What is the derivation and unit of all the derived quantity?

ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
Derived quantities in physics are quantities that are calculated from the
fundamental (base) quantities. They are derived using a combination of the
seven base quantities from the International System of Units (SI). The seven
base quantities are:
1. Length (meter, m)
2. Mass (kilogram, kg)
3. Time (second, s)
4. Electric current (ampere, A)
5. Thermodynamic temperature (kelvin, K)
6. Amount of substance (mole, mol)
7. Luminous intensity (candela, cd)
Derived quantities are expressed using these base quantities, and they come
with their own SI units, which are combinations of base units. Here is a list of
some common derived quantities, their formulas, and SI units:
1. Velocity (v)
 Derivation: Velocity is derived from length and time.
 Formula: v=displacement/time
 SI Unit: meter per second (m/s)
2. Acceleration (a)
 Derivation: Acceleration is derived from velocity and time.
 Formula: a=change in velocity/timea = \frac{\text{change in velocity}}
{\text{time}}a=timechange in velocity
 SI Unit: meter per second squared (m/s²)
3. Force (F)
 Derivation: Force is derived from mass and acceleration (Newton's
second law).
 Formula: F=maF = maF=ma

 SI Unit: newton (N), where 1 N=1 kg⋅m/s21 \, \text{N} = 1 \, \text{kg} \

cdot \text{m/s}^21N=1kg⋅m/s2
4. Pressure (P)
 Derivation: Pressure is derived from force and area.
 Formula: P=FAP = \frac{F}{A}P=AF
  SI Unit: pascal (Pa), where 1 Pa=1 N/m21 \, \text{Pa} = 1 \,
\text{N/m}^21Pa=1N/m2
5. Work or Energy (W)
 Derivation: Work is derived from force and displacement.

 Formula: W=F⋅dW = F \cdot dW=F⋅d

 SI Unit: joule (J), where 1 J=1 N⋅m=1 kg⋅m2/s21 \, \text{J} = 1 \, \text{N} \

cdot \text{m} = 1 \, \text{kg} \cdot \text{m}^2/\
text{s}^21J=1N⋅m=1kg⋅m2/s2
6. Power (P)
 Derivation: Power is derived from work and time.
 Formula: P=WtP = \frac{W}{t}P=tW

 SI Unit: watt (W), where 1 W=1 J/s=1 kg⋅m2/s31 \, \text{W} = 1 \,

\text{J/s} = 1 \, \text{kg} \cdot
\text{m}^2/\text{s}^31W=1J/s=1kg⋅m2/s3
7. Momentum (p)
 Derivation: Momentum is derived from mass and velocity.
 Formula: p=mvp = mvp=mv
 SI Unit: kilogram meter per second (kg·m/s)
8. Electric Charge (Q)
 Derivation: Electric charge is derived from electric current and time.
 Formula: Q=ItQ = ItQ=It

 SI Unit: coulomb (C), where 1 C=1 A⋅s1 \, \text{C} = 1 \, \text{A} \cdot \

text{s}1C=1A⋅s
9. Voltage (V)
 Derivation: Voltage is derived from electric power and electric current.
 Formula: V=PIV = \frac{P}{I}V=IP

 SI Unit: volt (V), where 1 V=1 W/A=1 kg⋅m2/s3⋅A−11 \, \text{V} = 1 \, \

text{W/A} = 1 \, \text{kg} \cdot \text{m}^2/\text{s}^3 \cdot \
text{A}^{-1}1V=1W/A=1kg⋅m2/s3⋅A−1
10. Resistance (R)
 Derivation: Resistance is derived from voltage and current (Ohm's Law).
 Formula: R=VIR = \frac{V}{I}R=IV

 SI Unit: ohm (Ω), where 1 Ω=1 V/A=1 kg⋅m2/s3⋅A−21 \, \Omega = 1 \, \

text{V/A} = 1 \, \text{kg} \cdot \text{m}^2/\text{s}^3 \cdot \text{A}^{-
2}1Ω=1V/A=1kg⋅m2/s3⋅A−2
11. Frequency (f)
 Derivation: Frequency is the reciprocal of time period.
 Formula: f=1Tf = \frac{1}{T}f=T1
 SI Unit: hertz (Hz), where 1 Hz=1 s−11 \, \text{Hz} = 1 \, \text{s}^{-
1}1Hz=1s−1
12. Capacitance (C)
 Derivation: Capacitance is derived from charge and voltage.
 Formula: C=QVC = \frac{Q}{V}C=VQ

 SI Unit: farad (F), where 1 F=1 C/V=1 s4⋅A2/m2⋅kg1 \, \text{F} = 1 \, \

text{C/V} = 1 \, \text{s}^4 \cdot \text{A}^2/\text{m}^2 \cdot \
text{kg}1F=1C/V=1s4⋅A2/m2⋅kg
13. Density (ρ)
 Derivation: Density is derived from mass and volume.
 Formula: ρ=mV\rho = \frac{m}{V}ρ=Vm
 SI Unit: kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m³)
14. Angular Velocity (ω)
 Derivation: Angular velocity is derived from angular displacement and
time.
 Formula: ω=θt\omega = \frac{\theta}{t}ω=tθ
 SI Unit: radian per second (rad/s)
Each of these derived quantities has units that are based on combinations of the
seven fundamental SI units.
4o
You said:
What is the formula of surface tension?
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The formula for surface tension (γ\gammaγ) is:
γ=FL\gamma = \frac{F}{L}γ=LF
Where:
 γ\gammaγ is the surface tension (in newtons per meter, N/m),
 FFF is the force acting along the surface (in newtons, N),
 LLL is the length along which the force acts (in meters, m).
Alternate Form:
Surface tension can also be related to energy per unit area:
γ=ΔWΔA\gamma = \frac{\Delta W}{\Delta A}γ=ΔAΔW
Where:
 ΔW\Delta WΔW is the work done (in joules, J),
 ΔA\Delta AΔA is the change in surface area (in square meters, m²).
In this context, surface tension is sometimes described as the energy required to
increase the surface area of a liquid by a unit amount.
4o
You said:
What is meter role caliper, vernier, caliper, micrometer screen quage?
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
Each of the following measuring instruments has a specific role in accurately
measuring dimensions, depending on the precision and the type of measurement
needed:
1. Meter Rule
 Role: A meter rule (or meter stick) is a straight measuring tool used to
measure length or distance up to 1 meter (100 cm). It is commonly used
for relatively less precise measurements.
 Accuracy: It has a typical precision of up to 1 millimeter (mm).
 Use: Measuring objects like furniture, cloth, or length of a room.
2. Vernier Caliper
 Role: A vernier caliper is a precision instrument used to measure internal
and external dimensions as well as depths. It consists of a main scale and
a sliding vernier scale that allows for more precise readings.
 Accuracy: Typically up to 0.02 mm or 0.001 inches.
 Use: Measuring the diameter of pipes, the thickness of objects, or the
depth of holes.
3. Micrometer Screw Gauge
 Role: A micrometer screw gauge is a highly precise tool used for
measuring very small dimensions, such as the thickness or diameter of
small objects. It uses a finely threaded screw mechanism to get precise
readings.
 Accuracy: Typically up to 0.01 mm or 0.0001 inches.
 Use: Measuring small components like the diameter of wires, small
machine parts, or the thickness of paper or metal sheets.
4. Screen Gauge (or Thickness Gauge)
 Role: A screen gauge, or thickness gauge, is used to measure the
thickness of materials, such as metal, plastic, or paper, often in industrial
applications.
 Accuracy: It varies depending on the gauge type but can measure
thicknesses with an accuracy of up to 0.01 mm.
 Use: Checking the thickness of sheets, pipes, or other materials in
manufacturing and engineering settings.
Each tool serves a unique purpose and is chosen based on the precision and type
of measurement required for the task.
4o
You said:
Differencies between thermosets and thermoplastic
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The key differences between thermosets and thermoplastics lie in their
behavior when exposed to heat, their structure, and their applications. Here’s a
detailed comparison:
1. Heat Behavior:
 Thermosets:
o Once they are cured (hardened through heating or chemical
reactions), they cannot be remelted or reshaped.
o Heating a thermoset again will cause it to degrade or burn rather
than melt.
o This makes them strong and heat-resistant but not recyclable.

 Thermoplastics:
o Can be heated, melted, and reshaped multiple times without
undergoing any significant chemical change.
o They soften when heated and harden upon cooling.

o This makes them recyclable and easy to remold.

2. Structure:
 Thermosets:
o Composed of polymers that form highly cross-linked, irreversible
chemical bonds during curing.
o This cross-linking provides rigidity, structural integrity, and heat
resistance.
  Thermoplastics:
o Made of linear or branched polymers with little to no cross-linking.

o The polymer chains are held together by weak intermolecular forces

that are easily overcome by heat.
3. Mechanical Properties:
 Thermosets:
o Generally stronger and more rigid due to their cross-linked
structure.
o Have high thermal stability and are resistant to deformation under
stress or heat.
o They are typically brittle, meaning they can crack or break under
impact.
 Thermoplastics:
o More flexible and softer compared to thermosets.

o Can deform more easily under heat and mechanical stress.

o Can be tough and impact-resistant, depending on the specific type

of thermoplastic.
4. Applications:
 Thermosets:
o Used where durability, heat resistance, and structural strength are
critical.
o Commonly used in electrical insulators, adhesives, coatings,
automotive parts, and construction materials.
o Examples: Epoxy resin, Bakelite, vulcanized rubber, and polyester
resin.
 Thermoplastics:
o Used in applications where recyclability, flexibility, and ease of
processing are important.
o Commonly used in packaging, consumer goods, toys, automotive
components, and textiles.
o Examples: Polyethylene (PE), Polypropylene (PP), Polyvinyl Chloride
(PVC), Polystyrene (PS), and Nylon.
5. Recycling Potential:
 Thermosets:
o Difficult to recycle because they cannot be remelted and reshaped
once cured.
  Thermoplastics:
o Easily recyclable because they can be remelted and reshaped
multiple times.
6. Cost and Ease of Processing:
 Thermosets:
o Typically harder to process due to the irreversible curing process.

o Higher production costs because the shaping process must be done

before curing, after which no reshaping is possible.
 Thermoplastics:
o Generally easier to process due to their ability to be remelted and
reshaped.
o Lower production costs and faster manufacturing cycles.

In summary, thermosets are used when strength and heat resistance are crucial,
while thermoplastics are favored for flexibility, recyclability, and ease of
processing.
4o