38 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICS, Class-XI

 Radiation is the phenomenon of transfer of heat from source to the receiver without any actual movement of
source or receiver and without heating the intervening medium. For example, heat comes to us from the Sun
through radiation.
 Perfectly black body is that which absorbs all the radiations incident upon it. Thus absorptive power of a perfectly
black body is unity (i.e., 100%). When such a body is heated to high temperature, it would emit radiations of all
wavelengths.

Key Formulae
∆Q ∆T
 Rate of conduction of Heat, = KA
∆t ∆x
T1 – T2
 Thermal resistance, RTh =
dQ / dt

∞
 Emissive power, e’ = ∫0 eλ dλ

e
 Emissivity, e=
E

UNIT – VIII: THERMODYNAMICS

CHAPTER-11
THERMODYNAMICS

Revision Notes
 Thermodynamics: Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the concepts of heat and temperature
and the inter-conversion of heat and other forms of energy. Thermodynamics is a macroscopic science. It deals
with bulk systems and does not go into the molecular constitution of matter.
 Thermal equilibrium: A system is in equilibrium if the macroscopic variables (pressure, volume, temperature,
mass and composition) those characterise the system do not change with time.
 Adiabatic wall: Adiabatic wall is an insulating wall that does not allow flow of energy (heat) from one to another.
 Diathermic wall: Diathermic wall is a conducting wall that allows flow of energy (heat) from one to another.
 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: Two systems in thermal equilibrium with a third system separately are in
thermal equilibrium with each other.
 Internal energy: Every bulk system consists of a large number of molecules. Internal energy is the sum of the
kinetic energies and potential energies of these molecules.
 Equivalence of work and heat: Work is a form of heat energy. 4.18 × 103 Joule of work is equivalent to 1 kilocalorie
of heat.
W = JQ
J is the mechanical equivalent of heat.
 Sign convention of heat:
(i) Negative when heat is given from a system to its surroundings.

(ii) Positive when heat is taken from the surroundings by the system.

 First law of thermodynamics: If an amount of heat ∆Q is given to a system, a part of it is increases the internal
energy ∆U of the system and the rest is utilized in doing work ∆W by the system.
∆Q = ∆U + ∆W

l In cyclic process: In cyclic process, a system is taken from one initial state to other different states and finally
brought back to its initial state.
So, there is no change in internal energy i.e.
 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICS, Class-XI 39
∆U= 0
So, ∆Q = ∆W

l In isobaric process: In isobaric process the pressure remains constant.
Work done = ∆W = P∆V
So, ∆Q = ∆U + P∆V

l In isochoric process: In isochoric process the volume remains constant.
So, work done = ∆W = P∆V = 0
So, ∆Q = ∆U
l In isothermal process: In isothermal process the temperature remains constant.
∆Q = ∆U + ∆W
(For ideal gas, the internal energy depends on temperature only. As temperature is constant, then ∆U = 0.
So, ∆Q = ∆W)
l In adiabatic process: In adiabatic process heat neither enters nor leaves the system.
Hence, ∆Q = 0
So, ∆U = – ∆W
 Thermodynamic processes :
(a) Isothermal process, where the temperature remains constant. The pressure and volume of a given mass of gas
changes.
Essential conditions :
(i) Walls of container must be perfectly conducting.
(ii) Changes must be slow.
Isothermal process obeys Boyle’s law i.e., PV = constant.

Variation of P with V at constant temperature is represented by Isothermal curves.

Slope of an isothermal graph is negative.
(b) Adiabatic process, where the heat content of a gaseous system remains constant. The pressure and volume of
given mass of gas change with consequent change in temperature.
Essential conditions are :
(i) Walls of container must be perfectly insulating.
(ii) Changes must be sudden.
Adiabatic process obeys Poission’s law i.e., PVγ = constant.

The variation of P with V at constant heat content is represented by an Adiabatic curve.

40 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICS, Class-XI

Slope of adiabatic curve

=γ
Slope of isothermal curve

Since, γ is always greater than 1, adiabatic curve is steeper than isothermal curve.
(c) Isobaric process, where pressure is kept constant.
Since, temperature changes, so does internal energy. The heat absorbed goes partly to increase internal energy
and partly to do work. The change in temperature for a given amount of heat is determined by the specific heat
of the gas at constant pressure.
(d) Isochoric process, where volume is kept constant.
In an isochoric process, V is constant. No work is done on or by the gas. The heat absorbed by the gas goes
entirely to change its internal energy and its temperature. The change in temperature for a given amount of heat
is determined by the specific heat of the gas at constant volume.
 Work done in isothermal and adiabatic process:
Area under the curve is the measurement of work done.
l For same expansion,
Work done by isothermal process > work done in adiabatic process.
l For same compression:
Work done by adiabatic process > work done in isothermal process.
 2nd law of thermodynamics:
There are two statements:
l Kelvin-Planck statement: No process is possible whose sole result is the absorption of heat from a reservoir
and the complete conversion of the heat into work.
l Clausius statement: No process is possible whose sole result is the transfer of heat from a colder object to a
hotter object.
 Reversible process: The process which can be reversed in such a way that all changes taking place in the direct
process are exactly repeated in reverse order and opposite sense is called reversible process.
 Irreversible process: The process which cannot be reversed is called irreversible process.

Key Words
 Thermodynamical system & thermodynamical parameters.
A gaseous system is called a thermodynamical system. The state of the system is represented in terms of pressure
(P), volume (V), temperature (T) and heat content (Q) of the gas. These four quantities are called thermodynamical
parameters of the system.
 Open system : System which exchanges both energy & matter with surroundings.
 Closed system : System which exchanges only energy with surroundings.
 Isolated system : System which Exchanges neither energy nor matter with surroundings.
 Equation of state is the equation connecting pressure, volume and temperature of the gas.
 Isothermal process, where the temperature remains constant.
 Adiabatic process, where the heat content of a gaseous system remains constant.
 Isobaric process, where pressure is kept constant.
 Isochoric process, where volume is kept constant.
 Reversible process is a process which can be reversed back to initial state.
 Irreversible process is a process which cannot be traced back in opposite direction.

Key Formulae
 Equation of state for:
(a) Isothermal process: PV = Constant.
V
(b) Isobaric process: = Constant.
T
P
(c) Isochoric process: = Constant.
T
 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICS, Class-XI 41
(d) Adiabatic process: PVg = constant;
TVg–1 = constant and
P  1
= constant.
T
 Work done during expansion of gas: dW = PdV (for constant pressure)
V2
or W = ∫V1
PdV (for variable pressure)

(a) In an isothermal process :

 V2 
W = 2.3026 RT log10  
 V1 
 P1 
W = 2.3026 RT log10  P 
 2
(b) In an adiabatic process :
R
W = (T – T1)
1  2
1
= (P V – P1V1)
1− γ 2 2

Mnemonics
 Concept: Four thermodynamic processes.
 Mnemonics: Today Income Tax was paid in Indian Bank by Vijoy in Indian Currency, ad
adjacent to
National highway.
Interpretation:
T → temperature is constant 
I → Iso  Temperature remains constant in isothermal process.
T → Thermal 
P → pressure

I → Iso  Pressure remains constant in isobaric process.
B → baric 
V → volume 
I → Iso  Volume remain constant in isochoric process.
C → Choric 
Ad → adiabatic

N → No  No heat transfer between system and surrounding takes place in
h → heat transfer  adiabatic process.

UNIT – IX: BEHAVIOUR OF PERFECT GASES AND KINETIC THEORY OF

GASES

CHAPTER-12
KINETIC THEORY
Revision Notes
 Ideal Gases :
(a) 
Strictly obeys gas laws, like Boyle’s law, Charles’s law etc.
(b) The size of the gas molecules is almost zero and the volume of the gas molecule is also almost zero.