Ho Chi Minh City

University of Technology

TR3317
AIRCRAFT
PROPULSION
SYSTEMS
CONTENTS
¡ Chapter 1 - Classifications of aircraft propulsion systems
¡ Chapter 2 - A review of basic laws for a compressible
flow
¡ Chapter 3 - Gas power cycles

¡ Chapter 4 - Piston engines

¡ Chapter 5 - Propeller theory

¡ Chapter 6 - Turbine-based engines: turbojet, turbofan

¡ Chapter 7 - Shaft engines: turboprop, turboshaft, and prop-
fan
¡ Chapter 8 - Propulsion system characteristics

2
LECTURE 2:
CHAPTER 2 - A REVIEW OF BASIC LAWS FOR A COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

2.1. Linear momentum (Newton's second law)

2.2. Angular momentum equation (moment of momentum)
2.3. Energy equation (First law of thermodynamics)
2.4. The second law of thermodynamics and the entropy equation
2.5. Equation of state
2.6. Isentropic relations
2.7. Steady one-dimensional compressible flow
2.1 LINEAR MOMENTUM (NEWTON'S SECOND LAW)

¡ LO: Examines the application of Newton's Second Law to compressible

flow, emphasizing the conservation of linear momentum as a crucial factor
in understanding fluid motion.

4
2.1 LINEAR MOMENTUM (NEWTON'S SECOND LAW)

¡ Newton’s second law states that:

¡ Where 𝐹𝑅 is the resultant external force and 𝑃# is the linear momentum

vector.

5
2.1 LINEAR MOMENTUM (NEWTON'S SECOND LAW)

¡ Example 1:
A turbojet engine is powering an aircraft flying at a speed of (u) as shown
in Fig. 2.4. Air flows into the engine at the rate of (𝑚̇ a) through the inlet
area (Ai). Fuel is injected into the combustors at the rate of (𝑚̇ f). The
exhaust gases are leaving the propelling nozzle at the rate of (𝑚̇ e) and
speed of (ue) via an exit area (Ae). The ambient and exit pressures are (Pa
and Pe). Prove that the generated thrust force is expressed as

6
Fig. 2.4 Control volume around a turbojet engine 7
¡ Solution:
The following assumptions are assumed:
1. The flow is steady within the control volume; thus, all the properties within
the control do not change with time.
2. The external flow is reversible; thus, the pressures and velocities are
constants over the control surface except over the exhaust area Pe of the
engine.
Conservation of mass across the engine gives

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10
11
12
13
14
2.1 LINEAR MOMENTUM (NEWTON'S SECOND LAW)

¡ Example 2:
A fighter airplane is being refuelled in flight using the hose-and-drogue
system as shown in Fig. 2.5 at the rate of 300 gal/min of fuel having a
specific gravity of 0.7. The inside diameter of hose is 0.12 m. The fluid
pressure at the entrance of the fighter plane is 30 kPa gage. What
additional thrust does the plane need to develop to maintain the constant
velocity it had before the hook-up?

15
Fig. 2.5 Aerial refueling using the hose-and-drogue system 16
¡ Solution:
This is an inertial control volume with the positive x-direction parallel to
aircraft flight direction.

17
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2.1 LINEAR MOMENTUM (NEWTON'S SECOND LAW)

¡ Example 3:
The idling turbojet engines of a landing airplane produce forward thrust when operating
in a normal manner, but they can produce reverse thrust if the jet is properly deflected.
Suppose that, while the aircraft rolls down the runway at 180 km/h, the idling engine
consumes air at 40 kg/s and produces an exhaust velocity of 150 m/s.
(a) What is the forward thrust of the engine?
(b) What is the magnitude and direction (forward or reverse) if the exhaust is deflected
90° and the mass flow is kept constant?

19
¡ Solution:

20
LECTURE 2:
CHAPTER 2 - A REVIEW OF BASIC LAWS FOR A COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

2.1. Linear momentum (Newton's second law)

2.2. Angular momentum equation (moment of momentum)
2.3. Energy equation (First law of thermodynamics)
2.4. The second law of thermodynamics and the entropy equation
2.5. Equation of state
2.6. Isentropic relations
2.7. Steady one-dimensional compressible flow
2.2 ANGULAR MOMENTUM EQUATION (MOMENT OF
MOMENTUM)

¡ LO: Explores the concept of angular momentum and its equation, known as
the moment of momentum, highlighting its significance in analyzing rotating
systems and fluid flow with rotational motion.

22
2.2 ANGULAR MOMENTUM EQUATION (MOMENT OF
MOMENTUM)

¡ Example 4:
An impulse turbine blade row is
illustrated in Fig. 2.7a. The rotor has an
average radius r of 0.6m and rotates at
a constant angular speed ω. What is the
transverse torque on the turbine if the
air mass flow rate is 100 kg/s?

27
¡ Solution:

28
29
LECTURE 2:
CHAPTER 2 - A REVIEW OF BASIC LAWS FOR A COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

2.1. Linear momentum (Newton's second law)

2.2. Angular momentum equation (moment of momentum)
2.3. Energy equation (First law of thermodynamics)
2.4. The second law of thermodynamics and the entropy equation
2.5. Equation of state
2.6. Isentropic relations
2.7. Steady one-dimensional compressible flow
2.3 ENERGY EQUATION (FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS)

¡ LO: Discusses the energy equation based on the First Law of

Thermodynamics, illustrating how energy is transferred within compressible
flows and emphasizing the conservation of energy principles.

31
2.3 ENERGY EQUATION (FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS)

The first law of thermodynamics is a statement of macroscopic experience which states

that energy must always be conserved. It will be convenient to classify energy under two
main categories: stored energy and energy in transition. The types of stored energy of
an element of mass are:
1. Kinetic energy Ek: energy associated with the motion of the mass
2. Potential energy EP: energy associated with the position of the mass in conservative
external fields
3. Internal energy U: molecular and atomic energy associated with the internal fields
of the mass

32
2.3 ENERGY EQUATION (FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS)

The types of energy in transition are heat and work. Heat is the energy in
transition from one mass to another because of a temperature difference.
On the other hand, work, as learned in mechanics, is the energy in transition
to or from a system which occurs when external forces, acting on the system,
move through a distance.

33
2.3 ENERGY EQUATION (FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS)

For an arbitrary system (shown in Fig.

2.8), the net heat added to the
system and the net work done by the
system on the surroundings during the
time interval Δt are designated as Q
and Wk, respectively.

34
35
36
2.3 ENERGY EQUATION (FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS)

Next let us discuss the term dWk/dt in Eq. (2.19) which is classified into three groups:
1. Net work done on the surroundings as a result of traction force T.
2. Any other work transferred by direct contact between inside and outside non-fluid
elements, like shafts or by electric currents. We call this work shaft work and denote
it as WS.
3. Work transferred by body forces. Since the effects of gravity have already been
taken into account as the potential energy (in Eq. 2.20), so the body force B must not
include gravity; it may include, for instance, contributions from magnetic and electric
force distributions.

37
38
39
40
41
2.3 ENERGY EQUATION (FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS)

¡ Example 5:
Air is decelerated in an adiabatic diffuser. The inlet conditions are pressure
= 100 kPa, temperature = 50°C, and velocity = 500 m/s. The outlet
conditions are pressure = 150 kPa and temperature = 50°C. The specific
heat at constant pressure is 1.007 kJ/kg.K.
Calculate the velocity at outlet to diffuser.

42
2.3 ENERGY EQUATION (FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS)

¡ Solution:
Since the above-listed assumptions hold (steady flow with negligible changes
in height, no work or heat exchanges, and the fluid is an ideal gas with
constant specific heats), then Eq. (2.25) may be applied. Thus,

43
LECTURE 2:
CHAPTER 2 - A REVIEW OF BASIC LAWS FOR A COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

2.1. Linear momentum (Newton's second law)

2.2. Angular momentum equation (moment of momentum)
2.3. Energy equation (First law of thermodynamics)
2.4. The second law of thermodynamics and the entropy equation
2.5. Equation of state
2.6. Isentropic relations
2.7. Steady one-dimensional compressible flow
2.4 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE
ENTROPY EQUATION

¡ LO: Introduces the Second Law of Thermodynamics and its application to

compressible flow through the entropy equation. This section delves into
the irreversibility of processes and the increase of entropy.

45
2.4 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE
ENTROPY EQUATION

¡ The second law of thermodynamics states that: it is impossible for a

system to perform a cyclic process that produces work (say raising of a
weight) and exchanges heat with a single reservoir of uniform
temperature.
¡ The second law permits the definition of the property entropy (s).

46
2.4 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE
ENTROPY EQUATION

¡ For a system,

where ds is the change of entropy during a reversible heat exchange.

Irreversible processes are processes which involve one of these features:
friction, heat transfer with finite temperature gradient, mass transfer with
finite concentration gradient, or unrestrained expansion.

47
2.4 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE
ENTROPY EQUATION

¡ For any process,

where equality holds only for reversible process. If the process is reversible
and adiabatic (dQ = 0), it must be isentropic (ds = 0).

48
2.4 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE
ENTROPY EQUATION

¡ For a small system composed of pure substance in the absence of gravity

motion, then if the properties are uniform throughout the system, then the
first law for incremental changes is

where q and w are the heat and work per unit mass. If the system
experiences a reversible process for which the incremental work dw = pdv,
then from Eq. (2.28), we can write

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LECTURE 2:
CHAPTER 2 - A REVIEW OF BASIC LAWS FOR A COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

2.1. Linear momentum (Newton's second law)

2.2. Angular momentum equation (moment of momentum)
2.3. Energy equation (First law of thermodynamics)
2.4. The second law of thermodynamics and the entropy equation
2.5. Equation of state
2.6. Isentropic relations
2.7. Steady one-dimensional compressible flow
2.5 EQUATION OF STATE

¡ LO: Examines the equation of state, which establishes the relationship

between thermodynamic properties, providing a crucial link between
pressure, density, and temperature in compressible fluids.

51
2.5 EQUATION OF STATE

¡ In compressible gases, it is necessary to define the thermodynamic state of

the gas with state variables, e. g., the static pressure p, the static density
ρ, and the static temperature T. Their interdependence is described by the
thermal equation of state.
¡ If the law given by Boyle, Mariotte, and Gay-Lussac is used, then

52
2.5 EQUATION OF STATE

¡ The gas is called thermally perfect. For thermally non-perfect gases, other relations
must be used, as, for example, the Van der Waals law. The specific gas constant R
depends on the molecular weight of the gas. For air it is R = 287 J/kg.K.
¡ The gas constant is related to the universal gas constant (Ru) and the molecular weight
of gas (M) by the relation

¡ The value of universal gas constant is Ru = 8.31434 kJ/(kmol.K)

53
2.5 EQUATION OF STATE

¡ Internal energy is a state variable, which is defined by two

thermodynamic quantities, namely, the temperature T and the specific
volume (v = 1/ρ):

¡ This relation is known as the caloric equation of state. The total derivative
is

54
2.5 EQUATION OF STATE

¡ The internal energy of thermally perfect gases depends on the

temperature only. It then follows that

¡ Where,

55
2.5 EQUATION OF STATE

!"
¡ The quantity is called specific heat at constant volume (Cv). If Cv is
!# $
constant, the gas is called calorically perfect, and the internal energy is
given by

¡ The quantity ur is a reference value. The enthalpy h was defined earlier

and repeated here is defined as

56
2.5 EQUATION OF STATE

¡ Similar to the internal energy, the enthalpy of thermally perfect gases

depends on the temperature only, or

¡ The quantity Cp is the specific heat at constant pressure, or

57
2.5 EQUATION OF STATE

¡ It follows from the relation for the specific heats Cv and CP

¡ for calorically perfect gases, that Cp is constant. Hence,

where hr is again a reference value.

58
2.5 EQUATION OF STATE

¡ The ratio of the specific heats Cp=Cv ¼ γ, where γ, according to the gas kinetic
theory, is given by the number n of degrees of freedom

¡ For monatomic gases (n=3) γ = 1.667, and for diatomic gases (n=5) γ = 1.4.
At high temperatures additional degrees of freedom are excited, and the ratio
Cp/Cv decreases. For air at a temperature of 300 K, then γ =1.4, while at
temperature 3000 K, then γ = 1.292.

59
2.5 EQUATION OF STATE

¡ Example 2.6:
The constant volume-specific heat of an ideal gas varies according to the
equation Cv = aT2, where a = 2.32 x 10-5 kJ/kg.K3. If the gas is heated from
50 to 80°C at constant volume, find the change in entropy.

60
2.5 EQUATION OF STATE

¡ Solution 2.6:
From Eq. (2.40), the change in entropy is expressed as

61
LECTURE 2:
CHAPTER 2 - A REVIEW OF BASIC LAWS FOR A COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

2.1. Linear momentum (Newton's second law)

2.2. Angular momentum equation (moment of momentum)
2.3. Energy equation (First law of thermodynamics)
2.4. The second law of thermodynamics and the entropy equation
2.5. Equation of state
2.6. Isentropic relations
2.7. Steady one-dimensional compressible flow
2.6 ISENTROPIC RELATIONS

¡ LO: Explores isentropic relations, which describe the relationship between

key thermodynamic parameters without accounting for irreversible effects,
providing a valuable tool for analyzing adiabatic processes.

63
2.6 ISENTROPIC RELATIONS

¡ It follows from the conservation equations for one-dimensional, steady,

compressible flow that the sum of the kinetic energy (u2/2) and the static
enthalpy (h) remains constant. The value of this constant is given by the
stagnation (or total) enthalpy, and Eq. (2.25) may be rewritten as

¡ Generally, the stagnation state is a theoretical state in which the flow is

brought into a complete motionless condition in isentropic process without
other forces (e.g., gravity force).
64
2.6 ISENTROPIC RELATIONS

¡ Several properties can be represented by this theoretical process which

includes temperature, pressure, density, etc. and denoted by the subscript
“0.”
¡ For calorically perfect gases, the enthalpy can be replaced by the product
of static temperature and the specific heat at constant pressure (CpT),
thus,

65
2.6 ISENTROPIC RELATIONS

¡ Introducing the thermal equation of state there in (2.39) results

¡ and with the definition of the speed of sound (a) as

66
2.6 ISENTROPIC RELATIONS
¡ Equation (2.40) will be reduced to

¡ The speed of sound depends on the gas constant (R) and temperature (T);
thus, the sonic speed for air and helium ( Rair = 287 J/kg.K, RHelium =
2077 J/kg.K) at different temperatures are given in the Table 2.1.
Table 2.1 Sonic speeds at
different temperatures for air
and helium 67
2.6 ISENTROPIC RELATIONS

¡ Rewriting Eq. (2.39), the following important set of equations can be

derived:

¡ Introducing the Mach number as the ratio of velocity to speed of sound

68
2.6 ISENTROPIC RELATIONS

¡ It very useful to convert Eq. (2.42) into a dimensionless form and denote

69
2.6 ISENTROPIC RELATIONS

¡ The mass flow per unit area is

¡ Using Eqs. (2.43) and (2.44), the velocity may be expressed as

70
2.6 ISENTROPIC RELATIONS

¡ From the density relation, the mass flow rate parameter is expressed as

71
2.6 ISENTROPIC RELATIONS

¡ For a given fluid (γ, R) and inlet state (P0, T0), it can be readily shown
that the mass flow rate per unit area is maximum at M = 1. Denoting the
properties of the flow at M=1 with an asterisk, the maximum flow per unit
area is

72
2.6 ISENTROPIC RELATIONS

¡ From the above two Eqs. (2.45a) and (2.45b), we get

73
2.6 ISENTROPIC RELATIONS

¡ Gas dynamics books include in its appendices a set of tables for isentropic
flow parameters defined by Eqs. (2.44) and (2.46) for specific heat
(γ=1.4). Table 2.2 illustrates few lines of such tables.

Table 2.2 Isentropic flow

parameters (γ =1.4)

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 ¡ For a given isentropic flow
and known (γ, R, P0, T0, 𝑚̇ ),
it is clear that A* is a
constant, so we can use these
relations to plot the fluid
properties versus Mach
number (Fig. 2.11).

Fig. 2.11 One-dimensional isentropic flow of a perfect gas

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LECTURE 2:
CHAPTER 2 - A REVIEW OF BASIC LAWS FOR A COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

2.1. Linear momentum (Newton's second law)

2.2. Angular momentum equation (moment of momentum)
2.3. Energy equation (First law of thermodynamics)
2.4. The second law of thermodynamics and the entropy equation
2.5. Equation of state
2.6. Isentropic relations
2.7. Steady one-dimensional compressible flow
2.7 STEADY ONE-DIMENSIONAL COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

¡ LO: Focuses on the analysis of steady one-dimensional compressible flow,

offering insights into the simplified but fundamental scenarios often
encountered in fluid dynamics.

77
2.7 STEADY ONE-DIMENSIONAL COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

¡ One-dimensional flow refers to flow involving uniform distributions of fluid properties

over any flow cross section area. It provides accurately the stream-wise variation of
average fluid properties. The flow in diffusers, combustors, and nozzles exhibits the
major characteristics of one-dimensional flow.
¡ Though one-dimensional analysis for the flow in rotating elements (fans, compressors,
and turbines) provides also the mean flow features, it is more appropriate to extend
the analysis of flow within them to either two dimensional (2-D) or three dimensional
(3-D).
¡ This is attributed to the large variations normal to streamlines, which are no longer
limited to the thin layer adjacent to the surface and known as boundary layer.
78
2.7.1 SONIC CONDITIONS

¡ If the local flow velocity is equal to the

speed of sound (M=1), then such sonic
condition is referred to as the critical state
and is designated by an asterisk (*).
¡ The temperature, pressure, and density
attain the following values, which solely
depend on the stagnation conditions of the
gas. From Eq. (2.44), we get

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2.7.1 SONIC CONDITIONS

¡ For air with γ =1.4, the critical values are as follows (Table 2.3):

Table 2.3 Critical ratios for

different values of (γ)

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2.7.1 SONIC CONDITIONS

¡ Instead of the local speed of sound (a), the critical speed of sound can be
used to define a Mach number, which is called the critical Mach number:

¡ The relation between the local Mach number (M = u/a) and the critical
Mach number (M*) is derived from the relations (2.47) and (2.49), as

81
2.7.1 SONIC CONDITIONS

¡ For M→ ∞, the critical Mach number M* approaches the following limiting

value:

82
2.7.1 SONIC CONDITIONS

¡ With these relations the ratios

of the temperature, pressure,
density, and speed of sound,
referred to their stagnation
values, can be expressed by
the critical Mach number:

83
2.7.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MACH REGIMES

¡ Aerodynamicists often classify airflow regimes using Mach number values. Six flight
regimes may be identified, namely, subsonic, transonic, supersonic, hypersonic, high
hypersonic, and re-entry ones. Subsonic and supersonic speeds are associated with
values of Mach number less or greater than unity, respectively.
¡ An in-between region defined as “transonic regime” where Mach number is around
unity (from say 0.8 to 1.2). Mach values associated with supersonic regime vary from
1.2 to 5. For hypersonic regime Mach number ranges from 5 to 10.
¡ NASA defines “high” hypersonic when Mach number ranges from 10 to 25 and re-
entry speeds as anything greater than Mach 25 (Space Shuttle as an application).

84
2.7.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MACH REGIMES

¡ Table 2.4 Classification of flow regimes

85
2.7.3 DIFFUSERS AND NOZZLES

¡ Diffusers and nozzles are commonly utilized in jet engines, rockets, and
spacecrafts.
¡ A diffuser is a device that increases the pressure of a fluid by slowing it
down, while a nozzle is a device that increases the velocity of a fluid at
the expense of pressure. That is, diffusers and nozzles perform opposite
tasks.

86
2.7.3 DIFFUSERS AND NOZZLES

¡ Table 2.5 Variation of duct area with inlet Mach number

87
¡ Fig. 2.12 Variation of flow properties in subsonic and supersonic nozzles
and diffusers 88
2.7.3 DIFFUSERS AND NOZZLES

¡ Example 2.7:
Air at 5°C and 80 kPa enters the diffuser of a jet
engine steadily with a velocity of 200 m/s. The
inlet area of the diffuser is 0.4 m2. The air leaves
the diffuser with a velocity that is very small
compared with the inlet velocity. Determine (a) the
mass flow rate of the air and (b) the temperature
of the air leaving the diffuser. Fig. 2.13 Diffuser and
control volume

89
2.7.3 DIFFUSERS AND NOZZLES

¡ Solution:
We take the diffuser as the system (Fig. 2.13).
This is a control volume since mass crosses the
system boundary during the process. We
observe that there is only one inlet and one
exit and thus 𝑚̇ 1 = 𝑚̇ 2 = 𝑚.̇
Fig. 2.13 Diffuser and
control volume

90
2.7.3 DIFFUSERS AND NOZZLES

¡ Solution:
(a) To determine the mass flow rate, we need to find the density of the air
first. This is determined from the ideal gas relation at the inlet conditions:

91
2.7.3 DIFFUSERS AND NOZZLES

¡ Solution:
(b) From the energy equation

92
2.7.3 DIFFUSERS AND NOZZLES

¡ Solution:
With small exit velocity (V2≈0), negligible potential energy variation as well
a heat and work exchange (z1≈z2, dQ/dt = dWs/dt = 0), then, energy
equation is reduced to

93
2.7.3 DIFFUSERS AND NOZZLES

¡ Example 2.8:
Gas flows through a converging–diverging nozzle. Points G and H lie
between the inlet and outlet of the nozzle. At a point “G,” the cross-sectional
area is 500 cm2 and the Mach number was measured to be 0.4. At point
“H” in the nozzle, the cross-sectional area is 400 cm2. Find the Mach number
at point H. Assume that the flow is isentropic and the gas-specific heat ratio
is 1.3.

94
2.7.3 DIFFUSERS AND NOZZLES

¡ Solution:
To obtain the Mach number at point G, apply Eq. (2.46) to find the ratio
between the area (AG) to the critical one (A*)

95
2.7.3 DIFFUSERS AND NOZZLES

¡ Solution:
At point H, the area ratio is evaluated from the relation:

Again from Eq. (2.46)

96
2.7.3 DIFFUSERS AND NOZZLES

¡ Solution:
Rearranging to solve for
the Mach number MH,

97
2.7.3 DIFFUSERS AND NOZZLES

¡ Solution:
Solving the above equation by trial and error, we get either

Both solutions are possible, the first is still a subsonic Mach number which may
be located in the convergent section, while the second one is supersonic which may
be located in the divergent section if the speed at throat is sonic: Mthroat = 1.0.

98
2.7.4 SHOCKS

¡ A shock is an irreversible flow discontinuity in a (partly) supersonic flow

fluid. It may be also defined as a pressure front which travels at speed
through a gas.
¡ Upon crossing the shock waves, pressure, temperature, density, and
entropy rise while the normal velocity decreases. There are two types of
shocks, namely, normal and oblique.

99
[Link] NORMAL SHOCK WAVES

¡ We can state two simple rules of thumb:

1. A normal shock wave always forms between supersonic and subsonic flow.
2. The flow behind a normal shock wave is always subsonic.

100
[Link] NORMAL SHOCK WAVES

¡ Normal shock waves are

encountered in the flow in intakes
and nozzles as well as over aircraft
wings. Figure 2.16 illustrates normal
shock waves formed on the suction
or both suction and pressure
surfaces of wing sections.

101
Fig. 2.16 Normal shock waves over either suction or suction/pressure sides of wing section
[Link] OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVES

¡ When shock is inclined to the flow

direction, it is identified as an oblique
shock. When a wedge-shaped object is
placed in a two-dimensional supersonic
flow, a plane-attached shock wave
may emanate from the nose of the
body at an angle (β) as long as shown
in Fig. 2.21.
Fig. 2.21 Oblique shock wave applications
102
[Link] OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVES

¡ As a comment here, oblique shock wave

has the following features:
1. Downstream flow is maintained
supersonic.
2. Both downstream static pressure and
temperature are increased.
3. Total temperature is kept constant while
downstream total pressure is slightly
reduced.
Fig. 2.22 Oblique shock wave applications
103
SUMMARY

Chapter 2 provides a comprehensive review of fundamental laws governing compressible flow, essential
for understanding fluid dynamics. The chapter covers key concepts including Linear momentum (Newton's
second law), Angular momentum equation (moment of momentum), Energy equation (First law of
thermodynamics), The second law of thermodynamics and the entropy equation, Equation of state, Steady
one-dimensional compressible flow, and Isentropic relations. This chapter lays the foundation for
comprehending the intricate nature of compressible flows, combining principles from classical mechanics
and thermodynamics to provide a well-rounded understanding of fluid behavior under varying conditions.
 Ho Chi Minh City
University of Technology

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

abdrahim@[Link] A.R Abu Talib [Link] Abu Talib

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