolving nature of its job market. The city has a blend of traditional industries—such as

engineering, healthcare industry, and manufacturing—and nontraditional career paths such as

entrepreneurship, freelancing, and part-time jobs in fields like telecommunications and online

services. This diversity creates a range of career opportunities for new graduates, often leading

them to choose between stable, long-established career paths or more innovative and modern

ones. The availability of jobs in both traditional and nontraditional sectors introduces a dynamic

decision-making environment for graduates, who may also feel the weight of familial

expectations shaped by cultural norms regarding career stability.

The study will examine how factors such as parental expectations, family socioeconomic

status, job availability, and industry demand influence career decisions, with a specific focus on

the dependent variables: field of employment and job type preference. By considering the trends
 15

in both traditional and nontraditional job industries, this research aims to understand the diverse

career trajectories that graduates from Cagayan de Oro's universities are now pursuing.

While this study aims to provide a comprehensive view, several limitations exist. First,

although it includes graduates from a university in Cagayan de Oro, the findings may not fully

capture the experiences of all recent graduates in the city. Additionally, the reliance on

self-reported data may introduce biases, as graduates' perspectives on family influence or job

market conditions might vary based on subjective experiences. Ultimately, given the rapidly

changing nature of job markets, the findings may become less relevant as new trends emerge,

limiting the study's long-term applicability. Nonetheless, this study seeks to offer valuable

insights into the factors shaping career decisions among graduates in a city with a unique and

evolving economic and cultural landscape.

 16

Definition of Terms

● Career Choices: The process of selecting one job or profession over others.

● Family Influence: The impact that family members have on an individual’s career

decisions.

● Family Socioeconomic Status: A family's economic and social position compared to

others, based on income, education, and occupation.

● Field of Employment: The specific area or industry in which one works, such as

healthcare, education, technology or other alternative work such as entrepreneurship and

freelancing.

● Industry Demand: The need for workers in a specific industry, affecting job

opportunities available in that field.

● Job Availability: The number of job openings in a specific field or location.

● Job Market Conditions: The overall state of the job market, including factors like

unemployment rates and economic growth.

● Job Type Preference: The specific kinds of jobs or employment arrangements (e.g.,

full-time, part-time, freelance) that individuals prefer.

● Parental Expectations: The beliefs and hopes parents have regarding their children’s

educational and career achievements.

 17

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Selecting a career is a critical life decision, and choosing the appropriate career path is

necessary for success and contentment. Many individuals go to their families for advice on how

to benefit from their professional selection experience. As a result, even though it may differ

depending on the family, society, and culture, they have a significant influence on their

professional decisions. This research is founded on the idea that families have an impact on the

career choices made by Indian students, and as such, it considers students who study or have

completed their studies in India. According to the study, family members significantly and

favorably influence a person's job decisions (Ishan K., Vaibhav P., 2020). Under the research

Ishan Khatri and Vaibhav Periwal published in the year 2020, their main highlight is to

establish a good background to support the “study of influence by family on career decisions of

indian management students.” In the research, mentioned thereof that in a study by Mtemeri

(2017) on "Factors influencing the choice of career pathways among high school students in

Midlands Province, Zimbabwe," it was discovered that family—both immediate and extended,

particularly mothers and fathers—has a strong, positive influence on students’ career choices.

The research, which included 1,010 respondents, highlighted how family support plays a

significant role in shaping career decisions. Similarly, Liu (2016) conducted a study in China that

found both families and teachers to be key influencers in students' decisions regarding

postgraduate education. Interestingly, Liu's study revealed two key points: there was a negative

correlation between parents who did not pursue higher education and their children's career

planning, while a positive correlation existed when parents had higher education backgrounds,

making them more capable of guiding their children’s career choices.

 18

Careers are an essential part of life that people must approach with a multi-faceted

perspective, especially in today’s complex societies. Career choice is not a straightforward

decision—it is an intricate process that many face during their high school and university years,

often leading to psychological and social stress. Based on various studies, it's clear that

numerous environmental factors play significant roles in this process, yet these influences are

often examined separately (Koçak, O.; Ak, N., et al, 2021). In their study, the researchers wanted

to explore both individual and environmental factors simultaneously. Using a quantitative

research approach, researchers Koçak, Ak, Erdem, Sinan, Younis, and Erdo ˘gan, gathered

cross-sectional data from 1,130 university students via online surveys. The study analysis

focused on how family influence and academic satisfaction relate to happiness, using career

decision self-efficacy as a mediator (Aron, A., Aron, E.N., 2002). The study is controlled for key

demographic variables like gender, age, income, and parental education levels. The results

demonstrated that both family influence and academic satisfaction were positively associated

with career decision self-efficacy, which in turn was positively correlated with happiness.

Essentially, students who felt supported by their families and were satisfied with their academic

experience were more confident in making career decisions and reported higher levels of

happiness. Their findings suggest that family support, academic success, and even student work

experience play a critical role in the overall career decision-making process and personal

well-being. Therefore, careers should be considered from a broader, holistic perspective that

includes not only individual efforts but also family, educational, and work-related factors. This

multi-dimensional approach is crucial in understanding the dynamics of career choice in modern

life (Koçak, O.; Ak, N., et al, 2021). Ultimately, a holistic approach that puts students' futures at

the center of policy decisions—empowering them to make well-suited career choices—can

 19

create a more meaningful and successful transition from education to employment. Families,

schools, and policymakers must work together to ensure that students are equipped with both the

support and experience necessary for long-term career success (Datnow, A., Park, V., Peurach,

D., Spillane, J., 2022).

Career choices are significantly influenced by various factors, particularly the family

environment. Kumar and Singh (2021) emphasize that family members, especially parents, play

a crucial role in shaping the career decisions of Indian students, highlighting the importance of

familial support in navigating these choices. Similarly, Shumba and Naong (2020) found that

both immediate and extended family members, particularly mothers and fathers, positively

impact students' career pathways in South Africa. These studies suggest that family influence is a

global phenomenon, underscoring its importance in helping students make informed and

confident career decisions. By fostering a supportive atmosphere, families can reduce stress and

enhance personal well-being during the often challenging process of career selection (Kumar &

Singh, 2021; Shumba & Naong, 2020).

In addition, Çelik et al. (2021) found a strong correlation between family support,

academic satisfaction, and career decision-making self-efficacy, suggesting that students who

feel supported by their families are more confident in their career choices. This is echoed by Ma,

Ewing, and Whaley (2020), who argue that parents play a crucial role in fostering their children’s

career aspirations. The findings of Fernandez et al. (2023) further reinforce this notion, showing

that parental expectations and support are essential in guiding adolescents through their career

exploration and planning processes.

 20

In relation to the theoretical framework of this study, the researchers adopted Francis

Cheung’s (2024) study about “career self-efficacy as a mediator between career-specific parental

behaviors and school career support on career doubt” which is a new perspective tackling SCCT.

The present study employs Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) to investigate how

career-specific parental behaviors and school career support contribute to career doubt among

college students. SCCT, derived from Bandura’s broader social-cognitive framework, explains

how vocational interests, career choices, and academic/career performance are shaped. The

theory emphasizes the role of personal inputs (e.g., predispositions, ethnicity), and contextual

factors (e.g., family and educational support) in shaping learning experiences. These experiences,

in turn, influence self-efficacy, which directly affects career expectations and decision-making

(Lent RW, Brown SD, Hackett G., 1994).

At the core of SCCT is the idea that self-efficacy—a person's belief in their ability to

succeed in specific tasks—mediates the effects of contextual factors, such as parental (Sawitri

DR, Creed PA, Zimmer-Gembeck MJ., 2014), and school input (Wang XH, Wang HP, WenYa L.,

2023), on career outcomes. SCCT recognizes the dynamic interaction between cognitive-person

variables, like self-efficacy, and environmental factors to influence career development pathways

(Betz NE, Voyten KK., 1997).

While prior research has extensively examined how individual factors such as family

(e.g., parental involvement) and educational support (e.g., teachers and school programs)

independently influence career outcomes, few studies have compared their relative contributions

to career self-efficacy and career doubt. For example, existing literature often emphasizes the
 21

role of either parental influence or school-based career interventions, but not both in conjunction

(Jiang, Z. (2017).

The study of Cheung, F. (2024) relating to seeks to bridge that gap by investigating how

these two key contextual factors—parental behaviors and school support—interact to shape

career self-efficacy and, consequently, reduce career doubt (Ferreira JA., Santos EJ., Fonseca

AC., Haase RF., 2007).

To address this gap, this research hypothesizes that both parental and school support are

positively associated with career self-efficacy and negatively associated with career doubt.

Specifically, it posits that career-specific parental behaviors, such as providing career advice or

setting expectations, along with school support systems, such as career counseling or mentorship

programs, play complementary roles in shaping students’ confidence in their career

decision-making (Ferry TR, Fouad NA, Smith PL., 2000). The study aims to determine which of

these factors is more influential in fostering self-efficacy and reducing uncertainty during career

decision-making processes.

By comparing these two essential sources of influence, the research aims to provide new

insights into the integrated roles of family and educational contexts in shaping students’ career

trajectories, contributing to the broader understanding of SCCT in career development. This

study’s findings could inform future educational policies and parental guidance programs,

emphasizing the need for holistic support systems that involve both family and schools in career

guidance efforts (Cemalcilar Z, Secinti E, Sumer N., 2018), (Ginevra MC., Nota L., Ferrari L.,

2015).
 22

Parental Expectations. Family has an important influence on the career development of their

adolescent children. Parents, especially, play a central role in cultivating their children’s career

aspirations and fostering exploration around their educational and career pathways (Young et

al.,2020). First, family process variables, such as parental expectations and encouragement, have

been shown to have an effect on children’s career development over and above that of family

structural variables, such as socio-economic level and the number of children in the family

(Whiston & Keller, 2015).

The research conducted by Dian R. Sawitri, Peter A. Creed, and Melanie J. Zimmer-Gembeck

entitled Parental Influences and Adolescent Career Behaviors examined the relationships

between parental variables (parental career expectations, adolescent–parent career congruence)

and adolescent career aspirations and career actions (planning,exploration,choice). The goal of

the study was to test the effects of two aspects of the proximal parental contextual influence, that

of adolescents’ perceived parental career expectations and congruence with parents regarding

career matters, using the social cognitive career theory framework. The study suggests that

parental career expectations, values, and support, together with perceived obligations to the

family, are dominant themes in the adolescent career development process, especially around

developing career aspirations, interests, choice, and values. Results also show that parental

expectations would be associated positively with career aspirations directly and indirectly by

way of self efficacy; and both parental variables would be correlated positively with the career

actions of planning, exploration, choosing directly and indirectly by way of self efficacy and

career aspirations.

Moreover, a study by Changfeng Chen, Zeren Liang, and Shixiang Liu entitled The Impact of

Perceived Parental Expectations on Career Adaptability published in 2024 states that perception
 23

of parental expectations (PPE) is a concept based on parental expectations, which refers to the

child’s perceived support from parents. Perceived expectations have an impact on individuals.

The parents’ different attitudes towards careers affect children’s career decisions and especially

the existence of career stereotypes will easily lead to difficulties in children’s career decisions.

Family Socioeconomic Status. Furthermore, family socio-economic status is one of the

variables to consider as it plays a role in choosing a career. The study entitled The Role of

Socioeconomic Status in the Relationship Between Career Aspirations and Engagement in

Career Exploration by Dian Ratna Sawitri published in 2022 aimed to examine the role of

socioeconomic status as a moderator in the relationship between career aspirations and career

exploration. They hypothesized that socio-economic status served as a moderator in the

relationships between career aspirations and career exploration.

Hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that as career aspirations increased, career

exploration increased for high and low socio-economic status groups, but increased more

noticeably for the high socio-economic status group. Our results highlight the important role of

socio-economic status in the way career aspirations lead to engagement in exploration of self and

the world of work.

To strengthen the direct relationship and relevance of socio-economic status of parents in the

career choise of their children, according to the study entitled Does Socioeconomic Status of

Students Influence Their Career Choice? A Study on the Tertiary Level Students by Asifa Afrin

Jamim, Feroz Ahmed, and Shahanaz Akter Socio-economic Status - Social classes (higher class,

middle class, and lower class) are composed of income, education, and occupation of a person

(Thomson, 2018; Obiyo & Eze, 2019). Socio-economic status (SES) is considered an important
 24

indicator of family structure as it indicates the social position, power, and resources of a family.

Parents’ occupational status has a positive impact on their children’s career aspirations and

career choices (Signer & Saldana, 2010; Wahl & Blackhurst, 2015; Burlin, 2015). Ferry, (2019)

reported that children tend to make their career choice in accordance with their parents’

occupation and also try to attain the experience and information from their parents’ prospective

careers.

Several researchers agreed that parental income and social status have an impact on the

occupational choice of their children. Obiyo & Eze, (2019) stated that children from

higher-income families have higher career aspirations (e.g., professional executive) whereas

children from lower income families are more likely to prefer skilled jobs. Obiyo and Eze,

(2019) also showed that both high and low-income parents wanted to make their children

educated by which their children can occupy prestigious jobs.

The study concluded that the career decision-making of tertiary-level students is commonly

influenced by their socio-economic status in Bangladesh. The find- ings are consistent with the

Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) that indicates that personal inputs (e.g. gender, race, and

personality), contextual fact- ors (e.g. social/academic status, culture, and family), and learning

experiences (e.g. work experiences) influence career decision-making.

Job Availability. The availability of jobs plays a significant role in shaping the career choices of

recent graduates, often pushing them to prioritize immediate employment over personal

preferences. A study by Gore et al. (2020) analyzed the career trajectories of recent graduates in

Australia and found that over 60% of respondents prioritized job availability when making career

decisions, often choosing roles that were accessible and aligned with market demand, even if
 25

they did not match their initial career aspirations. This practical approach illustrates how

graduates pragmatically adapt to economic conditions, with job availability outweighing

personal interests in many cases. This trend is particularly relevant in regions where economic

opportunities are often concentrated in specific industries, leading graduates to make realistic

choices based on immediate job openings rather than long-term career goals. The findings by

Gore et al. (2020) highlights how market-driven opportunities influence career paths, reinforcing

the idea that immediate employability often takes priority over personal ambitions in shaping

career paths.

Regional job market dynamics further influence career decisions, especially in areas with limited

employment opportunities. A study by Jacob et al. (2019) on regional labor markets in the

United States found that graduates in economically constrained areas were often forced to accept

jobs outside their primary field of study due to a lack of local employment options. More than

70% of graduates in these regions reported that local economic conditions heavily influenced

their job choices, often prompting them to take roles unrelated to their qualifications or

long-term career goals. This highlights how regional job market conditions push individuals to

adapt to available opportunities. Similarly, in areas where specific industries dominate the job

market, graduates may feel compelled to adjust their career expectations to align with the limited

job openings available. Jacob et al. (2019)’s findings underscore how regional economic

challenges shape workforce dynamics, influencing career paths in areas with fewer opportunities.

Furthermore, the study by Mas and Pallais (2020) on the gig economy reveals that a lack of

traditional, secure job roles drives many graduates to consider more flexible, non-traditional

roles, such as freelancing or part-time work. For example, 65% of respondents in their study

expressed a preference for flexible work arrangements due to limited full-time positions in their
 26

preferred industries. This trend underscores a shift from the traditional career model, as

graduates navigate the trade-off between flexible yet less secure employment and stable,

full-time jobs that may not be readily available. This flexibility is crucial as graduates may

choose short-term or freelance work to maintain employability while exploring long-term

options (Mas & Pallais, 2020).

Industry Demand. The relationship between industry demand and career choices has been

increasingly scrutinized, especially as graduates enter a rapidly changing job market. Research

by Juanito Demetrio (2018) underscores the significant impact of industry demand on the types

of skills that are valued in the workforce, often resulting in a disconnect between the

qualifications that graduates possess and the jobs available to them. This gap, often referred to as

a skills mismatch, compels many graduates to either pursue further education or accept

employment in fields unrelated to their training. This challenge is particularly evident in

emerging economies where job creation may not keep pace with the increasing number of

graduates entering the workforce, prompting a reassessment of how educational institutions align

their programs with industry needs.

Industry demand does not always manifest in established sectors; in many cases, gaps in local

markets present opportunities for entrepreneurship. Cueto et al. (2022) highlight the increasing

trend of graduates in urban areas venturing into entrepreneurial activities, particularly in sectors

such as e-commerce, logistics, and digital innovations in micro, small, and medium enterprises

(MSMEs). This movement toward entrepreneurship is often driven by a lack of suitable

employment opportunities in traditional fields, prompting graduates to create their own pathways

to success. While entrepreneurship offers the potential for greater financial rewards and personal

fulfillment, it also entails considerable risk, particularly in industries that are still developing.
 27

The appeal of entrepreneurship is closely tied to local industry demand. For instance, the

expansion of e-commerce during the pandemic created a surge in demand for digital marketing

and logistics services, opening doors for young entrepreneurs to meet these emerging needs.

However, as Cueto et al. (2022) note, the lack of support structures for startups and small

businesses in emerging regions can hinder the long-term sustainability of entrepreneurial

ventures. Despite these challenges, many graduates see entrepreneurship as a viable alternative to

traditional employment, especially in industries where job growth is limited.

Freelancing has emerged as a significant employment trend in the global economy, particularly

in fields such as IT, creative services, and digital marketing. According to Gupta and Achhnani

(2022), the expansion of digital platforms has made freelance work more accessible, allowing

individuals to offer their services to a global market. This shift has led to the rise of the so-called

"gig economy," where workers are hired on a project-by-project basis rather than as permanent

employees. While freelancing offers considerable flexibility and autonomy, it also introduces

risks, including income instability and a lack of benefits such as health insurance and retirement

plans. This can be especially concerning in cultures where stable, long-term employment is

highly valued, such as in many Asian societies, where family expectations often emphasize

security and financial stability (Wood et al., 2019). Nonetheless, freelancing continues to grow as

an appealing option for individuals seeking greater control over their work-life balance.

Additionally, the impact of technology has further accelerated this trend, with more graduates

turning to online platforms for freelance opportunities. The gig economy allows them to develop

skills and gain experience across various sectors, but it may not align with traditional career

aspirations influenced by familial expectations (Gupta & Achhnani, 2022).

 28

Field Employment. The landscape of field employment for recent graduates has been

significantly influenced by various factors, including job availability, industry demand, and the

rise of the gig economy. A study conducted by Jones et al. (2019) highlights that over 60% of

recent graduates in Australia prioritize immediate job availability over their original career

aspirations when making employment decisions. This pragmatic approach to career planning

indicates that graduates often opt for accessible roles aligned with market demand, even if these

roles do not match their long-term goals. The trend emphasizes how economic conditions and the

immediacy of job openings can overshadow personal interests, particularly in regions where

employment options are limited.

More than 70% of respondents in their study indicated that local economic conditions heavily

influenced their job choices. This scenario underscores the reality that practical considerations,

such as the necessity for immediate employment, often compel graduates to adjust their career

expectations and aspirations to fit available opportunities. As graduates navigate these economic

constraints, their decisions reflect the larger dynamics of regional labor markets and the interplay

between education and employment.

The relationship between industry demand and the qualifications of recent graduates is another

critical factor influencing field employment. Johnson, P. & Walker, T. (2021) This study explores

the pervasive issue of skills mismatches, where graduates’ qualifications do not align with

employer demands. The resulting gap forces many to pursue further education or accept jobs

outside their fields, raising concerns about how well institutions prepare students for market

demands. Emerging economies, in particular, face heightened challenges, as rapid graduate

growth outpaces job creation, complicating workforce integration.

 29

Moreover, the emergence of the gig economy has transformed traditional employment

paradigms, offering graduates new avenues for work. According to a report by McKinsey (2022),

digital platforms have enabled graduates to participate in freelancing and short-term projects

globally. While this offers autonomy and flexibility, many face challenges such as income

instability and a lack of traditional job benefits. This trade-off between flexible gig work and the

security of permanent employment is increasingly common among graduates entering the

workforce​.

Their findings suggest that graduates are increasingly navigating a complex job market where

they must balance employability with their long-term career aspirations. As graduates adapt to

the realities of a shifting employment landscape, they often embrace non-traditional work

arrangements as a viable alternative to secure their livelihoods while exploring potential career

paths.

These studies highlight the multifaceted challenges recent graduates face in the current

employment landscape. The interplay of immediate job availability, industry demand, and the

rise of the gig economy significantly influences how graduates make their career choices. As

they adapt to these changing conditions, understanding these dynamics becomes crucial for

educators, policymakers, and career advisors seeking to better support graduates in their

transition into the workforce.

Job Type Preference. Recent graduates are shaped by a variety of factors, including personal

aspirations, economic conditions, and industry trends. A study by Zafar (2021) explores how

graduates prioritize job characteristics such as salary, work-life balance, job security, and the

alignment of roles with their field of study. The research indicates that while salary remains a
 30

significant factor in job selection, an increasing number of graduates are valuing work-life

balance and job satisfaction over higher pay. This shift reflects changing societal norms and the

recognition of mental well-being as a critical component of career choice. The findings highlight

the importance of understanding the evolving priorities of the new workforce and the need for

employers to adapt to these preferences to attract top talent.

Additionally, This study investigates how working remotely, by reducing workplace commuting,

weakens the limitations connected to residential mobility and enables Tiebout sort-ing. Jansen T.

(2022) We focus on the Italian context, where a strong culture of in-person workplace attendance

limits workers’ ability to live farther from their workplace.

In addition to flexibility, graduates are also placing a higher value on organizational culture and

values. A report by Glassdoor (2023) reveals that many recent graduates prefer to work for

organizations that align with their personal values, such as sustainability and diversity. This trend

indicates a shift towards a more purpose-driven workforce, where job seekers are not just

looking for employment but also seeking to contribute to causes they believe in. Companies that

can demonstrate a commitment to social responsibility may find themselves more appealing to

today’s graduates, influencing their job type preferences significantly.

Moreover, the global nature of today’s job market has expanded the options available to

graduates, allowing them to consider various job types beyond their local economies. Many

graduates are now open to international opportunities or roles in emerging industries, driven by

the potential for personal and professional growth. As a result, job type preferences are

increasingly influenced by factors such as global mobility, exposure to diverse cultures, and the

potential for innovative work environments. This trend underscores the need for educational
 31

institutions to prepare graduates not only for local job markets but also for a globalized

workforce.

Understanding job type preferences among recent graduates is crucial for employers and

educational institutions alike. As the priorities of the new workforce evolve, employers must

adapt their recruitment strategies to meet these changing demands. Research indicates that job

characteristics such as salary, work-life balance, flexibility, organizational culture, and alignment

with personal values play significant roles in shaping the job preferences of graduates. By

recognizing these trends and responding proactively, organizations can enhance their

attractiveness to emerging talent and foster a more engaged workforce.

Other Relevant Sources:

In today’s rapidly changing world, career choices made by recent graduates are influenced by

both family dynamics and external labor market conditions. According to Pisker (2022), family

culture plays a significant role in career decision-making, with comparative analyses between

Western and Asian societies revealing that family expectations often drive individuals towards

careers that promise financial stability or social prestige. In regions like Cagayan de Oro, family

influence can be particularly strong, pushing young people to pursue paths aligned with their

families’ expectations for financial security and honor.

Furthermore, Vautero et al. (2021) emphasizes that family could shape students’ career outcomes

through perceived environmental support or barriers, as well as academic efficacy. The results of

the study revealed that family values, expectations, and support indirectly influence the students’

career choice. This suggests that while families may encourage certain career paths based on
 32

tradition or economic concerns, their support can also provide the confidence needed to succeed

in those fields, particularly in competitive job markets.

In considering the job market, recent graduates must navigate these familial pressures while also

adapting to economic realities. The labor market conditions influence the availability of certain

jobs, and graduates often weigh family expectations against these external opportunities,

integrating both factors into their final career decisions. The introduction of new technologies,

such as automation and artificial intelligence, has added layers of uncertainty to labor markets, as

study by Connell & Burgess (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic further exacerbated this

uncertainty, leading to heightened volatility in employment opportunities and economic stability.

A study of Murphy and Turner (2023) examines the impact of neoliberalism on job security,

focusing on the private sector in Ireland as a case study. Murphy and Turner (2023) findings

indicate that employment stability persists, particularly due to the protective role of trade unions

and the interest of employers in retaining skilled workers. This suggests that despite the

pressures created by neoliberal economic trends, certain structural factors can enhance job

security.

In stable job markets, graduates may feel more confident to pursue careers that reflect their

personal values and goals, even if these choices differ from family expectations. On the other

hand, in uncertain job markets, graduates may choose more traditional careers to meet both

family and financial demands. The relationship between family influence, job market conditions,

and economic factors significantly shapes the career decisions of recent graduates.

Family expectations often play a significant role in shaping career decisions, especially in

cultures where family values and socioeconomic status are deeply ingrained. Aslan & Koçak
 33

(2023) emphasize the significant influence parents have on career choices among recent

graduates. In cultures where family values are prioritized, such as in Cagayan de Oro, parental

pressure can lead graduates to pursue careers that align with their family’s expectations rather

than their interests. This often results in a preference for stable and prestigious careers, such as

medicine, law, or engineering, over personal aspirations, reflecting the central role of family in

young individuals' lives.

Chen (2021) provides evidence that young adults’ career choices are associated with the quality

of their relationships with their parents. When parents' jobs are perceived as stable, this often

encourages children to choose similar career paths. In Cagayan de Oro, cultural values of close

family ties and collectivism further reinforce the influence of parental encouragement and

support, providing students with a sense of security and direction in their career navigation.

The importance of networks in career success is underscored by Ilyés & Sebők (2022). They note

that graduates who leverage their connections tend to achieve better labor market outcomes, such

as higher wages and more prestigious positions. This suggests that family and university peers

can play crucial roles in facilitating early career success by offering access to job openings and

mentorship opportunities. The job market in the Philippines has undergone significant shifts in

recent years, driven by various factors such as marketplace changes, globalization, and the rise of

freelance employment. These shifts have led to changes in job roles and the emergence of new

demands on workers. As a result, job market instability and uncertainty have increased,

particularly for college graduates who are making career decisions Bustos, R. (2023)

Tompsett and Knoester (2023) discuss how families with higher socioeconomic status often set

higher academic and career expectations, leading to more ambitious career goals. Wealthier
 34

parents typically provide better educational resources, enhancing their children's job prospects

and encouraging careers in prestigious fields. Hu et al. (2022) further explore this by

demonstrating that higher socioeconomic status is linked to more career exploration and goal

persistence, which improves person-job fit. In Cagayan de Oro, the impact of family

socioeconomic status is particularly significant, influencing local job market dynamics and

perpetuating socioeconomic advantages for children from wealthier families.

Together, these studies illustrate the complex interplay between family expectations,

socioeconomic status, job market conditions, and cultural values in shaping career paths,

highlighting the need for awareness and support for individuals navigating these influences in

their career decisions.

Family has long been recognized as a major influence on an individual’s career choices, serving

as a primary socializing agent. Pisker (2022) highlights that career preferences are often passed

down through generations, a process known as intergenerational transmission of occupation.

Children, especially in Asian societies, tend to follow career paths similar to their parents due to

cultural expectations and the value placed on familial obligations. This pattern is particularly

evident in families where parents hold prestigious positions, leading children to seek similar

high-status occupations (Pisker, 2022). Furthermore, this research suggests that family influence

on career choices is stronger in Asian societies than in Western. In Western societies, individuals

tend to prioritize self-expression and personal interests when choosing careers, exercising more

autonomy from family preferences. However, in Asian cultures, including the Philippines, career

decisions are more likely to align with family expectations due to the emphasis on filial piety,

family honor, and societal roles.

 35

Family plays a pivotal role in shaping career choices, particularly during the transition from

school to university or the workforce. Sella Kumar (2016) emphasizes that family members,

especially parents, exert significant influence on students’ decisions regarding their future

careers. This parental influence manifests in several ways, including direct expectations,

socioeconomic pressures, and family traditions. Fathers, in particular, are often found to have a

greater impact on career decision-making than mothers, as highlighted by Kumar's findings in

the Ethiopian context, where fathers' occupations significantly influence their children's career

paths (Kumar, 2016). Kumar’s (2016) use of the Career Choice Traditionalism Scale provides

insight into the persistence of traditional career paths. His research reveals that many students in

Ethiopia continue to follow conventional career paths, often dictated by their parents, even as

new and alternative career opportunities emerge.

Freelancing, as a career choice, has gained significant traction globally, especially among

younger professionals seeking flexibility, autonomy, and opportunities to work on a variety of

projects. According to the Global Survey on Freelancing by Dr. Jon Younger (2021), freelancing

continues to grow, driven by the availability of technology, global economic shifts, and the

demand for remote work arrangements that have been accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Younger professionals, in particular, have been drawn to freelance work due to the independence

it offers and the growing desire to step outside traditional employment pathways. The report

highlights several key factors driving the global shift towards freelancing. One is the flexibility

that freelancing provides, which many respondents to the survey identified as crucial for their

decision to pursue this career path. Despite concerns about job security, many freelancers report
 36

a strong sense of satisfaction with their work-life balance, creativity, and autonomy (Younger,

2021).

Parental influence has long been considered a critical factor in shaping career choices,

particularly in cultures where family expectations hold significant weight. According to Nawabi

et al. (2019), parental perceptions play a dominant role in children's career development

processes, often directing them toward prestigious and secure professions like medicine, law, or

engineering​. This influence is especially pronounced in Asian societies, where family values and

cultural expectations heavily sway career choices​. Research highlights that parents, consciously

or unconsciously, shape their children's career aspirations through their perceptions of success

and stability​. Many parents encourage their children to pursue careers that offer financial security

and social prestige, which are often seen as measures of success within the family and broader

society. This dynamic can limit the exploration of nontraditional career paths such as freelancing

or entrepreneurship, despite opportunities that may arise due to changing job market conditions​.

Career decision-making among recent graduates is shaped by a complex interaction of personal

aspirations, familial expectations, and the conditions of the labor market. For graduates from

regional areas, these factors are particularly impactful, as they navigate unique socioeconomic

realities and employment landscapes distinct from metropolitan regions. Although the

importance of family influence and job market conditions on career choices has been recognized,

there is still a need to explore how these factors interact specifically in regional settings, where

employment opportunities may be more limited, and family involvement more pronounced.
 37

A study by Jessup, et al (2021) that rural‐origin graduates were more likely to work in rural

locations after graduating. Graduates sought initial regional or rural employment to be close to

family; to avail themselves of more job opportunities and less competition from other graduates;

and for adventure. According to Fini et. al (2022) they find that self-employment most likely

occurs among those who study and stay in their home region, as well as those who study in a

different region and return to their home one. Conversely, salaried positions are more appealing

to those who, after graduation, move to a region other than their home one. Individual

characteristics explain the decision to enter self-employment or accept a salaried job.

Understanding how these market dynamics interact with family expectations will provide

insights into the challenges graduates face in making career choices that align with both their

professional aspirations and personal circumstances.

 38

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the research design, research instrument, research environment,

respondents, data gathering, and the scoring guidelines.

Research Design

A descriptive quantitative design was chosen because the study aims to quantify the

influence of family and job market conditions on career choices. This approach allows for

statistical analysis of trends and relationships between variables, providing measurable and

generalizable insights. It aids researchers to have a meaningful and harmonious flow in

conducting clear and comprehensive study. This research design mainly concerns how and what

certain timely and relevant phenomena address the concurrent topics that most variables benefit

such study. It is important to note that the descriptive research approach does not include the

researcher influencing or altering any variables, in contrast to experimental research.

Identification, observation, and measurement of the variables are the only actions taken. It is a

quantitative research method designed to collect measurable data for statistical analysis of the

population sample. It is a widely used tool for market research that helps us to collect and

interpret demographic segment characteristics.

 39

Research Environment

This study investigates the career decisions of 2023-2024 Bachelor of Science in

Business Administration graduates at one of the universities in Cagayan de Oro City. The city's

rapid economic growth, strategic location, and diverse job market make it an ideal case study.

Traditional industries like engineering and healthcare coexist with nontraditional paths such as

entrepreneurship and freelancing, presenting graduates with a range of options. This research

examines how factors like parental expectations, family socioeconomic status, job availability,

and industry demand influence graduates' field of employment and job type preferences. By

exploring trends in both traditional and nontraditional sectors, this study aims to understand the

diverse career trajectories of Cagayan de Oro's university graduates. The study acknowledges

methodological limitations. The findings may not capture all recent graduates' experiences, as

the sample representation is limited to participants from select universities. Additionally, reliance

on self-reported data may introduce biases, as graduates' perspectives on family influence or job

market conditions might vary based on subjective experiences. Furthermore, the rapidly

changing nature of job markets may reduce the study's long-term applicability. Despite these

limitations, this study provides valuable insights into the factors shaping career decisions among

graduates in Cagayan de Oro's unique economic and cultural landscape.

40
 41

Respondents

The respondents of this study comprised both male and female graduates of the Bachelor

of Science in Business Administration (BSBA) program from a university in Cagayan de Oro

City during the recent 2023–2024 academic year. Eligible respondents included those majoring

in Management Accounting, Accountancy, Financial Management, and Marketing Management.

The study included individuals aged 20 and above, regardless of their civil status—single,

married, or widowed. Participants were chosen based on the requirement that they had completed

the necessary coursework in their respective majors, allowing them to provide informed

responses regarding career choices influenced by family expectations and job market conditions.

These individuals are ideally suited for this research as they represent recent graduates

transitioning into the workforce, where career decisions are most immediate and significant. As

graduates of business-focused programs, they are directly impacted by the current job market's

economic conditions and industry demands, as well as by family expectations which may guide

or influence their career paths. Their academic backgrounds equip them with insights into

employment trends and business practices, making them well-positioned to offer relevant

perspectives on how family influence and job market conditions affect career choice.

Data was collected using an online survey, ensuring respondents were capable of

independently completing the questionnaire. Respondents who did not meet the graduation

requirements of the 2023–2024 batch, those who graduated from other programs, and those who

declined participation after reviewing the informed consent form were excluded from the study.
 42

Sampling Procedure

To achieve a representative sample of respondents, stratified random sampling was used.

This method ensures that each BSBA program—Bachelor of Science in Accountancy, Bachelor

of Science in Management Accounting, BSBA major in Financial Management, and BSBA

major in Marketing Management—was proportionately represented in the sample based on its

share in the total population of graduates. Out of a total population of 367 BSBA graduates, a

sample size of 188 respondents was determined using Cochran’s equation.

Population Sample
BSBA Programs Sample (n)
(N) (%)

Bachelor of Science in Accountancy 62 32 16.89

Bachelor of Science in Management Accounting 72 37 19.62

BSBA major in Financial Management 104 53 28.34

BSBA major in Marketing Management 129 66 35.15

Total 367 188 100

Stratified random sampling was selected to maintain the proportionate representation of

each BSBA major, reducing sampling bias and increasing the accuracy of the study results by

ensuring that each subgroup is adequately represented (Etikan & Bala, 2017). This approach

allowed the researchers to draw conclusions that better reflect the distinct career preferences and

influences within each program, thereby enhancing the overall validity of the findings.
 43

Cochran’s formula for sample size calculation is:

where:

● Z = Z-score for the desired confidence level (1.96 for 95% confidence level),

● e = margin of error (5%, or 0.05),

● p = estimated proportion of the population (we can assume 0.5 to maximize variability),

● q = 1− p

This initial sample n0​= 384.16 is calculated for an infinite population. Since we have a finite

population of N = 367, we need to adjust this sample size.

Finite Population Correction:

 44

where:

● n = adjusted sample size for a finite population,

● N = 367.

The Sample size for the finite population (n) = 188

Now, to distribute the total sample size of 188 among the different BSBA programs, based on

the proportion of each program's population in the total population. The formula for each

program’s sample size is:

where:

● nprogram​ = sample size for a specific program

● Nprogram​= population size of that program

● N=367 = total population

● n=188 = total sample size

 45

Calculations for Each Program:

1. Bachelor of Science in Accountancy:

2. Bachelor of Science in Management Accounting:

3. BSBA major in Financial Management:

4. BSBA major in Marketing Management:

These values are the rounded sample sizes shown in the "Sample (n)" column for each program.

To determine the percentage for each program in the sample, use the formula:
 46

Calculations for Each Program's Percentage

1. Bachelor of Science in Accountancy:

2. Bachelor of Science in Management Accounting:

3.BSBA major in Financial Management:

4. BSBA major in Marketing Management:

These calculated percentages match the values shown in the "Sample (%)" column in the table.
 47

Research Instrument

The research instrument for this study is a structured survey questionnaire developed to

examine factors influencing career choices among recent graduates, with a specific focus on

family influence and job market conditions. The questionnaire is divided into three main sections

and consists of thirty (30) indicators in total, covering the categories outlined below to

comprehensively assess the factors influencing career choices. Respondents are asked to rate

each statement on a Likert scale ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 4 (Strongly Agree),

providing a detailed measure of the degree to which family influence and job market conditions

impact their career decisions. The Demographic section gathers essential demographic data,

including the respondents’ name (optional), age, gender, and course, to provide background

information that supports subgroup analysis.

The first section addresses Family Influence, focusing on two sub-categories: Parental

Expectations and Family Socioeconomic Status. Parental Expectations focus on understanding

how parental expectations and encouragement shape and influence career decisions, examining

the emotional and motivational impacts such as pressure, obligation, and alignment with parental

aspirations. Family Socioeconomic Status examines how financial stability or limitations impact

the freedom to choose, willingness to pursue non-traditional paths, and the prioritization of job

opportunities. Each sub-category contains five (5) items, resulting in ten (10) items for this

section.

The second section assesses Job Market Conditions, which includes Job Availability and

Industry Demand as its sub-categories. Job Availability focuses on how job availability impacts

decisions, the balance between personal interests and job prospects, and the willingness to adapt
 48

career paths based on regional employment opportunities. Industry Demand focuses on whether

high demand in certain industries motivates respondents' preferences, even if this may not align

with personal interests or requires additional training. This section also comprises ten (10) items,

with five (5) items per sub-category.

The final section addresses the dependent variable—Career Choices—by examining

Field of Employment and Job Type Preference. Field of Employment analyzes the likelihood of

respondents pursuing careers aligned with their academic background or choosing high-demand

fields. Job Type Preference explores respondents' preferences for different types of employment,

such as full-time, freelance, or part-time work, addressing aspects like income stability, work-life

balance, and financial contributions to their family. This section includes ten (10) items, divided

equally between the two sub-categories.

 49

Validity and Reliability of Instrument

The research instrument used in this study will be tested for both validity and reliability

to ensure data accuracy and consistency. This process ensures that the instrument measures what

it is intended to and produces stable results over repeated applications. Thus, the expert’s

evaluation will help verify the questionnaire’s alignment with the study’s objectives and the

statement of the problem.

Validity of a questionnaire can be established by consulting an expert, who examines the

theoretical construct (Bolarinwa, 2016). This approach assesses how well the concept of the

theoretical construct is represented in an operational measure (questionnaire). Hence, the

researchers consulted a research advisor who previously taught research classes at a private

university and is currently teaching at a public school. ​The advisor’s expertise will help ensure

that the instrument is clear, well-designed, and methodologically sound.

Reliability is an extent to which a questionnaire, test, observation or any measurement

procedure produces the same results on repeated trials (Bolarinwa, 2016). Therefore, the

questionnaire’s reliability will be validated through a pilot test involving a sample of 30 recent

graduates of the Bachelor of Science in Business Administration programs. To assess the internal

consistency of the questionnaire, Cronbach’s Alpha will be used, as recommended by Tavakol

and Dennick (2011) in their review of reliability measures. Additionally, the standards presented

below by Streiner (2003) will be followed. These thresholds provide a framework for

interpreting internal consistency in quantitative research and verifying the reliability of survey

items.
 50

Cronbach’s Alpha Results

To assess the internal consistency of the research instrument, the researchers utilized

Cronbach's Alpha, a widely accepted measure for evaluating the reliability of scale items

(Tavakol & Dennick, 2011). Cronbach's Alpha provides insight into how well items within a test

measure the same underlying construct. An Alpha value of 0.91, as found in this study, indicates

high internal consistency and reliability, since values above 0.90 are considered excellent

(Streiner, 2003). High internal consistency enhances the credibility of research findings, ensuring

that the scale items yield stable and consistent results. Reliable measurement instruments are

essential for collecting accurate data and reinforcing the validity of research (Bland & Altman,

1997). Utilizing Cronbach's Alpha in this study helps validate instruments and supports the

integrity of research outcomes.

DESCRIPTION VALUES INTERNAL CONSISTENCY

No. of Items 30

Sum of the Item Variance 15.08 EXCELLENT

Variance of Total Score 126.37

α = 0.91

Expert Validation

Name: Erwin Bagon Langam

Signature:

Date: November 5, 2024

 51

Data Gathering

The data gathering for this study will center on administering a structured survey

questionnaire. The questionnaire is designed with items measured on a Likert scale to enable

quantitative analysis.

Before full distribution, the questionnaire will undergo a pre-testing phase with a small

group of participants—specifically, 30 respondents—to assess clarity, relevance, and reliability.

The questionnaire will be distributed online through Google Forms to facilitate accessibility and

convenience for participants. Based on feedback from the pre-test, necessary adjustments will be

made to refine question wording and ensure that all items accurately capture the intended

variables.

To begin the survey, respondents will review a cover page outlining essential information

about the study, such as its purpose, the researchers' contact details, and the study’s objectives.

They will be asked to provide informed consent by selecting an "I agree" option, confirming

their willingness to participate in the study. Upon providing consent, respondents will proceed to

complete the survey.

As part of the data gathering process, all respondents will receive a copy of their

participation agreement as a measure of transparency and to formally acknowledge their

contribution to the research. After data collection, responses will be compiled and prepared for

statistical analysis, which will be applied to evaluate the relationships between family influence,

job market conditions, and career choices among recent graduates.

 52

Scoring Guidelines

Before data collection, the researchers assigned a numerical code to each answer

provided by the respondents. The scales, descriptions, and interpretations below provide the

foundation for organizing and interpreting the data collected from the survey responses.

Table 1. Scoring Guide for Family Influence

Range Description Interpretation

3.26-4.00 Strongly Agree Very High Influence

2.51-3.25 Agree High Influence

1.76-2.50 Disagree Moderate Influence

1.00-1.75 Strongly Disagree Low Influence

Table 2. Scoring Guide for Job Market Condition

Range Description Interpretation

3.26-4.00 Strongly Agree Very High Influence

2.51-3.25 Agree High Influence

1.76-2.50 Disagree Moderate Influence

1.00-1.75 Strongly Disagree Low Influence

Table 3. Scoring Guide for Career Choices

Range Description Interpretation

3.26-4.00 Strongly Agree Very High Influence

2.51-3.25 Agree High Influence

1.76-2.50 Disagree Moderate Influence

1.00-1.75 Strongly Disagree Low Influence

 53

Statistical treatment of Data

Once data collection is complete, statistical methods will be applied to interpret the

gathered data accurately. A 4-point Likert Scale will assess respondents’ level of influence,

ranging from 4 (Very High Influence) to 1 (Low Influence). The data will be quantified and

organized in Microsoft Excel, followed by statistical analysis to evaluate the influence of each

factor. Descriptive statistics, such as mean scores, variance, and correlation coefficients, will be

employed to analyze the quantified data. To determine relationships between family influence,

job market conditions, and career choices, the study will utilize correlation analysis. Pearson’s

correlation coefficient will measure the strength and direction of the relationship between

independent variables, such as parental expectations, family socioeconomic status, job

availability, and industry demand, and the dependent variables, including job type preference and

field of employment. This analysis will identify whether these factors are positively or negatively

associated with graduates’ career choices. To ensure instrument reliability, Cronbach’s Alpha

will measure internal consistency across questionnaire items, while content validity has been

evaluated by a research expert. This statistical approach aims to ensure that the findings are

reliable and reflective of the population studied. The outlined plan for data analysis may be

adjusted as necessary based on the actual data collected.

 54

Ethical Considerations

This section addresses the ethical considerations relevant to the study. It outlines the guidelines

that ensure participants engage in the research voluntarily, with full awareness and understanding

of the process, while also prioritizing their safety and security.

Privacy and Confidentiality. All data collected from participants in this study will

remain anonymous if published, ensuring their identities are protected in accordance with

Republic Act 10173, known as the Data Privacy Act of 2012. Responses will be kept

confidential and used solely for research purposes.

Informed Consent. The participants will have a clear understanding of the study’s

purpose and the potential for their experiences to be analyzed and published, contributing to a

broader understanding of trends. They will also know what they are consenting to.

Voluntary Participation and Avoiding Coercion. Participation in the study is entirely

voluntary and will not impact professional status. Participants have the right to withdraw at any

time without facing any negative consequences.

Risk Management. Participants in this study were informed that their involvement

would only require completing a survey, which would take approximately 6 to 15 minutes. They

had the option to provide their names on the survey if they chose to do so. Answering the

questionnaire did not impose any additional pressure, risks, or discomfort. If they felt

uncomfortable with any question, they could simply skip it. The researchers' contact information

is provided for clarifications or questions about the questionnaire or study.

 55

Transparency and Honesty. The results of this study will be shared with participants

and stakeholders in an accessible format to honor their contributions to this research.

 56

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APPENDIX A

Research Instrument

Survey Questionnaire

Introduction

Greetings!

We are fourth (4th) year BSBA Marketing and Financial Management students

conducting research on “EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAMILY

INFLUENCE AND JOB MARKET CONDITIONS ON THE CAREER CHOICES AMONG

RECENT GRADUATES OF A UNIVERSITY IN CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY”. Your

participation in this online survey is greatly appreciated and will contribute significantly to the

data needed for this research study.

Research Details

The respondents for this survey will be recent graduates from the Bachelor of Science in

Business Administration (BSBA) program at a university in Cagayan de Oro City. This group is

chosen for their recent transitioning into the workforce, making them ideal candidates for

examining the factors that influence career choice, including family expectations and job market

conditions.

Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between family influence and job

market conditions on the career choices of recent Bachelor of Science in Business

Administration (BSBA) graduates from a university in Cagayan de Oro City. Specifically, it aims

to understand how factors such as parental expectations, family socioeconomic status, job

availability, and industry demand shape graduates' career paths, including their preferred fields of

employment and job types. By analyzing these influences, the study seeks to gain insights into
 65

the factors that drive career decision-making among young professionals entering the workforce

in a rapidly evolving and competitive job market.

General Time Frame

The research will take place in the first semester of Academic Year 2023-2024.

Respondents are expected to spend about 6 to 15 minutes completing the survey questionnaire,

with no set time limit for their responses.

Confidentiality and Anonymity

In conducting this study, we prioritized both confidentiality and anonymity to protect the

privacy of all participants. Personal identifiers, such as names, were removed from all

documentation and data analysis. All collected data is stored securely and is accessible only to

the research team, in compliance with Republic Act No. 10173, known as the Data Privacy Act

of 2012. This commitment to confidentiality and anonymity not only adheres to ethical research

standards but also ensures the integrity and trustworthiness of the research process. If you have

any questions or concerns, you may contact the researchers.

Lagunay, Marianne Judee J.

([email protected])

Santos, Stiffe Lindsay Cabilan

([email protected])

Tautoan, Kiara Lumosad

([email protected] )

Udasco, Josh Andrew Rama

([email protected])

Waga, Robin Jan Legaspi

([email protected])
 66

Voluntary Participation
Your participation is entirely voluntary, and you may withdraw at any time without any penalty

or consequence.

Informed Consent
If you have read and understood the above, and you agree to participate, please indicate your

consent below.

( ) I agree to participate

( ) I do not agree to participate

Section I. Demographics

Name (Optional) ____________

Age

☐ 18 - 21

☐ 22 - 25

☐ 26 and above

Gender

☐ Female

☐ Male

☐ Prefer not to say

☐ Other: ____________

Course/Program

☐ Bachelor of Science in Management Accounting

☐ Bachelor of Science in Accountancy

☐ Bachelor of Science in Business Administration major in Financial Management

☐ Bachelor of Science in Business Administration major in Marketing Management

 67

The table below contains the questions necessary for data gathering and information collection:

Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly

Agree Disagree

(4) (3) (2) (1)

Family Influence (Section II)

A. Parental Expectations

1. My parents have openly

discussed their career
expectations for me, including
specific job roles or titles.

2. My parents encourage me to
choose a career with long-term
job stability.

3. My parents’ expectations
strongly influence my current
career choice.

4. I feel obligated to pursue a

career that aligns with my
parents' expectations.

5. I feel pressure from my parents

to achieve financial stability
through my career choice.

B. Family Socioeconomic Status

1. My family’s financial situation

has influenced my choice of
career path.

2. Because of my family's
financial stability, I feel I have
more freedom to choose my
career.

3. If my family were in a different

financial position, I might have
made a different career choice.
 68

4. My family’s financial status has

impacted my willingness to
consider unconventional career
paths, such as freelancing or
entrepreneurship.

5. Due to my family’s financial

background, I feel the need to
prioritize work opportunities.

Job Market Conditions (Section III)

A. Job Availability

1. The availability of jobs in my

field strongly influences my
career choice.

2. I am more likely to choose a

career in fields where job
openings are abundant.

3. I would have chosen a different

career if there were more job
opportunities in another field.

4. I prioritized job availability over

my personal interests when
choosing my career.

5. If job opportunities in my
desired career field are limited
in my city or region, I am
willing to choose a different
career path.

B. Industry Demand

1. The demand for workers in

specific industries affects my
career choice.

2. I prefer a career in a field where

there is high industry demand,
even if it's not my top interest.
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3. I feel that choosing a career in a

high-demand industry will
provide me with better job
security.

4. I am likely to pursue a career in

a growing industry with strong
demand for workers, even if it
requires additional training or
education.

5. I feel motivated to pursue a

career in a field with high job
market demand.

Career Choices (Section IV)

A. Field of Employment

1. I am likely to choose a career

field that aligns with my
academic background.

2. I am open to working in a field

outside my degree program if
the opportunity is promising.

3. My family’s preferences
influence the field of
employment I plan to pursue.

4. I prioritize job opportunities in

high-demand fields, regardless
of my original career interest.

5. I aim to enter a field that offers

long-term stability and growth
potential.

B. Job Type Preference

1. I prefer a full-time job that

offers consistent income and
benefits.

2. My family’s financial situation

influences my preference for a
stable, full-time job.
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3. I would consider a freelance or

entrepreneurial career if it
offered similar income and
stability as a full-time job.

4. I prioritize career flexibility and

work-life balance, even if it
means choosing freelance or
part-time work.

5. I prioritize flexible work

arrangements over traditional
full-time positions.
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APPENDIX B

Data and Cronbach Alpha

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APPENDIX C

Curriculum Vitae