Gr 9 Chemistry 2025

Keeping a good up to date notebook is key. These notes are a guide as to what exactly you must know and
be able to do. Assessments are based on these notes

Contents

page Topic page Text

book

0 Periodic Table back

1 Gr8 revision, Periodic Table, Atomic structure & subatomic particles 75-80

2 Naming compounds 81-28

3-4 Writing formulae

5 Chemical Equations & Balancing Equations 86-87

6-9 Reaction with oxygen – combustion & rusting & SBA Prac 89-92

10 Acids, Bases & pH scale

11 Indicators & Typical Acid Reactions

12 Acids + Alkaline solutions

13 Acids + Metal oxides and Acids + Carbonates

14 Acids + Metals and Fire safety

 Alkali metals

Alkali earth metals

Rare Earth Metals

Transition Metals
gases

liquids

Halogens

Nobel gases
 -1-

L1: Grade 8 Revision (textbook: study p75-78)

Definitions/Keywords:
• atoms – smallest units that elements are made of. (imagine cutting a millimetre into 10 million parts)
• element – pure substance, made up of only one type of atom that cannot be split up into simpler
substances by chemical reactions. There are about a 100 and listed on the Periodic Table.
• group – a column in the Periodic Table for the Main Groups I - VIII
• period – a row in the Periodic Table
• compound – is when two or more elements are chemical bonded together. Their properties are nothing
like the elements they are made of. They can be decomposed into their elements. They can be molecules
or salts.
• molecule – is when two or more non-metal atoms at chemically bonded together.
e.g. elements like H2 , O2 and Cl2 = hydrogen, oxygen & chlorine

or compounds like H2O = water & CO2 = carbon dioxide

• salts – when a metal bonds with a non-metal
e.g. NaCl = sodium chloride & Fe2O3 = iron oxide (rust)

Sub-atomic Particles & Atomic Structure

Study the symbol for carbon: atomic no. = no. protons in nucleus (p+)
6
= no. electrons (e-) in a neutral atom
• It’s symbol can be shown as any of
12
12 C
12 mass no. = p+ + no
the 3 examples, 6
C , 6
12C or C
6
depending which textbook you read.
• Atoms are made of smaller particles called subatomic particles.
• The nucleus is made of protons (p+) which are positively charged and neutrons (no) which are neutral (i.e.
have no charge). The mass number = no. protons + no. neutrons.
• The nucleus is very tiny compared to the rest of the atom and yet it contains more than 99% of the mass of
the atom. Seems unbelievable but there is strong evidence. A bit too complicated to explain yet for Gr9.
• Electrons (e-) are negatively charged. They are arranged in energy levels around the nucleus like the layers
of an onion. The first layer can only contain 2 electrons. The next few layers can contain 8 electrons. Notice
how these layers correspond with the periods (rows) on the Periodic Table.
• Atoms are neutral and therefore have an equal number of protons (p+) and electrons (e-).
• The atomic number is equal to the number of protons (and electrons in a neutral atom) which gives its
position on the periodic table.

SEE p76
 -2-

Task 1: (finish for HW)

1. Colour code the Periodic Table per the diagram shown in class. Paste it in your notebook. There’s also a
Periodic Table at the back of the text book.
2. Be able to identify those classified as metals, non-metals and metalloids (semi-metals) and their
relative position on the Periodic Table.
3. Label the groups: I = Alkali metals, II = Alkali-earth metals, VII =Halogens, VIII = Nobel Gases,
Transition Metals & Rare Earth Metals.
4. In your note book list the names and symbols of the 1st 20 elements plus Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Ag, I,
Pt, Au, Hg, Pb, U in a table like the one below. Memorize the names and symbols.
Also use their atomic & mass numbers to list their number of subatomic particles.
Atomic Symbol Name Mass no. p+ no. e- no. no
no. no. Key: electron, e- -
1 H Hydrogen 1 1 1 0 proton, p+ +
neutron, no
2 He
-
3 Li
-
etc…
+
+ +
3
5. Draw the structure of the atom of the element -
Li
(Note this nucleus is hugely exaggerated in size) 7
11
6. Draw the electron configuration of an atom of the element Na
Just use a dot ( ) for the nucleus 23

It has 2e- in 1st layer, 8e- in 2nd layer and 1e- in 3rd layer.
It’s like the periods (rows) in the Periodic Table.

L2: Naming Compounds (study p81-82)

1. Two elements – second element ends in ide e.g. MgF2 = magnesium fluoride.
2. For molecules (non-metals) it may have a prefix of: mono = 1 , di = 2 , tri = 3 , tetra = 4 , penta = 5
e.g. CO = carbon monoxide, CO2 = carbon dioxide, CCl4 = carbon tetrachloride.
3. If 3rd element is oxygen it usually ends in ate e.g. Na2CO3 = sodium carbonate.

Task: 2
1. Read steps for naming compounds p81 & 82.
2. Do Activities 6, 7 & 8 (finish for HW).
 -3-

L3: Writing formulae for salts

In salts a metal (M) bonds with a non-metal (Nm). The metal (M) gives _ + _ +
electron(s) to the non-metal (Nm) to form oppositely charged ions M+ and _ + _ +
+ _ +
Nm-
_ + _ +
e.g. table salt = sodium chloride = NaCl = Na+Cl-
These oppositely charge ions attract each other and form a 3-D crystal lattice structure.

The position on the table allows us to determine the number of electrons transferred.
The Nobel Gas elements are all stable. They do not react with anything, do not form chemical bonds.
Their electron configuration is stable. Their energy levels are full.
When bonds do form between atoms they swop or share electrons until this stable electron
configuration is achieved.

e.g. In Na+Cl- the Sodium has lost 1 e-. So it has 10 e- and 11 p+, i.e. 1 extra positive charge forming a Na+ ion.
This is now called a positively charge ion (cation) and shown as, Na+ (the + shown as a superscript)

Similarly, the Chlorine atom gains an electron forming the negatively charged chloride ion (anion), Cl- .

Group I II III IV V VI VII VIII

Form 1+ ions 2+ 3+ 3- 2- 1- 0
+
H He
Li+ Be 2+ C4- or C4+ N 3-
O2-
F -
Ne
eg. CH4 & SiO2
Na+ Mg++ Al3+ usually form molecules P3- S= Cl- Ar
K+ Ca2+

The final formula is neutral i.e. the same number of positives and negatives.
Examples:
2+ -
1. Magnesium chloride: Mg2+ and Cl-. There must be 2 Cl- ions for every 1 Mg2+. So formula is Mg Cl2

2. Aluminium bromide: Al3+ and Br-. “ “ 3 Br- :” “ 1 Al3+. “ “ Al3+ Br-3

Task 3:Write formulae for the following:
1. Sodium oxide 2. Lithium nitride

3. Calcium fluoride 4. Aluminium chloride

5. Magnesium phosphide 6. Beryllium nitride

7. Aluminium oxide 8. Hydrogen oxide

 -4-

L4: Writing Formulae cont… Stock Notation

• Most of the Transition metals form 2+ ions e.g. zinc ion = Zn2+ . So, zinc chloride formula is Zn2+ Cl-2
• When NOT 2+, we use the stock notation to denote the charge. So, iron (III) = F𝑒 3+
• Some can exist in more than one ionic state e.g. iron (I) = F𝑒 + or iron (II) = F𝑒 2+ or iron (III) above
• 3+
Iron rusts to form iron (III) oxide = Fe2 O2-
3 usually written F𝑒2 𝑂3
• We use the charges on the ions to determine the formula, but it is usually written without the charges

Polyatomic Ions
Na2CO3 = sodium carbonate has Na+ & CO2−
3 ions. So, we need 2 sodium ions for every carbonate ion.
This applies to all polyatomic ions

1- 2- 3-
NO-3 nitrate CO2-
3 carbonate PO3-
4 phosphate

HCO-3 bicarbonate or SO2-

4 sulphate
hydrogen carbonate

HSO-4 bisulphate or
hydrogen sulphate 1+

OH - hydroxide NH4+ ammonium

If multiple polyatomic ions are needed in the formula then brackets must be used.
e.g. calcium hydroxide = C𝑎2+ (O𝐻− )2
Task 4: For a video of this method, click on this link: [Link]
Write formulae for the following and give its common name when it has one:
Name Formula Common name

1. Sodium bicarbonate Na+ HCO-3 Koeksoda, baking soda, bicarb (makes cakes rise)

2. Magnesium nitrate Mg 2+ (NO-3 )2 ** needs brackets around the polyatomic ion

3. Sodium hydroxide Na+ OH - Caustic soda – sold as drain cleaner. Dissolves grease

Used as flux when soldering – cleans surface & lets

4. Ammonium chloride NH4+ Cl- solder flow.

5. Iron (III) sulphide Fe3+ =

2 𝑆3 -

What the surface of galvanized steel becomes. Better

6. Zinc oxide Zn2+ 𝑂= than paint.

7. Silver (I) sulphate Ag + 2-

2 SO4 -
+
8. Ammonium phosphate (NH4 )3 PO3-
4 used in fertiliser.
 -5-

L5: Chemical Reactions and Balancing Equations (p86-87)

reacts to form
Reactants / Reagents Products

During a reaction, chemical bonds are broken between atoms (reagents), this requires energy, &
new bonds are formed between atoms (products), this releases energy.

The total number of atoms remains the same. They are just rearranged into new substances.

Consider Combustion of propane gas:

count the
Word equation: propane gas + oxygen → carbon dioxide and water number of
atoms on
Symbols: C3H8 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + HEAT both sides of
H H H equation.
Structure: O They’re NOT
H C C C H + O O O C O + equal.
H H
H H H

So, we add more carbon dioxide molecules until there are 3C-atoms both sides. Now we add extra water
molecules until there are 8H-atoms both sides. Counting the 6+4 O-atoms in the products requires having
10)-atoms in the 5 O2 molecules in the Finally we add more O2 molecules untilthus producing more products
and so on until the number of atoms is the same on both sides.

C3H8 + O2 → CO2 + H2O Now count them again.

O2 CO2 H2O
O2 CO2 H2O
O2 H2O
O2
We say:
1 molecule of propane reacts with 5 molecules of oxygen to form 3 molecules of carbon dioxide and 4 molecules of water

and can be written as 1 C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O

This is called balancing the equation. The 1 need not be written.

Task 5:

• Do Activities 12 & 13 p87 in Textbook.

You will get lots more practice in the remaining sections

 -6-

L6-10 & Prac Reactions with Oxygen (combustion) (p89-97)

Combustion is a rapid reaction with oxygen and produces lots of heat and light. Usually we see a flame or
glowing like coals in fire.

• You will get to observe certain metals and non-metals reacting with oxygen.
• In each case we must link the observation with a balance chemical equation.
• Each time we will test the product formed to see whether it is acidic or alkaline (base).
Rusting - some metals like iron (Fe) react slowly with oxygen to for iron oxide, (Fe2O3), which is brown in
colour and commonly called rust.

Task 6: Rusting Practical Investigation Activity 4 p94 textbook

• Your teacher will set up the test tubes + an extra sixth one half filled with clear vinegar.
• You will then observe them every class time and monitor the rusting process over a number of
weeks
• Take a full page in your notebook for this investigation. Apart from the textbook
questions answer the following

In your notebook:
1.1 Write an investigative question.
1.2 Write a hypothesis.
2. Record your Observation in a Table
Answer questions 3 & 4 of the textbook.

Rust Prevention
We are mostly interested in preventing rusting.
Task 6b
1. Discuss the most effective ways of preventing steel from rusting.
2. Summarize the common ways listed on p95 in your notebook.
 -7-

L 7 - 9 Combustion Reactions (SBA Prac) (p90-92 for metals & p96-97 for non-metals)

Task 7: Practical observation of combustion of metals and non-metals

Your teacher may get to demonstrate these reactions (if equipment is available) and / or you can watch
them on a video available on the [Link] site or YouTube
[Link] (liking and subscribing increases the chance of
more videos being made)
Observe the following elements reacted with Oxygen – remember it is a diatomic molecule O2(g)
1. Sodium, Na.
2. Potassium, K.
3. Magnesium, Mg.
4. Iron, Fe.
5. Carbon, C.
6. Sulphur, S.
7. Hydrogen, H.

Method:
1. A gas jar is filled with pure oxygen by the downward displacement of water.
2. The element is held in a deflagrating spoon and heated by a gas burner. It is then inserted in the
pure oxygen in the gas cylinder.
• Make careful observations.
3. The oxide product is then dissolved in water and tested with litmus indicator to see if it is acidic
or alkaline (basic).
Litmus turns red/pink in acid and Litmus turns blue in base (alkaline solution).

In your notebook:
Make a note of each of the above reactions linking the observations with a balanced chemical
equation. It’s best to make a large table with the following columns.
Element & Observation & Nature product: Litmus colour Acid or base
symbol balanced chem equation colour, phase change (alkaline
(s), (l), (g), soluble? solution)

1 Sodium, Na Burns with orange flame & smoke grey solid, very turns blue strong base
soluble
4Na + O2 → 2Na2O
2 etc…

Conclusion: Metal oxides generally are bases (forming alkaline solutions when soluble)
Non-Metal oxides are acids.
Task 8: Do Activity 3 p92.

SBA Prac Mark (40% of Term 2 Mark): The Practical under Test Conditions
You will be shown a video of all these observations and required to complete the Worksheet under
Test conditions. The chemical equations will NOT be shown. You can prepare for this like a test.
 paste here along the rib of your notebook
-9 -
RESULTS TABLE
Element & Observation & Nature Litmus Conclusion:
symbol balanced chem equation product: colour Acid or Base /
colour, phase change (alkaline solution)
(s), (l), (g),
soluble?

1 Sodium, Na Burns with orange flame & grey solid, very turns from strong base
see smoke in most of them so soluble pink to blue
ignore noting a comment
4Na + O2 → 2Na2O
2 Potassium, K Burns with lilac flame grey solid, very turns from strong base
4K + O2 → 2K2O soluble pink to blue

3 Magnesium, burns with v. bright white white solid, turns pink to weak base
Mg flame. In air also. ** slightly soluble blue (slowly)

Mg + O2 → 2MgO
4 Iron, Fe bursting orange flame brown solid no change all metal oxides
(like a sparkler) (rust) insoluble ‘cos considered bases.
insoluble Does NOT form
4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3 alkaline solution

5 Carbon, C orange flame like charcoal colourless gas, blue to pink weakly acidic
and wood burning slightly soluble (slowly) (like all fizzy drinks)
(have to shake
C + O2 → CO2(g) the gas jar)

6 Sulphur, S Blue flame colourless gas, blue to pink acidic

S + O2 → SO2(g) very soluble (cause of acid rain)

7 Hydrogen, H ‘popping sound’ (test tube) - no colour neutral

loud explosion (bottle) change
+ lotsa heat
2H2(g) + O2 → 2H2O(g)
** Previously used in flash photography
Conclusions:
1. Metal oxides are bases and form alkaline solutions when they dissolve thus turning Litmus blue
2. Non-metal oxides are acidic and turn Litmus pink
 -10-
L11 Acids, Bases & pH scale (p99-126)
The pH scale ranges from 0 – 14 and tells how acidic or basic a water-soluble substance is.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

strong acids weak acids neutral weak bases strong bases.

Acids have pH between 0 – 7. The smaller the number the stronger and/or more concentrated the acid

Bases have pH between 7 – 14. The closer to 14 the stronger and/or more concentrated the
base. When a base dissolves in water it’s called an alkaline solution.

Strong acids & bases are corrosive and can dissolve/react with (‘eat away’) metals and other materials.

Indicators are substances that have different colours at different pH’s. Some have a single colour changes
others have a range of colour changes eg. universal indicator (See p100)

colour
Common acids Formula strength common names & examples pH universal
indicator

Hydrochloric HCl stomach, swimming pool 0-1 red

strong

Sulphuric H2SO4 car battery acid 0-1 red

Nitric HNO3 most corrosive 0-1 red

Ethanoic / Acetic CH3COOH vinegar is a dilute solution. 3-5 orange

weak

fizzy drinks. When CO2 dissolved in orange

Carbonic H2CO3 water
3-5

Common bases
strong

caustic soda – sold as drain cleaner purple

NaOH 13-14
sodium hydroxide

Cleaning agent like Handy Andy with blue

11
NH3
weak

ammonia ammonia

sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 koek soda, baking soda, bicarb 9-10 blue
 -11-
Indicators with a single colour change & the pH at which it occurs (see p102)
Indicator base acid pH

Litmus blue pink / red 7

Phenolphthalein pink colourless 9--10

Bromothymol blue blue yellow 7

Typical Acid Reactions with Bases & Metals (p109 – 126)

Activity 1 p109 - Discuss and do in class
Acids and Bases Neutralise each other.
Demo 1:
1. Add a few drops of universal indicator to about 300ml of dilute
hydrochloric acid in a 1 litre measuring cylinder and swirl.
2. Using a pipette and suction bulb add an amount ( 5ml) of dilute sodium hydroxide and swirl.
3. Repeat step 2. again & again. You need only add smaller and smaller amounts when the colour
approaches green.
If you overshoot the pH = 7 mark (green) you can add a little more acid and then step 3 again.

Demo 2: Activity 2 p111 Note instructions and all observations in your notebook.
1. A few drops of universal indicator are added to 50ml dilute acid in a 250ml measuring cylinder. Note
the colour.
2. A teaspoon amount of sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 (s) is added using a spatula. Note observations.
3. Continue adding bicarb until the colour is green.
4. Word Eqn: acid + sodium bicarbonate → carbon dioxide + water + sodium salt

Case Study p 113 Read about acid rain and summarise the point in your notebook.

Four Types of Reactions:

Write all of these out in your notebook as we go through each one. Writing makes you pay
attention to detail.
1. Acid + Alkaline – called neutralisation reaction. (p115-116)
2. Acid + metal oxide. (p114)
3. Acid + metal carbonate. (p118)
4. Acid + Metal. (p124)
 -12-

1. Acid + Hydroxide salts (alkaline solution)

General Equation: Acid + Hydroxide salt → water + salt

e.g. hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide → water + sodium chloride

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)

If equal amounts are added, then the final pH = 7
This can be done accurately using equipment like a burette
and pipette in a method called a titration. This can be used to
determine the concentration of unknown acids and bases
precisely.
Demo 1:
1. Add a few drops of universal indicator to about 300ml of dilute
hydrochloric acid in a 1 litre measuring cylinder and swirl.

2. Using a pipette and suction bulb add an amounts ( 5ml) of dilute

sodium hydroxide and swirl.
3. Repeat step 2. again & again, You need only add smaller and smaller
amounts when the colour approaches green.
If you overshoot the pH 7 mark you can add a little more acid and step 3.
Demo 2 Titration:
You can accurately determine the concentration of an acid if given the
concentration of a base & vice versa.

1. Fill a burette with the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) of known concentration of

0.15 units per volume.
2. Pipette 25ml of the unknown hydrochloric acid (HCl) into a conical flask.
3. Add a few drops of bromothymol blue indicator.
4. Titrate (add) NaOH from the burette until a single drop changes the colour to green.
For Enrichment NOT EXAMINABLE
Concentration of the HCl, (cA), is calculated as follows: conc Acid x Vol acid = conc Base x Vol base

i.e. cA x VA = cB x VB fill the values in that you teacher measures and calc CA

cA x 25 = CB = 0.15 units per volume read from

bottom
cA = VA = 25 ml (pipette) meniscus
VB = volume used in burette. 5.7 ml

Understandably we cannot have all 270 Gr9’s

(amount per litre ie. [Link]-3) doing this as a prac. It’s what we do in the senior
science classes. Maybe the Science Club will give
you a turn this year.
 -13-
2. Acids + Metal Oxides (114)
These also form water + salt just like the hydroxide salts.

General Equation

Acid + Metal oxide → water + salt

Word eqn: Hydrochloric acid + copper oxide reacts to form water + copper chloride

e.g. HCl (aq) + CuO (s) → H2O (l) + CuCl2 (aq)

Demo:
Gently heat a small amount of black CuO (insoluble solid) with concentrated HCl solution in a porcelain dish.
After a while observe the liquid. The black CuO will have gotten less, maybe even all gone, and the colourless
liquid will have turned green.
Add a little water and the colour will become cyan (turquoise).

3. Acid + carbonate salt (p118-123)

General Equation: acid + carbonate salt → carbon dioxide + water + salt

e.g. hydrochloric acid + sodium bicarbonate → carbon dioxide + water + sodium chloride

HCl(aq) + NaHCO3 (s) → CO2 (g) + H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)

You saw this previously p11 Demo 2.

Demo :
1. Add a small amount of dilute acid to a wide test tube.
2. Have a stopper and delivery tube ready. Place the end of the delivery tube into a 2nd test tube a quarter
full with clear lime water ready.
3. Put a heaped spatula of sodium bicarbonate into the acid and allow to react.

delivery tube

stopper

bubbles CO2(g)
test tube

clear lime water

goes murky white
HCl + NaHCO3
reaction mixture
 -14-

4. Acids + Metals
General equation

Acid + metal → hydrogen gas + salt

Word eqn: Sulphuric acid + Zinc reacts to form Hydrogen gas (explosive) + Zinc Sulphate

e.g. 2HCl (aq) + Zn(s) → H2 (g) + ZnCl2 (aq)

Test for Hydrogen:

• A small amount of hydrogen in a test tube makes a small ‘popping sound’ explosion when ignited.
• A larger amount in a plastic bottle makes a very loud explosion when mixed with pure oxygen or
air.
• This is rocket fuel.
• You also see that if there is NO oxygen in the bottle it does NOT explode. It can only react with
oxygen at the mouth of the bottle and therefore burns in a controlled way.

Demo:
Put Zinc metal into container with Hydrochloric acid. They react to form Hydrogen gas and the zinc
dissolves. We used the Kipps apparatus. It is a clever instrument that switch the reaction off by
separating the reagent when the pressure build up.

Test for other gases Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide (Gr8 Revision)

1. Test: pure oxygen will ignite a glowing splinter. Oxygen support combustion.
2. Carbon dioxide turns clear lime water a white murky colour.

Fire Safety
“Fire is a wonderful servant but a terrifying master”

Fire needs three things: fuel, heat & oxygen.

You can extinguish a fire by removing any one of those. It’s best of course to remove all three.

True Story: A few years ago a Gr8 Alexan was frying chips at home with his younger brother. The kitchen door
opens to the back yard.
By being distracted they didn’t notice it getting out of control until the pan was on fire. The oil was burning. In
a panic he grabbed the pan and dashed outside. The wind was blowing. He got a freight and the burning oil
spilt onto his arms and hands resulting in third degree burn. He was off school for a whole term have multiple
skin graphs and his hands are permanently scarred.
We hope this will never happen again.
What should he have done?
Covered the pan with a lid of bigger pan/pot and remove it from the heat. So simple. Problem solved.
 A Few Tips for Extinguishing a Fire
1. If your clothes catch alight:
• Never run – you are just giving it more oxygen.
• Smother the flames. If no blanket, drop and roll. This removes the oxygen.
• Cool it down. Immerse in water if at available.
• Keep in cold water for 20 minutes. Even though the flames are out the damage continues for quite some time.
Add ice to the water.

2. If liquids like oil, solvents, petrol, paraffin are alight:

• do NOT squirt with water. It will just spread the fire.

3. Using a fire extinguisher: know there are different types.

• Some spray a powder thus smothering the flames. This leaves a big mess to clean up. Some empty the cylinder
completely so you can’t stop it. There might be a much simply solution
• Some spray very cold carbon dioxide gas thus smothering and cooling the flames. But when the gas moves
away it could start up again.

4. Sand bucket – a very effect way of smothering a small fire.

All our labs have fire extinguishers, fire blankets & fire buckets with sand.

You might be motivated to do a first aid course. Speak to Ms Sutherland and her wonderful team.

We hope you have seen that chemistry exists everywhere. It has application is all spheres of life. It’s happening
in the kitchen and in your body. You are largely wearing polyester (blazer is 100%). If not for our knowledge of
chemistry, there would be no plastic. Clothes would have to be of cotton or wool (expensive). The list goes on
and on.
But we also need to know about dangerous chemicals and pollution and how to treat toxic waste. e.g. never
throw batteries in the bin.

Jobsfor you, if youlike Chemistry

Just click on any one of these links on the vip-site and
read more about the career.
Analytical Chemist Pharmacologist
Toxicologist Hazardous Waste Chemist
Chemical Engineer Materials Scientist
Chemistry Teacher Water Chemist
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