418 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table 8–7

Suggested Procedure for Finding Fastener Stiffness

h
lt t t1 t2
ld H
t

d
d

LT lt

l
l LT
L ld
L
(a) (b)

Given fastener diameter d and pitch p in mm or number of threads per inch

Washer thickness: t from Table A–32 or A–33
Nut thickness [Fig. (a) only]: H from Table A–31
Grip length:
For Fig. (a): l 5 thickness of all material squeezed between face
of bolt and face of nut

l5 e
h 1 t2 y2, t2 , d
For Fig. (b):
h 1 dy2, t2 $ d
Fastener length (round up using Table A–17*):
For Fig. (a): L.l1H
For Fig. (b): L . h 1 1.5d
Threaded length LT: Inch series:
2d 1 14 in,
LT 5 e
L # 6 in
2d 1 12 in, L . 6 in
Metric series:
2d 1 6 mm, L # 125 mm, d # 48 mm
L T 5 • 2d 1 12 mm, 125 , L # 200 mm
2d 1 25 mm, L . 200 mm
Length of unthreaded portion in grip: ld 5 L 2 LT
Length of threaded portion in grip: lt 5 l 2 ld
Area of unthreaded portion: Ad 5 pd 2y4
Area of threaded portion: At from Table 8–1 or 8–2
A d At E
Fastener stiffness: kb 5
Ad lt 1 At ld

*Bolts and cap screws may not be available in all the preferred lengths listed in Table A–17. Large fasteners may not be available in fractional
inches or in millimeter lengths ending in a nonzero digit. Check with your bolt supplier for availability.
 Useful Tables 1043

Table A–17 Fraction of Inches

Preferred Sizes and 1 1 1 3 1 5 3 1 5 3 7 1 9 5 11 3 7
1, 114 , 112 , 134 , 2, 214 , 212 , 234 , 3,
64 , 32 , 16 , 32 , 8 , 32 , 16 , 4 , 16 , 8 , 16 , 2 , 16 , 8 , 16 , 4 , 8 ,
Renard (R-Series)
314 , 312 , 334 , 4, 414 , 412 , 434 , 5, 514 , 512 , 534 , 6, 612 , 7, 712 , 8, 812 , 9, 912 , 10, 1012 , 11, 1112 , 12,
Numbers
1212 , 13, 1312 , 14, 1412 , 15, 1512 , 16, 1612 , 17, 1712 , 18, 1812 , 19, 1912 , 20
(When a choice can be
made, use one of these Decimal Inches
sizes; however, not 0.010, 0.012, 0.016, 0.020, 0.025, 0.032, 0.040, 0.05, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.16, 0.20, 0.24, 0.30,
all parts or items are 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.80, 1.00, 1.20, 1.40, 1.60, 1.80, 2.0, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 3.0, 3.2, 3.4, 3.6, 3.8, 4.0, 4.2,
available in all the sizes 4.4, 4.6, 4.8, 5.0, 5.2, 5.4, 5.6, 5.8, 6.0, 7.0, 7.5, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, 10.0, 10.5, 11.0, 11.5, 12.0, 12.5,
shown in the table.) 13.0, 13.5, 14.0, 14.5, 15.0, 15.5, 16.0, 16.5, 17.0, 17.5, 18.0, 18.5, 19.0, 19.5, 20

Millimeters

0.05, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.16, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, 0.80, 0.90, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2,
1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.5, 2.8, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10, 11, 12, 14,
16, 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30, 32, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 250, 300

Renard Numbers*

1st choice, R5: 1, 1.6, 2.5, 4, 6.3, 10

2d choice, R10: 1.25, 2, 3.15, 5, 8
3d choice, R20: 1.12, 1.4, 1.8, 2.24, 2.8, 3.55, 4.5, 5.6, 7.1, 9
4th choice, R40: 1.06, 1.18, 1.32, 1.5, 1.7, 1.9, 2.12, 2.36, 2.65, 3, 3.35, 3.75, 4.25, 4.75, 5.3, 6,
6.7, 7.5, 8.5, 9.5

*May be multiplied or divided by powers of 10.

404 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table 8–1 Coarse-Pitch Series Fine-Pitch Series

Nominal
Diameters and Areas of Major Tensile- Minor- Tensile- Minor-
Coarse-Pitch and Fine- Diameter Pitch Stress Diameter Pitch Stress Diameter
d p Area At Area Ar p Area At Area Ar
Pitch Metric Threads.* mm mm mm2 mm2 mm mm2 mm2

1.6 0.35 1.27 1.07

2 0.40 2.07 1.79
2.5 0.45 3.39 2.98
3 0.5 5.03 4.47
3.5 0.6 6.78 6.00
4 0.7 8.78 7.75
5 0.8 14.2 12.7
6 1 20.1 17.9
8 1.25 36.6 32.8 1 39.2 36.0
10 1.5 58.0 52.3 1.25 61.2 56.3
12 1.75 84.3 76.3 1.25 92.1 86.0
14 2 115 104 1.5 125 116
16 2 157 144 1.5 167 157
20 2.5 245 225 1.5 272 259
24 3 353 324 2 384 365
30 3.5 561 519 2 621 596
36 4 817 759 2 915 884
42 4.5 1120 1050 2 1260 1230
48 5 1470 1380 2 1670 1630
56 5.5 2030 1910 2 2300 2250
64 6 2680 2520 2 3030 2980
72 6 3460 3280 2 3860 3800
80 6 4340 4140 1.5 4850 4800
90 6 5590 5360 2 6100 6020
100 6 6990 6740 2 7560 7470
110 2 9180 9080

*The equations and data used to develop this table have been obtained from ANSI B1.1-1974 and
B18.3.1-1978. The minor diameter was found from the equation dr 5 d 2 1.226 869p, and the pitch
diameter from dp 5 d 2 0.649 519p. The mean of the pitch diameter and the minor diameter was used
to compute the tensile-stress area.

Square and Acme threads, whose profiles are shown in Fig. 8–3a and b, respec-
tively, are used on screws when power is to be transmitted. Table 8–3 lists the pre-
ferred pitches for inch-series Acme threads. However, other pitches can be and often
are used, since the need for a standard for such threads is not great.
Modifications are frequently made to both Acme and square threads. For instance,
the square thread is sometimes modified by cutting the space between the teeth so as
to have an included thread angle of 10 to 15°. This is not difficult, since these threads
are usually cut with a single-point tool anyhow; the modification retains most of the
high efficiency inherent in square threads and makes the cutting simpler. Acme threads
 Screws, Fasteners, and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints 405

Table 8–2

Diameters and Area of Unified Screw Threads UNC and UNF*

Coarse Series—UNC Fine Series—UNF

Nominal Tensile- Minor- Tensile- Minor-
Major Threads Stress Diameter Threads Stress Diameter
Size Diameter per Inch Area At Area Ar per Inch Area At Area Ar
Designation in N in2 in2 N in2 in2

0 0.0600 80 0.001 80 0.001 51

1 0.0730 64 0.002 63 0.002 18 72 0.002 78 0.002 37
2 0.0860 56 0.003 70 0.003 10 64 0.003 94 0.003 39
3 0.0990 48 0.004 87 0.004 06 56 0.005 23 0.004 51
4 0.1120 40 0.006 04 0.004 96 48 0.006 61 0.005 66
5 0.1250 40 0.007 96 0.006 72 44 0.008 80 0.007 16
6 0.1380 32 0.009 09 0.007 45 40 0.010 15 0.008 74
8 0.1640 32 0.014 0 0.011 96 36 0.014 74 0.012 85
10 0.1900 24 0.017 5 0.014 50 32 0.020 0 0.017 5
12 0.2160 24 0.024 2 0.020 6 28 0.025 8 0.022 6
1
4 0.2500 20 0.031 8 0.026 9 28 0.036 4 0.032 6
5
16 0.3125 18 0.052 4 0.045 4 24 0.058 0 0.052 4
3
8 0.3750 16 0.077 5 0.067 8 24 0.087 8 0.080 9
7
16 0.4375 14 0.106 3 0.093 3 20 0.118 7 0.109 0
1
2 0.5000 13 0.141 9 0.125 7 20 0.159 9 0.148 6
9
16 0.5625 12 0.182 0.162 18 0.203 0.189
5
8 0.6250 11 0.226 0.202 18 0.256 0.240
3
4 0.7500 10 0.334 0.302 16 0.373 0.351
7
8 0.8750 9 0.462 0.419 14 0.509 0.480
1 1.0000 8 0.606 0.551 12 0.663 0.625
114 1.2500 7 0.969 0.890 12 1.073 1.024
112 1.5000 6 1.405 1.294 12 1.581 1.521

*This table was compiled from ANSI B1.1-1974. The minor diameter was found from the equation dr 5 d 2 1.299 038p, and the pitch
diameter from dp 5 d 2 0.649 519p. The mean of the pitch diameter and the minor diameter was used to compute the tensile-stress area.

Figure 8–3 p p
p p
2 2
(a) Square thread; 29°
(b) Acme thread. p p
2 2

d d
dr dr

(a) (b)
 Useful Tables 1061

Table A–29

Dimensions of Square and Hexagonal Bolts

H

W
R

Head Type
Nominal Square Regular Hexagonal Heavy Hexagonal Structural Hexagonal
Size, in W H W H Rmin W H Rmin W H Rmin
1 3 11 7 11
4 8 64 16 64 0.01
5 1 13 1 7
16 2 64 2 32 0.01
3 9 1 9 1
8 16 4 16 4 0.01
7 5 19 5 19
16 8 64 8 64 0.01
1 3 21 3 11 7 11 7 5
2 4 64 4 32 0.01 8 32 0.01 8 16 0.009
5 15 27 15 27
8 16 64 16 64 0.02 1161 27
64 0.02 1161 25
64 0.021
3
4 118 1
2 118 1
2 0.02 114 1
2 0.02 114 15
32 0.021

1 112 21
32 112 43
64 0.03 158 43
64 0.03 158 39
64 0.062

118 111
16
3
4 111
16
3
4 0.03 113
16
3
4 0.03 113
16
11
16 0.062

114 178 27
32 178 27
32 0.03 2 27
32 0.03 2 25
32 0.062

138 2161 29
32 2161 29
32 0.03 2163 29
32 0.03 3163 27
32 0.062

112 214 1 214 1 0.03 238 1 0.03 238 15

16 0.062

Nominal
Size, mm

M5 8 3.58 8 3.58 0.2

M6 10 4.38 0.3
M8 13 5.68 0.4
M10 16 6.85 0.4
M12 18 7.95 0.6 21 7.95 0.6
M14 21 9.25 0.6 24 9.25 0.6
M16 24 10.75 0.6 27 10.75 0.6 27 10.75 0.6
M20 30 13.40 0.8 34 13.40 0.8 34 13.40 0.8
M24 36 15.90 0.8 41 15.90 0.8 41 15.90 1.0
M30 46 19.75 1.0 50 19.75 1.0 50 19.75 1.2
M36 55 23.55 1.0 60 23.55 1.0 60 23.55 1.5
1062 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A–30 Type of Screw

Minimum
Dimensions of Nominal Fillet Cap Heavy Height
Size, in Radius W W H
Hexagonal Cap Screws
1 7 5
and Heavy Hexagonal 4 0.015 16 32
5 1 13
Screws (W 5 Width 16 0.015 2 64
across Flats; H 5 Height 3
8 0.015 9
16
15
64
of Head; See Figure in 7
0.015 5 9
16 8 32
Table A–29) 1 3 7 5
2 0.015 4 8 16
5 15
8 0.020 16 1161 25
64
3
4 0.020 118 114 15
32
7
8 0.040 1165 1167 35
64

1 0.060 112 118 39

64

114 0.060 178 2 25

32

138 0.060 2161 2163 27

32

112 0.060 214 238 15

16

Nominal
Size, mm

M5 0.2 8 3.65
M6 0.3 10 4.15
M8 0.4 13 5.50
M10 0.4 16 6.63
M12 0.6 18 21 7.76
M14 0.6 21 24 9.09
M16 0.6 24 27 10.32
M20 0.8 30 34 12.88
M24 0.8 36 41 15.44
M30 1.0 46 50 19.48
M36 1.0 55 60 23.38
 Useful Tables 1063

Table A–31 Height H

Dimensions of Nominal Width Regular Thick or
Size, in W Hexagonal Slotted JAM
Hexagonal Nuts
1 7 7 9 5
4 16 32 32 32
5 1 17 21 3
16 2 64 64 16
3 9 21 13 7
8 16 64 32 32
7 11 3 29 1
16 16 8 64 4
1 3 7 9 5
2 4 16 16 16
9 7 31 39 5
16 8 64 64 16
5 15 35 23 3
8 16 64 32 8
3
4 118 41
64
13
16
27
64
7
8 1165 3
4
29
32
31
64

1 112 55
64 1 35
64

118 111
16
31
32 1325 39
64

114 178 1161 114 23

32

138 2161 111

64 138 25
32

112 214 1329 112 27

32

Nominal
Size, mm

M5 8 4.7 5.1 2.7

M6 10 5.2 5.7 3.2
M8 13 6.8 7.5 4.0
M10 16 8.4 9.3 5.0
M12 18 10.8 12.0 6.0
M14 21 12.8 14.1 7.0
M16 24 14.8 16.4 8.0
M20 30 18.0 20.3 10.0
M24 36 21.5 23.9 12.0
M30 46 25.6 28.6 15.0
M36 55 31.0 34.7 18.0
 Table A–32 Diameter
Fastener Washer
Basic Dimensions of Size Size ID OD Thickness
American Standard #6 0.138 0.156 0.375 0.049
Plain Washers (All #8 0.164 0.188 0.438 0.049
Dimensions in Inches) #10 0.190 0.219 0.500 0.049
#12 0.216 0.250 0.562 0.065
1
4 N 0.250 0.281 0.625 0.065
1
4 W 0.250 0.312 0.734 0.065
5
16 N 0.312 0.344 0.688 0.065
5
16 W 0.312 0.375 0.875 0.083
3
8 N 0.375 0.406 0.812 0.065
3
8 W 0.375 0.438 1.000 0.083
7
16 N 0.438 0.469 0.922 0.065
7
16 W 0.438 0.500 1.250 0.083
1
2 N 0.500 0.531 1.062 0.095
1
2 W 0.500 0.562 1.375 0.109
9
16 N 0.562 0.594 1.156 0.095
9
16 W 0.562 0.625 1.469 0.109
5
8 N 0.625 0.656 1.312 0.095
5
8 W 0.625 0.688 1.750 0.134
3
4 N 0.750 0.812 1.469 0.134
3
4 W 0.750 0.812 2.000 0.148
7
8 N 0.875 0.938 1.750 0.134
7
8 W 0.875 0.938 2.250 0.165
1N 1.000 1.062 2.000 0.134
1W 1.000 1.062 2.500 0.165
118 N 1.125 1.250 2.250 0.134
118 W 1.125 1.250 2.750 0.165
114 N 1.250 1.375 2.500 0.165
114 W 1.250 1.375 3.000 0.165
138 N 1.375 1.500 2.750 0.165
138 W 1.375 1.500 3.250 0.180
112 N 1.500 1.625 3.000 0.165
112 W 1.500 1.625 3.500 0.180
158 1.625 1.750 3.750 0.180
134 1.750 1.875 4.000 0.180
178 1.875 2.000 4.250 0.180
2 2.000 2.125 4.500 0.180
214 2.250 2.375 4.750 0.220
212 2.500 2.625 5.000 0.238
234 2.750 2.875 5.250 0.259
3 3.000 3.125 5.500 0.284
N 5 narrow; W 5 wide; use W when not specified.
1064
 Useful Tables 1065

Table A–33

Dimensions of Metric Plain Washers (All Dimensions in Millimeters)

Washer Minimum Maximum Maximum Washer Minimum Maximum Maximum

Size* ID OD Thickness Size* ID OD Thickness

1.6 N 1.95 4.00 0.70 10 N 10.85 20.00 2.30

1.6 R 1.95 5.00 0.70 10 R 10.85 28.00 2.80
1.6 W 1.95 6.00 0.90 10 W 10.85 39.00 3.50
2N 2.50 5.00 0.90 12 N 13.30 25.40 2.80
2R 2.50 6.00 0.90 12 R 13.30 34.00 3.50
2W 2.50 8.00 0.90 12 W 13.30 44.00 3.50
2.5 N 3.00 6.00 0.90 14 N 15.25 28.00 2.80
2.5 R 3.00 8.00 0.90 14 R 15.25 39.00 3.50
2.5 W 3.00 10.00 1.20 14 W 15.25 50.00 4.00
3N 3.50 7.00 0.90 16 N 17.25 32.00 3.50
3R 3.50 10.00 1.20 16 R 17.25 44.00 4.00
3W 3.50 12.00 1.40 16 W 17.25 56.00 4.60
3.5 N 4.00 9.00 1.20 20 N 21.80 39.00 4.00
3.5 R 4.00 10.00 1.40 20 R 21.80 50.00 4.60
3.5 W 4.00 15.00 1.75 20 W 21.80 66.00 5.10
4N 4.70 10.00 1.20 24 N 25.60 44.00 4.60
4R 4.70 12.00 1.40 24 R 25.60 56.00 5.10
4W 4.70 16.00 2.30 24 W 25.60 72.00 5.60
5N 5.50 11.00 1.40 30 N 32.40 56.00 5.10
5R 5.50 15.00 1.75 30 R 32.40 72.00 5.60
5W 5.50 20.00 2.30 30 W 32.40 90.00 6.40
6N 6.65 13.00 1.75 36 N 38.30 66.00 5.60
6R 6.65 18.80 1.75 36 R 38.30 90.00 6.40
6W 6.65 25.40 2.30 36 W 38.30 110.00 8.50
8N 8.90 18.80 2.30
8R 8.90 25.40 2.30
8W 8.90 32.00 2.80

N 5 narrow; R 5 regular; W 5 wide.

*Same as screw or bolt size.