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Q1. What is networking? Explain different types of network.

Networking is the practice of connecting computers and devices to share data and resources.
Types:

• LAN (Local Area Network): Small areas like homes or offices.

• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Covers a city.

• WAN (Wide Area Network): Covers large distances, like states or countries.

Q2. Explain TCP/IP protocol in details.

TCP/IP is a suite of communication protocols used to connect network devices.

• Application: Provides services like HTTP, FTP.

• Transport: Ensures data delivery (TCP/UDP).

• Internet: Handles logical addressing and routing.

• Network Access: Handles physical transmission.

Q3. What is guided media? Explain types of guided media.

Guided media uses physical paths like cables:

• Twisted Pair Cable: Telephone and LAN.

• Coaxial Cable: Cable TV.

• Fiber Optic Cable: High-speed data using light.

Q4. Explain Active and Passive Hub.

• Active Hub: Amplifies and regenerates signals.

• Passive Hub: Only connects devices without amplification.

Q5. What are repeaters? Explain different types of repeaters.

Repeaters regenerate weak signals.

• Analog Repeaters: Amplify all signals.

• Digital Repeaters: Regenerate clean digital signals.

• Wireless Repeaters: Extend Wi-Fi coverage.

• Simplex: One-way (e.g., keyboard).

• Half Duplex: Two-way, but one at a time (e.g., walkie-talkie).

• Full Duplex: Two-way simultaneously (e.g., telephone).

Q7. What is security services? Explain security mechanisms to provide the services.

Security services ensure data safety:

• Confidentiality (encryption)

• Authentication (passwords, biometrics)

• Integrity (hashing)

• Non-repudiation (digital signatures) Mechanisms: encryption, firewall, antivirus.

Q8. Explain Bluetooth in details.

Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for short-range communication. It operates at 2.4 GHz,
follows IEEE 802.15.1, and uses master-slave architecture to connect devices like smartphones,
headphones, and computers.

Q9. What is standard? What is their needs? Explain the two types of standard.

Standard ensures interoperability.

• De facto Standard: Formed by practice (e.g., TCP/IP).

• De jure Standard: Formally recognized (e.g., IEEE standards).

Q10. What is Fast Ethernet? Explain categories of Fast Ethernet.

Fast Ethernet is a 100 Mbps Ethernet standard. Categories:

• 100BASE-TX: Twisted pair.

• 100BASE-FX: Fiber optic.

• 100BASE-T4: Four twisted pairs.

Q11. Explain server-based and peer-to-peer LANs.

• Server-based: Central server manages resources.

• Peer-to-peer: No central server; all devices share equally.

Fiber Optic Twisted Pair

Light signals Electrical signals

Expensive Cheap

Long distance Short distance

High speed Moderate speed

Q13. What is attack? Explain various types of attacks.

An attack is an attempt to access or harm network systems. Types:

• Passive Attack: Eavesdropping.

• Active Attack: Alteration of data.

• Insider Attack: From authorized person.

• Outsider Attack: From unauthorized outsider.

Q14. Explain wireless transmission. Explain any one media in details.

Wireless transmission sends signals without cables.

• Radio Waves: Used in broadcasting. Long range and omnidirectional.

Q15. What is addressing? Explain different types of addresses.

Addressing identifies source and destination. Types:

• Physical Address (MAC)

• Logical Address (IP)

• Port Address (TCP/UDP)

• Specific Address (URL)

Q16. Explain IEEE standard 802.11 (WLAN) in details.

IEEE 802.11 defines Wi-Fi standards. It specifies protocols for wireless networking including
frequencies (2.4 GHz, 5 GHz), security (WPA, WPA2), and operation modes (Infrastructure, Ad-hoc).
Q17. Define Network Topology? Explain different types of topologies.

Topology: Arrangement of network devices. Types:

• Bus

• Star

• Ring

• Mesh

• Hybrid

Q18. Explain function of each layer of ISO-OSI reference Model.

• Physical: Transmits bits.

• Data Link: Frames and error detection.

• Network: Routing.

• Transport: Reliable delivery.

• Session: Session management.

• Presentation: Data translation.

• Application: End-user services.

Q19. What is wireless transmission? Explain any two media in detail.

Wireless media:

• Radio Waves: Long range, omnidirectional.

• Microwaves: Shorter range, line-of-sight, high frequency.

Q20. Define the bridge? Explain the types of bridge.

Bridge connects two LANs. Types:

• Transparent Bridge

• Source Routing Bridge

• Translational Bridge

Q21. Define Computer Network? Explain goals of Computer Network.

Computer network connects devices to share resources.

• Reliability

• Scalability

• Communication

Q22. Explain different types of Addresses.

• Physical (MAC)

• Logical (IP)

• Port (for applications)

• Specific (like URL)

Q23. Explain propagation methods in detail.

• Ground Wave Propagation: Surface waves.

• Sky Wave Propagation: Ionosphere reflection.

• Line-of-Sight Propagation: Direct line transmission.

Q24. Explain Firewall and its Security Features.

Firewall monitors incoming and outgoing traffic.

• Packet filtering

• Proxy services

• Network Address Translation (NAT)

• VPN support

Q25. Draw TCP/IP model and state the function of each layer.

Layers:

• Application: Services like HTTP, FTP

• Transport: TCP/UDP

• Internet: IP for routing

• Network Access: Data transmission over network

Connection-Oriented Connectionless

Reliable Unreliable

Example: TCP Example: UDP

Connection setup needed No setup

Q27. What is Router? Explain its components.

Router connects different networks and forwards packets.

• CPU

• Memory

• Interfaces

• Routing Table

Q28. What is Ethernet? What are its types? Explain any one in detail.

Ethernet is a LAN technology.

• Traditional Ethernet

• Fast Ethernet

• Gigabit Ethernet

• 10 Gigabit Ethernet Fast Ethernet: 100 Mbps, used with 100BASE-TX cables.

Q29. Explain IEEE standards 802-11 in detail.

IEEE 802.11 defines standards for Wi-Fi networks, addressing frequency bands, security, MAC layer
protocols, and speed enhancements (802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax).

Q30. Compare ISO-OSI reference model and TCP/IP model.

OSI Model TCP/IP Model

7 Layers 4 Layers

Theoretical Practical
OSI Model TCP/IP Model

Developed by ISO Developed by DARPA

Q31. What is cryptography? Explain encryption and decryption process.

Cryptography is the practice of secure communication.

• Encryption: Plaintext → Ciphertext

• Decryption: Ciphertext → Plaintext

Q32. Explain Fiber optic cable in detail.

Fiber optic cable uses light to transmit data.

• Core, cladding, and protective layers.

• High bandwidth.

• Immune to electromagnetic interference.

Q33. What is unguided media? Explain types of unguided media.

Unguided media transmits without physical conductors. Types:

• Radio waves

• Microwaves

• Infrared

Q34. What is switch? How does it differ from HUB?

• Switch: Connects devices, intelligent forwarding using MAC address.

• Hub: Broadcasts to all devices, no intelligence.

Q35. What is copyright? Explain applications of copyright.

Copyright is a legal right to protect original works.

• Books

• Software

• Music

• Films
Q36. Differentiate between connection-oriented and connectionless services.

Already answered in Q26.

Q37. Explain functions of each layer ISO-OSI reference model.

Already answered in Q18.

Q38. What is Backbone Network? Explain types of Backbone network.

Backbone network connects various parts of a network. Types:

• Distributed Backbone

• Collapsed Backbone

• Parallel Backbone

Q39. State advantages and disadvantages of LAN, with uses.

Advantages:

• Resource sharing

• Cost-effective Disadvantages:

• Limited range

• Security risks Uses: Offices, colleges, labs.

Q40. Explain Ground wave propagation with diagram.

Ground wave propagation involves radio waves traveling close to Earth's surface, ideal for AM radio
transmission.

Q41. Define computer network? Explain goals of computer network.

Already answered in Q21.

Q42. What is attack? Explain various types of attack.

Already answered in Q13.

Q43. What are gateways? Explain various levels of gateways.

• Application Gateway

• Protocol Gateway

• Network Gateway

Q44. What is VLAN? What are the features of VLAN.

VLAN: Virtual LAN groups devices logically irrespective of location. Features:

• Improved security

• Better management

• Reduces broadcast traffic

Q45. Explain TCP/IP protocol in detail.

Already answered in Q2.

Q46. What is HUB? Explain types of HUB.

Hub is a basic networking device. Types:

• Passive Hub

• Active Hub

• Intelligent Hub

Q47. Explain Bluetooth architecture in detail.

Bluetooth architecture:

• Master and Slave structure.

• Piconet (one master + slaves) and Scatternet (multiple interconnected piconets).

Q48. Explain different modes of communication.

Already answered in Q6.