Quy Thai bao Kinh te Sai Gon

(Saigon Times Foundation - STF)

va
Uy ban Tu'dng trQ ngu'ai Vi~t Nam tal CHLB flue
(Vietnamesisches Studienwerk in der BRD e.v.-VSW - UBTT)

CHuvEN NGANH
cdeIENTli
•
Fachkunde
Mechatronik
Ban dich tieng Vi~t W an ban tieng Due Ian thir 30
Hop dong ban quyen cua Nha xuat ban Europa-Lehrmittel ky nqay 18-10-2013

Tl,fa gee tieng Due: FACHKUNDE MECHATRONIK

VERLAG EUROPA-LEHRMITTEL· Nourney, Vollmer GmbH & Co. KG
Ousselberqer Stral5e 23·42781 Haan-Gruiten • Germany

Europa No.: 45119

Nh~1J1~ong gop ~ich cl,J'c~ho viec xa~ dV'~g ~ot IV'c IU;Q'n~ca,ng nhan, chuyen vien lanh nghe duoc [Link] t<;10bai bfm ca lie Iv
thuyet Ian thuc hanh tai Viet Nam, Quy Thoi bao Kmh te Sai Gon (Saigon Times Foundation - STF) va u~ban \U'O'ngn-c- ngU'o-l
Nam tai C9n9 noa lien [Link] Duc (VSW-UBTI), hai to crurc xa h(>i,phi lQ'i nhu~n, ail thanh I~p ro sacn Nhat Nghe Tinh
Vi<%lt
tu nam 2010, de dich cac cuon sach day nghe quan tronq, CCY ban va SU'pham cua nhB xuat ban Europa Lehrmittel a Duc.
CO' dien tli (MechatroniCs: mechanical 1 electronic engineering) la mot nqanh hoc ket hop giO>aba cang nghe then chat la CCY
khi, dien tli, va tin hoc. Thuat ngo>CO'dien tCP dU'Q'cngU'CYiNhat sli dl,mg ItIn diiu tien vao narn 1971, sau do duoc nhanh chong
ph6 bien tren the giai. a [Link] dao tao nghe nqanh CO'dien tCP b~t dau vao narn 1998.

CU6n sach "Chuyen nqanh coo di~n tIP" cua nha xuiit ban Europa Lehrmittel ta mot cuon sach qiao khoa dU'Q'cph6 bien r(>ng
rai trong linh VI,J'C a a
dao tao cac tmong day nghe tai Duc. M(>td(>ingO gom cac qiao vlen cac trU'ong cay nghe va cac ky SU'
a cac cang ty, voi Sl,!'he tro cua hai nh6m lam viec: dien tli, che tao CO'khi & ky thuat gia cang da bien soan cuon sach nay riit
conq phu, cap nhat nhO>ngphat minh rnoi, nen qiao trinh nay riit phong phu va hien dai. ciiu true cua cuon sacn khang nhO>ng
thich hop cho vlec giang day, rna con giup cac chuyen vien ky thuat b6 sung kien thuc CO'ban, tham khao va tl,!'hoc. Cu6n sacn
nay dU'Q'cdich ra tieng Viet tu nquyen ban tieng Duc, iin ban thu 4.
Vi SI,J'da danq phong phu cua nqanh CO'dien tCr,nen sach chi trinh bay 13 linh VI,J'C
hoc tap tuy theo nhu cau cua cac hoc vien
va tuy theo n(>idung hoc tap,
Sach gom c6 14 chuonq (650 trang) dU'Q'ctrinh bay r5 rang, d.§hieu nho sli dl,mg nhieu hinh anh voi nhieu hinh rnau minh hoa
va bang bieu. N(>idung cac chuonq gom:
CO' ban ve xCrIy dO>lieu (tin hoc): He dieu hanh, chuonq trinh ung dunq van phonq, phan rnern trinh bay, laP trinh, moi de
doa cho rnanq va may tinh.
Truyen thonq ky thuat: Ban ve ky thuat lam phuonq tien thong tin, truyen thong, ky thuat truyen thang biing sc do
Ky thuat kiem tra d9 dai va qoc, biing co hoc, biing can rnau, thiet bj do, dung sai va lap qhep,
- Ouan Iy ch!it IU'Q'ngla nhiern vu chung cua rnoi ngU'ai, theo tieu chuan ISO, biing phU'O'ngphap th6ng ke.
Ky thuat vat lieu: Phan loai, dac tinh, cau teo vat lieu kim loai, s~t va thep, kim loai phi sat, cac kim loai quan tronq khac, vat
lieu thieu ket, su an rnon, chiit deo, cac vat lieu lien ket, phu tro va bao ve rnoi tnronq.
- He th6ng CCY: CO'ban vat Iy cua he thong co, chuc nanq: dan d(>ng, khop n6i true, b(>truyen d(>ng, 6 true v.v ...
- Che tao he thong CO'khi (ky thuat gia conq): Cac nh6m, tao danq due, bien danq, cat got phoi, ghep nOi, tl,!' d9ng hoa san
xuat, CNC, ky thuat xCPIy thao tac va ra bot.
CO' ban ky thuat dien: Ma hinh nquyen tli Bohr, CO'ban ve dien: dien ap, dong dien, dien tro, conq SU<3t,hieu suat, dien
trU'ang, tu tmang, each Iy dien tich, cac mach dien CO'ban: m(>tchieu, xoay chleu, ba pha, cac linh kien dien tli, ky thuat do.
May dien: May bien ap, dong CO'khang [Link] b9 ba pha, xoay chieu m(>tpha, mot chieu, tinh tuonq thich dien tll>EMC va
cac bien phap bao ve.
- Ky thuat dieu khien: CO'ban, cac rnach dien ky thuat 56, rno ta ky tnuat bang [Link] GRAFCET, ky thuat dieu khien bang khi
nen, bang dien, bang thuy II,J'C
, earn bien, dieu khien logic laP trinh dU'Q'CPLC.
- Ky thuat dieu chinh: CO'ban, cac phan tCrcau tao, cac thiet bj va CO'cau, SI,J'6n djnh cua rnach dieu chinh.
Cac he thong bus trong ky thuat tl,!'d(>ng h6a: Ma hinh giao tiep, ta pa hoc, phuonq tien truyen thong, phan loai truyen d~n,
cac phU'O'ngthuc truy caP bus, bao dam dO>lieU, giao dien AS, Profibus, Ethernet.
- NhO>nghe th6ng cO'dien tli: CO'ban ve C<3U
truc, nhO>nghe thong con van hanh bang CCY khi, thOy Il,!'c,khi nen va dien.
L~p rap, thCrnghiem dU'a vao Van hanh va bao tri cac he th6ng CO'dien tli: Cang viec I~p rap qua ket n6i, kiem tra va hieu
ehinh, ke hO<;lchlap rap, cac hinh thuc t6 chuc, an toan lac d(>ng,thli nghiem dU'a vao van hanh, va bao tri cac he th6ng.
Chung tai va cling cam an nha xuiit ban Europa Lehrmittel, nha xuiit ban Tre da danh SI,!'giup do tan tinh trong viec xuiit ban.
Dac biet cam an taP the cac chuyen gia uy tin, trong va ngoai nU'ac da am thiim cong hien tam suc de hoan thanh viec chuyen
ngo>quyen sach nay. Ngoai ra chung toi cOng vo cling cam an To chuc hQ'ptac qu6c te (GIZ) CHLB Duc da he trQ' chung tai
riit tich CI,J'C a
trong viec djch thuat va mua sach vai s6 IU'Q'ngIan, de tang cho cac tmong d<;lynghe Viet Nam.
Hien nhien trong iin ban Viet ngO>diiu tien cubn sach khang the nao tranh kh6i sai sot, chung tai mong nhan dU'Q'ccae gap y
de hoan thien cac !in ban trong tU'O'nglai. Moi de nghj va thac mac xin gai ve dja chi email: tusachnghe@[Link].
Vai muc tieu he trQ' cang tac d?y nghe, chung tai tin rang quyen sach nay se dang g6p thiet thl,!'c vao cong cUQc pha! triem
nguon nhan Il,!'cky thuat cao nU'ac nhi!.

Thanh ph6 [Link] Minh thang 5/2017

QU? THai BAo KINH T~ sAI GON (SAIGON TIMES FOUNDATION - STF)
UY BAN TLYO'NGTRO' NGLYOI VIJ;T NAM TAl CHLB £)lYC (VIETNAMESISCHES STUDIENWERK IN BRD e.v.-VSW - UBTI)
 Lai Giai Thi~u

Trong xu the hoi nhap ,khu V,I,J'C

va quoc te, nhan Il,J'cn6i chung, nhan luc ky thuat tructiep n6i rieng nqay
canq tro thanh nhan t6 quyet dinh SI,J'phat trien cOng nhu nang Il,J'ccanh tranh cua moi quoc qia, Chien
1U'Q'cphat trlen day nghe thai ky 2011-2020 X8C dinh ro rnuc tlsu oen narn 2020 nang ty 1$lao dOng qua
dao tao nghl'l dat 55%, tU'ong oU'ong vai 34,4 trieu ngU'Oi. De dat dU'Q'Crnuc tieu nay din phai dU'a ra 10
gi8i phap de doi rnoi nanq cao chat 1U'Q'ngqiao due nghl'l nghiep, mot trong cac giai phap d6 la nang cao
chat 1U'Q'[Link] qua cong tac hop tac quoc te trong giao due nghe nghi$p, trong d6 xac djnh CHLB DlfC
la mot trong cac doi tac chien 1U'Q'[Link] nhCPngnarn qua, CHLB DlfC de ho tro Vi$t Nam voi nhieu dl,J'
an. Chuono trinh hop tac Vi$t - Due "£J6i rnoi Dao tao ngh€l Vii;lt Nam" ho tro cac CO'so Giao due ngh€l
nghi$p nang cao chat 1U'Q'ngva tinh hU'ong cau trong cac chuonq trinh dao t90 cua minh dua theo cac
tieu chuan quoc te dong thai Chuonq trinh tU' van cho chinh phu Vi$t nam trong qua trinh doi mot h$ thong
Giao due ngh€l nghi$p.

Sau thanh cong cua an ban oau tien cuon sach "Chuyen nqanh CO' khi" va tiep 06 180cuon sach "Chuyen
nqanh Ky thuat di$n va di$n tu" duoc xuat ban bc'lng tieng Viet, chunq toi muon gioi thieu tiep cuon "CO'
dien tu". Cuon sach nay do Nha xuat ban Europa-Lehrmittel xuat ban nquyen ban bang tieng Due va hien
a
dang duoc Sll' dunq rOng rei hau het cac truonq ky thuat tal CHLB £Ju.c. NOi dung cuon sach hU'ong den
cac tieu chuan dao t90 cua Dire doi voi nghe CO' di$n tll' va c6 th~ duoc Sll' dunq lam tai li$u d6ng hanh
cho vi$c dao tao va nanq cao dOi ngO chuyen gia nghe CO' di$n tll' cua Viet Nam. Cuon sach cung cap
cho doc gia nhCPngthong tin. kien thuc ve th~ hien ve chat 1U'Q'ngcOng nhu nhCPngkinh nghiem dao t90
nghe cua £Ju.c. Kinh nghi$m lam viec lau narn cua cac chuyen gia ky thuat Vi$t Nam c6 nang Il,J'cchuyen
rnon cao trong cac doanh nghi$p tal CHLB £JlfC va Vi$t Nam va dU'Q'CSI,J'ho tro cua To cnuc HQ'p tac phat
tri€Jn £Ju.c (GIZ) de tham gia d6ng g6p VaG viec dich cuon sach tCr tieng £Ju.c sang tieng Viet. Chung t6i
tin tuonq rc'lng cuon sach nay se la tal li$u c6 gia tri tham khao rat tot cho cac chuyen gia, giao vien, cac
truonq trung cap, cao dang trong ca nuoc c6 dao tao ngh€l CO' di$n tll' nharn cung cap kien thuc, ky nanq
d§ c6 the dat cac tieu chuan quoc te.

Chung toi xin earn on Tong CI)CD9Y ngh{), To chuc HQ'p tac phat trien Du'c (GIZ), Quy Thai bao kinh te
Sai G6n, Nha xuat ban Tre, Oy Ban TU'O'ng tro ngU'ai Viet Nam tai CHLB £Ju.c, Nha xuat ban Europa-
Lehrmittel va tat ca cac ca nhan de tham gia bien soan, bien dich va ho tro xu at ban cuon sach nay.

Ha NQi, ngay 19 thang 4 nem 2017

Tien st £J.;ingXuan Thuc Tien SI Horst Sommer

VI) trU'ong, VI) D<;Iynghe chinh quy £Jieu phoi vien tronq oi€Jm
Tong cl,JcD9ynghe-Bo L£JTB&XH Dao tao nghe hop tac phat trien £Ju.c
 2.1.7 Ban ve nh6m lilp rap 82
Dh~n giai nhfrng linh vl!c hoc t~p 4
2.2 Bang va bieu do 83
LF1 Phan tich su tuonq quan v€, chLPCnang 2.2.1 Bang 83
trong h~ thong CO'di~n tll' 9
2.2.2 Bi~u dO 83
LF2 Ch~ tao nho>ng h~ thong con van hanh b;!;ng co khi 10
2.3 Truyen thong ky thuat vdi Sl)' tro giup cua so do 84
LF3 Lap rap nho>ng thi~t bi v~n hanh b~ng di~n 2.4 Ngon ngO>la phlfO'ng tien truy'~m thOng 85
voi SI)' IU'u y v€' mat ky thuat an toan 12
2.4.1 Cach tao cac bien ban 85
LF4 ctam sat dong nang 1U'<;yngva thong tin
trong nhorn I£p rap v€' dlen, khi va Ihuy lIyc 13 2.4.2 TlfCl'ng trlnh va thuyet trinh 86

LF5 Truyen thOng nho cac he th6ng xli' Iy dO>Ii$u 2.4.3 T<;IObai tU'ang trinh 86
(may tinh) 14 2.4.4 Thuyet trlnh bai tU'IYng trlnh 86
LF6 Li)p k€. hoach va tb chLPCcac trinh tl,!' him vi~c 14
LF7 Thuc hi~n nho>ng h$ thong con CO'di$n tll' 15 3 Ky thuat kiem tra 87
LF8 Thi€'t k~ va thi€'1 I~p he th6ng CO'di$n tll' 16 3.1 Kiem tra do dai va kiem tra g6c 87
LF9 Khao sat dong thong tin trong h$ thong co dien tll' 3.2 PhU'O'ng ti~n k;em tra CO'hoc 88
phuc tap 17
3.2.1 Thiroc cap 88
LF10 [Link] k€. hoach lilp nip va thao go 18
3.2.2 Thuoc panme (vit do - vi ke) 89
LF11 OU'a vao van hanh, tim 16i va bao tri 19
3.2.3 Dong hO do 89
LF12 Bao tri phOng ngiYa 20
3.2.4 Thooc do g6c 90
LF13 Ban giao h$ thong co dien tll' cho khach hang 20
3.3 Thiet bi do bang khi nen 91
3.4 Thiet bi do biing di$n 91
1 Coo ban vf3 xU' Iy dfr lieu 21
3.5 Thi~t b] do di~n tll' 92
1.1 H~ di€'u hanh 23 3.6 Ki~m tra bang dU'ong kiem 92
1.1.1 Nhi$m VI) cua mot h~ di€lu hanh 23 3.7 Kiem tra b~ m~t 93
1.1.2 Cac the 10Qihe di€lu nann 24 3.7.1 Khai ni~m CO'ban v~ kiem tra b€' mat 93
1.1.3 He diElU hanh may khach-chu (cua Windows) 27 3.7.2 PhU'O'ng phap kiem tra b€' mat 93
1.2 Cac LPngdl,mg van phOng 33 3.7.3 Do d¢ nharn (Do nhap nho) 94
1.2.1 xo 1'1van ban 37 3.7.4 Cac so li$u cua chat IU'O'ng b€' mat
1.2.2 Bang tinh 42 (do b6ng b€' mat) trong cac ban ve ky thuat, 95
1.2.3 Philn m€'m trinh bay (bal thuyet trinh) 47 3.8 Dung sa; va lilp ghep 96
1.2.4 H$ thong ngan hang dO>li$u 53 3.8.1 Dung sai kich thuoc 96
1.3 Philn rnern bb sung 57 3.8.2 Lilp ghep 98
1.3.1 Xli' Iy/chlnh sua hinh anh 57 3.8.3 H~ thong lilp ghep 98
1.3.2 T<;Iotai li$u PDF 59 3.8.4 Dung sai hinh danq va dung sai vi tri 100
1.3.3 Ouan 1'1dl)' an 60
1.4 Gioi thieu tap trinh 63 4 Quan Iy chM 1U'Q'ng 101
1.4.1 Ngon ngO>I~p trinh 63 4.1 KMi niern chat IU'O'ng 101
1.4.2 Thuat toan 63 4.2 Nhlern VI) cua quan 1'1chat IlfO'ng 102
1.4.3 Cau tao tbng quat mot chU'O'ng trinh (Hinh 3) 63 4.2.1 [Link] ke hoach v€' chat IU'O'ng 102
1.4.4 cac dQng dO>li~u va bien so 64 4.2.2 Di€'u chlnh chat IU'O'ng 103
1.4.5 Cac 10QidO>Ii~u (Bang 1) 64 4.2.3 Kiem tra chat IU'O'ng 103
1.4.6 oiiu vao va diiu ra trong ngon ngO>bac cao 65 4.2.4 Cai tien chat IU'O'ng 103
1.4.7 K~t nOi logic cac loai dO>li$u 65 4.3 Ouan Iy chat IU'O'ng theo tieu cnuan
1.4.8 Phat trien chuonq trinh phan m~m 65 DIN EN ISO 9000:2005 104
1.4.9 Cac 10Qirno ta thuat toan 66 4.4 Chat IU'O'ng khOng chi la quan tam
1.4.10 Thi du mot chuonq trinh phan rnem 67 cua ban giam d6c 104
1.5 MOi de doa cho rnanq va may tinh 68 4.5 Ouan 1'1chat IU'O'ng biing thong ke 105
1.5.1 NhO>ng 10Qitan ciing va cac ke tan cong 68 4.5.1 L6i ngilu nhien va 16i co h~ thong 105
1.5.2 NhO>nggiao thuc truyen thOng 69 4.5.2 Phan bo chuan Gaur.. 105
4.5.3 Cach dung bang di€'u chlnh chat IU'O'ng
2 Truyen thong ky thuat 71 nhU' mot cong cu kiem tra chat IU'O'ng 106

2.1 Ban va ky thuat lam phuo'nq tien thong tin 71

5 Ky thu~t v~t Ii~u 107
2.1.1 cec leal Irinh bay 72
2.1.2 Ban va chi ti€.t r6>i 74 5.1 Phan 10Qivat lieu 107
2.1.3 Trinh bay hinh cilt 78 5.2 Cac d~c tinh cua vat lieu 108
2.1.4 5.2.1 Tinh chat vat 1'1 108
Ghi kich thuoc cno tiYng bO phan 79
2.1.5 Trinh bay ren 80 5.2.2 Cac tinh chat cong ngh~ h6a hoc 109
2.1.6 Cac chi tiet duo'c chu~n h6a 81 5.2.3 Cac tinh chat conq nghe CO'hoc 109
 MI,lC tuc 5

5.2.4 Cac dac tinh ve ky thuat che tao 111 7.4.1 Phan loai cac phuonq phap bien danq 166
5.2.5 Cac tinh ch~t ve rnoi truonq 111 7.4.2 U6n 167
5.3 C~u tao cua vat li$u kim loai 112 [Link] Khili niern co ban ve cong nghe 167
5.3.1 Cau tao ben trong cua kim loai 112 [Link] Uon 6ng 168
5.3.2 Cac loai rnanq tinh the 112 [Link] Chieu dai cat (Chieu dai khai trien cat) 170
5.4 Vat li",u sat va thep 113 7.5 Tach 171
5.4.1 Phan 100;litheo ding dunq 113 7.5.1 Nguyen tac CO'ban cua phU'O'ng phap
5.4.2 PMn 10Qithep theo hanq chat IU'O'ng 114 c~t dut [Link] hoe 171
5.4.3 Chu~n hoa cac v~t Ii$u s~t theo 114 7.5.2 Cat 99t c6 phoi 172
5.4.4 Nh(fng loai thep va vat li$u goc s~t quan tronq 116 7.5.3 CU'a 174
5.5 Kim loai phi s~t 119 7.5.4 Giua 176
5.5.1 86ng va hoop kim d6ng 119 7.5.5 Gia cong c6 phoi voi may cong cu 177

5.5.2 NhOm va cac hoop kim nnorn 120 7.5.6 Khoan 180
5.6 Cac kim loai quan tronq khac 121 7.5.7 Khoet (La, khoet rnienq. khoet loe) 185
5.7 Vat lieu thieu ket 122 7.5.8 Doa 186
5.7.1 Che tao chi tiet thieu ket 122 7.5.9 car ren 187
5.7.2 Pharn vi ung dung cua kim loat thieu kat 122 7.5.10 Ti~n 191

5.8 8t,J'an mon 123 7.5.11 Phay 197

5.8.1 Nguyen nhan cua st,J'an rnon 123 7.5.12 Mai 20Z
5.8.2 Cac dang thuc an mon 124 7.6 Ghep nOi 205
5.8.3 NhCmg bien phap chong an rnon 124 7.6.1 Phan loai va tac dvng 205
5.9 Ch~tdeo 125 7.6.2 Ket n6i bulonq 206
5.9.1 Cac d:,lc tinh cua ch~t deo 7.6.3 Ket n6i cnot va ket noi bulonq (vit) 215
va cac kha nang lvng dunq cua chunq 125 7.6.4 Ket nOi nern 217
5.9.2 Ph an 10<licac chat deo 126 7.6.5 Ket noi then (Chot cia vet) 218
5.10 Vat lieu lien ket (vat Ii~u compozit) 128 7.6.6 Han vay 219
5.11 Chat phu gia 129 7.6.7 Han 222
5.12 vat li~u va sir bao v", rnoi trU'O'ng 130 7.6.8 Dan (51,1'ket dinh) 226
7.6.9 Ketnoiep 228
6 H~thong coo 131 7.6.10 Kat nOi kep chat va uon nep (g;!\p nep) 229

6.1 CO' sa cua suy nghT ve h$ thong 131 7.7 Tt,J'dong h6a san xuat 231

6.1.1 DU'O'ng bien h$ thong 132 7.7.1 Lich Slr phat trien 231

6.1.2 8<;1i1U'i;1ngvao va dai IU'O'ng ra 132 7.7.2 Mo dun (don vi ket cau) cno tt,J'dong h6a san xuat 233

6.1.3 cnoc nang chinh va chirc nang con 7.8 Di~u khien CNC 235
cua h", th6ng ky thuat 132 7.8.1 Dac tinh cua may CNC 237
6.2 CO' ban vat Iy cua h", thong co 134 7.8.2 H$ thong do hanh trinh 238
6.2.1 Cong CO'hoc 134 7.8.3 Thong tin vi tri va h$ toa do 239
6.2.2 Cong suat CO'va hieu suat 135 7.8.4 80 dac dunq cu va chinh slra dVng cu 240
6.3 80'n vi cbvc nang cua h", th6ng co 137 7.8.5 Loai di~u khien 241
6.3.1 DO'n vi cturc nang dan dong 138 [Link] £lieu khien diem 241
6.3.2 80'n vi chuc nang truyen nang IU'O'ng 138 [Link] £lieu khien theo quy dao
[Link] True truyen 139 (dieu khien bien danq, dieu khien theo contua) 241
[Link] BO Iy hop (khop nOi true) 140 7.8.6 Chuonq trinh CNC 244
[Link] HOp so (bO truyen dong) 142 7.8.7 [Link] trinh cua may gia cong CNC 255
[Link] NhiYng d(li IU'O'ng dac trU'ng cua bO truyen dong 7.8.8 Thi du v~ may gia cong di~u khien ky thuat so 257
(hOp so) 146 7.9 Ky thu(it xU> Iy thao tac va ky thuat robot 263
[Link] Thiet b] dan dong dU'O'ng th~ng (tuyen tinh) 148 7.9.1 Thiet b] Xlr Iy thao tac 265
6.3.3 80'n vi chuc nang de lam viec (van hanh) 149 [Link] Palang (Can cau, tot) 266
6.3.4 Don vi chuc nang d6' va mang 149 [Link] Tay may (Hinh 1) 267
[Link] Than may va khung d6' 149 [Link] Thiet b] dU'O'c van hanh Iii xa (Hinh 2) 267
[Link] CO' cau dan hU'ang 150 [Link] H$ thong c6 cau true modun (Hinh 3) 267
[Link] 80' true (6 true) 153 [Link] Robot cong nghiep 268
7.9.2 £long hoc cua robot 272
7 chil tao nhli'ng h~ thong coo khi [Link] 8(ic tt,J'do cua co c.!!u truyen dong 273
(Ky thuat gia cong) 161 [Link] [Link] cau true va khOng gian hoat dong 274
7.1 CO' barr cua ky thuat gia cong 161 7.9.3 £lieu khien robot 277
7.2 7.9.4 L~p trinh cua RBCN 281
Cac nhorn gia cong san xuat chinh 161
7.3 T<;Iodanq nguyen mau (due) 164
7.3.1 Tao danq qua due 8 Coo ban ky thuat di~n 283
164
7.3.2 Tao d<lng nquyen mau qua thieu ket 165 8.1 Mo hinh nquyen tlr Bohr 284
7.4 Bien d(lng 166 8.2 81,1'tach Iy di$n tich 285
6 MI,JC Luc

8.2.1 T<;Iora di$n ap 286 9.1.1 Bien ap mot pha 334

8.2.2 Cac loai di$n ap 286 [Link] 8i$n ap khonq tai 334
8.3 Dong di$n 287 [Link] TI so bien doi 335
8.4 8i$n Ira 289 [Link] Khon9 tal va co tal 336
8.5 Dinh lu~t Ohm 290 [Link] Eli(in ap n9iin rnach 337
8.6 Cong cua di$n va cong suat di(in 291 [Link] D6ng dien ngan rnach 338
8.7 Hi(iu suat 292 [Link] Hi(iu suat cua may bien ap 339
8.8 8i(m trlJ'ong 293 9.1.2 Bien ap loai nho 340
8.9 TLPtru'ong 295 9.1·.3 Bien ap tl,l' ngiiu (Bien ap ti€.t kiern) 341
8.9.1 M:;lch tLP 296 9.2 Truysn dong dit\in 342
8.9.2 Cac dal llJ'qng CO'ban cua tLPtrlJ'ong 296 9.2.1 CO' ban may dien 343
8.9.3 V?tli$uILP 298 9.2.2 80ng CO'khong dong bO ba pha 345
8.9.4 T LPhoa vat Ii$u s~t tLP 299 9.2.3 80ng co xoay chieu mot pha 348
8.9.5 Tac dvng luc tren hai day co dong di$n chay qua 300 9.2.4 80ng co dit\in mot chieu 349
8.9.6 Carn iYng di(in tLP 300 [Link] Cach van hanh cua dong CO'di(in mot chieu 350
8.10 Mach co ban voi dien tro 304 [Link] Cac loai dong co di$n mot chieu 351
8.10.1 Linh kien diiin Ira trang rnacn di(in 304 [Link] Thiet bj dieu khi~n di$n ap tai lU'ai dien xoay chieu 353
8.10.2 Ky hi$u diiin tra 304 9.2.5 Thay doi van toc tLPtrU'ong quay
8.10.3 M<lch nOi tiep dien tra 305 & dong co khong d6ng bo 354
8.10.4 Quy tilc rnanq (Eljnh luat Kirchhoff thiY hail 306 [Link] Nguyen t~c cua bo bien I~n 355
8.10.5 Mach song song vai di(in tra 306 [Link] Tlnh nang cua d('mg co khong dong bo
voi bo dieu khien tan 56 357
8.10.6 Quy tac nut (Eljnh lu~t Kirchhoff thiY 1) 307
9.2.6 H(i truyen dong servo (tro dong) 358
8.11 CO' ban ky thu~t di(in xoay crueu 307
9.2.7 Elong cO' buoc 360
8.11.1 Cach tao nen di(in ap xoay chieu va
cac djnh nghTa khai niern 307 9.2.8 Baa v$ truyen dong dien 361
8.11.2 Vac to' dien ta cac dal IU'Q'ng xoay chieu 309 9.2.9 Thiel ke mot h$ truyen dong thay doi
cho mot iYng dl,lng 364
8.11.3 T~n so va thai gian chu trinh 309
8.11.4 9.3 Tinh tU'O'ng thich di(in tLP(EMC')) 367
Tan 56 goc 309
9.3.1 Elo dac EMC 368
8.11.5 Chieu dai s6ng (buoc s6ng) 310
8.11.6 9.3.2 Cac bi$n phap baa v$ EMC 369
Tr] so hieu dunq 310
8.12 TI,I di$n Irong rnach dien 9.3.3 Tiln pho cua di(in tLPtrU'ong 370
311
9.4 Cac bien phap baa v(i 371
8.13 Cuon day trang rnach di(in 313
8.14 Eli(in xoay crueu ba pha 315
9.4.1 Nhling hi~m nguy khi lam vi$c vai dien 371
[Link] Tac dong cua dien trang co the can ngU'oi 371
8.14.1 SI,l' hinh thanh di(in ap xoay chleu ba pha 315
[Link] Tiep xuc di(in true tiep va gian tiep 373
8.14.2 SI,l' ket chuoi 315
8.14.3 Mach sao (ky hi(iu: Y) [Link] Cac khai niern chuyen man ve biiin phap baa v(i 373
317
9.4.2 Quy djnh an toan cho h(i th6ng di$n ap th~p 374
8.14.4 Mach tam giac (Ky hieu: t.) 319
9.4.3 Khai nlem va dac trU'ng 374
8.14.5 Lrng dunq rnach sao va rnach tam giac 320
[Link] Cac cap baa v$ 374
8.14.6 Cong suat cua dong dien xoay chieu ba pha 321
[Link] Cac loai baa v$ IP (Iheo DIN VDE 0470) 375
8.15 CO' ban linh ki(in di$n Ill' 323
[Link] Bien phap baa v$ khi lam viec voi thiet b] di(in 376
8.15.1 8iot 323
[Link] Eliot zener 324
[Link] Cac 10<li10i a thiel b] dien 377
[Link] Eli(in ap trang trlJ'ang hop c6 loi 377
[Link] 8iot phat sang LED 324
9.4.4 Baa ve ch6ng dien gi(il 378
8.15.2 Transistor 325
9.4.5 Baa ve ch6ng cham diiin true tiep
8.15.3 Linh kien di$n tLr cong suat 326
va cham dien gian tiep 378
[Link] 8iot cong suat 327
[Link] Baa v$ biing di$n ap thap SELV va PELV 379
[Link] Eliac 327
[Link] Baa v(i biing giai han di$n tich 380
[Link] Thyristor cong p 327
9.4.6 Baa v$ ch6ng di$n gi(lt tronq dieu kien
[Link] Triac 327
binh thlJ'ong (Baa v(i chong tiep xuc trl,l'c tiep
[Link] Transistor lU'ong CI,l'Ccong gale each di$n (IGBT) 328 hay baa v$ CO'ban) 380
8.16 CO' ban ky thuat do di(in 329 9.4.7 Baa vii nqan ngLPa di$n gii;lt khi co loi (Baa v$
8.16.1 Thu nhan cac dai lU'qng di$n: Mayda 329 ch6ng cham di$n gian tiep hay baa v(i khi c6 10i) 381
8.16.2 Elo di(in ap 330 [Link] H$ thong di(in ba pha 381
8.16.3 Elo dong di(in 330 [Link] Bi$n phap baa v(i trong h$ Ihong TN 382
8.16.4 M<;IChsai s6 di$n ap 331 [Link] Bo baa v$ dong di$n ro (RCD) 384
8.16.5 Mach sai 56 dong di(in 331 [Link] Bi(in phap baa v$ trang h$ thong TT 386
8.16.6 Elo cac dai lU'qng dien phu thuoc thai gian 331 [Link] Bi$n phap bao ve trong h(i IT 387
[Link] Baa v(i biing each SLr dunq thiet bj c6 baa v(i
9 May diiin 333 cap II hoac dung each di$n IU'O'ng dU'O'ng
(Me vi!; each dien) 388
9.1 May bien ep 334
[Link] Baa v$ each Iy 388
 Muc Luc 7

9.4.8 Ki~m tra cac bien phap bao ve 389 10.5 Ky thuat dieu khien bang dien - khi nen 451
[Link] Kiem tra phtronq each bao ve SELV. PELV 10.5.1 Linh kien trong he thong dieu khien bilng
va each Iy bao ve 390 dien - kh i nen 451
[Link] Elo tra khanq veng 390 [Link] Phan tu> nnap tin hieu bang dien 451
[Link] Elo dien tra each dien trong he th6ng elien 391 [Link] earn bien 451
9.4.9 Bao v$ chong tich II,!tTnh dien 392 [Link] Ro Ie va ra Ie ceng suat
(cOng lac bao ve - conq lac to' contactor) 452
10 Ky thu~t di€lu khil!n 393 [Link] Van dien tu> 453
10.5.2 Mach dien ca ban 455
10.1 Cac khai niem ca ban 393
[Link] Xi lanh chay toi - cnay lui 455
101.1 Qua trinh di'!'u khi~n 393
[Link] Ket noi logic tin hieu 456
10.1.2 Phan loai he dieu khien 394
[Link] Tri hoan chuyen rnach (8¢ tre chuyen rnach) 458
10.1.3 Qua trinh dieu chinh 396
[Link] Mach t\p giC!'(t\p duy tri) 460
10.2 Ky thuat s6 397
10.6 Ky thuat dieu khien bang thuy h,l'c 461
10.2.1 Cac d,mg tin hieu 397
10.6.1 M<;lch tuan hoan thuy hrc 462
10.2.2 NhCfng ket n6i logic cO' ban (cong logic. ham) 397
10.6.2 Chat long thuy I\pc 463
10.2.3 Cac ho rnach vi dien tlr 400
10.6.3 BO'm thuy h,l'c va dong co thuy luc 469
10.2.4 Phac thao thiet ke nhCfng rnach dien ket n6i logic 401
10.6.4 Xi lanh tnuy I\pc 474
10.2.5 ElO'n gian h6a cac phuonp trinh chLYCnang 402
10.6.5 Vanthuyl\pc 480
10.2.6 T6i gian (lam giam dtm rmrc t6i thi~u)
bang bieu db KV 403 [Link] Van diin hU'&ng 480

10.2.7 Phiin tich rnach dien logic 405 [Link] Van ap suat 483

10.2.8 ChLYCnang nho (Iuu giCP) 406 [Link] Van luu 1U'Q'ngva van chan luu IlfQ'ng 485

[Link] Mach I~t JK chu ta (JK-MS-Flipftop) 407

[Link] Cac phu tung 487
[Link] Mach lat chu - ta voi nhCvng ng6 vao tTnh 10.7 Carn bien 489
(FF JK-MS) 408 10.7.1 Y nghTa va su quan Irong cua earn billn 489
10.2.9 Bodem 408 10.7.2 Conq tile dinh giai han CO' hOC
[Link] Bo dem kheng dong bO 408 (Ceng I~c dinh vi tri) 491
[Link] Bo dern dbng bo 409 10.7.3 Cam billn earn LPng 493
[Link] Thanh ghi 411 10.7.4 Cac he s6 hieu chinh 493
[Link] Nguyen tac thanh ghi djch chuyen 411 10.7.5 earn bien dien dung 496
10.2.10 Cac rnach dien ky thuat 56 (digital) dac biet 413 10.7.6 Carn bien sieu am 498
10.2.11 He th6ng 56 413 10.7.7 Carn bien quang 501
10.2.12 Ma so [Link] Rao chan anh sang m¢1 chieu 502
10.2.13 90 bien deSima 56 415 [Link] Rao chan anh sang phan cnieu 502
10.2.14 Bo bien doi tin hieu 415 [Link] Carn bien anh sang pnan chleu 503
10.3 Me ta ky that dieu khien bang db hoa 417 [Link] Carn bien anh sang voi Iri~1 lieu tin hieu
10.3.1 Bieu tU'Q'ng va ky hieu chuyen mach cua cac do phonq phia sau 504
thanh phlm adieu khien bang khi nen va thuy I\pC 418 [Link] Carn bien voi cap quang d~n 505
10.3.2 GRAFCET [Link] M:;lch dien Ill' earn bien Quang 507
419
10.3.3 Bieu db tranq thai 420 [Link] Tieu ch i chon h,J'a 508
10.3.4 10.7.8 B¢ do 56 vonq quay lam earn bien
SO' db cnuysn rnach 421
do quanq dU'ong va g6c xoay 510
10.4 Ky thuat di'!'u khien bang khi nen 422
10.4.1 10.7.9 Cung cap dien ap va noi tai 512
CO' ban v(it Iy 422
10.8 8ieu khien logic l(ip trinh dU'Q'c PLC 514
10.4.2 May nen khi 424
10.4.3 10.8.1 Cau tao va each van Mnh 514
Chuan b] (lam tinh khiet) va phan ph6i khi nen 425
10.4.4 10.8.2 He PLC thu gon 514
CO' cau van hanh 428
[Link] [Link] He dieu khien PLC cau tao kieu me-dun 514
Xi lanh khi nen 428
[Link] [Link] May tinh PC cho conq nghiep (Slot PLC) 514
Cac loai xi lanh co cau tao d~c biet 429
[Link] Phtm mem PLC (Soft-PLC) 515
[Link] 8¢ng co kh i nen 432
[Link] NOi day trong PLC 515
10.4.5 Van khi nen 434
[Link] BO xU>Iy trung lam CPU 515
[Link] Van d~n hU'ang 434
[Link] [Link] Nap chuonq trinh vao CPU; x6a toan b¢ 516
Van chan va van luu 1U'Q'ng 436
[Link] XU>Iy chuonq trinh theo chu ky (quet) 516
[Link] Van ap suat khi nen 437
10.4.6 Cac rnach co ban khi nen [Link] NhC!'ng c6ng vao, bang rnach dien ngo vao 517
438
[Link] [Link] NhCfng ceSngra, bang rnach dien ngo ra 517
Chuyen dicn tOi va lui don gian cua xi lanh 438
[Link] [Link] Co hieu 518
Anh hU'ong cua tee do 440
[Link] 10.8.2 L(lp dl,J'an 518
K.t.t n6i logic tin hieu 441
[Link] [Link] He dieu hanh - Phan rnern 518
8ieu khien tuy thu¢c ap suat 444
[Link] [Link] Chuonq trinh LPngdl,Jng 518
Tri hoan viec chuyen rnach 445
[Link] [Link] Cau true chuonq trinh 519
Trunp tin hieu (ch6ng ch(ip tin hi~u) 447
10.8.3 NhCfng chLPCnang co ban 522
8

[Link] Cong tac thlJ'ang mo: cong tilc thlJ'ang d6ng 522
13 H~ th6ng co di~n tw 591
[Link] NhO>ng kilt nOi logic nhi phan 522
[Link] Chuc nang AND 523 13.1 Cac he thong thanh phan cua he thong CO'dien tlr 591
[Link] Clurc nang OR 523 13.2 Cac thanh phan cua he thong CO'dien tlr 592
[Link] Cruze nang luu trO> 524 13.2.1 He thong con Van hanh bilng CO' 592
[Link] Danh gia suon tin hieu 526 13.2.2 He thong con van hanh bilng thuy ",Pc 592
[Link] Chuc nang djnh thai 526 13.2.3 He th6ng con v~n nann bang khi nen 595
[Link] Chil'c nang d~m (Hinh 4) 527 13.2.4 He thong con Van hanh biing oien 596
[Link] ChLYe nanq so sanh 528
10.8.4 Di€iu khilm Iheo Irlnh tl)' 528 14 lilp nip,
dU'3 vao v~n hanh va bao tri

[Link] h~th6ngco di~n tu 605

Giarn sat ti~n trlnh voi chuonq trlnh PLC
(lenh bao loi) 531 14.1 Cac conq vlec Ii\p rap qua ket nOi 605
[Link] Cac che dQ Van hanh cua di€iu khi~n trinh II,l' 534 14.1.1 Ket nOi theo hinh danq 605
[Link] Nho>ng d,mg co ban cua di€iu khi~n trinh tl,l' 534 14.1.2 Ket nOi bilng h,J'c 606
10.8.5 An loan Van hanh cue di€iu khien 537 14.1.3 Ket n61 b~ng vat lieu 606
14.2 Hoat o(ing lap rap kiem tra va hieU chinh 607
11 Ky thu~t dl€!uchinh 541 14.2.1 Hoat dong kiem tra tnroc qua trinh Ii\p rap 607
11.1 Cac khai niem co ban 541 14.2.2 Hoat dong kiem tra trong khi lap rap 607
11.2 Phan tCPmach di€iu chinh 542 14.2.3 Heat dQng ki~m tra sau khi Ii\p rap 607
11.2.1 CO' cau (khau) dieu chinh ty 1$khong tr~ 14.3 Ke hoach Ii\p rap 608
(CO' cau P) 542 14.3.1 SO' do Ii\p rap 609
11.2.2 CO' cau dieu chlnh ty 1$ (quan tin h) 14.3.2 Thi du m¢t SO'do Ii\p rap 609
voi dO tr~ bac 1 (CO' cau PT1) 542 14.4 Cac hinh thLYC10 chirc Ii\p rap 610
11.2.3 CO' c8U dieu chinh tyoIe vai dO tre 14.5 Cac Ihi du lap nip 612
(quan tinh) bac 2 (CO' c8U PT2)
11.2.4 CO' cau dieu chinh tich phan (CO' c8U I)
543
544
14.5.1 Thi du ve
SO'do lap nip mot khoi van di$n -
khi nen tren oLl'ang ray cnuan DIN 613
11.2.5 CO' cau dieu chinh vi phan (CO' cau D) 545 14.5.2 Doan trich tLPSO' 00 Ii\p rap cua m¢t thiet bi
11.2.6 CO' cau dieu chinh thai gian ngLmg (co cau Tt) 546 Ihao tac de thuc hi$n cac giai phap
11.3 Cac thiet b] dieu chinh va cac CO'cau di€iu chinh 546 thao tac trong may due phun 614
11.3.1 Bo dieu chlnh tac dong gian doan 546 14.6 An toan lao dQng trong qua trinh Ii\p nip 617
11.3.2 BQ dieu chinh tac dQng lien tuc 547 14.6.1 NhO>ng bien phap an toan phonq ngLPa khi lam viec
11.3.3 BQ dieu chinh so (digital) 549 vo'i may rnoc, thiet b] va cac he thong CO'dien tlr 617
11.4 SI)' 6n djnh cua rnach dieu chinh 550 14.6.2 Cac bien phao khi c6 lai nan lao d¢ng 618
14.6.3 Phonq chay cnea chay va cac bien phap
12 cac h~ th6ng bus trong ky thuat trong trLl'ang hop hoa hoan 619
tV' dc?nghoa 551 14.6.4 Tiep xuc voi cac chat oQC h<;li 620
14.6.5 NhO>ngtieu chu<!m an toan may m6c 620
12.1 Mo hlnh giao tiep 555
14.7 DLI'a vao Van hanh 621
12.2 To po 557
14.7.1 Cac d~c diem cua viec dira vao van hanh 621
12.3 PhLl'O'ng tien truyen thong 559
14.7.2 NhO>ngdieu CO'ban ve phuonq phap
12.4 Phan loai truyen dlln 561 dua vao Van hanh 624
12.5 PhLl'O'ng thtrc truy cap bus 562 14.7.3 DLI'a vao v~n hanh cac he thong thi~t bi khi nen
12.5.1 Phuonq thtrc chu I khach (chu dong I thu dQng) 562 va dien-khi nen 626
12.5.2 Nguyen tac the (rna thong bao) 563 14.7.4 DLI'a vao van hanh cac he thong thi~t b] thuy luc
12.5.3 Phuonq thuc CSMA 564 va dien-thuy Il)'c 626
12.5.4 Phuonq thuc CSMAICA 565 14.7.5 DLI'a vao Van hanh cac may dien 627
12.6 Bao dam dO>lieu 565 14.7.6 DlPa vao Van hanh bo dieu khi~n logic
12.7 Giao dienAS 566 lap trinh OLl'Q'CPLC 628
12.7.1 Nguyen t~c Van hanh cua giao dien AS 566 14.7.7 Loi khi thlr nghiem dLl'a vao Van hanh
cac h$ thong CO'dien tLP 628
12.7.2 Cach d~t cap trong giao dien AS 568
12.7.3 14.8 Bao trl cac he thong CO'dien ICP 631
DLI'a vao Van hilnh mot he thong thiet b]
giao di$nAS 570 14.8.1 Ti,§n trinh cua rnoc oQ hLl' hong cua h$ thong 631
12.7 .4 Cau true cua thiet b] giao dii;m AS 572 14.8.2 Chien ILI'ac bao tri 632
12.7.5 £)~c ta giao dien AS 2.11 575 14.8.3 Bao dLl'ang nhu la bien phap bao tri
d~ phonq ngLPa hLl' hong 633
12.7.6 £)~c ta giao dlen AS 3.0 577
14.8.4 Ki~m tra nhLl' 18 bien phap de ph6ng ngLPa
12.7.7 Tinh an toan (safety) trong AS-I 577
hLl' hong 635
12.8 PROF/BUS 577
14.8.5 Tu slra (sLPa chua) 636
12.8.1 PROFIBUS-DP 578
14.8.6 Tim loi d,§ lam CO'ban cho viec lu slra 636
12.8.2 PROFIBUS-PA 580
12.9 Ethernet 584
12.9.1 PROFINET 588 Danh sach nguon goc hinh anb 639
12.10 T6m t~t 589 Thu(it ngu' Vi$t - £)il'c - Anh 640
 9

Dien giai nhCPng linh vl:I'c hoc t~p

Vi(lc dao tao cho cac ky thuat vien rnoi hoc nghe CO'di(ln tCrduoc chia thanh 13 ITnhVI!C hoc tap, Moi ITnhVI!C
hoc tap dinh hlJ'ang cho trlnh tl! dao tao nghe va pharn vi hoat dong, c6 the dao tao khac nhau tuy theo tli'ng
CO'wang. Trang nhCrngti{)u bang khac nhau (tai CHLB Dtrc), noi dung cua ITnhVI)'Choc t~p c6 the s~p xep vot
nhCl'ngmen hoc khac nhau. Trang pharn vi cua nhCrng men hoc (y cac trU'ang day nghe va vlec dao tao tai co
xlJ'ang, noi dung dao tao can phai thlcn hop vol tling bang va tling CO'xU'ang. Nhi$m VI) cua cuon sach nay la
cung cao nhO'ng thong tin v~ chuyan man va gO'i y. Chung doc I~p voi cau true cua tling men hoc va di;ic diem
cua tling bang va qua d6 he,tro man hoc va dao tao tai CO'wang. Vi 1'1do nay cac tac gia d§ khong phan chia
sach theo tling ITnhVI!C hoc t$p mot each co chu dich.

Ti€Jptheo day nhCrng ITnhWC hoc tap duoc dien giai qua thi ou cua mot h$ thong CO'di$n tCrchon lee va trinh
bay each sCrdung cuon sach chuyen nqanh trang cac chuonq trinh hoc.

lID Phan tich sI:" twO'ng quan ve cturc nang trong h(! thong co di(!n tu.
LTnhVI,J'C hoc tap nay doi h6i ky thuat vien ve CO'di$n tCrquan sat va phan tich toan bo h$ th5ng. Cho nen can
bi€Jtchia nh6 h(l thong thanh nhCrngh$ th5ng con va nhCrngthanh phan, cOng nhlJ' rno ta chuc nang va SI,J'tU'O'ng
quan ve chuc nang va dong tin hieu, dong vat lieU va dong thong tin. Cac phuonq ti(ln ho tro hCruhi$u cho vi(lc
nay g6m: cac phlJ'O'ngtien tal li(lu va tai lieu ky thu$t nhu ban ve ky thuat, So' d6 rnach, so d6 kh5i, so do chLYC
nanq, ban yeu cau ky thuat cua khach hang v.v ...

LTnhVI,J'Choc tap 1 con duoc gOi 103"ITnh vue hoc tap cheo" vi co lien quan deln tat ca nhCrng ITnhVI,J'C
con lal,
a
nhCrng!rong di8f'!l noi dung se duoc nhac d€Jn hau het cac chlJ'O'ngkhac trong sach va dlJ'Q'cthuc hanh tuy
theo rnoi tlnh huang hoc tap.
 -
10 Dien giai nhiing ITnhVl,J'Choc tap

Chi! tao nhifng h~ th6ng con v~n hanh bang co khi

Nhiing h$ thong co di$n tll' luon bao g6m nhiing cau

kien v~ CO'khi va nhiing h$ th6ng duoc gia c6ng Ill'
nhiing ph6i hay ban thanh pharn. NhU' v$y, nhiing
phan tll' ri€mg Ie nay duoc Sll' dunq dll t90 thanh h$
th6ng CO'di$n tll'. H$ thong nhu trong hinh diroc ch~
t90 tll' ban san pham "ong nhom", Nhiing thanh nhorn
nay khi cung cap phai dU'9'c "cat" theo kfch thuoc yeu
cau va c6 san nhiing 10khoan. 8e lam duoc di~u nay,
ky thuat vien can phai bi~t va thanh thao nhiing co
ban ve kg thuat v$t li$u va phU'O'ngphap gia congo

LTnh vue hoc tap 2 con bao g6m nhiing kiiln thuc CO'
ban ve kg thuat can thi~t dll ch~ t90, gia cong, lap rap
cac 109ivat Ii$u kim 109iva ca chat deo, bao g6m kien
thuc v~ cau t90, dac tfnh va nhCmg ITnhVl!C Lmg dunq
cua vat li$u Sll' dunq, cOng nhU' nhiing quan diem cho
viec Lrng dunq ve phU'O'ngdien kinh t~, sinh thai va
quan tronq doi v&i SLrCkh6e.

Ben canh cau true vat li$u, phuoriq phap gia conq
nhiing chi tiet c6 san tll' nhiing vat li$u cOng rat quan
tronq. Trong ITnhVl!C hoc t$p 2, tat ca nhiing phuonq
phap gia cong S8 duoc gi&i thieu kg lU'cmgde chuyen
vien CO'di$n tll' Sll' dunq khi can. ChU'O'ng nay g6m
cac phuonq phap cat got phoi, di;ic biet la rat nhieu
phuonq each ghep noi nhU' can, knop noi ren (bu
long) va han vay.
 Dien giai nhCl'ng ITnh VI,J'Choc tap 11

Khi gia cong cac chi tiet, cac ky tnuat vien cOng nen
trao doi voi nhCl'ng ngU'<Yi khac de tim hieu, 8ieu nay
c6 nghia la ky thuat vien tnroc het phai c6 kha nang
doc va hieu nhu'ng ban V8 ky thuat, so db. bieu 06 va
/-'"1
d6 th]. . I
i
Xa hon nCl'a ky thuat vien con pMi thie! I~p nhCl'ng
phac hoa va mo ta nhCl'ng qua trinh. Cac each che t90
va kien thuc oU'9'C gioi thieu trong linh Vl,J'Choc tap nay
/ ~)
r
la dieu ki$n lien quyet cho linh VI,J'Choc tap 10.

Bang 1: NQi dung h9C t~p cua linh vl,J'c 2

N¢i dung hoc_t •••
I1IP _
Sang vii cac nh6m cau kien, cac cau ki$n don Ie. bang Ii$t ke chi ti€!t 2 Truyen thong ky tnuat
Thanh phan co khi, tinh thich hop va dung sai 6 H~ thong CO'
7 Che t90 hi) thong co

Sa do lap rap, phan tlr k€!t noi 6 H$ thong CO'

14 Lap rap. du'a vao van hanh, bao tri hi) thong co

CO' ban ve nhiYng phurrnq phap gia cong cat got va bi€!n danq 6 H~ thong co
bang thu cong hay bang may
Che tao nhiYng ket noi CO'hoc 6 Hi) thong Co'
V~t lii)u va phu vat lieu rieng cho Co' xU'ang 5 V~t lii)u co xU'o-ng va v~t lii)u phu

Dunq cu liip rap va nhiYng thiet bi phu tro 6 He thong CO'

14 Lap rap. dua vao v~n hanh, bao tri h~ thong Co'

LU'u kho phu hop voi lap rap. an toan va bao he;.lao dong 14 Lap rap. dU'a VaG van hanh, bao tri h$ th6ng co

PhlYO'ng ti~n kiem tra va do lU'ang 3 Ky tnuat do

4 Ouan Iy chat 1U'9'ng
 -
12 Dien giai nhCrng ITnh VI,J'C hoc tap

U1P rap nh(Png thiet b] v~n hanh bang di~n v6>i 11I'u y v€! m~t ky thu~t an toan

H~ thong co di~n tll> nqay nay thU'cYng gem thiet b] dien. 8i€!u ki~n dau tlen de lam vi~c vot chunq la phai co ki€in
thuc CO' ban v€! each hoat d(>ng cua nhQ>ng thiet b], nhQ>ng quy lui;lt khi lap rap va tren het 103nhQ>ng bien phap
bao v$ doi hei ap dunq,

Ky thuat vien v€J co di$n tll> phai hieu ra nhQ>ng qua trinh v€J dien va co the thuc hi~n nhCrng conq vi~c lap rap
can thiet dU'ai Sl)' luu y v€Jt~t ca nhQ>ng yeu diu v€! an toan, NhQ>ng ky thuat vien cOng phai tinh duoc nhQ>ng dai
1U'Q'ngv€Jdi~n va nhQ>ng tuonq quan cua no, biet each dien dat, cOng nhu co the kiern tra lai dvng cu va phuono
phap do IU'CYngthich hop qua Lrng dl,Jng.

LTnh VI)'C hoc tap 3 cOng 113co sa cho nhQ>ng ITnh Vl)'C hoc tap ti€ip theo.

Bang 1: NQi dung h9C t~p cua linh vl,I'c 3

NOi dung hoc tap Cac chU'O'ng chuyen nqanh trong sach hoc

Cac d<;li1U'Q'ngdi~n, SI)' tU'O'ng quan cua no, kha nang dien 8 CO' ban vii ky thuat di~n va dien tll'
dat va each tinh toan
Nhii'ng linh ki~n cho rnach di~n mot chieu va xoay chieu 8 CO' ban vii ky tnuat di~n va di~n tll'
9 May di~n
Phuonq phap do b<!lng di~n 8 CO' ban vii ky thuat di~n va di~n tll'
Chon Il)'a cap va dU'ong day cho viec truyen tai nang 1U'Q'ng 8 CO' ban vii ky thuat di~n va di~n tll'
va thong tin 12 NhO>ng h~ th6ng bus trong ky thuat tl)' dong h6a.
Nhii'ng rnanq 1U'&idi~n 8 CO' ban vii ky thuat di~n va di~n tll'
Nguy co khi bj qua tal, khi bi ngan mach va khi di~n ap vuot 8 CO' ban ve ky thuat di~n va di~n tll'
qua gi&i han (qua ap).
Tinh toan nhii'ng linh ki~n bao v~ can thiet

Sll' dung nhii'ng sach C<1m nang (bang thong s6) va nhii'ng 8 CO' ban ve ky tnuat di~n va di~n tll'
conq thuc 9 Maydi~n
Tac dung dong dien len co the sinh vat, 8 CO' ban ve ky tnuat dien va di~n tll'
Quy tac vii an toan trong ky thu(it di~n, nhii'ng bien phap tro 9 May di~n
giup khi tai nan

Nhii'ng bi~n phap ch6ng nguy hiem khi dong di~n chay qua 8 CO' ban vii ky tnuat dien va dien tll'
co the con ngU'oi (di~n gi(it) theo quy dinh hi';m hanh 9 May di~n
Kiem tra cac phvonq ti~n van hanh b<!lng di~n 8 CO' ban vii ky thu(it di~n va di~n tll'
9 May di~n
Nguyen nhan khi di~n ap qua cao, khi di~n b] 10i, nhO>nghau 9 May di~n
qua va nhO>ngbi~n phap ch6ng l<;Ii
Kha nang tU'O'ng thich di~n tll' EMC 8 CO' ban vii ky thuat di~n va di~n tll'
 Dien giai nhCPng ITnh vue hoc tap 13

• Giarn sat dong nang 1U'Q'ngva dong thong tin trong cac nhom lap rap
khi nen va thuy Il!c
ve di~n,

NhCmg van d~ cua di~u khien co the giai quyet duo'c qua nh(Jng ky thuat khac nhau thi du bang khi nen hay thuy
luc. Thong thU'6'ng can thlet phai dung t6 hop nhieu ky thuat. Ngay nay thay vi nh(Jng h~ di~u khien khi nen va
thuy luc thuan tuy, ta tlm thay rat nhieu Lmg dl,Jng v~ di~u khien di~n-khi nen hay dien-thuy Il,I'c.

a day di~u kien d~u tien de lap rap dung quy each ky thuat (chuyen mon) v~ di~u khien la phai nhan biet nh(Jng
kien thuc v~ chuc nang hoat dong va kha nanq, nh(Jng dong thong tin cua thiet b] cOng nhu' thiet ke, va pMi doc
va diEm giai nh(Jng sa d6 lap rap.

LTnh vue hoc tap 4 c6 the xem nhu ket noi chat che v6'i ITnh vue hoc tap 1. 86 ta mot ITnh Vl,I'Choc tap lien quan
den nh(Jng lanh vue khac nhu' da d~ cap (y nh(Jng noi khac trong sach, (y day can van dunq nh(Jng gi da hoc (y
ITnh Vl,I'Choc tap 1, thong qua su phan tich h$ thong va nh(Jng lien h$ chuc nang.

Noi dung cua ITnh Vl,I'Choc tap nay se dU'qc dao sau va phat trien them trong ITnh vue hoc tap 7 va 8.

Bang 1: NQi dung hoc t~p cua ITnh vl,I'c 4

Noi dung hoc tap cac chuonq chuyen nqanh trong saCh~hO;...C..,-- --,
Cac dai 1U'Q'ngkhi nen va thuy luc, St,J'tuonq quan cua n6, kha 2 Truyen thOng ky thui)t
nang trinh bay va tinh toan 10 Ky thuat diElu khi~n

NhO>ngdon vi cung cap vEl ky thuat di~n, khi nen va thuy It,J'c 10 Ky thuat diElu khi~n
8 CO' ban vii ky thuat di~n va di~n tCr
NhO>ngmach dien CO'ban vEl ky thuat diElu khiolln 10 Ky thuat diElu khi~n
Tai Ii~u ky thuat 10 Ky thuat diElu khiolln
2 Truyen thong ky thuat
NhO>ngtin hieu va tri s6 do cua h~ diElu khi~n 10 Ky thuat diElu khiolln
Nguy co khi lam viec vai nhCrng nh6m thillt b] c6 cong suat Ian 10 Ky thuat diiiu khiolln
vEl dien, kh i nen va thuy It,J'c 8 CO' ban vEl ky thuat di~n va di~n tCr

Khia canh sinh thai, an toan lao dong va bao ve moi truonq, 9 May di~n
tal chll (recycling)
 -
14 Oien giai nhCmg ITnh VI)'C hoc tap

Truylm thong nhe,. cac h~ thong xU>Iy dfr li~u (may tinh)

Trang ITnh VI)'C hoc tap nay elm chu 'I dim viec SU>dunq
nhCrng h$ thong xU>1'1dCr li$u va each bo tri n6 trong
nhCrng qua trlnh van hanh, cOng nhu c8U true cua h$
th6ng rnanq va tu> d6 xay dl)'ng h$ th6ng an toano Yeu
cau CO' ban la xU>1'1dCr li$u thOng suet va chay dvoc
cac chuonq trlnh phan rnern chuan cho cac nqanh
chuyen man thlJ'&ng g~p.

Ky thuat vien CO' di$n tu>phai thong thao khong nhCrng

chuonq trlnh di€Ju hanh rna ca nhCrng g6i chuonq trlnh
(mg dunq nhu ling dunq van ph6ng, nhCrng chlJ'O'ng
trlnh CAD don gian (CAD = Computer Added Design,
thlet ke voi su ho tro may tinh), ca nhCrng chuonq
trinh mo ph6ng hay li;ip trinh cho robot, hay chuonq
trinh rnanq CI,lCbQ cua mot cong ty V.V...

B$n canh phan mern, nQi dung cua ITnh vue nay doi
h6i ky thuat vien phai biet them ve Sl)' l<fipd:;it c8U hinh
cho nhCrng thiet b] nqoai vi. PC PC PC PC PC

Bang 1: NQi dung hoc t~p cua ITnh vl,I'c 5

Noi dung hoc tap Cac chuon chuyen nganh trong sach hoc
Hi) diElu hanh may tinh

NhiYng hi) th6ng Xli' Iy diY lii)u (may tinh) n6i rnanq
Bao vi) diY lii)u va an toan diY lii)u Ttlt ca nhiYng noi dung nay dua theo trong tam trong chu'onq 1.

Xli' Iy thong tin vai chuonq trinh phan m?m chuyen nqanh [Link] m?m va phan c(rng cho tifng nqanh duoc rno ta ct,Jth~
tifng chuonq. thi du nhu:

NhO'ng tin hi$u va tr] s6 do cua he thong di~u khi~n 7 NhiYng hi) thong san xutlt linh heat hay
10.7 PLC £)i?u khi';n logic kha laP trinh dLl'Q'C
Chu~n bi thong tin nho vii)c Xli' Iy diY lii)u

Cong tMi hoc (t(10 di?u kien thuan Iqi d~ cai thien nang suat
cong nhan, thi du coli thii)n khu VI,J'Clam vii)c vai may tinh)

- L~p ke hoach va to chuc cac trinh tl! lam vi~c

Tronq tam chinh cua ITnh VI)'C hoc tap nay la c8U true to chuc xi nghi$p
chuc nanq, thich hop vai gia cang va loi ich kinh te.
va to cnuc lam vi$c nh6m theo tieu chuan

Quan tronq la ky that vien CO' di$n tu> phai biet ro nhCrng quy trlnh trang xi nghi$p va nhCrng luu 'I khi SU>dl,lng
dunq cu va quy trinh lam viec. Can dQC va hieu ro quy trlnh lam vi$c. Chuyen vien cOng phai trang bi kien thuc
loan dien ve cac bien phap ph6ng ngl.l'a tai nan va san sang tuan thu, Trang tat ca hoat dQng chat 1lJ'Q'ng phai
luon d:;it len hang d~u.

Bang 2: NQi dung hoc t~p cua ITnh vl!c 6

NOi dung hoc t~p Cac chLl'O'ng chuyen nganh trong sach hoc
Phan tich nhiYng trinh tl)' lam vii)c
Danh gia va bien soan tai lii)u VElk~t qua
TLI'O'ng tl)' nhu (y linh VI)'C hoc tap 5, ITnh VI)'C hoc tap 6 co lien
Cong thai hoc va bolo vi) ph6ng ngifa tai nan quan d€.n t~t ca each linh vvc khac, nQi dung cua no dLl'qc van
Tinh toan den gian VElthai gian va chi phi dunq trong rnoi chuonq khac, COng can tham khao cac tai lieu
thi du (y chuonp 1 va 2, cOng nhLl' cac trinh tl)' thi du (y chLl'O'ng
Phuonq phap trinh bay trinh tl)' lam viec 10 va 14.
ouan Iy chat ILI'Q'ng
 Diem giai nhCmg ITnhVl,J'C hoc tap 15

I!iI Thuc hi~n nhwng h~ thong con co di~n tlP

ffi3t TITijn
IT ---rr-
n~tp d,:'u~t Thanh vien
EJ CJ
Thi du h$ di~u khien Thi du ky thuat earn bien Thi du h$ thong di$n Dong thong tin trong h$
bang khi nen thong coodi$n tll'

LTnhvue hoc tap 7 co IiEmh$ chat che voi ITnhvue hoc tap 8. Tai day nhCrng cooban cua ky tnuat di~u khien
duoc trinh bay de co the thiet ks h$ thong CO' di$n tLr dien dat (y chuonq 8 co the the hien duoc. Ben canh viec
danh gia cac kha nanq SlYdunq, each hoat dong cua cac CO' cau tac dong va earn bien, con co noi dung tronq
tarn la cac van d~ v~ di~u khien va dieu chinh khi SlYdunq khi nen, di$n-khi nen, thuy luc, di$n-thuy It,l'cva h$
di~u khien PLC.

Bang 1: NQi dung hoc t~p cua ITnh vl,I'c 7

Noi dun hoc 1~.Jl", _ Cac chl1O'ng chuyen n anh trong sach hoc
Chuai di~lU khiE'ln va yang di~u chinh. so db kh5i 10 Ky thuat di~u khi.§n
11 Ky thuat di~u chinh
NhCPngdai 1lJ'Q'ngdi;ic trunq (Iham s5 do;ictrunq) cho di~u 10 Ky thuat di~u khi.§n
khi.§n va di~u chinh 11 Ky Ihual di~u chinh
each hoat dong cua earn bieln va cac b¢ bi.§n dOi 10.6 Ky thuat earn bien
Tinh nang lin hiE;iucua earn billn va cac b¢ billn d6i 10.6 Ky thuat earn billn
L~p trinh cho nhCPngquy trinh chuyen dong don gian va chirc 10 Ky thuat di~u khi.§n
nang di~u khi.§n
Phac thao nhCPng rnach diE;in 10 Ky thuat di~u khi~n
Trinh bay bang hoa do hoa nhCPngtrinh 11,1' v~ di~u khi.§n va 10 Ky thuat di~u khi~n
di~u chinh 11 Ky thuat di~u chinh
80 tin hieu 10.6 Ky thuat earn billn
NhCfng rnach CO' ban va each heat dong cua hE;itruyen dong 10 Ky thual di~u khi~n
9 May diE;in
Trinh bay nhCPngdon vi truyen dQng theo SO' db cturc nang 10 Ky thuat dillu khi.§n
9 May di$n
16 Diem giai nhCrng linh Vl,J'Choc tap

lID Thiet ke va thiet I~p h~ th6ng co di~n tll>

Tronq dillm cua ITnh vue hoc tap nay narn trong pharn
vi dieu khilln va dieu chinh nhCrng h$ th6ng co di$n tU>.
Ky thu$t vi en co dien tu> phai c6 kha nang mo ta duoc
cau true va dien ti~n tin hieu cua nhCrng h$ th6ng co
di$n tu> prnrc tap, HQ phai nhan bi~t anh hLl'&ng cua
nhCrng di6U ki~n hoat dQng bien doi theo trinh tl,l' cua
qua trinh va c6 the thay doi quy trlnh nay mot each c6
chu dich neu can thi€lt.

Dieu nay doi hoi ky thuat vi en phai narn vCrng va su>

dl,mg duoc nhCrng phuonq phap do ILI'ong cac trlnh tl,l'
di6U khilln va dieu chinh.

Ky thuat vien phai trang bj kien thuc co ban ve ky thuat

dieu khilln va dieu chinh cOng nhu ky thuat truyen
dong b~ng di~n. HQ cOng can c6 kha nanq thuc hi~n
viec k~t n6i trong h~ th6ng CO' di$n vo'l h~ th6ng CO'
ai$n tU>.NhCrng trinh tu chuyen d(>ng cOng phai duoc
rno ph6ng va toi Ll'U h6a, nen phai su> dunq nhCrng
chuonq trinh va nhCrng cong cu phan rnern khac nhau.

Ky thuat vien CO' di$n tiJophai co kha nanq hillu, lap rap va thao roi, kiem tra viec dieu khien hay dieu chinh phirc
tap cua h~ thong co di$n tu>va khi can co thll can thiep all thay doi duoc.

T~t ca nhCrng dieu nay phai duoc van hanh kern voi Sl,l' tuan thu nqhiern ng~t nhCrng bien phap bao v$ va an
toan tuonq (fng.

Bang 1: NQi dung hoc t~p cua linh vlfc 8

N¢i dung hQC t_~p
•••••__ Cac chlJ'O'ng chu en nganh trong sach hoc
Tri 56 dac tnrnq van hanh va di;ic tuyen cua he truyen d¢ng 10 Ky thuat dieu khien
9 May dien
Nguyen Iy hoat d¢ng, chon lI,J'ava chlnh nhCl'ng thiet bi bao v$ 6 He th5ng co
9 Maydien
10 Ky Ihu~1 dieu khien
Dieu khien va dieu chinh he truyen d¢ng 9 May dien
10 Ky tnuat dieu khi.§n
11 Ky thuat dieu chinh
Qua trinh dinh vi tri, b~c tl)' do 7 Che 1<;10 he Ih5ng co
10 Ky thuat dieu khien
11 Ky thuat di~u chinh
Phuonq phap Ihll' nghi$m va do lU'ong de dinh vi Iri 7 Che tao h$ Ih5ng CO'
10 Ky thuat dieu khien
11 Ky tnuat dieu chinh
Hop 56 va b¢ Iy hop 6 He Ih5ng CO'

Biil d~u lam quen voi nhCl'ng Ihay dOi Irong he Ih6ng co siln 14 U3P rap. dua vao van hanh va bao Iri he th5ng CO'dien Ill'

Li)p Irinh cho nhCl'ng Irinh tl)' cnuyen d¢ng don gian va choc 7 Ch~ tao he th6ng co
nang di~u khi.§n 10 Ky thuat dieu khien
Ky thuat me ph6ng biing may tinh 1 CO' ban xli' Iy dCl' lieu dien tll' (may tinh)

Thu thap tr] 56 do tai cac giao dien 10 Ky thuat dieu khien
11 Ky thuat dieu chinh
14 Liip rap, dira vao van hanh va bao Iri he Ih5ng CO'dien IIi
 17

-
Di!§n gio3i nhCmg linh vue hoc tap

Khao sat dong thong tin trong h~ thong co-di~n tll>ph(Vc tap

Trang ITnh VI,l'C hoc tap 9 t~t ca nhQ>ng ky nang che tao va ki~n thuc dil hQC truce do dflu can thiet, d~ co th~
nhan biet va rno ta cau true cua thong tin. Qua nhCmg kllt n5i logic vci cac thanh phan co, di$n, khi nen va thuy
Il,l'c hinh thanh nhQ>ng h$ thong co di~n to> phuc tap. NhCmg tin hieu, cac loai tao tin hieu va cac loai truyen tai
tin hieu dU'Q'c phan biet, nhQ>ng tin hieu duoc do va cac loi dU'Q'c xac djnh, bi gi6'i han 19i va loai bo neu co th~
nho cac phuonq phap thich hop.

Do do dieu ki$n tien quyet cho vii;lc nay la phai co kien thlic ve phuonq phap do va chan doan thich hop cOng
nhu' co cai nhin t6ng quat ve cac hi;l th5ng bus thong thU'6'ng va hi;l phan cap cua chunq,

Thi du diEm hinh er h$ thong bus ta thi~t I$p dl,l' an va thuc hi$n vi$c noi rnanq nhQ>ng thanh phan cau 11;10.

Giao di$nAS Giao di$n AS

Thi du Interbus, PROFIBUS DP, v.v ...

Bang 1: NQi dung hoc t~p cua linh vl!c 9

NQi dung hoc tap Cac chuonq chuyen nqanh trong sacn hoc
Di~n bien tin hi~u trong h~ thong 10 Ky thuat di~u khiE3n
13 H~ thong CO'di~n tll'
C~u true tin hieu 10 Ky tnuat di~u khilln, d~c biet
10.6 Ky thuat earn bien
Cac h~ thong bus 10 Ky thuat di~u khilln
12 H~ thong bus trong ky thuat tl,J'dQng h6a
Phuonq phap killm tra va do 8 CO' ban v~ ky thuat di~n
g May di~n
10 Ky thuat dieu khilln
11 Ky thuat di~u chinh
13 H~ thong CO'di~n tll'
14 L~p rap, dua vao v~n hanh I;§n dau va bao tri h~ thong CO'
di~n tll'

Khao sat nhiYng giao dien giiYa cac thanh phan h~ thong 10 Ky thuat diau khilln
12 H~ thong bus trong ky thuat tl,J'dQng h6a
NOi rnanq nhCl'ng tMnh phan rieng Ie 1 CO' ban Xli' Iy diY li~u di~n tll' (may tinh)
12 H~ thong bus trong ky thuat tl,J'd9n9 h6a
H~ pnan cap cac h~ thong manq 12 H~ thong bus trong ky thuat tl,J'd9ng h6a
Tai Ii~u va kat qua do 2 Truyen thong va ky thuat
Chuonq 10 - 14
 -
18 Dien giai nhCfng linh VI,!'Choc tap

L~p k~ hoach I~p rap va thao 96'

Ml)C lieu cua linh VI,!'Ch9C tap 10 la dat duoc kha nang Ic;ip k~ hoach cho nhCmg cong viec phai lam trang pharn
vi lap rap va thao g&. 8i&u nay bao ham kha nang thi€!t lap, dien giai va danh gia cac k€! hoach lap rap cOng nhir
kha nanq doc ban ve lap rap cac chi tiet 19i voi nhau va nhCfng tai lii,iu lap rap ky thuat khac,

8ieu kii,in d~u tien la ky thuat vien co di$n tIY phal thong thao nhCfng phU'O'ng phap do lU'ang can thiet, bi€!t ra
va SlY dl)ng nhCfng dl,mg cu Iap rap thich hop, tuan thu nhCfng quy dinh ve an toan, SlY dl,mg nhCfng phuonq tii,in
van tai va dl,mg cu nang dung theo nhlern vu va lam bien ban ve lap rap.

Ngay trang linh vue hoc tap nay, tinh phuc tap va da danq cua nganh nghe nay the hii,in ra rang, ky thuat vien
co di$n tIY khonq nhCfng thuc hien SI,!'lap rap nhCfng thi~t b] nho thao tac bang tay, rna con tham gia dieu khien
cac may cong cu Ian va nhCfng day chuyen sari xuat, trinh bay toan b¢ h$ thong CO'dii,in tlY.

Tal Ii~u lap rap v~ coo Canh tren Tal Ii~u lap rap ve khi nen
80 bang 1<3i

Bl~[B B3~

£lau noi chuyen

dong nang
Chu ky 1 Chu ky 2
£lau noi chuyen
dong quay

ze~
zC~--+-+_-('
ZC~ -+-+_+-"
Z4=~--+-+--j----f T'---+--+--+---f
Be:
BC: -'
B3=: ~-------~---

Bang 1: NQi dung hoc t~p cua linh vl,J'c 10

NOi dung hQc t~p
Tai Ii$u I~p nip CO'wang
------------------~~I~~~~~~~~~~ Cac chlYO'ng chuven ngimh trong sacn hoc

NOi dung cua linh VlYChoc tap nay chu y,!,u k,!,t hop tat ca trong
NhCfng dieu kien lam viec tal not I~p rap vai SlY IlJ'Utam d'!'n
chuonq:
quy dinh
14 [Link] rap, du'a vao van hanh va bao tri h$ thong CO'di$n Ill'
cac thi,!,t bi cung cap va xU>Iy thai cua h$ thong CO'di$n tu>
NOi dung Ct,Jthe quan tronq dlYQ'c phan bo & cac chlYO'ng sau:

Phuonq tien chuyen cno, dung cu nang va cac dung cu tro giup I~p rap 2 Truyen thong ky thuat

Cac bi$n phap an toan va SlY kiem tra cua chUng 3 Ky thuat kiem tra

Kiem tra khi I~p rap 7 Ch,!, tao h$ thong CO'khi

Dung sai ve d;;tng va vi tri 9 May di$n va

Cong vi$c hi$u chinh 10 Ky thuat dieu khien

Xli' Iy thai va tai ch,!,

 Dien giai nhC'YngITnhvue hoc tap 19

DU'a vao v~n hanh, tim loi va bao tri

Nhiern VI,Icua ITnhVl)'Choc tap nay la dao tao cho ky thuat vien CO'di$n tll' kha nang phan tich h$ th6ng co di$n
tll' dua tren tai li$u ky thuat, phan chia h$ th6ng thanh nhC'Yngkh6i chuc nanq va khao sat tac dunq tU'O'ngho,
cOng nhir anh hU'&ng qua lai cua nhC'Yngkh6i chuc nang. Qua d6, ky thuat vien cOng nen di;'lt minh vao vi tri
ngU'Crivan hanh h$ thong CO'di$n t(P,tim each tranh loi hoac phai dinh vi tri loi, khi loi xuat hi$n, mo ta nquyen
nhan cua loi va cuoi cOng leal tn) n6.

£)e thuc hien cac yeu cau tren, nhC'Yngphuonq phap thlY nghi$m khac nhau de dU'a VaGvan hanh cOng duoc
trinh bay. Kha nang SlYdunq h$ thong chan dean phai duoc kiem tra. Carn bien va co cau tac dong phai duoc
hi$u chinh lai va thong so h$ thong phai duoc thiet lap lai. Ket qua cOng phai ghi VaG nhC'Yngtal lieu dil dinh
truce. Cach tien hanh cong viec c6 h$ thong va phuonq phap trang viec kiern 10ila yeu cau chinh trang ITnh
vue hoc tap nay.

Bang 1: NQi dung h9C t~p cua finh VI,I'C 11

NOi dung h c t~p

NOi dung cua ITnh vue hoc tap nay chu y/;u bao gbm cac
chuonq:
14 L~p rap, dU'a vao van nann va bao Iri h$ th6ng co di$n tU-.
NhCi'ng IrU'<Ynghoopchuyen bi$t trong nhCi'ng chU'O'ng sau day:

SO'db kh6i, so db tac dl,mg va so db chuc nang cua h$ th6ng 6 H$ th6ng CO'
co di$n tu- 10 Ky thuat di~u khi€Jn
11 Ky Ihu~1 di~u chinh
12 H$ Ih6ng bus Irong ky thuat tl,l' dong h6a
Ki€Jm tra lai va hieu chinh earn bi~n va co cau tac dong 10 Ky thuat di~u khi~n
12 H$ Ih6ng bus trong ky thuat 11,1'
dong h6a
Tham 56 h$ th6ng 10 Ky Ihu(it di~u khi€Jn
11 Ky tnuat di~u chinh
12 H$ th6ng bus Irang ky tnuat tl,l' dong h6a
Thay dbi Iham 56 h$ thong bus 12 H$ thong bus lrang ky thuat 11,1'
dong h6a
Cai d!;it chU'O'ng Irinh 1 XU- Iy dCi' li$u di$n Iu- IT
10 Ky thuat di~u khi€Jn
Phuonq phap tin ki~m 10i lrang h$ th6ng di~u khi€Jn di$n, khi 14 L~p rap, dU'a vao van hanh llin dau va baa tri h$ thong CO'
nen va thuy luc di$n Iu-
Philn tlch loi 14 L~p rap, dU'a vao van hanh Ian dilu va bao tri h$ th6ng CO'
di$n tu-
Chien IU'O'ctim 10i, nhCmg nquyen nhan gay loi di€Jn hinh 14 L~p rap, dU'a vao van hanh llin dau va bao tri h$ Ih6ng co
di$n Iu-

Bi$n pnap bao v$ v~ di$n va CO',quy dinh bao v$ B CO' ban v~ ky thuat di$n
9 May dien
Kha nang IU'O'ng thich dien ttJoEMC 9 May di$n
Hi€Jnth] quy trinh bling hinh anh, h$ Ih6ng chan dean, chlin 10 Ky thuat di~u khi€Jn
doan ttJoxa

Bien ban v~ thu- nghi$m van hanh, tai Ii$u v~ loi, bien ban v~ 14 L~p rap, dua vao Van hanh llin dau va bao Iri h$ Ih6ng cO'
bao tri di$n Iu-
2 Truyen thOng ky tnuat
PhU'O'ng phap bao dam chat IU'O'ng 4 Ouan Iy chat IU'O'ng
Su-a loi chuonq trinh phan m~m 14 U\p rap, du'a vao van nann ran diiu va baa Iri h$ th6ng co
di$n tu-
LU'u tam d~n nhCi'ng yeu cau cua khach hang 14 L~p rap, dU'a vao van hanh liln dau va bao Iri h$ th6ng co
dien tu-
Anh hU'ang cua h", th6ng co di$n Iu- len nhCi'ng dii;u ki$n vi; 14 L~p rap, dU'a vao Van nanh llin dliu va bEIOtri h$ Ih6ng co
kinh te, sinh thai va xi! hOi dien tu-
20 Diemgisi nhCYngITnhVI)'Choc tap

IE Bao tri phonq ng(Pa

Trang ITnhVI)'Choc tap nay van de van hanh an toan h~ thong CO'di~n tu>dlmg hang d§u. TLPnhan thLPCve SI)'
tU'O'ngquan chuc nang gi(fa cac thanh ph§n rieng Ie cua h~ thong, ta rut ra duoc nh(fng rnuc tieu dll van hanh
an toan va n~u can thiet ti~n hanh nh(fng bien phap phu hop. TLPnh(fng tai lieu hU'ang dan ve baa dU'ong va
nh(fng sach hU'ang dan ve van hanh, nh(fng nhiern VI,Jbaa tri tieu billu S8 duoc giai thieu va mo ta. Ky thuat
vien CO'di~n tu>phai c6 kha nang tl)' minh thi~t I~p k~ hoach baa dU'6'ng.

Bang 1: NQi dung hoc t~p cua ITnh vl!c 12

NOi dung hoc tA"".
__ .~ Cac ehU'O'ng chuyen nqanh trong sach hoc

Nhu linh Vl,l'Choc tap 11, nQi dung cua ITnh vue hOC tap nay chu
y~u dLl'O'c Xll' Iy trong cnuonq
14 U\p rap, dLl'a vao van Mnh va bao Iri h~ th5ng CO'dien tll'.
Them vao d6 nhieu noi dung cac linh VI,J'C khac nhau trong
nhCrng chuonq sau day:

o nhiern,SI,J' moi (y vat lieu, SI,J' tieu dung, SI,J' hao m6n va 6 He thong co
nhCrng h~u qua cua chung
Do tin ei\iy cua h", thong 14 L~p nip, dua vao vi\in hanh va bao trl he thong CO'di",n to>

Thi~t k~ va thich nghi voi ke hoach bao dLl'i5'ng 2 T ruyen thong v~ ky thu~t
Kiemtra 14 L~p rap, dua vao van nann va bao tri he thong CO'di",n tll'

Phuonq pnap kiem Ira lai nhCrng Ihi~t b] an toan 14 Lap rap, dLl'a vao van hanh va bao tri h", thong co di",n tll'

Thich nghi cua cac phfm he thong theo nhCrng yeu cau 14 [Link] rap, dua vao van hanh va bao tri he thong cO' dien tll'
thay dbi
Phu'onq phap ch§n doan va he thong bao tri 14 Loilp rap, dtra vao van hanh va bao tri h", thong CO'dl~n tLr

Quan Iy chAt ILI'O'ng 4 Ouan 19chat ILI'O'ng

Tal lieu 2 Truyen thong k9 thuat
Biit d~u lam quen val nhCrng thay dbi trong tai Ii~u ky thuat 2 Truyen thong ky thuat

- Ban giao h~ thong co di~n tlv cho khach himg

Ky thuat vien CO'di~n tll' phai c6 kha nang mo ta va giai thich h~ thong co di~n tU>.Ho phai tl)' thi~t tap nh(fng
tai Ii~u huang dan SlI' dl,Jnghay phai cung cap thong tin chuyen mon mot each hop thuc de ho tro ph6ng ban
chuyen men khac so"m thao tal li~u huang dan. NhU' v~y ho can biet doc hieu va xU>Iy nhCYngtai li~u nay bang
hoa do hay van ban, trang qua trinh d6 can luu y den tU'O'ngquan gi(faxi nghi~p cua minh va khach hang, nha
cung lfng.

Trung tam diem cho ITnhVI)'Choc tap nay la kha nang giao tiep. Cho viec phat trien nhCYngky nang nay c6 nt.t
nhieu rneo co ban quy gia, tuy nhien viec huan Iuyen phai trai dai cho tat ca ITnhVI)'Choc tap,

Bang 2: NQi dung hoc t~p cua I1nh VI,I'C 13

NOi dung hoc t~p Cac chuonq chuyen nganh trong sach hoc
Sll' dunq h~ thong truyen thong trong xi nghi~p 1 CO' ban ve Xll' Iy dCr Ii~u (may tinh)
Tinh than lam vi~c nh6m
Giao tiep 2 Truyen thong ve ky thuat
£lieu khien chuonq trinh va trinh bay 1 CO' ban v~ Xll' Iy dCr lieu (may tinh)
Lien h~ vai khach hanh va nha cung cap

Chi diin sO>dl,mg va tal Ii",u hLl'ang dan van hanf 2 Truyen thong ky thuat
14 Loilp rap, dLl'a vao van hanh va bao tri he thong CO'dien tll'
 21

1 CO' ban ve XLI Iy dCv li~u

1
Xli 1'1dQ>lieu bao g6m nhQ>ng h~ thong nharn thu thap, xu' 1'1,truyen tai, hru trQ>va/hoac chuan bi thong tin. Khai
nlem thong tin va khai niif!m dCv lii;Ju lien quan d6ng mot vai tro co ban trong vi~c xli 1'1dCf li~u. Vi the val kh8i '---""""
nlern se dU'Q'c dien giai sau day;

Ow Ii~u 113nhQ>ng ky tV' hoac nhCrng ham li€m tuc nharn rnuc dlch xli 1'1thong tin theo nhCfng quy tac hoac nhQ>ng
thoa tnuan dinh san.
Ow Ii~u ky thuat so (digital) bao gom cac ky tl)' (roi rac) narn ke nhau ("1" ho?; "0").

Ow Ii~u tU'O'ng tl,!' (analog) CPngvoi cac ham lien tuc va duoc bi§u dien bang nhCrng dai 1U'Q'ngvat 1'1nhu di$n ap,
duoc dung dll trinh bay cac 51)' kien can rno til va c6 thll thay doi gia tri lien tuc,

Tin hpc 113nhQ>ng ky tl)' hoac nhQ>ng ham lien tuc nharn rnuc dlch truyen dat hoac truyen tai thong tin theo nhCfng
quy tac noac nhCmg thoa tnuan duoc djnh san.

Ky tl,!' 113nhQ>ng phan tli dung de diEm ta dCf Ii$u noac thong tin.

BQ ky tl,!' la tap hop toan bo nhQ>ng ky II)' dU'Q'c quy uoc hoac cung Cmg dll diEm oat thong lin (bo ky II)' 56, bo ky
tl)' chQ>so).

ell phap an djnh nhQ>ng quy luat cho phep ket cau cac ky tl)' thanh tll' va ket hop cac tll' thanh cau cua mot nqon
ngQ>.

Ngfl' nghTa (Semantic) hoac ngQ>nghTa hoc la man hoc ve 'I nghTa n¢i dung cua ngon ngQ>.Trong nganh tin hoc,
ngQ>nghTa d<';lcbiet dua tren ngon ngQ>I$p trinh.

Thong tin la chuoi nhQ>ng ky tl)' tll' mot b¢ ky tu, du'oc 1<;10 ra Ill' nhCrng quy luat djnh san (cu phap), dU'Q'c
mangy nghTa (ngQ> nghTa) tnru tU'Q'ng hoac CI,JIhe va diroc noi g&i hay noi nhan thong tin cunq dien giili
noi dung dlnh truoc,

XU> Iy dfl' li~u can duo'c hieu la, dQ>lieu dU'Q'C xli 1'1
qua cac thuat toan 1), cac phuonq phap hoac cac each Con s6 Con s6
thuc de tao ra cac dQ>lieu mal. Viec xli 1'1dQ>lieu duoc May tinh
Van ban Van ban
thuc hien thong qua cac thiet b] di$n tli nhu may tinh, XU>Iy

dU'Q'c gOi 113xU> Iy dfl' li~u di~n tu> (XLDL8T). N6 bao

Hinh ann 0 Truyen tal 0 Hinh anh
Am thanh LLI'u trQ> Am thanh
gom viec nhap lieu, xli 1'1qua cac phep tinh, xuat lieu,
Ng6n ngQ> Ng6n ngQ>
truyen tai va luu trQ>dCr lieu.

a day dQ>lieU S8 dU'Q'C nhap vao may tfnh duoi nhieu If Nh~p li(iu 10 Xll'ly
01 XuMli(iu
dang khac nhau va dua vao cac lenh thuc thi cOng
dU'Q'c dU'a vao may tinh, dQ> lieu dU'Q'C xli 1'1, dU'Q'c Hinh 1: Nguyen tae NXX (nh~p li~u-xlr Iy-xuat li~u)
truyen tai va/hoac dU'Q'c luu trQ>. Sau do, ket qua 58
dU'Q'c cung cap dU'&i nhQ>ng hinh thtrc khac nhau
(Hinh 1). Nguyen tac NXX (nh{)p li~u-xlP Iy-xuaf li~u)
nay duoc ghi nhan ta mot cau true chung cho viec xli
1'1dQ>li$u di$n tli (Hinh 2). Khai niern phan cLPng chi XU> Iy dQ>li(iu di(in tll'
toan bo cac thiet b] ky thuat dung dll xli 1'1dCr lieu hoac (XLDL£JT)
thong tin. Trong khi phan rnem gom nhQ>ng chuonq
trinh dung dieu khilln cac qua Irinh ve xli 1'1,truyen
tai va luu trQ>trong may tinh cOng nhu viec nhap va
xuat lieu.

Khong c6 phan mern thi may tfnh chi la mot co may

khong c6 kha ni'mg sli dunq. Phfln rnern tao nen giao
I Philn cunq Philn mem ]

Hinh 2: Cac thanh phan cua XLDLDT

1) Mot thu~t toan (algorithm) I" mot quy dinh giao uoc nnarn giai met van de dU'Q'c dinh nghia r6 rang va co gi6i nan. No bao g6m nhi€.u buoc co
ban duoc giai quyet tuan tV' theo mot chuoi nhat dinh, trong do cho phep nhCfng kha nang lV'a chon va SV'phan nhanh (xem trang 63).
22 1 CO' ban ve XLP Iy diP Ii~u

di$n chu y~u trong vi$c giao luu giifa ngU'&i sU>dl,mg
voi phan cCmg, giifa con ngU'&i va may m6c (Hinh 1).
Tuy nhien, phan rnern con dU'Q'c phan nho thanh phan
rnern h$ thong va phan mern LPng dl,mg (Hinh 2). cac
phan mern LPng dunq luon 1$ thuoc VaG phan rnern h$
thong, ph~n m~m nay to chuc, di~u khien va ki~m scat
dc>~c>~
Con nglJ'O'I Ph~n rnem Ph~n cunq
vi$c truyen dG>li$u & cac thi€Jt b] ngo;;'li vi cua may tinh. Hlnh 1: Giao di~n may tinh (xU> Iy dfl' Il~u di~n tLP)
Trong khi phan m~m h$ thong chu y€lu thuoc h~ di~u
hanh, thi cac phan rnern LPngdl,mg co th~ ke d€Jn hang
loat chU'O'ng trinh duoc SLr dunq thU'&ng nhat trong
nghe nghi$p va cuoc song rieng (Hinh 3).

H~ dieu hanh bao g6m mot so 1U'Q'ng lon nhifng

Phan mem
chU'O'ng trinh con, Sl,l' lac dong qua lai cua chunq hinh
Chuonq trlnh ll'ng dunq
thanh nen Sl,I' van hanh cua may tinh. Nhifng cnuonq Giao dien dO hoa
trinh con thuoc h$ thong nay thi~1 rap Sl,J'ket noi giifa H~ dieu hanh
phan cLPng, ngU'oi stY dunq va chuonq trinh Lrng dl,mg H$ BIOS

(xem chucnq h$ dieu nann).

Hinh 2; Cae thanh phan cua phan mem

ChU'O'ng trinh djch vu va he, tro (Hinh 4) ta nhifng

chuonq trinh van nanh phan cLPng, n6 lac dong d~n
SI)' ket noi h$ thong, thl du: thiet b] nqoal vi nnu may in.
ChU'O'ng trinh h6 IrQ' con duoc goi la cong cu hay ti~n Phan rnern
ich. Day la nhG>ng chuonq trinh bo sung cho hi;! dieu
hanh hoac bu dtJp nhifng diem yeu cua phan morn h$
thong cOng nhu nhifng chLPCni'mg con khiem khuyet. IPhfm m~m h$ thong j Chuonq trinh ll'ng dt,mg

Phan mem LPng dl,lng la nhG>ng phan rnern dung de

D D e-

giai quyet cac nhiam vu nhat djnh. Ta phan biet: He di~u

ChlJ'O'ng
trinh dich Phan mern
Ph<lin Phan m~n~
rnem tieu chuyen
hanh vu va ho ca nhiin
. tro chu~n nganh
• Phan rnern chuyen nqanh,

• Phg,n m<flm chuc nanq, Hinh 3: Phan mem he thong va phan rnern LPng dl,lng

• Phan rnern chuyan dung (dac biet).

Sl,J' tac d9n9 qua lai giifa con ngU'&i, phan cLPng va
phan rnem (Hinh 5) ann hU'6>ng den mLPC dQ tl,!' dQng
h6a khac nhau trong nhifng ITnh VI,J'Cnqanh nghe khac
biet.

T~n iet. bao tri, nharn h6 tro vi$e bao tri cac ph~n c':mg
TI,!' d9n9 h6a toan phan thU'<Yng duoc g~p trong cac
ITnh VI,l'Cky thuat nhU' dieu khien hoac tl,l' dong hoa cac
quy trinh. TI,!' dQng h6a m9t phan doi hoi co su can
thiep cua con ngU'<YiVaG h$ thong 6>rnuc dO han che,
B¢ bien dj"chva chlJ'ang trinh thOngdjeh; dung de dieh cac
n6 xay ra khi k~t qua tarn th<Yi cua hi;! thong do con chuang trinh sang ngon ngQodang may (tinh) c6 the hi"u dlJ'"e
ngU'oi quyet dinh.
Hinh 4: Cac chU'O'ng trinh djch vu
Neu tU'O'ng tac giifa con nqu'oi va may dU'Q'CxU>Iy mot
each tl,J'dong, ta 99i do la xU> Iy diP li~u dlnh hU'&ng
qua 51,!'ki~n/hanh d9n9. TUy VaG quy rno ho tro cua
ngU'&i sU>dung, kern theo rrurc d9 gi1ln b6 voi viec tl)'
d9ng h6a, ngU'oi ta phan bi$t:
r:Phan mem
uyen nganh:

Ngan hang,
I Ph~n mem
clurc nling:
Ouan tri ngu6n
Ph;}n mem
chuyen dl,lng:

XU> Iy van ban,

• H$ thong quan tr]
Cong nghj~p nhan h,Pclnhansu', Tinh toan bang,
xiiydl,Pn9, L;(ip k€. hoach san Toi uu h6a
• H$ thong phan bo San himg sl va Ie, xuat, Li)p h6a don, tuy~n tinh,
Sac si, Tinh 56 llJ'ang, 86 noa,
• H$ thong thong tin va h$ dieu hanh Luat sv, Ouan Iy nha kho, Thu thap eo Ii~u,
Ouan Iy dia oe, Ouan Iy vat Ii~u, Thong ke
• H$ thong quy hoach Lam nghii)p Ketoan

• H$ thong kiem sa at
Hinh 5: ChU'O'ng trlnh (Png d',lng
 1.1 Hi;! di~u hanh 23

1.1 H~ dieu hanh

H$ dieu hanh (ti€lng Anh la Operating System, OS) ta SI! t6ng hop tat ca cac chuonq trinh dung d~ ki~m soat, t6 1
crurc, quan Iy va sau cung la giam sat mol may tinh. Nqoai ra he di~u nann cOng tao ra m¢t nen h$ thong, cung
ung cho ngU'oi SLPdunq may tinh nhu'ng cong cu dung de Quan Iy va quan tr] nhCPng chlJ'O'ng trinh xu. Iy van ban •••••__ •••
va nhCPng trinh djch vu khac nhv viec bao dlJ'6'ng tiJ>xa mot he thong. Hi!! dieu hanh (Hlnh 1) cho phep ngU'oi
dung lam viec vai may tinh, thi du nh$p lieu qua ban phim, xuat li$u tren man hinh va chuy~n tai hoac thu nhan
dQolieu tll' cac phuonq tien luu trO'.

H$ di€lu hanh la giao dien thi~t lap SI! ket n6i giQoa con ngU'&i va may tinh.

1.1.1 Nhi~m vI,I cua m(>t h~ dieu hanh

Nham dat dLfQ'C tinh than thien cao cho ngLfoi SLPdl,lng, h$ dieu hanh
Bang 1: Quan Iy ngu6n
quan Iy tttt ca cac ngu6n quan tronq cua mot may tinh va che giflu Sl!
truyen thong phLPC tap giQoa cac b¢ phan phan ClJ'ng khoi ngLfoi dung. Ouan Iy quy !rinh
Tnroc tien phal k~ diln viec quan Iy cac qua trinh, quan Iy bi;>nho va quan ouan Iy be) nheYchinh (RAM)
Iy thii!t bi (Bang 1). Ke d6 h~ di~u hanh cung cap cho ngU'oi dung mot
giao dii;!n d~ lien lac voi he dieu hanh, rna thlJ'ong dLfQ'C gOi la "Shell" - Ouan Iy b(Jnno Ih(r cap (0 Cia Cling)
lap va chuonq trinh - (tieng Anh la "va so"). No cho phep ngLfoi SLPdyng ouan Iy thie! bi (may in)
truyen lenh di!n h$ dieu hanh, thi du nhu "sao chap tap tin" (Hinh 1).

Phan bi$t:
Bang 2: H~ di€!u hanh
• Giao di$n theo dong lenh dinh hlJ'ang Shell (ell: Command Line
Interface) la nhCmg lenh hoac chu5i Ii;!nh dU'Q'c ngLfoj dung chuyen giao WIN-XP He di~u hanh 32-, 64-Bit
cho he dieu hanh, dinh hU'ong theo tll'ng dong, thi du MS-DOS-Prompl. WIN
He dieu hanh 32-, 64-Bit
VISTA
• Giao dien d6 hoa LPngdunq hieln th] bang d6 hoa Shell (GUI: Graphical
WIN 7, 8 He dieu hanh 32-, 64-Bit
User Interface) duoc hi;! thong cho hien th] va de ngLfoi SLPdyng chon Il,l'a.
L$nh tao dieu ki$n cho nhO'ng yeu cau dich vu cua hi;! dieu hanh, thi du Mac OS H~ dieu nanr. 32 Bit
Classic
nhu' trinh duyet cua Microsoft Windows-Explorer.
Mac H$ di,§u nanh 32-. 64-Bit
OSX
£)e giai quyet nhCmg yeu cau nay, ngLfoi SLPdunq may tinh dLfQ'C cung
UNIX He di~u hanh 32-, 64-Bit
cap nhieu hi;! di~u hanh khac nhau (Bang 2).
He dieu hanh 32-. 64-Bil
LlNUX
Hi;! dieu hanh hi$n dai nqay nay dap LPngnhQong nhiem vu sau: SI,l' phan bo
khac nhau.

• Kh&i dOng va tat may tinh

• r6 chLPCva quan Iy bo nho lam vi$c

• Ouan Iy tap tin trong danh rnuc (thlJ' rnuc)

• m~u khien cac b(> phan phan cLPng

• T6 chLPCva quan Iy b(> nho'

• T5 chLPChien th] man hinh

Quy trinh ngU'il'i sUod\lng
• Tai va kiern scat cac chuonq trinh LPng dunq;
chuyen tii!p dQoli$u nhap cua ngU'oi dung; XLPIy cac
15i; quan Iy quyen SLPdunq.
o
Vo so (giao dien Shell)
• Ouan Iy va phuc vu nhieu ngLfoi SLP dunq qua
quyen truy nhap rieng biet cua tiJ>ng ca nhan va h6
so SLPdl,mg.
o
B9 nnan chinh
• Cung cap cac chuonq trinh dich vu: sao ILfU dQolii;!u,
nhap van ban, vi~n thong, nhap lii;!u tii!ng noi v.v...
o
Phan ciJong

Hinh 1: M6 hinh lop cua h9 dieu himh

24 1 CO' ban ve xu. Iy dCr Ii~u
1.1.2 Cac loai h~ di~u hanh
Chtronq trlnh
H$ di~u hanh duoc phan thanh cac loai sau day: (mg d~ng

• H$ don nhiern noac da nhiern

• H~ mot ngU'6'i hose nhi€!u ngU'6'icCJngSLYdunq
• H$ bQ xU>1'1mot 16ihoac h$ bO XLY1'1da 15i(bO Xli' He dieu hanh I
•
Iy IJP)

H$ dieu hanh thoi gian thuc

Ph~n CLrng 1 Ph~n CLrng

H~ dO'n nhi~m hoac da nhi~m (Hinh 1) Hlnh 1: H~ dieu hanh don-da nhiem

Viec thuc hi$n chuonq trinh trong chll dQ van hanh don tac vu (singletasking) dien ra tuan tV', cai nay sau
cai kia. ChU'O'ngtrinh dang chay (duo'c thuc hi~n) c6 toan quyen ki~m scat trung tam xli' 1'1(CPU). Truoc khi
chuo'nq trinh cham dirt, chll do Van hanh khong c6 kha nang tV' cnu dong. H<;Inchll cua nhCrngh$ dieu hanh nay
ia, mot mi;it cac ngu6n tai nguyen cua may tinh kh6ng duoc tan dunq tri$t d~, mat knac khong th~ can thlep giCra
chLrng, khi phat sinh mot loi trong chuonq trinh cua ngU'cYiSLrdunq, may tinh b] "sum" (ngLrng hoat d(>ng). Khi
khoi dong lai h$ thong, he dieu hanh dU'9'c nap lai va nhan lal quyen kiem scat trung tam XLrIY. Ngay nay h$ don
nhiern kh6ng can d6ng vai tro quan tronq [Link] vao do, nhCi'ngh~ dieu hanh (fa tac VI,!(multitasking - nhlJ'
Unix, Windows dua vao cong ngh$ NT1)) hien nay chiern tarn quan trona CO'ban.

Khai ni$m da nhiern diroc hi~u ta he dieu hanh co kha nang quan Iy nhieu ti~n trinh "dong thoi" (XLr1'1song
song cac CPngdunq), giai quyet cCJngluc nhieu nhi$m VI,J,dCJve mi;it v;flt 1'1,no chi c6 mot b9 vi xU>1'[Link]
thuc t~ thi tal mot thai diem, chi co mot tien trinh dU'9'c kich heat.

Kh6ng duoc phep danh dong mot qua trinh vai mQt chuonq trinh. MQt qua trinh la mot chuonq trinh dang dlJ'9'c
thuc thi, bao gom khoi di~u khiEmtilln trinh lien quan. Trong khoi dieu khien tien trinh, tflt ca cac dCrlieu tuonq
iJng cua ti€m trinh nhtr tranq thai hi$n thoi, d!a chi khai dong cua no, dlJ'9'c luu trQ>.£)i~u nay quan tronq doi voi
nhan h$ thong, vi n6 can l:;'Ipho so cho moi qua trinh. Theo 'I nghia nay, mot qua trinh dlJ'9'Ctao ra trong khi
chuonq trinh thuc thi va S8 k~t thuc khi cnuonq trinh cham [Link] thuc thi mot chuonq trinh thong qua hoat
dong da nhiern, conq viec din thuc hi$n khong giam. Tuy nhien, h$ dieu hanh dU'9'Ctrang b] kha nanq cnuyen
doi cac qua trinh giCi'achCPng,nghia la, cho tam ngLrng mot qua trinh dang heat dong de tiep tuc xU>1'1mot qua
trinh da b] cho ngCmg truoc do, SI)' trao doi nay duo'c gOi 113 chuyen dbi tac vu, Boi vi SI,J'trao doi tac VI,Jnay
duoc thuc thi chi trong mot giay, nglJ'cYisU>dunq co earn giac r~ng nhCi'ngtien trinh van dang "chay" cunq luc, C6
nghTa la, h$ thong phai chia toan bOthoi gian tinh toan can cho bo vi xU>1'1(ra mili giay), thanh nhQ>ngrnanq thoi
gian nho (time slice), luc do moi tao cho ngU'6'isU>dunq co an tuonq rang, cac tien trinh dlJ'9'C"chay" d6ng thoi.
Vi$c in an cac ban in cua may in duoc thuc hi$n ngam (ND: "sau hau truonq" can 99i 113 spooling c6 nghTa 113tai
li$u llJ'u trQ>trong bo nho cua may in va tal li$u cho d9'i 12m1U'9'tS8 duoc in) hoac viec cuan 1'1rnanq la nhCrng
nhlern VI,Jtieu bi~u cua da tac VI,J.

Muc dich cua da tac VI,Jla tan dl,JngnhQ>ngkha nang cua phan cLPngva phan mern tU'O'ngiJng cua may tinh,
nharn ti~t giam thoi gian thuc thi mot chuonq trinh. Do nhQ>ngchoonq trinh nay hi~n dlen cCJngluc trong bo nho
chinh, nen he dieu hanh can phai luu y chi duoc phep thay doi nhQ>ngdCrlieu cua moi chuonq trinh trong pharn
vi bQ nho chinh da duoc phan chia cua minh. Neu kh6ng, dCrli~u cua chuonq trinh nay c6 the b] ghi de len boi
dCi'lieu cua chuonq trinh khac, S8 dan dEmloi (SI,J'co). Unix hoac Windows XP 103
nhQ>ngh$ dieu hanh da tac VI,J.

Cac d~ng da tac vu:

Trong thuc te co 2 loai da tac vu CO'ban chiern U'Uthe
[
Thai gian cua b6 xU>lyo
cho h$ dieu hanh vai bO vi xU>Iy dO'n:
~c ...-...,-- ~ fN'" ~ ~ ~-=
• Da tac vI,! lJ'U tien co
""cco c
'I'
c c c c c c
'" '5>ro
co co co
'5> I -5> '5> -5> -~
0> '5> '5> '"
'5>
Trong da tac VI,JU'Utien, he dieu hanh S8 an d!nh r5 :5 :5 :5 :5 :5 :5 :5 :5 :5
,:; ,:; ,:; ,:; ,:; ,:; ,:; ,:; ,:;
bao nhieu th6'i gian dU'9'c phan bo cho moi chU'O'ng .c .c .c .c .c .c .c .c

trinh dU'9'c kich hO<;lt.Th6'i gian phan bo d6 dU'9'c .",~ .",c

2... .",c .",c .",:::<c .",c .",c c
.",
2... .",c
:::< 2- ~ 2- ~ :::<
gOi la manh th6'i gian. ChlJ'O'ngtrinh kh6ng tac dong Ii .,
H~ dleu hanh
dlJ'9'cdlln SI,J'phan bo tMi gian. H~ dieu hanh lu6n giCr
quyen ki~m soat qua bO vi xU>Iy (Hinh 2). Phan cirng
1
1) NT: New technology: ky thu~t mOoicua hi) di~u hanh Windows Hinh 2: Cac manh thai gian cua thai gian bQ xU> Iy
 1.1 He dieu hanh 25

• Da tac vu tU'O'ng tac

LYu tien

Ve CO' ban, cac chuonq trinh hay cac qua trinh tren Tac vu B aang kich heat (tac vu = cOng viec)
may tinh cung chia se nhCmg thlet b! rieng re nhu (; dla Kh&i d¢ng lac VI) B
cunq, bQ xU>Iy trung tam v.v ... NhU' da biet, bO vi Xli' Iy
chi xUo Iy dU'9'c to> qua trinh nay sang qua trinh khac,
Trang da tac vu tU'O'ng tac, h$ dieu hanh can phal sap
dat sao cho cac Lmg dung phili thU'ang xuyen trao lal B
quyen kiem scat cho trung tam dieu khitm (Hinh 1).
Sl,I' kien nay duoc gOi la yielding (nhan nhuonq), MOt
chuonq trinh neu b] danh qia la kh6ng du cong suat
tinh toan can thlet ma b¢ vi Xli' IV doi hoi S8 chuyen
giao vi$c tinh toan cho mot choonq trinh khac. Tuy
A
nhlen, khi chuonq trinh co 10i phat sinh Sl,l' co truoc
khi no kip chuyen giao quyen thuc thi, thi S8 gay tac
nqhen toan bo h~ dieu hanh va d~n den viec treo may.
So voi SI,l' van nann da tac vu U'U tien thi sl,l' van hanh
da tac vu tU'O'ng tac sUodung b¢ nho it hon, do do vi$c
chju tal len bo xU>Iy trung tam (CPU) cOng it non. Da
Hinh 1: Va lac vI;I tU'cmg tac
tac vu tuonq tac la che do van hanh cua he dieu nann
Apple Macintosh (cho den phien ban 9).
SI,l' heat d¢ng

Trinh I~p th6>i bieu (scheduler = thai khoa bieu) quan D Trinh I~pbieu
Ti€!ntrinh cua he thong hoac tiElntrlnh cua
Iy bo vi xO>IV. No quy dinh conq suat nao cua bo Xli' IV
dU'9'c dung cho qua trinh nao. Viec xU>IV co the dien
0 ngiJ'6'idung
~
..c
N M v
s:
r ~
s:
N
s:
ra hoan toan doc lap hoac tuonq O>ngvoi nhau. Tuy c
s:
c
s:
c: c
nhien, dien tien cua mot qua trinh lu6n dU'9'c chay (a '£ ',s '5c; s '.E '5c:
c: c c: c:
mat truoc), con nhCPng tien trinh khac cOng duoc Xli' <<1> <<1> <<1> "<1> <<1> <<1>
1= 1= 1= 1= 1= 1=
IV chim (a mat sau) (Hinh 2). Qua thuat toan trinh I$p I
I
bieu, ta co the phan djnh cap U'U tien cho tLmg qua I I Th b'j
trinh va mOi qua trinh se dU'9'c phan b6 mot phan thai qran
t,
gian tinh toan nhat dinh, Co nghTa ta, bo xU> Iy tiilp
nhan tien trinh dang co cap U'U tien cao nhat. Sau mot Hinh 2: Trinh I~p bi€!u
khoanq thai gian, tieln trinh nay 58 b] ngU'ng, neu v~n
chua duoc hoan t~t, no se duoc kich heat lai vao mot
thai diem sau do. Tren hau hilt cac may tinh ca nhan don le, che do da tac vu chi duoc dung de khai dong cung
luc nhieu chuonq trinh, nhu Xli' IV van ban va chU'O'ng trinh do hoa. NhU'ng thuc su, chi co mot ngU'ai Sll' dung.
Che d¢ da tac vu hCPudung hon neu nhieu ngU'ai sU>dung cunq luc hoac khi mot ngU'ai dung thuc Sl,l' lam nhieu
vi$c cung mot luc (thi du nhu vua bien dich phfln rnern va viet tho di$n tll').

H~ dieu hanh mQt ngU'6>i SLP dl,mg - nhieu ngU'6>i cung sUo dung (Single/Multi-User)

Vai h~ dieu hanh mot ngU'cYi sUo dl,mg lu6n chi co

mot ngU'ai dung co the lam viec vo'i may tinh. H~ dieu
hanh loai nay duoc thiet ke cho mot ngU'ai dung duy
nhat (Hinh 3). Theo d6, rnoi truonq lam viec d~y du
cOng nhu' tat ca cac dich vu ouoc thiet lap chi danh
cho mot ngU'ai Sll' dung (MS-DOS, Win 9x v.v ... ).

Da tac vu la dieu kien co ban cho h~ dieu hanh nhieu

ngU'6>i sUo dung cua mot h$ dieu hanh. So voi h~ dieu
hanh mQt ngU'6>i sUo dung, U'U diem CO'ban cua no la:

• T<;Io ra nhieu truy cap cunq luc len may tinh. Co

nghTa vao cunq mot thai diem, nhieu ngU'ai co the
tan dung nhCPng nquon chia S8 cua he thonq may
r Phan clfng

tinh. Hinh 3: H(! mQt ngU'c.i!nhieu ngU'OoisiP d\mg

26

• Thong thuonq, mot tram lam vi$c chi can la mot

may tinh dO'n giam (da lam "qiarn diu hinh") hoac
mot thiet b] dflu cu6i qua d6 ngU'ai dung c6 the lam
vi$c vai may tinh chu, thong qua viec n6i rnanq true
tiep (Hinh 1).

H~ di£lUhanh vai bQ xU> 19mQt 10i· H~ dieu hanh

vai bQ xU> Iy nhieu 16i
Trong h$ dieu hanh voi bo XLr Iy mot 16i (Single
Processor), h$ dieu hanh chi dung den nang suat CPU
cua mot bO vi XLr Iy duy nhtlt NgU'Q'c lai h$ dieu hanh
voi bo XLr Iy nhieu 15i c6 the SLr dung nang suat CPU
cua tLr hai cho dEm tam bo vi xU>Iy dieu phoi tLr trung
May tlnh tram May tinh tram
tam (& h$ Windows NT 1)} hoac cOng c6 the nhieu non
(thi du voi h$ LlNUX, MAC OS), de truy cap VaG bo Hinh 1: H~ dieu hanh nhi€.u ngLPo>idung
nho chung. NhU' the c6 kha nang. mot bO XLr Iy nao
d6 duoc phan b6 cho mot qua trinh d~c bi$t noac t~t
ca b¢ xU>Iy deu dU'Q'c trU'ng dung cho tat ca cac qua trinh cua h$ dieu nann. Qua do. ve co ban bang thong cua
h$ th6ng dU'Q'c tang toe chv khong h~n la cua viec XLr Iy tCmg tac vu, Tuy nhlen, viec nang suat gia tang cOng b]
qiarn tU'O'ng d6i nhanh khi b6 sung them mot b¢ vi XLr Iy mot. £)ieu nay c6 nhieu nquyen nhan:

• Viec gia tang hoat dong song song phat sinh them nhieu yeu cau xuat-nnap cho moi don vj thai gian. Qua do,
hi$u suat xuat-nhap (IO) cua h$ th6ng b] tinh tranq that co chai va bang thong bj han che.

• Cac bo vi XLr Iy cunq truy cap vao bO nho chung. T6c d¢ hoat dong cua bO nho lam vi$c kha cham so voi toc
do cua bO vi xU>IY. S9 dlln den tinh tranq cho dQ'i cua bO 15i may tinh khi truy cap vao bO nho, cho du c6 bo
nho' d$m. SI,f xung dot truy cap nay lam giam hi$u suat cua toan b¢ h$ th6ng.

H~ di€!u hanh thai 9ian th,!c

H$ dieu hanh thai gian thuc duoc sU>dung de qiarn sat va dieu khien cac qua trinh ky thuat va thiet bj cOng
nhu thu thap nhCmg dCl' lieu do dac. M¢t trU'ang hop d$c biet cua h$ thong thai gian thuc la h$ thong nhunq
(embedded systems). Chung duoc SLr dung de dieu khien cac thiet bj nhu' may dung cu ky tnuat so, ngU'ai may
(robot), dieu khien cac b¢ dieu khien PLC hoac earn bien thong minh. Yeu cau hang dau trong tat ca cac ITnh
vue iYng dung 113Sl,l' tuan thu ve yeu t6 thai gian phai duoc dam bao va c6 kha nang kiem chLmg dU'9'c. £)iEm
hinh la, trong v6ng mot khoanq thai gian phan (mg tOi da, h$ thong phai tra lai cho tin hi$u cua mot qua trinh,
cac dCl' li$u do dac phai duoc truy van trong nhCl'ng quang thai gian co djnh hoac nhCl'ng tac vu can dU'Q'c kich
hoat VaG nhCl'ng thai diem nh~t djnh.

H$ dieu hanh thai gian thuc phan iYng true tiep len mot Sl,l' ki$n ben nqoai dien ra trong mot khoang thai
gian nhat djnh.

Phan ciYng cua h$ dieu hanh thai gian thl,l'c (may tinh dieu khien quy trinh) duoc phan biet voi may tinh van
nang qua su' hi$n di$n cua:
• £)6ng h6 thai gian thvc
• Dau ra/dau vao analog
• Dau ra/dflu VaG digital
• M¢t s6 1U'Q'ngIan cac thiet b] ket n6i, cac b¢ phat tri so do, cac bo thu tr] so do va cac b¢ earn bien
• M¢t so 1U'9'ng Ian cac cap do ng~t de phan iYng kip thai khi can XLr Iy nhCl'ng viec quan tronq hoac cap bach
trong khi dang giai quyet nhCl'ng Sl,l' viec kern quan tronq hon.

De giai quyet mot so 1U'Q'ngchuonq trinh co dinh quen thuoc, nhCl'ng h$ dieu hanh thai gian thuc phai can den
nhCl'ng h$ dieu hanh di;ic bi~t. NhCl'ng chuonq trinh nay duoc tao ra mot Ifln va sau d6 c6 the SLr dung trong
nhieu nam. Ngay nay h$ thong thai gian thuc voi mot giao dien be mat cua h$ UNIX hoac Windows (WIN-CE),
dU'Q'c t~ang b] nhCl'ng giao dien chuan. Doi vol h$ dieu hanh thai gian thuc, cac phan mern iYng dung va phan
cCrng can phai dap Crng cac doi hoi tU'O'ng Crng kern theo d¢ tin cay va dO dung sai cua loi. Trong tnronq hop gaP
loi, dac biet la khi c6 the gay ra nguy hiem cho tinh rnanq con ngU'ai, thi h$ thong can phai duoc chuyen ngay
sang trano thai an toan hO'n.
 1.1 H$ dit§u nanh 27

1.1.3 H~ dieu hanh may khach-chu (cua Windows)

M6 hinh may khach-chu la mot cau true manq, trong
r= ~ '1= r:-- iF"=' ;;--= ,.--- 1
do c6 su phan phoi nhlern Vl,Jtheo cap bac. May chu Cl Cl '"
C> Cl ':0
s:
c c
la nha cung Lmg cac ngu6n tal nquyen, cac dich Vl,Jva .:,
::> "
.:,
::>.
.:,Vl"
::>- ::>.
.:,Vl
U
o-, .::>
s: Cl
·m o c:
dO>li$u, may khach la cac tram may tinh (clients) stY Vl Vl
E », .S :::J.
:5 :5 :5 :5 ·m ::> "0
dl,Jngcac cung (mg nay. :, :, :, :, c
C> 0>
c
C> 0> <=
a.
E
.c
>
U
:J-
." III
" ra "
<1l "
m 23' s:
NhCrngh$ di€lu hanh duoc thiet ke theo m6 hinh may '"
.::>
o ." o
.::>
o ."o Cl
c
E C.
'0
'0'
'0

khach-chu, dl,J'avao cau true linh hoat, c6 the d~ dang

s:
c
s:
c
s:
c
s:
c ·0
.;
c
<Q)
en
'Q)
~
-5 :s '.5 :5 i= o
thich nghi voi cac nen h$ thong khac. H$ di€lu hanh c: c c .Q>
'Q)
F
.Q)

F
'Q)
F F
"
<Q) I
may khach-chu bao g6m cac thanh phan nho c6 the
heat dong doc lap, con ducc goi la nhO>ngchuonq r .t-~I------l ~
trinh chu. L5i cua h$ di~u hanh nho (dU'Q'c goi la L Che do bO 16i ~____________ ~"~
microkernel), c6 nhiern Vl,Jtao Sl,J'giao tlep giO>acac
may chu va cac may khach, chung la nhCrng(vng dl,Jng
dol hei stYdunq djch Vl,Jcua may chu (Hinh 1).
~~~~~--~~~~~~~----_1
~ Lap truu tu'O'ng phan

Phan cLvng
cLvng (HALl ....I .Q)

~.

Hinh 1: Mil hinh khach-chu

Cac loai may chu

• May chu quan Iy t~p tin cung cap cho may tinh tram nhCmgtap tin va thu rnuc trong he thong tap tin. Ngoai
ra may chu con chju trach nhiern sac chep dl,l' ph6ng cac tap tin cua ngU'ai stYdl,Jng.

• May chu quan Iy (Png dl,mg cho phep ngU'ai dung truy cap vao mot hoac nhieu chuonq trinh ling dunq.

• May cnu-co 56> dCr lilf!u chay mot co sa dCrlieu Ian hoac vua, Nhiern Vl,Jcua may chu ta quan Iy va to chuc
dO>li$u de tim kiem nhanh, them vao va phan loai cac tao dO>lieu.

• May chu-lnternet cung cap cac dich Vl,JInternet va rnanq noi bO (Intranet). Cac dlch Vl,Jdien hinh bao g6m
World Wide Web, dich vu ten mien (ONS), FTP (File Transfer Protocol = giao thuc truyen tap tin) cOng nhU'
dich Vl,Jthu di$n ttY (E-Mail).

• May chu quan Iy phll'O'ng ti~n truYEm thong (streaming = dong chay) cung cap dO>Ii$u da phoonq ti$n (thi
du cac clip am thanh va hinh) vai thai gian thuc va chat 1U'Q'ngdjch Vl,Jtot nnat.

API (Application Programming Interface = giao di~n I~p trinh (Png [Link])
API la giao dien dU'Q'cxac I~p trong mot he dieu hanh hoac trong mot (vng dl,Jngcua mot h$ thong nao do, rna
lap trinh vien co the stYdunq (trong chuonq trinh cua minh). API cung cap mot loat nhO>ngchuonq trinh con, nho
do, chuonq trinh cua I~p trinh vien c6 the yeu cau va thuc hien dich Vl,Jdo mot bO phan cua h$ thong thuc hi$n,
thi du nhu h$ dieu hanh, Nho c6 API rna cac chuc nang duoc stY dunq thU'ang xuyen cua h$ dieu hanh duoc
cung iYng cho cac lap trinh vien. Trong Windows ton tal nhieu giao dien API khac nhau (voi d~y du tU' li$u). Mot
vai thi du nhu: thiet I~p do hoa va cua so, th6ng bao tren man hinh, truy xuat h$ thong tap tin, cac chuc nanq
dang ky, cac chuc nanq manq va djch Vl,Jrnanq, Internet, cai d~t may in va in an, ISDN, goi di$n thoai. Cac API
thU'ang dU'qc cung cap va luu lai dU'ai danq cac chuc nang thi du nhu' viec truy cap vao h$ thong cau hinh dang
ky -Registry) va dU'qc 99i la "cac thu vien lien ket dong" (OLLs=Oynamic Link Libraries).

Loi h~ dieu hanh, bQ loi

Ir- Oieu hanh cac dich vu

t:]-
BO 15iduoc xem la tam diem cua h$ dieu hanh. Cac
chuonq trinh cua nh6m dieu hanh (Executives) stY ouan Ouan Iy Ouan PhU'O'ng Ouan
dunq giao dien API cua bO 15i moi khi muon truy cap Iy dbi an loan Iy lien tien LPC Iy 1/0
tU'Q'ng Irinh
den phan ciYng. Cac tien trinh cua Executives kh6ng
bao gia b] x6a khoi bO nho chinh va viec thl,l'c thi cOng
kh6ng bao gia bi gian dO<;lnbai cac quy trinh con Ii Bo 16i I
(threads) khac thl,l'c hi$n (mot quy trinh co the dU'qc
chia nh6 thanh nhieu quy trinh con threads), do d6,
~ IrIL__ _1U'_Q'_ng'D"h_03_n
L_O'_p_Ir_U'_u _cU'_n_g_(H_A_L_l _--,I ~
trong thai gian b(>15idang thl,l'c thi cac Executives thi
che dO da tac Vl,Jbi t<;lmngU'ng. Ben cc;mhviec chu~m
bi siln sang cac giao di~n API va cac doi tU'qng 16i
I Phan cLvng ]

(kernel objects) cho nhO>ngch(Vc nang cao cua be? Hinh 2: Cae dich VI,l quan Iy h~ dieu himh
28 1 Coo ban ve xu Iy d(P li~u

Executives, chLPC nang cua 16i la XLPIy cong viec ngat lnterupt" va cac nqoai 1$ (exception) (Hinh 2, trang 27),
nqoai ra con phan phoi thai gian tinh toan cho cac thread, khoi phuc lai tranq thai hI;! th6ng sau SI,J'c6 mat dil;!n
cOng nhu dong b(l h6a cac b(l XLPIY. M(lt nqoai 1$ (tinh tranq khan truonq) iuon dU'Q'c kich hoat khi phat hi$n mot
loi nay sinh trong luc thuc thi mot lenh cua may, thi du nhu phep chia cho s6 kh6ng. M6i thread duoc dp mot
thb'i gian tinh toan dua theo rrurc d(l U'U tien cua n6. Windows NT h6 tro cho 32 rnuc d(l U'U lien khac nhau, rnuc
hy 16 d~n 31 danh cho cac thread thoi gian thuc va cac thread binh thuonq, c6 mLPCU'U tien!ly 1 d~n 15. MLPC
U'U tien 0 duoc danh cho h$ th6ng. M(lt thanh phan CO'ban cua b(l 16i la bQ dieu phoi (dispatcher). N6 co nhiern
vu giam sat cac thread san sang duo'c thuc thi va sap xep chuGi thLP tl! thuc hi$n chunq. Viec chuyen d6i ngo>
canh se dU'Q'c thi hann truoc khi thuc thi mot thread, c6 nghia la bQ 16i se luu l<;litinh tranq cua thread hien thai
va nap tranq thai cua thread mot vao.

L6>p tnru tU'c;mg phan cung (HAL)

Lap triru tU'Q'ng ph~n cLPng la lap duoi cunq, dU'Q'Cviet bang Assembler (ngon ngO>may), la lap cua Windows
NT. N6 la thanh phan can dU'Q'c thay doi trong rnoi tinh hu6ng, moi khi ta mu6n chuyen sang he vi xU>Iy khac
hoac cau true khac, HAL darn nhan viec giao tiep voi cac phan cunq va cung cap nho>ng phan dich vu con lai
cua hI;! dieu hanh du'b'i d<;lng DLL (thu' vi$n lien ket dQng), doc I$p vo'i phan cLPng, do d6 van oU'Q'c che chan a
cac tang cao hon cua nhO>ng chi tiet phan cLPng o~c thu,

H~ quan Iy dbi tU'c;mg

He quan Iy d6i tuonq c6 chLPCnang thiet I~p, quan Iy va x6a cac o6i tuonq cua b(l Executives, cac doi tU'Q'ng nay
la d<;li dien cac nguon tai nguyen cua h$ thong (nhu cac b(l nho deng tap tin, b(l nho dung chung, cac loai thi~t
b] vat Iy, cac tien trinh, cac thread, dU'Q'c xac dinh boi cac cac bo phan tuonq LPng).

Giao thuc gQi chU'O'ng trinh ChUYEln tin ph ••• c uc

be? (LPC) Cong ket n5i cong
cong (VP)
Cac chU'O'ng trinh LPng dung giao tiep voi he may chu
f'
thuoc cac h$ thong con vung phu can bang each kich
hoat ("nhan chuot") len cac thu vien lien ket dong
r;::::=============~
(DLL). NhO>ng DLL nay, mot I~n noa dU'a cac giao
thLPC cua giao dien chuonq trinh Lmg dl,Jng (API) cua
may khach thanh nho>ng thong di$p va diroc h$ thong
chuyen tl,J'd(lng (ngU'&i sU>dl,Jng khong nhin thay) den
may chu thong qua giao thLPC goi chU'O'ng trinh phu
CD
I
CI,JCb(> (LPC), d~ yeu cau dich vu cua he thong Cac
LPC la mot phironq ti$n nnarn chuyen giao nhanh I
chong cac thong di$p trong mot manq may tinh CI,JC
b(l, giO>a cac tien trinh may khach va cac ti~n trinh
I
may chu nharn tranh nhO'ng ton kern kh6ng can thiet .-.~.-.
rna & cac truyen tai thong tin khonq CI,JCbO khong the
tranh kh6i. Neu I~n d~u tien mot LPng dung can lien
ket den may chu, thi sl,J' giao tiep voi mot cong ket
noi conq c(lng (VP) se dU'Q'c thvc thi (1). Khi may chu
CD
chap nhan cac yeu cau ket noi (2), may chu S9 tao ra Hinh 1: Giao ti.}p thong tin gifra may khach va may chu
hai cong giao tiep thong tin rieng (KP) va hai handles
(hanh xU» tU'O'ng il'ng, mQt trong so do diroc cnuyen tiep cho may khach, Til' d6, mol giao dich thong tin ke tiep
giO>a may khach va may chu chi dien ra qua cac cong giao tiep thong tin nay (3) (Hinh 1).

H~ quan Iy bQ nh6> ao (VMM)

32
Windows NT dua tren khung dia chi tuyen tinh 32 bit; nhu the, co the dinh dU'Q'Cden 2 bit (hoac 4 GB) dja chi.
Til' 4 GB nay, 2 GB duoc oann cho ngU'&i sU>dunq: 2 GB con lai dung lam b(> nho cho hI;! dieu hanh. VMM rno
ph6ng anh bo nho ao cua cac qua trinh len bQ nho thtrc va bao v$ khonq gian dia chi cua cac qua trinh khac
nhau. Khi nhu cau ve bQ nho vuot qua bQ nho vat Iy co san, thi bQ phan quan Iy bQ nho ao S9 cho di dai nhO>ng
phan khonq can thiet cua bO nho (nqoal tril' cac phan 16i he oieu hanh la khong the di dai) va S9 n<;lp l<;Iikhi can
thiel. Ngoai ra, dich vI,! VMM con cung cfJp kha nang cho phep hai tien trinh dung chung bQ nha cua m(lt d6i
tU'Q'ng phan oO<;ln(b(l nha dung chung), tU'O'ng dU'O'ng vai vil;!c cung dp mQt ngu6n tai nguyen cua mQt qua trinh
nay cho m9t qua trlnh kh8c.

1) ND: Ng~t (interrupt) Iii khi c6 mOt SI! ki~n dm phili Xli' lyongay, phan clmg se phat tin hi'!u, hE)di~u hanh t<ilmngl1ng de nh~n vii xli' lyotin hi'!u
nay, sau khi lam xong hi) dieu himh se tra l<ilitiep t~c lam c(lng viec trl1Qockhi ngl1ng.
 1.1 H$ dieu hanh 29

H~ quan Iy nh~p xuat

H$ quan Iy nhap xuat bao g6m mot so thanh phan c6 nhiern Vl,JxU>Iy cac hoat dong vao ra tren cac thiet b] khac
nhau, qua d6 tao cac chuc nang nh$p xuat c6 tfnh thong nhat va d¢c lap voi thiet b] (cho bo Executives). Them
vao d6 la nhung chvonq trinh di§u khien thiet b] khac nhau, crqu trach nhiern true tiep trong viec giao tiep vol •••.•.••.•••
;..;....;..;.0
cac thiet b]. Co ca nho>ng chuonq trinh <lieu khien thiet b] dap iYng cac truy van nh$pl xu at theo djnh hU'ang t$p
tin, trong cac h$ thong t$p tin khac nhau nhu FAT (File Allocation Table = bang phan bo tap tin) va NTFS (New
Technology File System = he thong tap tin cong ngh$ mail dlJ'Q'c ho tro boi Windows NT. quan Iy nhap xu at He
khong nhung co nhiern VI) chuyen tiep cac truy van rna con cung cap nhung dich Vl,J nhu, thong qua mot trinh
dieu van rieng de truy cap c6 hi$u qua hon I€m cac trinh dieu van khac hoac c6 the d$m cac truy van vao ra
(d$m lam tang toc d(> xU>Iy - NO).

Carn vii cnay (Plug and Play) o x

Mot trong nhO>ng khia canh tra ng<;li nhat cua vi$c
quan Iy rnanq may tinh la cau hinh phan ciYng. Trong
qua khir, vlec thiet I$p cau hinh doi hei co Sl,J'hieu biet
[Link] .[Link]
chi tiet (k9 thuat) ve cac giao thLPCngat (interrupt), cac
Hum.n Int~KC: OCV1<e:5
cong ket noi nh$p/xu~t va kenh truy cap b¢ nho truy ) •• IDE ATA/ATAP1 (onl'otI~
~ 1m.~da'Ka
cap true tiep (DMA). Nhimq nho' vao cong ngh$ Plug
Intd{JQ [Link] Plttfonn and Thtn'n.1 F,.mcv.-ork

>.M_
and Play, quy trinh nay c6 the dlJ'Q'C don giiln h6a. Key\ooonb

Nhung he dieu hanh rnoi hoat dong (nhu NT-2000) ) • [Link] ottw' pomtlng dfVtCet

cung cap mot h$ quan Iy thiet bi (Device Manager) 1/1 Ncrwort .dapten
va cac chlJ'O'ng trinh phu tro phan cu>ng rnanh non Ii Po", (COM & LPTJ
(Hinh 1). Cac chuonq trinh nay tharn tra va giai quyet
<) POS Rtmot. 0....,.
) ~ Pnnt queUt:s
cac xung dot phan cLYng mot each dang tin ci;ly hon va
qua do rut ngan dtro'c thoi gian quan IY. £lieu nay cho
Hinh 1: H~ quan Iy thiet b]
phep thoi gian hoat d(>ng cua may chu tang len, vi cac
quan tr] vien khong con phai ban tam den cau hinh cua
phan cLYng nua, nhu khi ho gan them card rnanq, modem hoac 0 dfa ctrnq, Khi khai dong, h$ dieu hanh se tl,J'
d¢ng phat hien phan ciYng rnoi va khoi dong cac trinh phu tro phan cLPng mot khi dlJ'Q'c quan tr] vien khai bao,
Thong thlJ'Oong thi cac xung d¢t neu c6 dlJ'Q'c tl,J'dong xU>IY. Trong truonq hop buoc quan tr] vien phai xU>Iy thu
cong de khac phuc Sl,J'co cac phan cli'ng, thi nglJ'Ooid6 c6 the truy cap nhanh ch6ng vao cac tap tin tro giup.

ChuoO'ng trinh dieu v$n (chuoO'ng trinh dieu khi~n

phan c(rng)
Ll,l'a chon chwng thl,l'c hI} diE!U van I1JI!8J
Chuonq trinh dieu van phan ciYng 103phan rnern cho
Khi cai di;\t phan cLrng, Windows c6 thll kharn pha ra ta
phep h$ dieu hanh giao tiep vai mot phan ciYng Cl,Jthe
sau khi thLv nghi$m h$ di€'u van dll'Q'c xac nhan tll'O'ng
nao d6. Thi du, vai cac 109i card video khac nhau S8 c6 thich v&i Windows
nhung the thLPCgiao tiep khac nhau. N6 thuc hi$n viec
phlen dich giO>a h$ dieu hanh va card video. Cturonq Windows phai tilln Mnh ra sao?

trinh dieu van phan ciYng can thiet dbi vai toan bo cac o 86 qua - Cai di;\t ph~n rnern kh6ng luu tam den
phu kien cua phan cLYng nhu: cho card rnanq may viec cho phep

tinh, mo dun SCSI (Small Computer System Interface @ Caf1h b~o - Yeu cau cho vi~c chon S\f cai di;\t
= Giao dien h$ thong may tinh nho), modem, may quet
phan mem

va may in. a cac he dieu hanh truoc day, moi h$ dieu o Ngan chan - Kh6ng cai di;\t phan m€'m di~u van
kh6ng c6 chfr ky
hanh phai can den nhCmg chuonq trinh dieu van phan
ciYng khac nhau. £lieu nay d13tao nen ganh n$ng cho Chon l\fa dieu hanh
cac nha san xu at phan cli'ng va cac quan tr] vien khi ~Phan rnern nay la chuan cho h~ thong
phai quan Iy nhieu h$ dieu hanh. Vai mo hinh trinh
dieu khien thiet b! mai cua Windows (WDM), h$ thong
Windows 2000 va Windows 98 c6 the SU>dl,Jng nhieu ,--_O:;;;K:""-..JJi ( Huy b6
thiet b! khac nhau cling m¢t chlJ'O'ng trinh dieu khien
phan ciYng. Cong ngh$ nay mang I~i thu.;ln lQ'i cho cac Hinh 2: Tuy chQn cho vii)c [Link] thl,l'c chU'O'ng trinh dieu
nha san xuat phan cLYng, vi hQ khong can phai quan v~n phan cLPng

Iy hai chU'O'ng trinh dieu khiem thiet b! khac nhau. Bai

tin.h tlJ'O'ng thich cua cac h$ dieu hanh cao dp cua Microsoft dlJ'Q'c nang cao, me hinh nay cung mang I~i lQ'i
the cho nglJ'O'i ~ll' dl,mg. <?uan trj vien cung QU'Q'c hU'ang lQ'i tll' mo hinh nay, vi hQ khong can phai quan Iy cac
chlJ'O'ng trinh dieu vi;ln phan cLPng rieng bi$t cho cac phien bim Windows va cac h$ may chu Windows kMc nhau.
30 1 CO' ban ve xU> Iy dii> li~u

Trong Windows XP, cac chU'O'ng trinh diE'iu van phan CLl'ng va cac tap tin h$ di~u hanh dE'iu dU'Q'c ctIp cho mot
cho> ky ky thuat s6 d~ dam bao chat IU'Q'ng. ChQ>ky ky thuat so cua Microsoft dam bao rang, tap tin cu th~ do da
dap [Link] cac lieu chi ki~m nghi$m va tap tin nay se khong b] stia doi hay ghi de len khi cai d~t cac chuonq trinh
khac, Viec ca: di;it cac trinh diE'iu van thiet b] tuy VaG each quan tri vien thi4t I$p cau hinh may tinh. Vi v$y, m¢t
m.;it, h$ Windows XP co the se b6 qua cac chvonq trinh dieu van ph~n [Link] kh6ng c6 cho> ky ky thuat s6 hoac
oU'a ra canh bao khi phat hien cac chuonq trinh nay (rnac dinh), mat knac n6 eOng nqan chan Sl)' cai di;it cac
chuonq trlnh dieu khien phan clmg khong co cho> ky ky thuat so. 8~ duy trl cac chU'O'ng trinh dieu khiEln phan
[Link] va cac tap tin h$ thong, ke ca cho> ky ky thuat so a
tlnh tranq goc, he Windows XP da cung cap san nho>ng
tuy chon eho chQ>ky chU'O'ng trlnh dieu van phan cLrng (Hinh 2, trang 29).

H~thong quan Iy t~p tin (File System)

Truo'c tien, cac phuonq tlen luu trQ>nhu 6 dia [Link]

hoac dia rnern la nho>ng dia phang khong c6 ctJu true
duoc tLr hoa va co the lU'u trQ>thong tin len 00. Viec
hru tro duoc thuc hi$n theo nhQ>ng vonq d6ng tam,
va n6 li;li dU'Q'Cchia ra lam nhieu cung doan (Hinh 1).
NhQ>ng vonq nay duoc phan chia nhU' the nao va Cung
nhQ>ng mau dQ>lieu dU'Q'Cghl chap len co ra sac thuoc dO:;Jn
nhiern VI,.I cua he di~u hanh hoac cua cac chU'O'ng trlnh
dieu khien phtm cLrng duoc h$ dieu hanh SLPdl,mg.

Nhi$m VI,.I chinh cua b¢ 15i la quan Iy cac qua trinh,

nhlern vu khac la dieu chinh vi$c truy cap dQ>lieu. H$
thong tao tin dam nhan conq vi$c nay. N6 quan Iy mot
Hinh 1: PhlJ'O'ng ti(!n IlJ'U trfr, dan nhi)p
cay tap tin (Hinh 2) trong mot thiet b] khoi, nhu' 6 dia
cling chang han, Nho>ng thiet b] dinh hU'6'ng theo khoi
diroc ItJy ra va SLr dung de luu trQ>dO>lieu. Tren moi
khoi luu trQ>ta co the truy cap true tiep. Sl)' thay d6i
cua mot kh6i khong anh hU'ang den cac dO>li$u khac
tren thiet bi nay. Chuc nang cua h~ th6ng tap tin la
lien tuc cap nnat danh sach cac cung doan dang trong
vao thai di~m hi$n tal, Neu mot tap tin rnoi dU'Q'c tao
ra, thi cac khoi trong danh sach duoc sti dunq de lU'u
trQ> cac tap tin. Khi x6a mot tap tin thl c6 lac d¢ng
ngU'Q'c lai. Cac h$ thong tap tin cOng phai xac dinh
danq lU'u tro> thong tin nao cho cac thu rnuc va in odes
(so tap tin inode chira ttJt ca cac thuoc tinh ve t$p tin,
chang han nhu chu sa heu. dQ dal, quyen truy cap).
Viec gay tra ngi;li cho h$ thong tap tin chinh la 51,1'
phan rnanh hoac Sl)' chia vun, Khi nhli'ng tap tin duoc
tao rnoi r6i lai lien tuc b] x6a di, thl nhli'ng cho trong
lai canq b] phan rnanh nhieu hon, 8en luc nao do, mot
tap tin kh6ng the dU'Q'Cluu tal mot cho, buoc phai phan
bo tren nhQ>ng cung dean tach biet.

Nhii>ng h~ th6ng quan Iy t~p tin dU'Q'c 5U> dung

trong thuc tien

H~ th6ng quan Iy t~p tin FAT dua theo bang phan Hinh 2: Cay ti)p tin
bo tc(lp tin (File Allocation Table), n6 luon narn tren dia
ngay sau cung khai dong cua su' phan vunq. Cac h$
thong tap tin nay duoc cac h$ dieu hanh cua Microsoft nhu Windows 95, Windows 98 va NT sti dunq. 80 dal
ten cua mot tap tin voi FAT 16 duoc giai han trong muoi mot chQ>cai (dinh danq 8+3) va mot dau cham, C6 the
c6 den tam chQ>cai dl1ng truce dau cham, roi sau d6 c6 den ba cho> cai dung de chi dinh the 10<;[Link] phan
bi$t chli' hoa va chG>t~U'ang (thi du: [Link]). FAT la mot h$ thong c6 hieu qua trong viec tlm nhli'ng cung
doan lien quan con trang cho cac t$p tin mai hoi;ic kiem tra loi a
6 dia cLrng. NhU'Q'c diem la kich thU'ac cua FAT
cong dinh ro kich thU'ac cua he thong t$p tin (FAT 16 - WINDOWS 3.x).
 1.1 He dieu hanh 31

VFAT (hi.! me,. rQng FAT)

VFAT la tLr villt t~t cua Virtual File Allocation Table, tLPCbang phan bo tap tin 130,diroc ho tro tLr he Windows 95 1
tro len, SI)' khac biet CO' ban so voi FAT 16 la VFAT h6 tro cno nhCmg tap tin co ten dai.

FAT 32 stY dunq d~ dinh dia chi cac kh6i (cum) vai rna 32-bit va do do tren Iy thuyet cac thillt bi llJ'u trQ>dQ>li$u
co the cap li'ng mot dai 1lJ'Q'nglen dlln 2 TB (terabyte). Tuy nhien. no kheng tU'O'ng thich voi he thong FAT 16,
ke ca vai cac he thong t~p tin khac (nhu NTFS). Ngu6n tal nguyen narn tran cac thiet b] luu trQ>dQ>lieu voi dinh
d9ng FAT chi duoo cho phep truy cap con thuan (NTFS cung cap do an toan cao hon).

H~ thong t~p tin cong ngh~ mai NTFS (New Technology File System)

Cac he thong tap tin NTFS duoc stY dunq bai he Windows NT va Windows 2000. Viec dinh dja chi cho cac cum
duoc thuc hien voi dia chi 64-bit. Kich thuoc rnac dinh cua cum phu tnuoc vao dung 1lJ'Q'ngcua thiet b] luu trQ>dQ>
lieu (thi du CO/OVO). Khi dinh dang mot thiet b] luu trQ>dQ>lieu voi h$ th6ng tap tin NTFS, mot bang tap tin goc
(MFT master file table) duoc teo ra. Sang nay chua nhQ>ng thong tin ve tat ca cac tap tin va thtr rnuc tren thiet
bi luu trQ>dO>li$u. Trong he thong NTFS, ten tap tin co the dai den 256 ky tu. Ngoai ra, ti€!n de cho h$ thong tap
tin cong ngh$ mol NTFS 113cac quyen truy cap NTFS co the dlJ'Q'Cdip VLYacho cac tap thu rnuc l<¥Incho cac taP
tin don Ie. f)i€!u nay tao mot mire dO bao mat cao non, phuc vu vi$c bao v$ cac nguon tai nguyen d6i vot nhQ>ng
nglJ'CYidung muon truy caP vao may tinh. Vi$c truy cap co the dien ra theo hai each:

• Truy cap cue bO, nghia la nglJ'CYidung dang lam viec tren may tfnh khi cac nguon tai nguyen (cac thanh ohan
h$ th6ng) duoc llJ'u trQ>tren do.

• Truy cap tlf xa, co nghTa nglJ'CYidung n6i voi mot thU' muc da cho phap truy cao dlJ'Q'C dang tren manq
(intranet).

Bang 1: Cae quyen cua NTFS

Loai tru>,~ Giaithich

Kh6ng truy cap NgU'ai dung kh6ng co quyen truy cap.

Truy cap toan dien NgU'ai dung co rnoi quyen, tnr phi ho 103
thanh vien thu¢c mot nhorn bi han ch~ quyen.

Hi€.n thjfTrU'ng bay NgU'ai dung co th~ nhln lhay toan b¢ cau true cua danh ba, nhU'ng kh6ng c6 quyen truy cap,

NgU'oi dung co th~ nhin thAy toan b¢ cau true cua danh ba. co th~ doc tap tin nhU'ng kh6ng dU'ooc
DOC
phep thay d6i.
B6 sung NgU'oi dung c6 th~ b6 sung trur rnuc va cac tap tin rnoi vao thU' rnuc.
B6 sung va doc DU'oocdip quy€:n doc va b6 sung.
Thay d6i Nglft'1i dung co the doc, su'a d6i. x6a, ghi chap va thi hanh cac tap tin.
Giai han truy cap vao NgU'ai dung c6 th~ duoc cap t(P k~t hop cac quyen truy cap rieng rEi; dOC, ghi, thi hanh, xoa, ti~p
danh ba nhan sa hO>u.
Giai han truy cap vao NgU'ai dung co th~ duoc cap tUok~t hop cac quyen truy cap riEing re; dOC, ghi, thi hanh, x6a, thay
tap tin d6i quyen, ti~p nhan sa
h(1u.

H~ dillu hanh Linux

Tai day, chunq ta cham phai mot di~m CO' ban rflt kho phan biet, cai gi
thuoc he di~u hanh va cai gi duoc xem la nhQ>ng (chuoriq trinh) Lrng
dung doc lap. Mot each chinh xac thl 16i cunq voi mot s6 me dun (h6 tro
.--...- Cac tYng dyng
=="'~

USB hoac ho tro cac leal thil!!t b] d$c biet) va bo nap khai dong rnoi la he
di~u hanh thuc SI)'. Tuy nhien, d~ gQi Linux la he di~u hanh, con co mot - Giao dien d6 hoa cho
ngU'ai Slf dl,mg (GUI)
-,~

loat cac dung cu hO>u ich nhunq kh6ng nhat thiet khac, dung cho vi$c
van hanh, Quan tronq nhat, cai nglJ'CYita can la lop vo Shell d~ co th~ tan
...-- Shell
dung dlJ'Q'c kha nang da nhiern va nhieu nglJ'CYidung cunq mot luc cua
Linux. Qua su h6 tro cua no, cac I$nh duoc nhap vao d~ doc kllt qua cac r----"
B¢ 16i cua h$ di~u hanh
dau ra cua he thong (Hinh 1). Bash-Shell la mot trang nhQ>ng vo thlJ'cyng
duoc stY dung nhat, ho tro cho mot s6 vo "cO hon", Tuy nhien Shell co th~
dU'Q'c thay the tuy y, nhieu vo co th~ cung t6n tai tren mot he thong, mi~n Ph~n ctYng

Iii xac d!nh dlJ'Q'c ngU'ai sUodl,lng tlJ'O'ng Lrng mu6n dang nhaP vo nao.
Hinh 1: H~ di€.u hanh Linux
32 1 CO' ban v~ xU>Iy dCPIi~u

Giao di~n db hoa b~ m~t

Cac ling dt,mg
8e c6 the cung cap mot giao dien do hoa b~ mat cho h$ Linux, chuonq
trinh Xfree86 c6 san a
h~ Unix da dU'Q'c chuyen sang cho Linux. Xfree86, -U H~ quan Iy khung Clra s6
con duoc gQi ta chuonq trinh dich vu X, la mot chuonq trinh dam nhiem
viec kiem scat man hinh, ban phim va chuot. ChU'O'ng trinh nay bao g6m Xfree 86
May chu X
mot so Ian cac chuonq trinh con cho dau ra cua d6 hoa, thi du, in van
ban tren man hinh hoac cac dU'ang net. Ngoai chuonq trinh dich vu - Shell
----
Xfree86 con c6 them mot vai trinh djch vu X thuonq mai (Metro-X hoac
Accelerated-X) cung cap nhO>ng chuc nang d$c thu. Hinh 1: cAu tao cua GUI

Trai voi nhCl'ng h$ dieu hanh Windows, cac giao di$n d6 hoa cua h$ Linux dU'Q'c pnan lam 2 phan: trinh dich vu
X va h$ quan Iy ctYa s6 (Hinh 1). H~ quan Iy cIYa so nay 121mot chuono trinh giao tiep rieng voi trinh dich vu X.
N6 thong bao cho h~ quan Iy cIYa so khi mot cua s6 duoc rno ra, qua d6 c6 the t~n dl,mg ve them mot khung
b6 sung. U'u diem cua vi$c tach r6'i trinh djch vu X va he quan Iy cua s6 121thich ling nhu cau sa thich va th]
hieu cua nquoi dung. H$ quan Iy cIYa so thong dunq hien nay gom c6 KDE (K Desktop Environment), Gnome
noac Icewm. Chung duoc phan biet qua tinh nang, dO on djnh va SI,I'than thien cua nguon tai nquyen, Trong khi
Icewm c6 Ie 121he quan Iy cua s6 "nho nhat", thl KDE l1;Jila mot trong nhO>ng h$ "ngon nhieu bO nho nhat". Con
Gnome thl chlern mot vj tri d$c biet, bai thuc SI,I'n6 chi 121mot man hinh n~n (desktop) can phai lam vi$c chung
vol mot h$ quan Iy coa s6 nhu' Icewm. a
Linux ngU'6'i ta c6 the tich hop nhieu h$ quan Iy ctYa s6 len mot h$
thong va duoc van hanh tuan tl,l' hoac tharn chi cunq luc (Tat nhien may tinh phai duoc trang b] day du bO nho).

Cau true Khach-Chu

Linux xay dl,l'ng hoan toan dua tren cau true khach-chu, Hau het cac qua trinh hoac 121qua trinh chu hoac 121qua
trinh khach, tharn chi ca hai cunq luc, Muc dich la de c6 aU'Q'c nho>ng giao dien duoc djnh nghTa ro rang, t1;JOdieu
ki$n cho cac thanh phan rieng Ie trao d6i vai nhau rna khong can phai dua vao toan bo h$ thong.

Quyen han nglJ'oi sU>dung

Ouyen han ngU'ai SlY dung duoc quan Iy trong h$ Linux chu yeu 121quyen han SlY dung t~p tin. Ngoai ra ngU'ai
SlY dung va cac nh6m ngU'ai dung c6 the c6 cac quyen han khac nhau. Moi t.;lp tin dU'Q'c gan cho ngU'6'i sUodl,Jng
nhat dinh va voi quyen han nhat dinh. NhU' the ngU'ai dung c6 kha nang cho phep ngU'ai khac chia se hoac bao
ve d$c biet cac tap tin. Van d€l truy cap vao cac thiet b] cOng duoc giai quyet tuonq tl,l', boi dU'ai h$ Linux cac
thiet b] duoc xem la tap tin thiet bi. Be Linux c6 the di€lu khien thiet b], can luu y ding, khi ngU'ai stY dung truy
cap vao mot thiet b] doc (thi du nhu Scanner) thi cOng can phai c6 quyen ghi chep, du chi (tnuc hi$n vi$c) doc
dO>li~u rna th6i.

C~m va Ch~y (Plug and Play)

M$c du trong Linux kh6ng c6 san che do Plug and Play nhu ta da quen thuoc voi h$ Windows, tuy nhien van c6
mot he nhan dc;mg phan cling. Thi du, cac thiet b] ISA (Industry Standard Architecture 121he thong bus cua may
tinh PC IBM) d€lu co chU'O'ng trinh isapnp-config, c6 kha nang cho phep doc cac thOng tin Plug and Play tll' cac
thiet b], qua d6 thiet lap cac cau hinh tU'O'ng ling. cac thiet bi PCI thU'ang duoc nhan danq chinh xac boi BIOS
va co the dU'Q'Ckhai t1;JOvai cac thong tin thu thap duoc. V~ co ban, co the n6i rang, ngU'ai sUodung Linux can
can nhac elm than (hien nay van the), cai d$t mot thanh phan bang phuonq phap thu cong cho "chuan" mot lan,
con hon cai d$t tl,l' dong hang chuc Ian khong dung each. .

Giai thich su khac biet giO>acac dO>lieu digital va analog.

2 Phan rnern c6 the dU'Q'Cchia thanh nhO>ng thanh phan nao? Cho nhO>ng thi du v€l cac phan mern khac nhau.
3 Mot h$ di€lu hanh dap ling cac nhiern vu nao va vo so (Shell) phuc vu cho vi$c gi?
4 B1;Jnhieu the nao v€l khai niem da tac vu?
5 Hay giai thich Sl,l' tU'O'ng tac da tac VI,J.
6 B1;Jnhieu the naD ve h$ thbng mot ngU'ai SlY dung?
7 SI,I' khac bi$t giO>a h$ di€lu hanh th6'i gian thl,l'c vai cac h$ di€lu hanh khac la gi?
8 B1;Jnhieu the nao v€l mot he di€lu hanh (may) khach-chu?
9 ChU'O'ng trinh dieu khien phan cling c6 nhiem Vu gi?
10 H$ thong t$p tin dam nh$n nhCl'ng cong vi$c gi?
 1.2 Cac Lmg dunq van ph6ng 33

1.2 Cac (Png dl;Jng van ph6ng

Nhieu xi nqhiep rc~tquan tam giai quyet cac heat d(>ng quan Iy lien quan Cac gi3i phap d~c bi~t
(d(f Ii$u khach hang, danh may, tinh toan gia ca, thuyet trinh) qua mot g6i
phan rnern hop nhat chu' khong nhu' truoc day, sli dunq mot phan rnern
chuyen bi$t cho moi conq viec, Viec sli dl,lng cac giai phap chuyen biet
nhu v~y thuonq gay ra van d§ khi trao doi d(f lieu gi(fa cac tYng dl,mg voi
nhau, d$c biet khi cac rno dun ph~n rnern khac biet do den tLPnh(fng nha
san xuat khac nhau. Vi~c tao ky tl)' hang loat trong xli Iy van ban, hoac khi
truy cap VaG dO>lieu khach hang cua co 5& d(f lieu, co th~ nay sinh van
de tlJ'O'ng thich. Y tlJ'&ng CO'ban cua ph~n mem van ph6ng ta tao thuan
lQ'i cho viec trao doi d(f li$u gi(fa cac tYng dunq van ph6ng pho bien nhat
(Hinh 1). Goi phan rnern van ph6ng bao gom mot 56 tYng dl,lng. XiY Iy van
ban, tinh toan theo bang, CO' sad(f lieu, phan rnern dung d~ trinh bay 103
cac rno dun phan rnern thong dunq nhat (Bang 1).
G6i (Pngdl,lng van phong

Ben canh nh(fng y tlJ'&ng CO'ban nharn don gian h6a va chuan h6a vi$c
trao doi d(f li$u gi(fa cac tYng dl,lng. thi tinh tuonq thich gi(fa cac b¢ iYng
dl,mg van ph6ng khac nhau rat quan trcnq. Khong nh(fng chi d(} li$u trong
cac phien ban khac nhau cua mot bQ Lmg cunq, tnuoc mot nha san xuat,
ma ca cac b¢ tYng dl,mg cua nhieu nha san xu at khac nhau cOng can co
kha nang trao doi dlJ'Q'c voi nhau. Khi trao doi cac tap tin, nglJ'ai sli dl,lng
can can nhac vi$e nglJ'6>i nhan co the dang SLPdl,lng mot phien ban tYng
dunq van ph6ng cO hon hoac mot phien ban tYng dunq van ph6ng knac. dO> li$u

Cu6n sach nay khong co tham vonq giai thich tLPng chi tiet cho mOi
x • Hinh 1: G6i (Pngdl,lng van ph6ng
chuonq trinh trang g6i phan mem (tYng dunq) van ph6ng. Cac chuc nang
cua nhO>ng [Link] dunq van ph6ng pho bien se duoc giai thich mot each
t6ng quat, d~ cung cap su dinh hlJ'ang cho nglJ'6>i dUng. Ngoai ra con
trinh bay cac khai niem co ban de hieu biet dung dan ve cac tYng dune. Chuonq viet ve khach hang dung thu
di$n tli (email) va trinh duyet Web dlJ'Q'c be qua voi gia dinh rang. chuysn vien co dien tli d§ nam b~t dlJ'Q'c noi
dung. HO'n n(fa. c6 su nhan thuc co ban va do hi~u biat nhat djnh ve h$ dieu h8nh dinh hlJ'ang clia 56. Khi chon
SLPdl,mg cac bo [Link] dunq van ph6ng khac nhau, thi kh6ng nhat thiet ph8i lam viec thong qua chuonc nay; b&i
cau true CO'ban trang tat ca cac tYng dunq deu giong nhau.

Bang 1: Cae g6i LPng dl,lng van ph6ng khac nhau

OpenOffice LibreOffice SoftMaker Office iWork

Nha san xuat Open Source Open Source SoftMaker MICROSOFT APPLE

Windows, Windows, Windows Windows, Mac OS

H~ di~u hanh Linux, Linux, MacOS
Mac OS Mac OS Solaris

Writer TextMaker Word Pages

Calc PlanMaker Excel Numbers

Thli hi~n mot

Impress Presentations PowerPoint Keynote
phan tach ra cua
Base h$ OpenOffice Access

Outlook

cac cnoc nang Draw (db hoa) BasicMaker Publisher

b6 sung ngon ngiY Macro (cnuonq trinh DTP)
Phil6n Mi~n phi Miiin phi PMi tra phi Phai Ira phi Phai Ira phi
34 1 CO' ban ve XLP 19 dfr Ii~u

Tinh thong nh~t chi phoi dEmca each dan trang cua tung rno dun chuonq trinh trang cac ph~n mern van phonq.
Tat ca cac cua so
LPngdl,mg duoc xay dl,J'ngtheo mot mau thong nhat, n6 don gian h6a viec dinh hlJ'ang trong
cac chuonq trinh rieng Ie (Hinh 1).

Dai trlnh dan/thanh trinh don

tap
.:
-.. -....
Ten tin
'\
'(j}11iI .." "I. Ttxtvtrlfboitung co S 13
_I su. i £WUoon Soil....,... u....-... ••••
•.••
I "'&
..~ ~ c"' •• "",,'IAo'if) :::'1'=.';'::. [Link].:~~ AaBbC,,' ~ fto """'" •
I
(T.l<1l"!u
I,,,o •• n <I r I U •••• >C•••• 'A, •.•• it. .• 11_ • 'II. :... , ,\'50"' ...•.• "nl ••.••••••• <IV•... _ ' ••••• _en
~Etnb:en
Manien""

.
l'vrliCh;n4blaOe:

f'-"'
. .,.
r..

• I' t. 1·2'
S(hrWurt

I • ) • I ' •• I •
r.
5 • I'"" 7'
[Link]:

1.'"", "10'
("

I '11' I -12' I
~.Qt"

,I), 1'14'
-.J."

I 'IS' t·
and""·

.,
1".• 1
. ., .
8ttl1ttlttn

~
•
-
~
-. ··
co
N

/
•
5IIIJl..,1 wtoeoo. d I -- ,f._ra a _ •••••.
~..,(1.1
./ , Y
Thanh tlnh tr<;lng Thanh truot

Hinh 1: NhiJong y~u tll co ban cua clJ'a s6 iPng [Link]

Ben canh cac chLPCnang thong nhat vai thanh tieu de va thanh trinh don (menu), moi LPngdunq con c6 cai 99i la
dai trinh don hoac thanh bil!u tlJ'Q'ng(Hinh 2), dl! nglJ'ai dung c6 thl! thich nghi ca nhan, Dai trinh don va thanh
bieu tlJ'Q'ngnay phuc vu cho vi$c chon li;lnh nhanh ch6ng qua con chuot. Ph~n nhieu d6 la cac li;lnh truy cap
thong qua cac trinh don, nhlJ'ng {y day phai can diln nhieu I§n nhap chuot,

8 I !J' •••x, x'

Fonl
~,~ -.0.' ••••
:: ' ;: ";'::' ilf.1f
:¥- ~.
21 '" [Link]-;;J [Link]
N""""I I. No Spacing

<otvloK
AaBbC(
Heading 1 ,== ~

[Link]

[Link] •. 11 • A" A."' ~.. ;r ~raI •.• ConditionalFormatting· E: OOIlnsen'"

$ • 0/0' Forrn.t.-s [Link]~ • P Deaet~·

BIll . ~.~ - Ill.. :~.If .:E. ~ ~o& [Link] S~ • Format •

1~rt Ots~n [Link] Animations SlideShow Re\Iirtw VJe'\v POf

B / l.! ••• ~'! A. A ., if iii

Hinh 2: C~u true trinh don cua nhiJong iPng [Link] van phong

Phan nai r(>ngmo ra nhCvngkha nang thu vi. nharn rno r(>ngphan cai di;it tieu chuan cho b(>LPngdung van phonq,
86 la nhCmg phan bE>sung co the dlJ'Q'Ctich h9'P de cung clip them nhCvngtinh nang (thi du: cac bo tu dien dl!
kiem tra chinh ta
cho nhi~u ngon ngCvkhac nhau). . ..
 1.2 Cac Lrng dunq van ph6ng 35

Mot d$c tinh quan tronq khac la kha nang SLrdunq cac macro 1) (Hinh 1), "'aao
.",--
VBA (Visual Basic for Applications, ngon ngQ>tap I$nh cua Microsoft)
.......u......
tS«;ro_:

hoac chuonq trinh OOoBasic ([Link]) d~ tl,!' viet cac chuonq

{iii;1
-\ ~, - 1
trinh Lrng dunq. NhU' the
I:.]
• c6 the tl,!'dong h6a nhO>ngcong vi$c lu6n I$p lai. Thi du nhu viec d6ng ~~
____ 0.
khung mot d6 th] (thu'ang can khoang 5 Ian nhan chuot) chi can thuc

•
hien bang mot cu nhap chuot qua Lrng dung mot macro.
c6 the lap trinh d~ rno rong them nhQ>ngchuc nang rna cac Lrng dunq
khong cung t:l'ng.
--
"-CfOS1n:AlI()pfto~ I.!J

~
Hinh 1: Macro cho cac san phoim wng
• c6 the tOi U'Uh6a vi$c trao dlli dO>li$u giQ>acac Lrng dung.
dunq van phong

Ng6n ngQ>I$p trinh trong VBA noac OOoBasic thuoc nh6m dinh hU'ang doi tU'Q'ngrna Lrng dunq cua n6 se khong
dU'Q'Cde cap trong cuon sach nay vi de tai kha rOng.

Tinh thong nhat trong cac g6i LPngdung van ph6ng c6 19'idiem Ian, vi cac dQ>li$u c6 Ih~ chuyen dbi qua lal de
dang giifa cac Lrng dunq riEmgle, Nho v~y, trang vi$c XLrIy van ban, n6 co the t90 ra ky tl,!' hang 109tvoi cac
dQ>lieu dja chi tLPCO' sa dQ>li$u; hoac ngU'ai ta co th~ trinh bay trong bai thuyet trinh mot bieu d6 voi dQ>li$u tLP
bang tinh toan. Ngay nay cac LPngdl,mg van ph6ng cung cap ba kha nanq co ban de trao dbi dQ>lieu giifa cac
m6 dun rieng Ie. I

Trang trao doi dif li~u khong co 51! lien ket, thong qua trinh don bien t~p (Edit) (sao chep/chen vao), dif li$u
(thi du: mot bieu d6 tLPbang tinh) Ill' mot Lrng dung nay diroc chuysn qua cho mot Lrng dunq khac. NhQ>ngthay
a
doi tap tin gec trong phien ban sac chsp se kh6ng duoc cap nhat va cOng khong 16n tal cac chLPCnang cua
Lrng dunq gec khi nhap len dbi IU'Q'ngduoc chuyen qua d6 (Hinh 2).

10 Qui I
11 Qui 2
12 Quyl

,.
13

15
Out'
T&n,

is
17
18
500
rs
20 400

,.
21
22

2'
"300

1200
25
100
2.
27
28
2.
30

Hinh 2: Trao doi dO>Ii~u khong co sl,l' lien k~t

MOl kha nang khac la nhunq dei IU'Q'ng(Object Embedding). a

day, dei IU'Q'ngtLPmot LPngdung nay (Ihi du: Xli'
Iy van ban) ducc chen VaGmot iJongdung khac (thi du: bang linh). Dieu nay co IQ'idi~m la ngU'ai dung cua (I'ng
dung xli' Iy van ban co the Sll' dl,mg day du chuc nang cua ung dung bang tinh rna khonq can phai chuyen qua
chuyen lai giifa hai LPngdung; thi du, mot phan Ihanh bi~u tU'Q'ngcua Lrng dung bang linh nam trong Lrng dung
cua xli' Iy van ban (Hinh 1, trang 36). Dif lieu cua cac dei tuonq nhung duoc luu trQ>cung vai iJongdung gbc.

1) Macro ta len cua mot day lenh duoc lien k,§,t voi nhau co Ih~ gOi nhlJ' mc;;t I$nh
36 1 CO' ban ve XLI' Iy dlP li~u

Trong vi$c trao dbi dlP li~u co sl,I' lien kilt (lien kilt
doi tlJ'Q'ng), doi tU'Q'ng trong Lrng dl,mg dich (thi du
nhu so d6 trong xU>Iy van ban) se duoc cap nhat khi
doi tU'Q'ng duoc thay d6i trong Lrng dunq goc (Lrng
dl,lng bang tinh). NhU' the, tai li$u trong Lrng dunq dich S6·11!9'J)g·san·~ham<·~ii·ban·iY·cac·chi·nhanh·
thuc chat chi nhan mot tham chieu len doi tU'Q'ng trong A·va.s·trJlng·n~m·tnt6'c'll
Lrng dunq g6c ma thoi: c6 nghTa la dQ>li$u kh6ng dU'Q'C r--
Doanh s6 cae chi nhilnh
luu trQ>cunq. Khi kel noi duoc thiet lap, thi ca hai Lrng
dunq d€lu phai duoc mo. Neu tai lieu g6c b] doi hoac
b! x6a di, cOng co nghTa la vi$c lien ket b] gian dean
(Hinh 2).

Kha nang cua mQI g6i Lrng dvng van ph6ng cho phep
nhunq va ket noi d6i tU'Q'ng duo'c t6m tt!t dU'ai khai
1:
"'.'"
...

...
8
...---
_011"'"

••
niern lien ket va nhung doi tU'Q'ng, goi tat 103 OLE
(Object Linking and Embedding).
Hinh 1: Nhung cac doi tU'Q'ng

scHIIQ'ng·san'Pl!~m<·da·b~n-
(Y·cac·chi·nhanh·A·va·B-
10 Q\If 1
11 Quia krong·[Link]&cl1
U Qujl
II Quf.
14 T6nc
1$
.s
"•,.•
20

""2.
,.
25

••n
ae

'"~~------------------~-

Hinh 2: Trao dbi dli> Ii~u co s\!' lien k,f,t (Object linking)

Hay tao mot bieu d6 trong Lrng dunq bang tinh. Thuc hi~m ca ba each ket hop voi bang nay, mot Ian trong
Lrng dl,lng xU>Iy van ban va mot Ian trong mot phan mern trinh bay.

2 Hay tham khao cau true rnanq trong conq ty cua ban. C6 bao nhieu may tinh duoc n6i manq?

3 Hay thiet ke mot macro c6 the tl,!' dong cho d6 th] trong Lrng dunq xu Iy van ban voi mot dU'ong net co dQ
d$m 0,75 pt.

4 Hay tao mot slide thuyet trinh co chua mot lien ket den mot trang web.

5 Hay thu lam cac thanh conq Cl,l ca biet trong phan rnern xU>Iy van ban cua ban cho thich hop, de chen macro
duoc thiet ke 6' cau hei so 3 VaG thanh conq Cl,l do ngU'oi dung thiet lap.
6 Hay tim hieu, lieu rnanq may tinh trong conq ty ban c6 heat dong voi nhQ>ng h$ di€!u hanh khac nhau hay
khong?

7 Vi$c su dunq cac h$ di€!u hanh khac nhau g6m co nhQ>ng nquyen nhan nao?

8 Hay nghien CLrU cac ph':m rno rOng nao da co san cho bo Lrng dunq rno cho van ph6ng va trinh bay chunq
cho nhorn cua ban.
 1.2 Cac ling dunq van phonq 37

1.2.1 XU> Iy van ban

Ngay nay, viec soan thao thu' tin, tai lii,lu v.v ... dien ra trong pharn vi ca nhan va ban chuyen nghii,lp h~lU nhu' d~u
dua VaG phan mern xU>Iy van ban. Cac khau cua ky thuat in an chuysn nghi$p, thi du nhu bao chi, sach va hoac
tai lii,lu quanq cao cua hang xU'ang se dung phan rnern sap chCi' di$n tu> DTP (Desktop Publishing), ma viec SLr 1.,;".--..1
dl,mg thanh thao dol h6i co Sl! dao tao dac bii,lt

XU>Iy van ban cho phep tao ra so tai lii,lu Ian - bao gom van ban, bang lii,lt ke va do hoa - voi viec tl! dong tao
ra muc h,IC cac chuonq, rnuc luc cac tCf kh6a va tl! dong quan Iy chu thich a dU'ai trang. HO'n niia, cac chuonq
trinh XLr Iy van ban hien nay d€lu c6 bo chvonq trinh lap bang bi~u thi day tii,ln nghi. N6 co th~ k~t hop vei do
hoa ben nqoat, b6 tri van ban thanh nhieu cot, tl! dong danh s6 tieu d€l cua chuonq va danh s6 cho cac chu thich
cua hinh anh va bang bi~u th] (Hinh 1).

Ten tap lin Kich co dinh siln

~ Hindl\.ibungYilCh~k I
Oai trlnh
dO'n

Dean
van
Doi
tU'O'ng
do hoa

Thanh Irtpqt

DO thu I
ph6ng

Hinh 1: Cu.a s6 (fng dl!ng xU> Iy van ban

Page Setup X

U'u di~m Ian la, nho vao trinh XLr Iy van ban, van ban
kh6ng GEIn phai djnh d<;lng ngay khi nhap, Vii,lc tao
danq cua van ban thU'Crng dien ra lien ngay sau khi
van ban da duoc nhap vao day du.
O•.,nU,tion

Viec trinh bay (Layout) cua van ban nhap VaG chu y€lu
rm~forttait lendlcepe

gom xac djnh each dim trang, dinh d;;lng ky tl!' va

djnh di;lng m9t doan van ban.
Prtvitw

Khi dan trang S8 dinh danq trang: tuc la kh6 giay (thi
du nhu DIN A4 kh6 ngang/dling), vung co th~ in (Ie
tnii/phai va ben tren/phia dtroi), kieh co ghi so dong,
th~ loai dong khung quanh van ban V.V... (Hinh 2).
Ngoai ra con an dinh "cau hiau rno" (thi du cho viae
danh dau ta ban thao) va rnau nen cho cac tal li$u. Hinh 2: Dinh d(lng trang
38

="",-IUne •.•__ J

.......-~
E
I
r ~-. _T""

L~ Onvn .,;

8i;tIt: Omm 6-

Fonr ~: UnQertlne style: Und4mrne ~Of :

ntllrr •• - AutomOUC S (none) ..E Automatk 3

Elfoas
••••••• r::J SIt1tethrouoh r::J Sh_ [J smal' caps
1I<fo<>' 0.. Uo<_' .It
[j OOObi_ sb1~rough C] Qutllne r:l All cecs
AMI, 10" •••••• El :1 r::J Su_'" r:l J;mbos, r. tlJtkt<n
f'" Oon,dt SOiP ~ ~ dttle wrnt Sl'M [J Subso1'" [J Engrave
I
.-----.~-- ..---:-.-------'11 ~
This Is ill TrueT~ fonl
Times New Roman
This fQflt will be used on both printer and
~
ween.

Hinh 1: Dinh danq doan van va ky II!

Viec bo tri mot dean van S8 dLfQ'C~n dinh thOng qua

SI! dinh d<;lngdoan van ban. Qua d6, khoanq each
giii'a cac dong, khoanq each truoc va sau dean van,
SI! can chinh (nhu khoi van ban, hU'ong tam, hLfong
I~ trai, hLfong I~ phai) va viec thut dong chieu theo
I~ trang S8 dLfQ'Chieu chinh. Thong thLfong thi cac
hieu ling cua vi$c dinh danq van ban S8 hi~n th] trong
khung ctYa s6 cho ngLfo>istY dyng dU'Q'cxem truoc
(Hinh 1, ben tral),

Nho vao djnh danq ky tl! rna ki~u cho, co chii' (ca
chtr), danq chii' (in dam, in nghieng), rnau sac cua cho
cOng nhu nhii'ng hieu ling khac (nang cao, ha tnap,
qach dU'oi va chuyen d9ng nhLf chii' nhap nhay) S8
-~~
5dw"ft.t;~d)..[Link];""ic..brialI11pt.,I"dt,.~ft:8tfe!be;

~~~=:oen,aesen~~en,(bMel,I"flfJlo:lYQfb9c;

02't.'uc.<w·~~~ DAytcnatkch~
Aokt.....tl,,lIht.-j ~i
~
~:

dU'Q'cxac dinh. Ngoai ra con c6 th~ thay deSikhoanq o rtItldiMM DoIrunri 0 Neue.J ••.•••• Va1IQebasler8fdl 0dtuMnt.
each giii'a cac ky tl! (Hinh 1, ben pha i).
Hinh 2: Milu dinh d;:Jng
Bai vi$c dinh danq theo each "thu conq" cho cac ooan
van va ky tl! r~t rac roi va ton kern thai gian, nen
hi$n nay cac chuonq trinh xtY Iy van ban cung cap
san cac mltu dinh di;!ng. Trang mot mltu dinh danq,
viec hieu chinh mot doan van ban va phonq chii' dU'Q'c ••,,0.*1-,,_
ILfUtrii' san. Ta chi can ghi dau doan van ban nao do
rili gan cho no mltu dlnh danq theo y muon. NgLfOi !l
_.dot
!l
eo-""""" Coww\ett«..R •••...
dung thLfong dLfQ'Ccung cap cac mltu dinh danq cho [Link]
l.I'ISOIcI:ed

rr
-
tieu d~, cho liet ke/danh so v.v.... tuy nhu cau ca nhan
(Hinh 2).

NgLfOi dung c6 th~ thiet laP dan trang ca biet va ILfU

lam mltu tLf li$u. NhU'thll, mau dan trang (Fax, lieu de
a dflu thu rieng biet va cac loat khac) S8 dLf9'CILfUtrii'
va cac kich co, mau dlnh danq can thiet cOng c6 san
• Nou •• _

0_ 0_

trang cac mau tU' li$u nay (Hinh 3).

Hinh 3: Mau Ill' lii)u
 1.2 Cac u>ng dunq van phonq 39

Can luu 'I, tuy VaG cac g6i u>ng dunq van phonq, khi .N}aiinW
muon 1<;10 II)' dong rnuc tuc cac chuonq, chi dU'Q'c phep
Spelling and Grammar. English (U5.) .:·j,'::'J1·:~~':-_<:i:"'~:2
SLr dl)ng nhCrng mau dinh danq v~ tl,l'a d~ do phan Not In OIdIooory;

mem cung cap,

This-projeotwtll-produoe-embedded- I Ignore once I
~
contl'ollers·that·can·deal-with·optimization·
iproblems-tn-control-and-estimasion, ·and·
I , Ignore All I
[g

Mot vai d.;lc dillm tieu biau khac cua cac phfln rnern
they·can·btl·imp/emented·as·a·svstem·o{ - Add to OIctlooory I
I
XIY Iy van ban hi~n nay la, co phan ki~m tra chinh ta ..
SogotStlOllS:

estimations
. b 0\0IIg< ~I
(Hinh 1) va mot bi? tiP di~n dll de xuat tu ngCr tuonq
I Olange All I
d6ng. Thuonq thi viec kiem tra chinh ta c6 the ca biet
hoa, nghTa la ngU'6'i dung co the be sung VaG tu> dien
.[ I
AutOCo[rtct.

tich hop san. Qlctlooarylanguage: Enolish (U.S.)

- --- B
Irll Checl<grammar
Mot cong cu quan tronq nCra la cac dau tach tiP, nho I Qptions... I -Un'" I Concei
I
v~y trang khoi van ban khong nay sinh nhCrng khoanq Hinh 1: Ki~m Ira chinh ta
trong Ion do phan mern tl)' dong chinh cho trong, hoac
kh6ng con thay ria lam cham a I€! phal (Hinh 2).

Hien nay cac phan rnarn xU>1'1van ban cho phep lam ~ti1iiiiji'SOrf'WiW~fMVte. s
[[Link].,,·mit·Zentrlll.·\A'Id·FllaldOkumenlen ·En·
viec voi cac tal Ii~u chinh (trung lJ'O'ng) va tal Ii~u lkiOkUment ~ er. Ookument. do~ eine-Orl.Q)e
phu (chi nhanh). Tal lieu chinh la mot tal lieu co cnua usewnmengehOfigert Dolr:ulflel'\ten-enthltt Die·
~'eineS'len:rafdotumente$>macli Sm,
mot 1lJ'Q'ngIan nhCrng tai lieu lien quan. Viec SlY dunq ~ en-umfon!J'oiches-OOkUmenl-z\HJfgll'iSieten-
.tU verwal:en- l:t.-e$ vri"d hliercUCI1·in-ktehere,
mot tai lieu chinh 58 hCru dl)ng khi phai to chuc va 8Cher-zu.~ Fihkiokumente autget:elt;

quan 1'1mot bO tal lieu d6 SQ. a

day n6 duoc chia nh6
~ :kenn,Cber dlesen-weg ~
fr"ocUc:taokumentetioo
umfClf""9"clchc-
in-versehiedene-Kapitel-
thanh cac tai lieu phu de de thao tac han; thi du nhu co
the chia nh6 mot bQ tai lieu d6 sQ ve san pharn thanh
=~=:a{=,rM".beitern-
~getCltt V!lf:Jldertllld diese-kOnnen dan'l z.a.-Im-

nhieu chuonq khac nhau dll no co the, thi du, dlJ'Q'C

cac nhan vi en khac nhau xU>1'1qua rnanq (Hinh 3).
Thong qua di\u tach tli, '0 tiElt ki~m dU'Q'cm¢t dong.

~tunguo_.gestoltel ~. ao; AiIiOo:

~crt mit-Zertref..·tn:t-FjlaJdokumenlen ..Ein·Zeriraldo-
kument jst en- Dowment. etas ens Or--we van- zu·
Tuy nhien, khi lam vi<';!cvoi met tai li~u chinh va cac tal ~8I1Imen~OokumcntertenthAl1 ·OIe·Vetwen..
~.[Link]~macht Snl,wernen
lieu phu, van c6 the cho hien thi dan bai cua toan bQ tal J,.rnfQl1SJ'"dchc3"Dokumenl·zu.~4!(HI"lcf.%Vver·
iNattMi~_ E$ ..wd·hicrckArch i"l kteinere:eJ11l1Cher ID
li$u. Tai lieu chinh c6 the dlJ'Q'C llJ'u tren rnanq de cac ~-Filaldokul'Ml'lte-aufgeteiH, • .6,-ictnll"

thanh vien trang nh6m co kha nang truy cap true tiep t=:;'$:;~-~~~:=~~:C:=
~iOrnen-dIm 2.8. ilft Net:z:W"ef1(von-lIIt«~&
den tilt ca cac tal lieu phu. 'cI>er> MHart>oitemlleot"beitet·_det>(8id·1 ).,

Hinh 2: Diu tach tli

87,7
87,7,1 Merkmale van CNC-Maschinen
7.7,1.1 Wegrresssysterre Beispiele numerisch
87,7,2 Positionsanga!::e t..n:I Koordinatensystem gesteuerter ~.
WerkzeLgverrressung I.J"1dWerkzeut;;lkDrrektur81 Fertigungsmaschinen 'L-J
87,7,3 SteLerurgsart81 Programmieren Yon Merkmale
7,7,3,1 PunktstaJelU1g CNC - Maschinen vonCNC
7,7,3,2 Bahnstet..erung
87,7.4 CNC-Programm Maschinen
Polarkoordinat81 (Bild 3)
Kreisinterp:l/ation (G021 (1)3)
Bahnkorrektur (G40 1 G411 G42)
SchlichtaLimaB I:eim Frasen (Bild 4)
8earbeitungszyklen CNC-Programm Positionsangabe
Un1Erprcgr amme und Koordinaten ...
Konturz0g3 r-,
7.7.5 Progr ammieren V01 CNC- Fertigungsmas~n
7,7,6 Beispiele numerisch ~[Link] FertiQLngsmaschinen Steuerungsaiten

Hinh 3: Tai Ii{:u chinh va tal Ii(iu phu

40 1 Coo ban ve XLP Iy diY Ii~u
,...
Nflu phai tao nhCrngtal lieu pmrc tap thi viec ung dunq
cac trU'ang diY Ii~u c6 lQ'i hon (Hinh 1). M(>ttrLl'ang
dCrIi$u duo'c hi~u la mot thanh phan cua van ban co El
..... -
th~ duoc chen VaGtai lieu, d~ co th~ diflu khi~n nhCrng
IS:·~
chuc nanq nh~t dinh (thi du nhu' hi~n thi s6 trang, hi~n
th] nqay thanq tuc thai va ten tap tin (Hinh 2)). Cac ---,....
-.
trU'ang dCi'lieU co thll dU'Q'cdinh danq nhu van ban
-=-
~

-
trang ta: lieU. ~
~
Mot trU'ang dCPIi$u bao g6m ba ph~n:

• Ky hieu trLl'ang dCPli$u; thi ou { }, d~ phan biet n6

---'
-,
~
c:.a.. ••.••• _ •.•.•..•••••

voi van ban "binh thuonq" Hinh 1: TrlJ'ang t~p tin

• Ten trU'ang dCPIi$u; thi du ten t~p tin

• Lenh trU'ang dCPlieu; dinh r5 cac d~c tinh khac cua trU'ang; thi du \p chi ro dU'ang dan d~n tal lieu thong qua
ten tai lieu.

Chwc nang trlJ'ang dO>li~u dlJ'Q'c mOo

- ---
-
- - - -- -------
'Trang'1~1
-~~~~--------
T6ng so trang
So trang hi(jn thai hi(jn thai

Hinh 2: Cae ehu>e nang cua trU'ong dO>li~u; in ngay thang va so trang

Khi lam viec voi cac trU'ang dCPlleu, chunq ta dung quen cap nhat chunq. £)i.§u nay c6 thll dU'Q'cthuc hien tl,l'
d(>ng truce khi in hoac luu trCPchunq hoac thvc hien thu congo M(>tdi;lc dillm khac cua trU'cmg dCPlieU la ta co
thll ngan ngtJoaviec cap nhat chunq, Thi du, khi ta dung trU'ang dCPlieU d~ di.§n nqay thanq vao mot 113 thu thl,
moi Ian 99i n6, nqay thanq trang thu S6 dU'Q'cthay d6i tuonq ung. Neu khcnq mu6n di.§u nay xay ra, ta c6 th~
kh6a viec cap nhat cua truonq dCPlieU. K~ ca toan b(>nhCPngchuc nang cua trLl'ang dCrli$u cOng co th~ dU'Q'C
be hoan toan, c6 nghia ta no S6 duoc chuy~n d6i thanh van ban "binh thuonq".

Khi lam viec voi nhCPngtai li$u lon non (thi du nhu rno -:;;,-",,~~

Ifhi 1
Spoiling and Go-. Englhh (\I.s~
ta thiet bi) co nhiElUbang bi~u thi va hinh anh, chuno
Not rn 0IcIf0naty.:.
thuonq duoc chu thich mot each th6ng nhat va dU'Q'C s-project~.,;[Link]-embedded. I ,,,,,,,,0<)." I

-,
danh s6 theo mot mau nhcf!tdinh (thi du: Hinh 3.27 ta controlllZrs·that·can-deal·with·optimization- rj5 I ~ AM I
rproblems-In-contro!-ond-es!i",[Link]. -and-
birc hinh s6 27 a chuonq 3). (y day, viec ghi chu thich Ihlly-con.b"'implemented-as'o'syslem'of _ I Add I. 0IdJ0n00y I
va danh s6 co the dU'Q'ctl,l' dong hoa (Hinh 3). £)i&u
0-..
nay c6 loi la khi co Sl,I'thay d6i, ta khonq can phai xU>
Iy, thay d6i cho tat ca cac chu thich hinh anh theo each
thu congo Ta c6 thll tl,l' d(>ng h6a song song cho nhieu
thll 109i (thi du nhU' bang bieu, tranh anh, hinh anh
r
~--:
IrlJOMq~
_..-(U.s.)
~ T
- I
El
l 9>anooAII

~ed
~
I
.1
I

v.v...) trong mot van ban. 1..--...l UIIOO

I C>naI
I
Hinh 3: Chu thich va danh 56
Nhiflu chuonq trinh xU> Iy van ban tich hop cong cu V6
don qlan, Nha d6 ta V6 dU'Q'cnhCPnggian do dien tien,
mOi ten, ngoi sac V.V...

ChlPc nang thao thLP hang loat cua xU> Iy van ban lien k~t d~n mot trang co nguon dCPliif!u (thi du: dCPlieu d!a
chi) vai tai lieu chinh (thi du nhu thu thong bao) (Hinh 1, trang 41).
 1.2 Cac ling dl,Jng van ph6ng 41

Nguon dCl' li$u bao gom cac mau ghi dCl' li$u rieng biet vai cac trLl'ang dCl' li$u khac nhau. Moi trLl'ang dCl' li$u c6
gai ten qoi (thi du nhU' dla chi, ten, dja dillm v.v ... ). Khi thao thu hang loat, viec lien ket den tal Ii$u chinh thuc 1
hi$n thong qua ten qoi cua cac truonq dO>lieu.

Tai li~u chinh Nguon de;. li~u

An- Vom. Name Flrma Adresse Plz Ort Tel

rede
Il.Y;.-R"'nI •• n·a~nu•• ,..uw;.,
JV\I!~naTon•• [Link]'I Herr Stephan Klein Oberland Industrie- 45432 Wirges 022341
UIIO,"<IIorlwlhna.60 GlasAG gebiet 17 98007
H&MNeuwied
T'I.0'2&31(lIII9OO Frau Doro- Jeub Rasselstein Dierdorfer 56789 Neuwied 026311
the. Hoesch AG 5tra~e 112 816988
Herr Bodo Polifka Kloeckner Bertha von 54444 Bonn 02281
Moeller Suttner 232012
Platz 12

+ Herr Her-
mann
L6hr Siemens
AG
Bahnhof-
str.l
76543 Erlangen 07111
989001
Herr Dirk Sam- Fiat Floss- 56781 Bad 022241
EINLADUNC
berger Deutschland weg61 Honnef 78654
to. Mtcbllltr'[Link] Nruwkd
ll.1\1III10U Frau Katja Seal Reis Dierdorfer 23412 Hamm 012341
14.00 Ubr RIHmIC 107 Robotics StraBe 1 1224
Herr Marek Elsen Elsen Linzer 53604 Rhein- 022241
GmbH&Co 5tra~e124 breitbach 654321
Frau Anette Wein- Kuka Industrie- 34571 Augs 076541
berg Robotics gebiet 112 burg 89760

ThU' go.i hang loat

-.
---
-
M

~H'C»

Hinh 1: ThU' gai hfmg loat

Hay tao mot thir gai hang 10<;1tden 10 cong ty khi nen khac nhau, trong do ban keu gOi tai tro hi~n vat (nhu'
van, xi lanh, vat li~u minh hoa) cho mot dl)' an.

2 Hay tao mot nguon dO>li$u vai dla chi cua tat ca cac cong ty dao tao theo lap hQC cua ban de ban c6 the su>
dl,lng n6 vao muc dich trao d6i thong tin

3 Hay thuc tap qua mot tal li~u kha Ian vai cac trU'ang dO>li$u sau: ten tai li$u voi dU'ang dan, ten tac gia,
trang cua t6ng so trang, nqay tao tap tin, nqay in.

4 Hay thuc tap trong mot tal li$u a bai tap tren voi 4 tam anh va 3 bang tinh. Hay danh so chunq vai nhO>ng
chu thich hinh tl)' dong.

5 Hay t<;10tiJ mot tai lleu goc Ian mot tai li$u chinh va cac tal li~u phu tuonq LPng.

6 Hay t<;10nhO>ng mau dinh danq cho cac tai li~u trong nh6m cua ban.

7 Hay tao mot tam hinh c6 dinh d~ng (t$p tin) khac nhau (nhu' .JPG, _BMP v.v ... ) va gai no vao tal lieu van ban.
NhCmg dinh d<;lng knac nhau do anh hU'ang nhu the nao len dung 1U'Q'ngbO nho?
42 1 Coo ban ve xU> Iy dfF Ii~u

1.2.2 Bang tinh

TU'O'ngIl,r nhu viec may danh chCPb] Ian at boi cac

chuonq trinh xlv Iy van ban, cac may tinh toan cOng Chi nhimh A Chi nhimh B Chi nhanh C
tro nen thua thai sau khi c6 cac chuonq trinh bang ~
tinh. Cac chuonq trinh nay giup ngU'&i dung Quy 1 251 365 616

• bi~u thi cac con so theo cau true (tao thanh danq Quy2 300 376 676
bang);
Quy 3 243 500 743
• danh gia va tinh toan v&i so li$u;
Quy4 291 389 680
• dien ta so li$u banq bieu do ro rang (Hinh 1).
Tong cQng 1085 .- 1630 2715

U'u diem lon so voi cac phironq phap xlv Iy "thu conq"
truyen thong la:

• co kha nang thay doi nhCPngtr] s6 khoi diem khac

nhau trong mot phep tinh toan; Doanh SOcac chi nharih
• co kha nang nhap cong thuc vao de tinh toano 500
450
400
MQt tap tin trong bang tinh thU'&ng duoc gOi la bang 350
phan phoi (map) hoac bang lam vi~c. M6i bang lam '5t
..., 300
vi$c bao gom mot so table, cOng con duoc gOi la bang
bieu, narn lien ke nhau trong bang lam vi$c (Hinh 2). 0
Q
.•'" 250
200
Cach luu trQ>nay c6 lQ'idiem la mot bang bieu ton co ~50
the dU'Q'Cchia nho ra, nho do nhin duoc ro rang rnach 100
50
lac hon, Vi$c thiElt lap SI,J' lien h$ giQ>acac bang bieu
0
khac nhau cOng khOng co van de g1. 1 2 3 4
Quy

Hinh 1: Trinh bay tal li~u bang so

i~
,
y
··
,
,

1.
,tjf

,,,

··,
s

·
""
.""".
·
:;"
~

Hinh 2: cau true bang phan phoi va bang bi~u cua mQt d~ng bang tinh
 1.2 Cac LYngdl,mg van phonq 43

Mot bang bieu (table) bao g6m cac cQt va cac dong, ma m6i coUdong d€lu danh dau ro rang. M¢I trU'ang cua
bang bieu cOng con duoc gQi 103mot o. M¢t 0 duoc xac dinh r6 ret qua vi tri dong va vi tri cot, thi du 07 (Hinh 1).
1
Trong nhO>ng 0 nay ta c6 the nhap cac van ban hoac chu6i ky II,!', cac gia tr] (nhu' con so, nqay thanq hoac thai L- __ -'

gian), cac conq thLYCtoan hoc noac cac bieu thLYClogic va c6 the dtroc djnh danq tU'O'ng tl,!' nhu trong (Lmg dunq)
Xli' Iy van ban (thi ou phonq chO>hoac kho chQ>, in darn hoac in nghi€mg, chieu I~ phai hoac I~ trai hoac khoi van
ban). Nqoai ra phan rnern bang tinh hien nay cOng cung cap tinh nang chinh sua tl,!' dong, kil~m tra viet dung van
pharn cOng nhu kha nang thU'ong xuyen tl,!' dong tao cac chuai dQ>li$u dua vao mot vai gia tr] cho trvoc. Khi ta
di~n con so (thi ou 1,2) hoac chQ>(thl du thli Hai, thli Ba) vao hai dong narn k~ can hoac narn ben dU'6'i nhau
va chon danh dau nhQ>ng dong nay, thi c6 kha nang khi keo, cac dong hoac cac cot S8 tl,!' d¢ng duoc di€ln them
vao day du (tLYC1; 2; 3; 4 v.v ... hoac thLY Hai, thli Ba, thLY TU', thLY Narn v.v ... ).

s6 thu- tl! dong Thanh Dai trinh don

,~

rI) • <- • IT
tieud~~

I Tabellenl:alkulation /
L .. tEl !:3

Thanh bi~ U..,.....

tu'qng
_1
~ !-
Ein~g'n <1
Start t
Arial

F ¥
ElnfOQcn

-
•

II • If .:
~'.A.-
Stlttntayout

10
- -~~~ formeln

., 11,.
i~ 1~ "'7-
-
Oaten

Standard

!I. -,.000
+,8 .00
UbttprUfen

- 1M
FormatvOrl:tgen
-
Aruicht
s....
stM
[lnfugen

loschen .•

!fl Fo"".t
",Uogl!:3
•.

la-
l: - 1fT-
- MI-

wi chenab ... r;..! S<hriftart r..! Aunichtuno r,.1

,00 • .0
Zahl .. I
lflltn
-
Bt.1rbcitcn

-.
07 ~J-t ':"1 ly
Ten cQt
6 xU> Iy A to ~ H r'
1
:i
"
3
4 ~ Cot
~~ /'
~
f-J....
8
Vung 9
< / Dong 6
lam vie c 10
11
12
13
14
15 Thanh tfLP9'I ~
16

D6ng
tr<lng thai
18
17_

14 '4 •

Bc«ill.C I
~ Tabelel .••Tab.le2 'T>b.1e3 /I!; I. Jl!lll!D~ " a-
100,"
/
-0.-
0
•
Hinh 1: Cwa so lPng d\m9 cua m9t bimg tinh

Nho vao dla chi 0, thong qua cong thLYCtoan hoc c6

c=J 8 t3
the tinh dU'Q'Ctr] so rnoi. NhU' v$y, thi du nhu tinh toan
Ubl!tpr [Link]' ~ 8 0 91 13
v6'i I$nh ham so
.IJ. • % & tel I: - fT-
SUM (010: 013) Emfugen eta.. Schriftart Ausrichtung lahl forman-orlage"! [Link] iJ"'~"
0($
Zwisct'ienabla... r..
.• .• •. .•. .• I, .02,.:",.,",
'" .

103t6ng tat ca cac tri so narn trong pharn vi tCP0 010

den 0 013 (tuc cac o 010,011,012 va 013) (Hinh 2). A
C6 kha nanq, co nhi€lu 0 rieng biet khong narn chung 8
9
trong mot khu Vl,J'C,c6 the dU'Q'C nhap b<iing each li$t lQ Quy1
ke (thi du nhu SUM (010, 012, 013)). Thuc hien each Quy2
Quy 3
tinh toan nay c6 19'i diem 18 viec thay d6i s6 li$u va
conq thuc se luon tinh toan cho ra ket qua tU'O'ng LYng,
ma ngU'oi dung kh6ng can phal tl,!' nhap nhO>ng tr] so
vao conq thLYC(Hinh 2).

Hinh 2: Tinh toan v6>i dja chi 6

44 1 Coo ban ve xU> Iy dCP li~u

MQt tru>cYng hop LYng dl,mg quan tronq khac la viec sao chep conq thuc. Thi du, ve CO' ban c6 nhieu cot hoat
d9n9 voi cling mot cong thLYCtoan thl chi din nhap ccnq thLYCmot lan, n6 se duoc sao chep qua nhO>ng C9t khac
bang each danh d;§u va keo tha. Phuonq phap nay duoc qoi 103keo va tha (Drap & Drop). day, phan msrn a
se tl,/' dong thay doi cac 0 tham chiE§u tuonq doi (thi du C10: C13) (Hinh 1). Qua do ta ti~t ki$m dU'Q'C rat nhi~u
thao tac go phim .

• (" • I. Tabellenkallrulation

Sfltfnllll Fcrmelr beten ,

Hinh 1: 6 tham chil!u tlJ'O'ng doi

Nhunq trong viec sao chep cong thuc, khonq phai luc nao ngU'cYita cOng mong muon thay doi toan bo cac gia tr]
tham chieu, Khi chen mot ky tl,/' di;\c biet (thi du nhu $), mot phan hoac toan bo dia chi cua 0 dU'Q'c co dinh tuyet
doi, nen khi sao chep qua cac cot khac se khonq b] thay doi. Thi du "$E$13", co nghTa la toan b9 dia chi cQt E la
co dlnh tuyet doi, trong khi voi "E$13" thl chi dong 13 va voi "$E13" thl chi c6 cot E la duoc giO>co dinh (Hinh 2).

001 g "I .-;: I~ ;.[Link]-,IwI-..,-·o-n-----·- - --=- El '"

~SLlr1LEi"tUcte" [Link],-" Formeln UbfrpNf At,Ish:ht t:!o @ <::> ffjJ E3

o ngO ra GOng thlic

l! A • 'k B29 Mittelwert(B$9:B$28)

B30 Stabw(B$9:B$28)

A c o E_'::. B31 Max(B$9:B$28)-Min(B$9:B$28)

.• [Link] losgrOle: 350
5 Stiehproben : 20 • G<.n~~ ~:~ ,
6 Ourchm4lluer: 80 Tu 79,4 b B32 ($E$7-B$29)/B$30
7 To 80,6 ~
8 Stlchproba , Stkhprobe 2 Stlchprobe 1 SlIchprobe-4 ~
9 Me&wert 1 80.5 80,25 80 5 BO,4
B33 (B$29·$E$6)/B$30
80.5 8O.A '-- ...L. ---'
10 Me&wert 2 80.5 80,25
11 [Link] 3 80.5 80,25 60 5 80,4
12 Melwert"
13 ileAwert S
14 Melwert 6
60.5
60,5
80,5
80.25
80,25
80 5
80,5
80.4
80 n
80.25 80.5 ,A
15 Melwert7 80,5 80.25
16 Melwert8
17 Meawert9
80,5
60.5
80.25
80.25
80.5
80.5
80
80.4
80,4
80,4
r Sao chep, thi
du 6' C¢t 0
18 Melwert 10 80.5 80.25 .5 80,4
19 Melwert 11 79,5 79,75 80 80.2
-20 Uelwert 12 79,5 79,75 80 80.2
21 Uelwert 13 79,5 79.75 80 80,2
22 [Link] 14 79.5 79.75 80 80.2
23 Uelwert 15 79.5 rs, 80 80.2
24 Melwert 16
25 Melwert 11
19.5
79,5
7 ,75
.75
80
80
80,2
80,2
o saochep COngthlic
26 ,..Iwert 18 79,5 79.75 80 80.2
21 Me'wert 19 79,5 79.75 80 60,2 029 Mittelwert(0$9:0$28)

~:=.
28~~~.-_~~5 __ ~ 79,75 80 80.2

.19 80.00 80.00 80.25 80.30 ~rO_3_0 ~rS_t_ab_W_(_0_$_9_:0_$_28_) ~

30 wekhung S 0,512989176 [Link]:nl.\3Zll:li-"it""- 031 Max(0$9:0$28)-(Min(0$9:0$28)
31 RANGE
32Ko 1.17
1
0,256494588
0.5
2.34
0.5
1.36
0.2
2.92
r.
33 Ku 117 2.34 331 8,77 032 ($E$7·0$29)/0$30
34 Annahme Nein Je Nein Ja •.
'f.'7on _1.1
••••• ::I)
"_'1.2
·lf~~o:. ~oo•• :-- ~lL 033 (D$29-$E$6)ID$30

Hinh 2: o tham chieu tuy~t doi

 1.2 Cac LPngdl,lng van ph6ng 45

C6 nhieu loal conq thLPC khac nhau: Insert Function

• Cong thLPCso hoc • Cong thLPCvan ban

• Conq thLPClogic • Ham so
:;eNd> for a runction:
Typo. brte! desaiption 0( what you want to do and th"" did
1
Go
-
Or select • tlIlego<y: Most Recently Used
- F
ed • rundlon:
Most RecentlY Used ~
Cong thlPC so hoc dung trong phep tinh toan voi cac ,
bien so hoac hang so, ma ban than n6 thuoc 109i dCl' ACCRlNT
Anan~
Date & Time
I g,
lieu so, nen ket qua la mot con so.
ACCRlNTM Math & Trig
St>tIsticol
-=-
ACOS
ACOSH Lookup &Reference
Thi du= F12 *1,16
ADDRESS Database
Text
1= -s-

~~~=:
AGGREGATE
Logical
A8S(number)
Returns the absolute .
Cong thlPe van ban ket chuGi cac gia tr] cua O. Ket
qua la mot chuoi ky tll.

Thi du= "Narn sinh" & G11 Help 00 this function QI( Il cancel

cung cap ket qua la: Narn sinh 1960, khi 0 G 11 mang Hinh 1: cse loal ham
so 1960, & day con so trong G11 dU'Q'c chuyen doi
thanh van ban.

LlJ'U y: NhlJ' the, c6 mot SI,J'pnan biet, thi du, "1960" 56 duoc lU'u trCl' dlJ'oi danq dCl' lieu chCl' hoac dCl' lieu so.
Cong thlPC logic kiem tra cac dieu kien logic. N6 c6 the dung (logic 1) hoac sai (logic 0).

Thi du= (A6 >A4) + 1

cung cap tr] b,1:mg2 neu A6 > A4 va tr] bang 1 neu A6 ~ A4. £lieu kien logic c6 the ket hop voi toan tll> logic (AND,
OR, NOT).

Thi du :;: IF (AND (031 > C7; 032> C7), "C6", "Khonq'')

Cac ham so
(Hinh 1) ta nhCl'ng conq thLPCco san dU'Q'c cung LPng cho cac LPng dunq, mot so trong d6 cho phep
nhCl'ng tinh toan kha phLPCtap, NgU'oi dung khonq c6n phai quan tam d~n viec I<;!p trinh chinh xac nhCl'ng conq
thuc lien quan. Thi ou, voi ham MAX ta c6 the tlrn ra
tri CI,J'Cdai cua mot con so narn trong mot vung hoac
Toan tlr Thid.,. NgiJ' nghia £)9 U'utien
mot loat nhO>ng con so. Moi ham deu c6 mot rno ta ve
cu phap de ngU'oi dung c6 the nhap dung danq thLPC C~C~n Kr cho vung
va thLP tl,J'cac thong so cua ham. : 83:87 Vung/khu Vl,J'C 1
Leer 83:E8 C4:F12 Phan giao 2
Nhu the, ve nquyen tac cac cong thLPC bao gem cac
toan h.,mg (thi du nhu 02, 1.15) va cac toan tlP (thi ; 83:812;C3:C12 Ph~n hop 3
du nhu +, <). Neu trong conq thLPC khong c6 cac dlitu Cae toan Kr d~i 56
nqoac thi dua vao thlP tl! lI'U tiim (Hinh 2) cua cac - -(5*2) D~u hi~u 4
toan tll> rna thvc hien. NhU' vi,ly, cong thLPC
% 10% Phan tram 5
=7+4*9-3 A
5A2 LOythiPa 6
* 5*6 Ph9p nhan 7
59 cho ket qua la 40, b&i truoc tien thuc hien phep
1 6/3 Philp chia 7
nhan rei den phep cong va phep tnr. Voi oau nqoac thi
luon duoc tinh tiJolap trong sau d6 rnoi den lop nqoai, + 7+4 Philp C¢ng 8
NhU' vi,ly, voi conq thLPC - 4-2 Philp triP 8

:;: (7 + 4) * (9 - 3) hoac (7 + 4) * 9 - 3 Toan tll' chuOi

& 82&83 Kilt chuOivan ban 9
ket qua mot ben la 66 va mot ben la 96.
Cac toan ICYso sanh

Khi nhap li$u mot conq thLPC phai can chu y den cu = 85=87 8ang 10
phap cua cong thLYC (thi du: s6 1U'Q'ngdau ngo~c don <= 85<=B7 Nh6 han/b~ng 10
luon 113so chan) hoac chon cu phap cua ham cho phu Lon han/bilng
>= B5>=B7 10
hop va chon danq thLYC cua tiJong loai dO>li$u (thi du
<> 85<>87 KhOngbang 10
nhu' con so, ngay thanq, van ban) cho chinh xac, neu
khOng phan m€!m S6 bao loi. Hinh 2: cac loai toan tCY
46 1 CO' ban v~ xU> 19 dCP Ii~u

Khi Xlf 19 t$p hop so lon, vi$c minh hoa b~ng bang va
cac xu hU'ang phat trilln, va d(l sai biet cua tr] so trung
binh, tr] cue d<;liva cue tillu v.v ... la khonq ro rang. Khi
d6 da c6 nhO>ng bieu do de diEm ta b~ng do hoa. Cac
thong so can hoac c6 the dung de thiet Ic%lptao bieu
d6, bao 96m:

• [Link] bieu do (hinh tru, hinh tron v.v ... )

• Vung dO>li$u dU'Q'c dien ta

• Thang do cua true (tuyen tinh, tang hoac giam dan,

logarit)

• Chu thich cua true

• 8~t tieu de cho bieu do.

Cac tr] so cua bang bieu lfng vot billu do dtroc lien ket
d(lng voi bieu do, de n6 dU'Q'Ctl,l' d(lng thay deSikhi mot
gia tr] trang bang thay doi (Hinh 1).

a) Hay thiet Ic%lphai cot, trang d6 diEm ngau nhien

vao moi cot 20 tr] so do giO>a 100 va 102 (cho
phep trung I~p nhieu I;§n) va tCr moi chuoi so do
nay, LPng dunq ham so de xac djnh tri so trung
binh cong, tri cue tieu va tr] cue dai. Sao chep
conq tnuc cho cot thlf hai.

b) Hay tim hieu va khai niern "dO bien thien" va

"do lech chuan" trong thong ke hoc.

2 Hay viet tr] so 101 vao m(lt 0 b<flt ky va kiem tra

xem cac tri so dU'Q'c tinh toan a
tren Ian hon,
b<1ng hay nh6 hon 101.

3 Tr] so nao dU'Q'c cung cap boi bieu thLPCsau? Bxed 0.0

= (8 x 4 - 3) x (5 - 2 x 3) fixed

Rltd
500.0

100.0
RXf(I 20.0

4 Tr] so nao dU'Q'c cung cap bai bieu thuc sau?

IF (AND (OR (88 > 87; 86> 87)) (AND (86 > 85;
Show dsplay units Iabd on mart

83 < B4)); "yes"; "no") vai 83 = 3; 84 = 4 v.v ... [Link]<""'''''''''_: """'do El

_""'''''''''_' N •••• S
_.-" N""to_El
5 Hay dua vao mot bieu do de rno ta chuoi so do AoorUMsesal::
9 AutDnatic
dU'Q'c thiet I$p trang bai tap so 1. Axis ~"'f: 0.0

6 Hay tlm nhO>ng biau do c6 true thang do logari!.

Giai thich cac uu diem.

Hinh 1: Cae tro giup cho bieu do

 1.2 Cac ll'ng dl,mg van phonq 47

1.2.3 Phan mem trinh bay (bai thuyet trinh)

Truoc day cac phan thuyst trinh co d6 hoa duoc he;tro b~ng each d~t cac slide (nhua mong trong suet) len may 1
chieu anh overhead projector, hi$n nay chu yeu ta dung cac phan m~m trinh bay de trinh bay bai thuyet trinh L.- __ ..I

soan truoc cho khan gia, thi du dua VaGm¢t may chieu ky thuat so beamer (may chieu co CU'ang d¢ anh sang
rnanh danh cho may tinh ca nhan). Khi dung cong ngh$ chieu beamer, trang phan rnsrn trinh bay ngU'ai ta cOng
qoi tling man hinh minh hoa trinh chieu (Hinh 1).

Thong qua chuc nang OLE cua goi lI'ng dunq van phonq, cac doi tU'Q'ngcua cac lI'ng dunq khac co the de dang
dU'Q'cdU'a VaGbai thuyet trinh (nhv mot bieu d6 tli bang tinh, m¢t d6 hoa hoac mot mau don cua mot phan rnern
co so dCrlieu v.v...). Nqoai ra con co kha nang chen hi$u lI'ng ve am thanh va video. Cac bai thuyet trinh hoan
chinh c6 the dU'Q'Cphan phoi cho ngU'ai tham du. Nho d6 c6 the lU'u lai cac ghi chu len slide rna ngU'Qoithuyet
trinh in ra, de ho co them thong tin trang khi trinh bay.

Khi trinh bay bai thuyet trinh ngU'Qoi

ta c6 the an dinh loan b¢ hoac chi mot phan cua bai trinh bay (con dU'Q'cgOi
la trinh bay theo dinh hU'ang nh6m doi tuonq) duoc hien thi. Ngoai ra, con chuot co the dU'Q'Cs& dunq nhU' mot
"thanh tro" de diem dau len slide cho nhO>nggi8i thich bo sung trang luc trinh bay. Khi chuyen sang slide trinh
bay ke tiep thi no S8 bien mat sau d6.

Thanh tieu de Ten t(ip tin Dai trinh menu

-- .•. It ,;

Slide
Doi trinh
tU'Q'ng ~-~---fi bay
van
ban
Beispiel fOr eine gute
Endkontrolle
Konfektionierung
- Mikroskop aufklappen ~O.k.
- Stecker aufstecken
- fokussieren (e)
DOi Staub oder Faserreste
- kontrollieren (D) auf der Faser
tU'Q'ng
~ reinigen
dO hoa
Kleine Absplitlerungen am
Faserrand
~ bedingt o.k.
Einmessen empfohlen

Rillen. Kratzer oder groB-

Thanh
ftAchige Absplitterungen
~ unkontrollierter Bruch.
tnrot
wiederholen ! man
hinh

Logo cong ty
Donq/Thanh Dong cuol thiet ke tfim
tranq thai trang phim

Hinh 1: ewa so (Png dl,mg cua phan mem trinh bay

NhCrngkien thuc CO'ban v€l phan rnern Xli' Iy van ban S8 co ich cho vi$c tao slide trinh bay. TU'O'ngtV' nhu viec xU>
Iy van ban, 6' day nhCPngslide co the dU'Q'Ctrang trt theo mot mau thiet ke thong nhM NhU' the each bo tri trang
(nhu kich thooc, trang dLl'ng hay trang narn ngang, danh so tV' d¢ng, rnau n€lnthong nhat, bieu tU'Q'nghoac ten
cong ty) co the ap dunq giong nhau cho tat ca cac slide. Ngoai ra co the dong dau trang (header) va dong cuoi
trang (footer) (vi du vai ngay thanq va danh so trang) va d!nh d<;lngky tV' thong nhat cho toan bo bai thuy{)t trinh.
48 1 CO' ban ve xU> Iy dCPIi~u

Nho lJ'ng dl)ng trang tieu d~ va tinh nang chinh stYa

tl)' dOng d~ tranh cac 16idanh may, vi$c tao ra mot bai
thuyet trinh c6 chat 1U'Q'ngduoc don gian h6a.

Cac thong s6 quan tronq nh~t can duoc thiet I$p (y

mot bai thuyet trinh g6m:
• Sv chuyen canh giCracac slide trinh bay rieng Ie
T'lltn

a
AnzriOtn

M lMl
1m
S0\3mb,rit [Link] Uh,
le1l V.2.n links

• Trinh tv va di~n \i€m thai gian cua cac yeu to tren 1lI !ill
moi slide

_• •
W\irfd TUI~ lirlchen Zoom
~ ~on unten

• Hieu Lmg cho nhCmg thanh phan duoc trinh bay ~

....•
WI!Htn Van ob,{n rectus
~
BitnlrIWJbc GlitZWl

tran moi slide.

Dreh'!n
~
Rincnrad
~
forcltlbanO
~
Orth,n
~ Von unten rtShts

Sv chuyan canh (rnac dinh hay tuy chon) giCra cac

slide trinh bay rai c6 the dien ra tv dong sau mot thai
~
Fend",.
mOrbit
~
Hindurctl1'l1 •..
Bl Van oben linkS

gian quy dinh hoac sau Igln nhap chuot (Hinh 1). Neu ~ Von yoten links

muon "re nhanh" ve trinh tv trang chuoi trinh chieu,

ta c6 the "nhay" sang mot trinh chieu nao d6 voi nut
Hinh 1: 51! chuyen canh cac slide trinh bay
tU'O'ngtac (Hinh 2), hoac cOng c6 the cham dlJ't viec
trinh bay, neu nut nay dU'Q'c nhan trong khi dang
thuyet trinh.

COng c6 the khoi dong cac tap tin am thanh va video

chi "bang each nhan nut". COng nhU'111 bai trinh bay ta Action Buttons
c6 th~ tao lien ket den cac trang rnanq Internet hoac
khoi dong nhCmg Lmg dunq khac, nnarn tao di~u ki$n
@] (!g §] §] !!lID~ ~ ~ ITlI @TI[!1 0 •
dien giai them cho bai thuyet trinh.

Hinh 2: Cac nut tU'O'ng tac

8ieu quan tronq khi cho hien thi noi dung ben ngoai
(tuc nhCrng noi dung khonq dU'Q'c luu trCr true tiep
trang bai thuyet trinh) la, nho mang theo khi "doi" bai
thuyet trinh sang mot may tinh ca nhan khac hoac cat
giCr/IU'utrCrtren mot phU'O'ngtien khac hoac can phai
dieu chinh l<;licac dU'ang dan tap tin tuonq lfng, neu +t
..•.. -
khong cac li€m ket trang bai trinh bay se khong "tac
dunq". :::.. -
•....
•• ..•. '* ...•if .....'"
l* *
.... ~
..
..•..
•. .*.
< ,
fly,

•
H
•••• ..•. •.•.
...•.• -
Ngoai ra con c6 nhCrnghieu lfng hinh dong (animation)
de chinh Sl,l'xuat hi$n cua cac doi tU'Q'ngtren slide. Do GftIIIT.-. •.... •.....'

...- - '-
d6, c6 kha nang xac dlnh doi tU'Q'ngxuat hi$n 6>cho
nao tren slide. 80i tuonq xuat hien c6 th~ ket hop voi
am thanh (nhu' tieng vo tay, tieng no v.v...). Sau khi
dinh vi tri cua cac doi tU'Q'nglen slide trinh bay, ta lai
""'".•. low

*
* ...*
""
.•"'"
•..•..• "'-
..•."'" "'"
.•...
.11
......
1

c6 the an dinh cho doi tU'Q'ngqiarn dan hi$u lfng, bien

di hay khong va bien di nhu the nao (Hinh 3). ...-
Bang each nay, ta cOng co the tao ra nhCrng bi~u d6
chuyen dong (nhu cho hien th] tuan tv so lieu kinh
doanh tlr quy 1 den quy 4) hoac cac conq thuc chuyen
-
•..•
..
,.~
•...••.... ~""'
0 •••..--
"..

hnt ••.
*'....f
"'''' lOa""
:t-.
••...
H
••••
""
•.•. ",..if •..•....
*
dong (thi du dien giai mot phan cua nhieu phuonq *_\lttIKIs..

trinh Ian). b ••••

-_
,
Hinh 3: Cae hi~u CPnghinh d{lng (animation)
 1.2 Cac [Link] dunq van ph6ng 49

Trinh tU' va diEm ti~n thai gian cua cac doi tU'Q'ng xuat hien tren moi slide xac dinh thi du cac doi tU'Q'ng xuat hien
ngay I~p tuc hoac xuat hi~n vai moi I~n nhap chuot. NhU' th~ ngU'ai dung c6 th~ chern VaG cac tlf kh6a chinh tlf
bai thuy~t trinh cua minh len slide trinh bay b~ng mot cu nhap chuot (Hinh 1).

Chuoi chuyen
dQng tuan II)'
Cacaoi
lu'qng
cua slide --i-!-.....,;;=-I
trinh
chieu

Cac doi tU'qng cua slide Iri nh chieu vai hi(iu lmg tang dan do xuat hien

Hinh 1: Slide vai hi~u Uong hinh dQng

Hien nay, mot phan rnern trinh bay cung cap qua nhieu kha nang, lam nhieu ngU'ai rnoi h9C bi earn do SLY dl,mg
qua nhieu hieu [Link] trong mot bai thuyet trinh, khi{)n khan gia b] qua tal. Cac phan rnsm thuyet trinh chi va van
chi la mot cong Cl,J ho tro cho cac bai giang dU'9'c hieu qua. N6 khOng phai la CLYU cann cho ngU'aj dung, nen
phai tuan thu nhCYng nquyen Iy co ban v€! suo pharn va ky thuat thiet k{) de tao ra mot bai thuyet trinh. C6 ba giai
doan chinh rna moi bai thuyet trinh can phal thong qua: giai doan chuan b], giai doan thl)'c hi~n va giai doan
danh gia.

Giai doan chuan b]

V€! co ban, trong giai doan chuan b] can phai sap x~p cAc cAu HOI V~ NHOM DOl TU'Q'NG
y ti.f nham hU'ang d~n cac rnuc tieu ma bai thuyet
trinh d6 muon dat toi. Thi du, bai thuyet trinh nharn • Gbm thanh phAn nao?
cung cap thong tin hoac dan d~n nhCYng quyet djnh
86ng nhat => thi du: chi ngU'CYira quyet djnh
hay muon chao ban mot san pharn? Mot cau h6i quan Kh6ng dbng nh§t => thi du: hoc sinh va giao vien
tronq khac la xac djnh cac nh6m doi tU'Q'ng. Cac bai
• Kien thUoc can ban nao hi~n co?
thuyet trinh can dU'Q'c djnh hU'ang d~y du theo cac
nh6m doi tuonq (Hinh 2). Thi du, tuy VaG thanh phan
khan gia ma mot v~n d€! ky thuat phuc tap nen duoc
trinh bay don gian toi dau, • Nh6m doi tU'Q'ng che dQ'i nhfvng gi?

Hinh 2: SI,I' djnh hU'Oong thee nhem dbi tLP(;mg

50 1 CO' ban ve xU> 19 dff Ii~u

Trong giai doan chuan b] mot bai thuyet trinh, truce

tien chi tap trung thu thap toan bO thong tin quan tronq
(hinh anh, tal li$u quanq cao, sach, lien ket Internet
v.v ... ) (Hinh 1). Sau d6 can can nhac v§ thai gian dU'Q'C

\~./
cho phep, Mot bai thuyet trinh nen keo dai t6i da tll' 50
den 60 phut; t6t nh<1t ta ng~n hon. Cac nghien cuu da
chi ra r~ng, ngU'ai nghe c6 the tap trung khoanq 20
phut va sau d6 thi kha nang tiep thu giam di dang ke.

Khi nhin t6ng quat v€: noi dung va thai gian thi nhCi'ng
1U'Q'ng thOng tin dung lam noi dung cho bai thuyet
trinh S8 duoc phan thanh ba hanq rnuc. NQi dung-
cAn khonq dU'Q'c phep thieu trong bai thuyet trinh. NQi
dunq-nen b6 sung cho bai thuyet trinh va n6 chi bi cat
khi thuc SV' b~t kha kh8ng (nhu' thieu thai gian khong
luonq truoc dU'Q'c). NQi dung-co th€! (thi du nhu cac
ban V8 ky thuat chi tiet, thong tin d~c biet v.v ... ) thuyet
trinh vien nen "chuan b] san", de c6 the nhanh ch6ng
tra lai cac cau hei phat sinh qua SV' ho tro cua cac
slide.

Val nquyen tac mang tinh SlJ' pharn khac cOng can can
Hinh 1: Thu th(ip y tll'Oong
nhac cho khau chuan bi noi dung. NhU' the voi mot noi
dung phuc tap (thi du, mot dinh lu$t vat Iy) se giup cho
nhieu nglJ'ai nghe hieu duoc de dang non, khi cho thi
du d€m chunq tnroc roi sau d6 mol d€: cap den nhCmg
menh d€: phuc tap c6 qia tr] ph6 quat (phuonq phap
quy nap), NhCi'ng nguyen tac suo pharn CO' ban khac Nhwng nguyen [Link] SU' pharn coo ban
duo'c the hien trong Hinh 2.

• Neu van de -. vach huonq giai quyet,

Giai doan thuc hi~n sau d6 dua giai phap

• TCr kh8i quat den chi tiet

Sau khi da dinh so bO v€: noi dung va thai gian, nen
suy nghT tiep v€: b6 Cl,JCcho bal thuyet trinh. Moi bai • Truoc tien la noi dung da biet, sau mot
thuyet trinh bao gom ba phan (Hinh 3). Trong phan den cai rnoi
me» dAu S9 c6
• Truoc tien la SV' klen Cl,Jthe, sau rnoi
• Lai chao khan gia den truu tlJ'Q'ng

• Phan tV' gi&i thieu v€: ban than

Hinh 2: NhCPng nguyen tac Sll' pharn coo ban

• Ten cua chu d€:

• Oien tien cua phan thuyet trinh

Thuyet trinh d~y tV' tin va thuyet phuc khi c6: Bo cue cua bai thuyet trinh

• SV' chuan b] tan tam

a) Phan diWneu v<1nd€:
• tU' the d6i mat voi cong chunq mot each niern no t6ng quat

~ b) Phan d~n luan chll'ng

• cac dong tac cUodong phai tCr t6n, cham rai 2. Than bai dong y/ch6ng (pro/contra)
• thay d6i tien dO phat ngon (tao SV' linh heat, tranh ~ c) Ph~n ket tuan
don di$u) 3. Ket luan
d) Phan h$ qua, h$ lu~n
• khong nen sUodunq cac tCr dern nhu: "Cr, a"

Hinh 3: 80 CI,JC cua bai thuyla trinh

 1.2 Cac Lrng dunq van ph6ng 51

Thuyllt trinh vien can c6 l6>idan nh~p mang tinh kich

thich dll gay 51! chu y va "dan du" ngU'ai nghe.
1
Phlm than bill cua bai thuyet trinh phai di VaGchu de
thuc su va cOng can phai c6 mot bo CI,JC logic (Hinh 3,
trang 50).
CON NGU'Cn GHl NHO

Trong phAn ket lu~n cua bai thuyet trinh, nen t6m t~t QUA DQC lOt.
lai mot Ifln nO>anhO>ngnet chinh va ket qua da thu
duoc, Vi~c kheo leo hoan thanh bai dien thuyet la kha
QUA NGHE , Z~1.
di khi mot ItJn nCPaco the kllt noi voi phan dan nh~p
vao cuoc thao luan b<1ngeach di;it cac cau h6i cho QUA TRAy ,K:,
khan gia hoac yeu cau cho y kien phan h6i. Mot bai
thuyet trinh co kha nang dU'Q'cxem 113chuan bi noan
hao khi dl)' kien dU'Q'Ccac loi dap hoac giai thich duoc
QUA TRAy &NGHE7QX
cac cau h6i nay sinh. Tat nhien, cOng chi dl)' killn duoc
(y rnuc de'?nhat dinh. N~U'NG JJ 901.
Gl TQ' • •
THQ'c HI~N .
TY I~ ve thai gian cho tlPng phtJn (cua b6 cue) uoc
1U'Q'ngnhu' sau: 15% cho phan nhap de, 75% cho
phan than bai va 10% cho phan ket luan.
Hinh 1: Ty I~ ghi nhe»

Giai doan danh gia

SI)' danh gia diem ra du'a theo cac cau h6i:

Video/am thanh
• SI)' phan b6 ve thoi gian c6 hop Iy?
Hinh anh
• Dieu gi dat, dieu gi ctura dat?

• Dieu kien t6 chLPCnhu the nao?

• Tai Ii$u cung cap cho thinh gia co dtJy du?

• NhO>nggi c6 thll cai thien duoc?

TAm nhin Van ban Chat kich thich

Muon phan thuyet trinh diem ra thanh conq, can tan

dunq nhieu bO phan giac quan (Hinh 1). DOi voi bai Hinh 2: N(ii dung slide trinh ehi~u
trinh bay, dieu nay nghTa la b6 sung b<1ngvan ban
cho cac doi tU'Q'nghi~n ra (thi ou: nhO>ngto>chu de)
va them tranh ann (hinh anh, hinh ve v.v...) lam tang
su' chu y cua ngU'ai nghe va qua d6, nhCPngn¢i dung Bi€!u d6
chuylln tai dU'Q'cnho dai han, Thong qua vi~c hilln thi
• Bi~u db vong tren va ehi~e banh
h6a hinh anh cOng tac d¢ng giup cac thuyet trinh vien
Tbi da 7 pMn doan, k~t h9'plh9'P nh!1t cac phan
thuyet trinh thanh thao hon. dean nho, nhung rnau tU'ong phan rnanh nhat
danh eho phan doan lon nh~t
• Bi~u db e(it va bieu db thanh ngang
NOi dung slide trinh chieu ve co ban bao g6m narn loai Khoang each giua cac C¢t kh6ng nen qua ion,

doi tU'Q'ngkhac nhau (Hinh 2). De minh hoa ve cau

true t6 chLPCva cac dien tien thi danq lu'u d6 rat thich
d"ng dung nhi~u thanh ngang qua, nen co S\l'
phan biet r5 rang v~ rnau s~k va cac dU'ong
soc
ke l~ 0

hop, NhO>ngcong thuc toan hoc, nhO>ngday so kho • Bieu db dlJ'6>ng ke (db thi]
Nhi~u nh~t la t" 3 d~n 4 dU'&ng ke so sanh, nen
khan va nhCPngbang billu, tot nhM la dien ta chunq phan biet cac dU'ang ke qua mau s~e vafho~e
trang cac bieu d6 (Hinh 3). voi d¢ dam dU'ang ke va cac loai dU'il'ng ke,
nen d(, rnuc va ke thang s6 cho true x va true y

Hinh 3: Cac d;mg bieu db

52 1 Coo bim vb xU> 1'1 dCP Ii~u
Nhfrng hinh anh, video va am thanh co nguy CO'"nhcSi"
qua nhieu thong tin cling mot luc cho ngU'oi nghe. Do
PHAc THAo SLIDE TRiNH BAy
d6 viec SLYdunq cac phuonq ti$n truyen thong nay chi
nen vua duo TU'O'ngtl! cac chat Ii$u kich thich (nhu
tranh blern hoa, nhfrng trich dan, chuyen tieu lam • Nhiilu nhM la 2 loai phong chli

v.v...) cOng can dU'Q'ccan nhac c~n tronq. day can a

phai luu y rang, khonq nen thieu dCl'ngdan. Neu tan • Nhling phong chli thOng dunq, nhU' Arial, Times
New Roman
dl,mg t6t, n6 c6 the tao duoc khonq khi thoai rnai cho
nhfrng dean "kho khan" cua bai thuyet trinh.
• Dinh hinh th6ng nh~t vf!J mau sac cho ttlt ca cac
slide trlnh bay, dung rnau sac gi6ng nhau cho cunq
C6 nhieu bai thuyet trinh n1t n~ng ve phan van ban, nhling 51)' ki$n
trang khi day la phan kh6 tiep thu, do d6 can luu y cac
diem quan tronq sau: • £l~m linh IU'ong phan nhU'ng rnau sac dlmg sac
56' qua
• Chi mot chu de cho moi slide trinh bay
• Cang it dong canq t6t
• Chi nhCmg de rnuc, khong ghi nguyen cau
Hinh 1: Phac thao slide trinh bay

Ngoai ra viec phac thao (Hinh 1) va thiet k€! (Hinh 2)

cac slide trinh bay can phai thoa nhfrng dieu ki$n nhat
djnh de dam bao dU'Q'ctinh thong nhat. Mi;lt khac, dieu
rat quan tronq la khong nen lam ngU'oi nghe "qua tai"
THI!!T KE SLIDE TRiNH BAy
voi qua nhieu thay dOi ve mau sac va phonq cho neu
khong ho S8 tl! dOng ngU'ng tiep thu. HO'n nua, viec
• flinh vi cho Logo va ten cong ty
trinh bay tat ca cac slide nen dien ra theo mot trinh tl!
thong nhat (Hinh 3). • B6 Iri lieu Of!Jcua slide Irinh bay va c6 the ca phu de

Cho dau co SLYdunq den phan rnern trinh bay thl • An djnh phan van ban va phan hinh anh, nen dbng
Of!Jucho I~I ca cac slide
ngU'oi tnuyet trinh van luon 113trung tam cua SI! kien,
Bai thuyet trinh ky thuat so chi la mot cong cu ho tro. • flat thong diep chinh nam 6' trung tam, nsn to mau
Trang Hinh 4 la mot vai gQ'i y d~ thirc hi$n mot bai cno noi b(it
thuyet trinh.
• Khong dung hieu lrng che khu~t n9i dung

Tom lai, c6 the khang djnh rang, ba ITnhVI,J'C: phan van

• An dinh cac ky hi$U dieu hU'ong thong nh~t
ban trinh bay, phan thuyet giang va phan hinh anh can
duoc k€!thop Mi hoa voi nhau.

Hinh 2: Thiel ke slide trinh bay

BON GIAI £)O~N CUA PHAN TRiNH NHlYNG GQ'I Y

BAy Val SLIDE TRiNH BAy
• Phong chli phai dulO'n de ngU'ai ngbi hang cuoi c6
1. Thong bao vf!Jslide trlnh bay Ihe doc diro'c (II)' kiem Ira!)

• DI)' Irli slln mol bo Irinh chleu cho may chieu Over-
2. Hilln Ihi slide va danh Ihai gian dll quan sat head, ph6ng khi may chieu ky thuat so (Beamer)
bjh6ng

3. Giai thich (n9i dung) slide trinh bay • Thtl> trlnh bay khong c6 khan gia truce (Kiem Ira
khung thoi gian va thao lac vO'i cac thiet bi)

4. [Link] diin chuyen sang slide ke tie)p • KhOng chieu "dbn dap"; 16i Ihieu mol pMI cho mOi
slide

Hinh 3: cac giai doan cua ph~n trinh bay Hinh 4: Nhffng g9'i y de Ihl,J'C hi~n
 1.2 Cac lPng dl,mg van phonq 53

1.2.4 H~ th6ng ngan himg dCrli~u

Nh6' VaG he thong nqan hang dO>lieu, mot Ill'oong Ian 1
dO>lieu (nhv phieu h6 so khach hang cua mot hang, Phieu h6 sa Hoc dl!'ng phieu To phieu Dong
h6 sa h6 sa
tap tin dja chi cac nhan vien cong ty, danh ba dien thoai
v.v ... ) duoc luu trO>,quan l'i va danh gia. Chuonq trinh
nqan hang dO>lieu (Thuat ngO>:he thong quan l'i CO'sa
dO>lieu DBMS =
Database Management System) cho
phep phan loai dCPlieu theo cac tieu chi nhflt dinh (thi
du nhu phan loal ten theo bang chO> cal) va truy van
den nqan hang dO>lieu, con du'oc gOi la bO loc dO>li$u.
Thi dl,l c6 the hien thi tat ca cac thanh vien tham gia T~p (dan vi) TrU'ong
Ca sa dCr li(lu Tap tin dCr Ii$u dCr lieu
trong mot rnanq lU'ai khu VI,!'CtiJo nqan hang dO> lieu
dien thoai. N6 cOng c6 the truy van moi lien quan theo
logic, thi du: ten tat ca cac thanh vlen tham gia trang
mot manq Ill'6'i khu vue, bat d~u bang mau tl,!' A, Cll'
nqu tat pho B hoac pho C.

Nhu the mOi ngan hang dO>lieu bao g6m mot tap hoop
nhO>ng dO>lieu dll'Q'C ket C8U theo mot danq nhat dinh.
Viec quan l'i cac dO>lieu nay dien ra voi DBMS (h$
Ph~n rnern
thong quan l'i co sa dO>li$u). He thong nay uru trO>va quan Iy ngan
quan l'i dO>lieu ra sac la dieu knonq quan trong doi voi hang dCr Ii$u
mot ngU'6'i Sll' dl,mg he thong dO>lieu (Hinh 1). (DBMS)

Lam vlec voi mot he thong ngan hang dO>lieu chi co 'i
nghia khi, cac thuat ngo> da duoc giai thich va ngll'6'i
dung biet cac cau true CO'ban cua nqan hang dO>lieu.
The thuc heat dong co ban cua chuonq trinh co sa Hinh 1: H~ th6ng ngan hang dCP li~u
dO>lieu ta mo hinh coo so dfr li~u quan h~ (relational
database). a
day, tat ca cac dO>lieu cua mot tap tin duo'c sap xep dll'&i dc;mg mot hoac nhieu bang bieu hai
chieu (Hinh 2). cac bang bieu rieng Ie cuoc lien ket vai nhau theo logic. Dieu nay con dU'OOcgOi la SI,I' quan h~
(su tll'O'ng quan, su' bo tri). Moi mot dong cua bang bieu dll'Q'c gOi la mau (t~p, don vi) dfr Ii~u. Miiiu (tap) dO>
lieu nay c6 nhO>ng thuoc tinh nhat dinh ma ta c6 the tim thay trong cac cot cua bang bieu (nhu' Ho, Ten, dll'6'ng
pho v.v ... ).

Cac cot con dU'OOcgOi la mot trll'ang dfr li~u hoac thuQc tinh (Hinh 2). NOi dung cua toan bO trvonq dO' lieul
thuoc tinh diro'c gOi la vung-mien .

Mi
•- s6 khach hang HQ Tin 16n tSuVng at. nht Mil Cll tru NO'i CII tru

787943 Nikolaus Georg Flossweg 57a 22010 Hamburg

787944 Guth Uwe Holzstr.17 77830 Munchen T~p (don vi)

dCP lii)u

TrlJ'cYngdCP li~u

Hinh 2: Bang dCP lii)u

Ve co ban, mot ngan hang dO>lieu khong the chua hai mau dO>lieu giong het nhau, vi su bo tri can phai ro rang.
Trinh tl,!' cua cac miiiu dO>lieu khong quan tronq, vi khonq c6 rnoi quan h$ nao giO>a cac rnau dO>li$u rieng Ie.
DiJong nharn Ian vi$c nay voi Sl,!'truy van hay SI,!'phan ioal cua CO'sa dO>Ii$u, vi khi duoc truy van hoac phan loai,
cac dO>li$u S8 duoc sap xep theo mot trinh tl,J' nhat dinh. Trinh tl,J' nay chi duoc hinh thanh thong qua Sl,J'truy
van hoac SI,!'phan loai. Ta c6 the hinh dung mot tap tin CO'sa dO>li$u la mot tap hoop cac mau dO>li$u vo trat tu,
tiJod6 cac tap hop con (dU'OOcphan loai hose khonq phan loai) c6 the dll'OOClOG hra.
54 1 CO' ban v€J xU> Iy dfl' Ii~u

Trong mot CO'50>dCr li~u, cac bang diroc lien k€lt voi nhau qua cac k€lt noi kh6a chfnh (so cap) - kh6a phu (thLr
cap). Kh6a chinh duoc hi~u la trU'ang dCr li$u, nno n6 rna cac mau dCr li$u trong bang c6 th~ dU'Q'c nhan danq
ra rang. Trong bang 0>Hinh 2, trang 53, kh6a chinh la ma so khach hang, trong khi 0>Hinh 1 trang nay thi kh6a
chinh la rna so tal san ki~m ke.

Kh6a chinh cOng c6 th€l kElt hop nhieu trU'ang dCr li$u vai nhau. NhU' v~y, thi du trang mot CO'sO>dO' lieu bang dia
nhac CD, (ten) ca SI va nhan d~ dia CD du'oc SLYdunq chung lam kh6a chinh. N€lu kh6ng co cai nao cua trU'eYng
dCr li$u dV' djnh dU'Q'c chon lam khoa chinh thich h9'P, thi t6t nhat ngU'eYita bo sung them m9t 0, d€l danh 56 thLr
h,l' tll' dau d&n cuoi va sau do cho n6 lam khoa chinh. Ve CO'ban, khi phan phoi kh6a chinh can luu 'I ding, nen
SLYdunq it ky tV' nhat co th€l, vi chleu dai cua kh6a chinh c6 th€l c6 anh hU'o>ng rat dang k€l d€Jn thoi gian thuc
hi$n cac phep tinh.

Hien nay cac g6i Lrng dl,mg van ph6ng thU'eYng duoc cung cap mot phan rnern gOi la trlnh thuat 51 (wizard), giup
cho vi$c thiet I~p CO'so dCr lieu de dang, n6 hU'eYng dan ngU'ai SLYdl,mg khi thiet k€J va qanh vac bat cong vl$c
cho ngU'eYidung vot cac thiet I$p rnac dlnh truoc. £loi voi cac (Png dunq don gian, vi$c thiElt kEl voi mot trinh thuat
51 nhu v~y 113kha duo Tren 1'1thuyst, lam viec voi cac CO'sa dCr lieu thuonq gom ba ouoc: len k€J hoach, nhap
dO>li$u va danh gia dO>li$u. Sau day la thi du ve vi$c van dunq trinh thuat st.

iDImI Nharn muc dich kiem ke mot each thuan 19'i, can lap danh sach nhCmg may tinh thuoc ph6ng, sa cua mot
conq ty hi mot co sa dO>lieu. M§ s6 tai san kiem ke se la kh6a chinh.

1m Phonq thi nghii)m PC

Ten vat lieu D!;lng ..
Ma s6 kiem ke tai san s6 Tieu chuan cong ty 6 chO>
Kh6a chinh Ngaythang Ngay thangl Gio
Bang rnach chinh ChO> Nha chEl tao
CPU ChC!' Ky hleu, nha chEl tao, Tfln s6
BQ nho RAM ChO> [GB]
Me dun man hinh ChCr Nha chEl tao, ky hieu
M6 dun am thanh ChCr Onboard/M6 dun
Va may ChO> Laptop, Desktop
BQ nguon [Watt] So DO'n vi Watt
ora cLPng 1 So [GB]
ma cLPng 2 So [GB]
USB~_O co Ikh6ng
DVD ROM co Ikh6ng
o ghi CDIDVD co Ikh6ng
_ 0 dia cLPng 3,5 Zoll co Ikh6ng
M6 dun rnanq internet co Ikh6ng
Win toc rnanq ChO> [Mbit]
Bios ChO>
He dieu hanh ChO>
Goi phan rnern van phonp ChO>
Mii s6 PC ChCr

Ghi chu: NhO>ngtrLJ'ong dO>lieu cua mot bang dU'Q'c trinh bay theo cot qua phan rnern phac thao co sa
dO>lieu. Dieu nay chi nharn muc dich trinh bay dU'Q'Ct6t hon va no kh6ng mau thuiln vai 16i
trinh bay cac milu dO>lieu theo dong.

Hinh 1: Thi~t k~ mi?t co sO>dfF lieU

Trong viec hoach dinh CO'sa dO>li$u, cau true CO'ban phai duo'c an dinh; c6 nghTa la din xac dinh CO'sa dO>lieU
phai bao g6m nhu:ng trLJ'eYngdO>lieU va loal dO>li$u nao (van ban, con s6, ngay thanq, c6/kh6ng v.v ... ) cho m6i
trLJ'eYngdO>lieU. Dieu quan tronq ta loai dO>li$u, vi qua do S8 xac dinh nhO>ng phep toan nEIOc6 th€l thuc hien, Thi
du nhu loai ~O>lieU "con so" va loal dO>lieU "nqay thanq", cho phep tinh toan b~ng 56 hoc va tinh toa~ b~ng phep
so sanh (chang han nhu tc1t ca cac may tinh d6 da dU'9'c mua vao mot nqay nhat dinh hoac tc1t ca cac may tinh
co dung 1U'Q'ngIan hon 4 GB RAM). NgU'O'c lai, 10<;3i dO>lieU "van ban" kh6ng cho phep dung phep tinh so sanh,
 1.2 Cac (rng dl)ng van ph6ng 55

{)~ vi~c trinh bay va nhap li$u dU'9'c ro rang, nqay nay cac chuonq trinh co so dO>Ii$u d§u cung cap bieu mau
nharn ho tro don gian hoa viec nhap dO>lieu. Cac bieu mau d6 cung cap truoc cho ngU'oi stYdunq nhO>nggia tr] 1
nhat dinh (thi du nhU' 109ivo may tinh: thap nho, tnao trung, thap ton, may tinh xach tay, may tinh de ban) noac
don gian h6a viec nhap li$u b~ng each chi can danh dau tuy chon "c6/khong". Nqoai ra c6 the quy uoc gia tr]
duoc nhap thuonq xuyen thanh qia tr] rnac djnh. Va cOng c6 the d§ ra quy tac h9'P 1$de kiem tra (thl du li$u '-- __ ...I
ma s6 hang c6 du sau cot so), a
day cac bieu truro se duoc t90 ra boi cac phep toan nho c(lng/trlP, nho hO'n/
Ian non va phep toan logic And/Or, nho n6 chuonq trinh se kiem tra xem nh~p li$u co dap (rng quy tac h9'P 1$
kh6ng. Neu quy tac nay b] vi pharn, thong bao loi se xuat hi$n (Hinh 1).

MICrosoft Access I'gl

Bao 10i, n~u chi s6
Kh6a chinh M§ s6 ki~m k~ tai san 6 s6 himg ton kho khOng du
sau cQt s6

Inventall'ltlTlmer USB 3_0 r

InventardattITI DVD ROM r 6 dO> Ii(iu
c6/khOng
(tuy chon)
dA cann dau
Mairoboard T liP Brenner r cheo

CPU
NetzWl!fkkarte r
Geschwindigkeit Netz
RAM Speicher

Graphikkarte
Sound
Gehause NhO>ng tr] (tuy Bios
att-Zahl Netztea chon) cho
truoc danh
cho <'> vo may Oflice·Paket

PC_Nummer

Nhay d~n Moliu dO> Ii.;iu Nhay d~n

khai di~m tuc thai phlin cu6i

Hinh 1: Mau nh~p dO> Ii~u

Sau khi toan b(l cac rnau dO>li$u da duoc nhap vao, n6 se duoc phan loat trong cac bang hoac bi~u rnau. Tat
nhien, trang danq hi~n th] nay S8 c6 tat ca cac mau dO>lieu cua bang (Hinh 1, trang 56), nhunq ta c6 the tarn
thai an cac 0 (dO>li$u) rieng le.

Neu can lee nhO>ngtap h9'P con tlP nhO>ngmau dO>li$u cua mot bang bieu th] theo tleu chi nao d6, thi can lam
19itruy van v§ nhap li$u bang. Phan rnern trinh thuat sf truy ho tro cho viec thiet lap cac truy van bang phirc t9P.
Cu th~ la, trU'ang dO>li$u tlP bang kiem tra co the chon each truy van (ngh7a la, trang mot truy van, khong nhat
thiet tat ca cac 6 cua bang cung xuat hi$n) va djnh nhO>ngtieu chi rieng Ie cho cac a (dO>li$u) nay. V~ nquyen
tac, nhO>ngtieu chi nay la nhO>ngbieu thuc logic thuoc phep toan logic AND (vA). Do d6 toan b(l cac tleu chi _
t(rc cac truy van - cua moi mau dO>li$u co the gia djnh c6 gia tr] "dung" (tuc, rnau dO>li$u hoac mot tap h9'P con
xuat hi$n trang truy van) hoac "sai" (tuc, cac mau ghi dO>li$u hoac mot tap h9'P con khonq xuat hien trang truy
van) (Hinh 2, trang 56).
56 1 CO' ban v~ xU>Iy dfl' li~u

~fu
Glarn sat vi€m can mot danh sach cac may tinh ca nhan phan theo nqay mua.

fmlabor_pc 13!:!
'"
[Link] • Inventardatum "1 CPI) ~ RAM· >cund GehalJ5e • Watt-Zahl N .• Fertplattel .• Festplatte 2 • USB 3_0 Brenner .• Geschwindl .• Bios
200002 600 500 0 0 10/100 Mbit Award
200004 03 06 201 AMD .• G8 onboard
onbcere
Desktop
-.
500 500 0 0 10/100 •• bit Award
200001 27.08 2010 Intel 2 GB Karte Desktop 600 750 0 0 1000 Mbit AMI
100009
15.10.2010 A 8 GB i1 Hath OatlJfD lOftlHt" (luhu1oeml) 3SO 0 0 10/100 Mbit Award
looooi 14 12.2010 AMO 4 G8 Ir. 250 500 0 0 10/100 •• bit Award
100008 14 122010 AMD 6 i 1 Hath [Link] [Link] {abrlelgfn~ 500 0 0 10/100 •• bit Award
. I':'::-
300004 05.01.20U AMD a GB IQ k,mHer," 4.50 0 0 1000 Mblt Award
200007
200006
2 •• 04.2011
28.04.201L
Inllil
Intol
.GB
8 GB I~ EI'ltu~en
1.100
1000
0
0
0
0
10/100
10/100
Mbit
Mbit
Award
Award
200010 OL05.2011 Intel 4GB
B ftldbrtite 400 400 0 0 1000 Mbit Award
200009 aLDS.20ll Intel 4 GB 3SO 0 0 1000 Mblt Award
Felder [Link]
200008 01.05.2011 [Link] .GB 1000 500 0 0 1000 Mblt Award
300005 [Link].2011 •• MD 4GB Feldtr Wiedtr tinbltndtn 4.50 0 0 10/100 Mbit Award
300009
300007
12.0S.2011
29.05.2011
•• MD
•• MD
AGB
'GB
m hldeJ [Link] 1500
450
0
0
0
0
10/100
10/100
Mbit
Mblt
Award
Award
300001 27.06.2011 Intel AGB
flnfritruno jlltr Ftldtr .ufhtbt.n
~ 0 0 lOOOMblt Award
300002 31.08.2011 Intel 2GB ~ Sychen ••• 500 0 0 1000 Mbit Award
,CXlOO6 0&.09,2011 AMD AGB 450 3SO 0 0 10/looMblt Award
30000, 04.10.201L Intel 8GB "( ftld tlntugtn
300 0 0 1000 Mbit Award
lDODDI ".10.2011 AMD 2GB " SutheQ enoem 400 0 0 10/100 •• bit Award
100004 Intol HB 600 0 0
.,.
16.10.2011 1000 Mblt AMI
:Q ftld umbtDtn"tn
10000, 16.10,2011 Intel 4GB 500 0 0 10/100 Mbit AMI
ftld lanhen
1DODD2 16.10.2011 •••• D AGB 500 3SO 0 0 10/100 Mbit Award
100010 OS.U.2011 •• MD 2GB onboard Midi Tower ,SO 750 2SO 0 0 10/100 Ubit Award
300011 16.11.2011 mtet 8Gb onboard Midi TOWQ, SOO lS011 0 0 lO/IOOMblt Award
300010 16.11.2011 Intel 6GB onboard BlgTOWElt" 750 lS011 1000 0 0 10/100 Mblt Award

. 300008
20000'
17.11.2011
11.12.2011
A"D
AMD
4GB
2GB
onboard
onboard
Midi Tower
MidlTower
SOlI
SOO
1Il00
25<1
0
0
0
0
10/100
10/100
Mbit
Mbit
Award
Award
lCXlOO6 2LI2,2011 ""D 4GB onboard BlgTow~ 450 500 0 0 10/100Mblt Award
1D00D5 Intel 4GB onboard Desktop 100 0 0
•...•.
. .
21.122011 45D 1000 Mbit AMI
200003 28.12.2011 Intel 4GB De,ktop 4SO 600 0 0 10/100 •• bit Award

~;.32~. ". ~Kti"f;thr 5u::he.;-----n : .. -- r>

Hinh 1: Bang dii' li~u dLPQ'c phiin loai

Nh~m muc dich killm tra kha nang kh~u hao, trU'ang phonq mu6n co mot bang Ii$t ke t~t ca may tinh co
danq thap trung dil dU'Q'c killm ke truce ngay 31 thanq 12 narn 2010. 6ng ta chi quan tam den chi s6 hang
tbn kho, ma so cua may tinh va nqay killm ke hang t6n.

Thi~t k~ truy v~n Kl!!t qua truy van

@MidiTOW.'
- :3'l Midi-Tower
labor PC
. ~
Inv@ntamur • Inv@ntardatum • PC_Numm@'
1
' Itwfntamummer

•• lOOIICII lU2.201O D 205 PC 8

y
[Link]
100009 15.10.2010 0205 _PC 9
t.4ainboatd Typ
(PI) 200008 01.U.2010 0204 _PC 8
RAM-Speichtr
Grepl'likklrtt
• rr 300005 01.U.2010 0206]C5
Sound
Gehlust
Wltt·[Link]
[Link] 1 Sptkhtr IO.t.n •• tz: 14 1 yon4
• >1 > I J,. ~.In FIll., I Such
Ft-stpllttt
USB! 0
2 Speicher
T - NhCPng6 dCPli~u oU'qc cung ting san
.r.j

r
j>

hid; .., [Link] ;1 [Link] thiU

i
!l.•. '.Pe
}
[Link]: [Link] [Link] [Link] ..:;;:.
Sortitrunv. " NhCPng6 dCPli~u Il!a chon danh cho
[Link];
0 WI T
0 51! truy Van
Krittritno <_31, '.20100,
odtr: ''\ ~ IT
•r. J I I.
., .. \..
£lIeu ku:m. truoc 31.12.2010 ~
Se kh6ng hilln th] khi xuat dCPIi~u

Hinh 2: Truy v~n va.i kilt qua

Neu phai len k€l noach cho nhCmg co so dG>li~u d6 S9 hon thl nhG>ng thao lac voi trinh thuat SI S8 kh6ng con dap
ll'ng dU'Q'c rura, bai can lU'u y them nhieu dieu kien cho co so dO' li~u. Trong khu6n kh6 cuon sach nay kh6ng
the de
cap duoc d~n nhO>ng dieu ki~n nhU' Sl)' chuan h6a hoac moi tuonq quan 1: 1 va 1:n de hoach dinh CO' sa
dO>li~u.
 1.3 Phan rnern bo sung 57

1.3 Phan mem be, sung

Ben canh cac IYngdl,mg chinh ntur XlP Iy van ban, tinh So' db cong nghe
1
toan danq bang va ph~n rnern IYng dl,mg thuyet trinh
ae tao nhCmg phan trinh bay dl,J'an bao quat, con can
den phan rnern XlP Iy hlnh anh va ph~n rnern h6 tro
viec thiet I$p dl,J'an.

1.3.1 XU- Iy/chinh su-a hinh anh

"MQt buc anh qla tri thuyet phuc hon ca nqan chCr".
Nham giup ngU'6'i dQCde hieu, trong m6i mot tal lieu
ky thuat (thi du chi th] cua hang ve viec khao sat tho
chuyen rnon), trong trang Web va bai thuyet trinh, ben
canh phan van ban con chua dl,l'ng nQi dung ve do
hoa, ch<flnghan nhU' hinh anh tiJomay anh ky thuat 55,
nhCrng so d6 conq nghe, cac d6 hoa rnau (cliparts),
anh chup (tu) man hinh (screenshot) v.v... (Hinh 1).

Khi cai d~t cac loai d6 hoa d6 VaGmQttai li$u hoac mot "".,... ~ ~ >,"
bai thuyet trinh can lU'u y den cac tieu chi sau: 0__ -"""_"'•...•.
_""' ..•..•.

• Djnh danq d6 hoa (d6 hoa vecto hoac d6 hoa diem

ann)

• Kich thuoc va dQ phan giai thuc te

• Mau sac
• Co the 6' danq nen Hinh 1: NhiJong db hoa khac nhau

Khi trinh bay theo danq diem anh thi birc anh dU'Q'c
chia ra lam nhCrng hinh vuonq d6ng deu, can duoc
gOi la diem anh Pixel. M6i mot diem anh nay duoc
gan cho mot rnau, Vai do phan giai vua du (co nghTa
113 kha du cac diem anh nho) cac diem anh hoa hop
thanh bli>c anh rna mat ngU'6'i khong the nhan dien
dU'Q'CtiYng anh diem riEmgle. Nhunq khi ta phonq birc
anh len au lon, thi 51,1'
phan b6 diem anh co the dlJ'Q'C
nhan danq ro rang (Hinh 2).

Trang d6 hoa vecto', khong phai cac diem anh rieng Ie

duoc luu trCr, rna la nhCmg cong thirc toan hoc dung
rno ta cac d<;lnghinh hoc va rnau sac cua n6. Do d6,
mot tap tin d6 hoa vecto 58 chira cac lenh dlJ'Q'Cphan
rnern thuc hien de V8 nen boc anh (Hinh 3).

Bang 1: So sanh do hQ8 di~m anh va do hQ8

Hinh 2: Ell, noa diem imh
vecta
ElO noa diem anh D6 hoa vecta

lfng dl,mg
• Hinh anh • Bang vii ky tnuat
• D6 hoa
Hinh chii nhat
Tam diem~ (9; 4)
U'u diem DU'Q'c h6 tro bOoi Khong bi giam chat 10 _ Chieu r(>ng: 10
hau het cac phan 1U'Q'ngkhi ph6ng Ian Chieu cao: 5
rnern dO hoa To dfly: rnau xanh 10'
, 5~
£)U'ang vien: rnau

NhU'Q'c diilm Thong tin cua hinh

anh narn dU'oi
d;;mg s6 h6a
Chi co kha nang
bien tap voi nhiing
ph~n rnern d,;ic thu
LLJ- 1
den
£)(>rong dlP&ng ke:
1pt

9
Djnhdf;mg jpg, bmp, png. tiff, Thi du: odg (Open
tap nn eps, gif Office Draw)
Hinh 3: 1)6 hoa vecto
58 1 CO'ban v~ xu. Iy dCP Ii~u

Kich thuoc cua mot anh do hoa raster (raster graphics)

(thi du anh kh6 10cm x 15cm) cho bitJt kich co cua
buc do hoa Ion bao nhieu khi dU'Q'c in voi ty 1$ ph6ng
anh 100%.

M$t d9 di~m, thU'O'ng duoc gOi la d9 phan giai hinh

anh, la mot d$c tinh quan tronq khac cua mot do hoa
diem anh (Hinh 1). Cac don vi pho bien nh~t la: Thflp Trung binh Cao
• dpi (dots per inch; diem anh moi inch)
Hinh 1: cac de;,phan giai khac bi~t
• ppi (pixel per inch)

Cac tr] so ve mau sac va d9 sang (can duoc gOi la

d9 sau mau hay d9 darn maul cua hinh anh ky thuat
so, se duoc luu trfr theo diem anh doi voi cac 10<;1i db
hoa diem anh va dU'Q'C luu trfr theo moi vecto dinh
nghia rnau doi voi cac loai do hoa vecto. Mai diem ann
hoac m6i vscto c6 chua mot s6 1U'Q'ngdU'Q'c an dinh v~
kha nang x~p nac thang (do sau mau sac) cao t6i da
(Hinh 2). Ph6 bitJn nhat 113khonq gian mau RGB (do,
xanh 113cay, xanh da trail voi 8 bit cho mOi kenh, v~
mi,lt Iy thuy~t kha dT tuonq CPngvol (28)3 = 16.777.216
(khoanq 16,7 trleu) mau: n6 con dU'Q'c goi la "true color"
(tieng Anh c6 nghTa la rnau sac trung thuc), Hinh 2: Cac de;,sau v~ rnau sac khac nhau

£)0 phan giai canq cao, hinh do hoa canq Ion va d9 sau rnau sac cang nhieu thi hinh do hoa doi hoi l<,Iicang
dung nhieu bO nho non (Hinh 3).

Nho c6 rno hinh toan hoc phuc tap rna cac do hoa diem anh c6 the dU'Q'C nen 1<,[Link] nhlen, khi lam the chat
1U'Q'nghinh anh S8 giam. Ngay nay cac chuonq trinh do hoa cho phep nen vo cap, qua d6 (ngU'O'i dung) c6 the
tharn dinh dU'Q'Cchat 1U'Q'ngcua ktJt qua qua mot khung cLra s6 xem truoc.

72 dpi, d¢ sau rnau s~e 24 bit

20 em x 30 em, 567 x 850 pixel

DO sau mau sac 80 sau rnau sac

8 bit, 72 dpi, 24 bit. 96 dpi,
284 x 425 pixel, 385 x 507 pixel,
10emx15cm 10,2 cm x 13,4 cm

'.J
Anh chup (tiP) man hinh
Thi du vl! each tinh anh chup tiP man hinh (571 kB)

Chieu rong: 10,2 em x 1 inch x 96 Pixel = 385 Pixel' Chi~u eao: 13,4 em x 1 inch x 96 Pixel = 507 Pixel
2,54 em inch' 2,54 em inch

T6ng 56 diem anh = 385 x 507 = 195,195 pixel

Nhu diu (chi{;m dunq) b¢ nno = t6ng s6 ILrQ'ngdiem anh x dOsau rnau sac x 1byte/8bit

An~ae~~jn~iP)=195195 Pixel x ~~x~ilt x 18B~i:e = 585585 Byte £ 571,8 kB == 0,56 MB (h$ 56 chuyen d6i 1024 = 2'0)
db hoa diem anh chua dLrQ'cnen

Hinh 3: Anh hll'&ng cua dO;;phan giai, kich cO>va de)sau mau sac cua me)t db hoa di6m anh den nhu cau chiem d\lng be)nh6>
 1.3 Ph~n rnern b6 sung 59

8i€lu quan tronq doi vai d6 hoa di~m ann la phal biet
tap tin gec mang nhfrng dac diem nao, sau d6 mai
chon lfng dunq d6 hoa dtroc. Thi du nhu, voi mot d6 1
hoa lay tCl' rnanq Internet (2 cm x 3 ern, dO sau mau
sac 8 bit va 50ppi; dung ILI'Q'ng 1 kB) thl khong th~ in
ra kh6 DIN A4 dLl'Q'c. TLI'O'ng tv, chang c6 loi gi khi tich
hop vao trang Web mot blfc anh cnup vo'i may chup
ann ky thuat so loai c6 kinh phan chieu (5184 pixel x
3456 pixel, 72 dpi va do sau rnau 24 bit; dung ILI'Q'ng
(nen): 6 MB).

Nhfrng chLl'O'ng trinh d6 hoa ph6 bien hien nay d~u

cho phep kha nang thay d6i vi tri, do phan giai, kich
Cry va do sau rnau sac cua d6 hoa diem anh, Vi~c ILI'u Hinh 1: Chinh SLP3mQt do hoa dillm anh
trO>dLl'ai nhO>ng djnh oanq d6 hoa khac nhau hoac nen
lai, cOng duoc tlch hop s~n. Ben canh d6, n6 con cho
phep cat xen, nghTa 113chi SLr dunq mot pnan cat tCl'
mot d6 hoa c6 san, C6 the loai bo phan noi dung b] loi L6'p 1: 00 hoa L6'p 2: Van ban
cua mot buc ann (Hinh 1), cho phep go> be tinh tranq MO£lUN £lU'Q'C TACH RII~NG
mat d6 khi chup hinh c6 dung flash.

Nho>ng do hoa vecto rat thich hop cho vi~c tao cac
sa do conq ngh~. Phan Ian chi su' dunq d€!n nhO>ng
dang hinh hoc don gian (thi ou nhu hinh chO> nhat,
hinh vuonq v.v ... ), van ban va bieu tLl'Q'ng (nhu' mOi
ten kh6i va dLl'ang ke v.v ... ) de trinh bay cac ILI'u do v~
nanq IL1'Q'ng, thong tin va v~ vat li~u hoac v~ cac chi
ti4t gia conq. NhO>ng hinh dang hinh hoc se duoc to
mau (d6ng deu hoac chuyen rnau tCl'tCl') va dLl'Q'Cd6ng
khung bang dLl'ang ke (Hinh 2). 80 phonq Ian cua
mot do hoa vecto c6 kha nang thay d6i ty Ie rna khong
b] giam chat ILI'Q'ng, vi sV mo ta toan hoc cua cac doi
tLl'Q'ng hinh hoc c6 the dLl'Q'C ph6ng Ian hoac thu nho
tuy 'I thong qua h~ so hinh dang. Nhu cau ve bo nho
cho mot d6 hoa vecto nhu th4 n6i chung 113rat thap,

Vao thai diem hi$n tal, moi phan rnarn Xli' 1'1van ban
llnear.![Link]
deu cung cap mot kha nang tao do hoa vecto. 8ieu dM~.II'[Link]
UN11L1N2ILIN3

nay rat c6 ich cho cac lfng dl,Jng don gian. Tuy nhien,
neu muon tao mot so do conq ngh$ prurc tap hon thi Hinh 2: £)0 hQ3 vecto v6>i nhieu lop
conq Cl,l nay se khong duo Thi du, ngLl'ai ta khong the
ILI'U do hoa d6 dLl'ai dang mot tap tin doc lap, NhO>ng
ky thuat quan tronq khac giup don gian h6a viec tao
ra cac d6 hoa phuc tap khong tich hop du, chang han
nhu' vlec thao tac voi cac lap khac nhau (ti4ng Anh 103
Layer) (Hinh 2).

1.3.2 Tao tai li~u PDF

Tren Internet luon co nhO>ng doi h6i trao d6i tal li~u giO>a cac nen khac nhau. Cong ty Adobe Systems da phat
trien dang thuc tai li~u chuyen dLl'Q'c (ti€!ng Anh: Portable Document Format, goi tat 103PDF) voi rnuc dich tao mot
dinh danq tap tin doc lap, lam nen tang cho cac tal li~u. Dinh danq nay dLl'Q'c conq bo Ian dau vao narn 1993.

Dinh dang tai li~u nay cho phep chuyen giao tap tin doc I$p voi chuonq trinh lfng dunq, vai h$ dieu hanh hoac
vai cac nen phan clfng. NgLl'ai SLr dunq cac tap tin PDF luon c6 the doc hoac in tal li~u dLl'ai dinh dang do tac gia
da thiet lap. NhO>ng van de hoan chuyen diem hinh chat sinh khi trao d6i giO>acac chuonq trinh lfng dunq khac
nhau (nhu viec thay dbi phan trang hoac thay dbi phong chfr khac) duoc 10ai boo
60 1 Coo ban ve xU> Iy diP li~u

Cho den nay, viec phan bo tal li$u LYngdunq di$n tCf dinh danq PDF hi~n nhien da tro thanh tieu chuan rno on
dinh rQng khap the giai. T§t ca cac ph6ng cho, cac dinh danq, rnau sac va d6 hoa cua moi tai lieu g6c S8 dU'9'c
duy tri, kh6ng b] 1$thuoc VaG LYngdunq va phan nen dU'9'CsCfdunq de tao ra n6. 8a c6 mot so chuonq trinh
doc PDF mien phi (thi du nhu Adobe Reader, Foxit Reader) de doc cac van ban PDF. Cac trinh duyet Web hien
dai deu co kha nang hien tb] cac tai lieu PDF true tiep ma kh6ng din phai rno mot chuonq trinh doc PDF tCJ>
ben nqoai,

Ngoai ra, PDF co san cac d<i\ctfnh din thiet danh cho cac tai lieu dien tCf nhu:
• Tich h9'P cac yeu t6 da phuonq tien truyen th6ng (thi ou: audio, video, hinh anh chuyen dOng (animation))
thong qua SI,!'ho tro cua trinh Adobe-Flash trang Adobe Reader nen khonq can them may phat (player).
• Lien kat sieu van ban (hypertext link) cho phep viec diau hU'O'ngben trang tai lieu (thi du nhu rnuc luc co the
click VaG hoac xem truoc cac trang dU'O'idanq thu nh6 (Hinh 1)). Nhieu nha san xuat cung cap sach huonq
dan hoac nhCPnghU'O'ngdan sCfdl,.lngdU'O'idanq taP tin PDF tren manq de ngU'&i dung de tal ve.
• Cho phep tao cac rnau don noan chinh (thi du ban bao cao ve thiet hai bao hiem) de sau do c6 the gCfi li;li
cho ngU'ai tao miflu qua manq.
• Tal lieu PDF co the ph6ng IO'n/nh6 theo ty Ie tl,.l'do, nho PDF dtra vao ky thuat vecto.

Hien ton tai tren th] trU'ang cac san pharn phan rnern tao cac tap tin PDF, c6 loai mieln phi va co loai phai tra tien.
NgU'ai ta c6 the laP ma cac tap tin duoc tao ra de, chang han nho, khong cho phep sac chep hoac in an nQidung
(Hinh 1). Tuy nhien, cac CO'che bao ve d6 khonq dang tin cay lam va c6 the dU'Q'Ckhac phuc tU'O'ngdoi de dang.

2.3 Topoklg!1 3: Anl'g,nlt,ulrullj mil unterlageMlHI

hllanllgen

Oeo'~lri..tdK~8t_~,<.nt~"""""'r..[Link]$cIe~
dnOON.rnef1;'lIqelflll

Hlnh quan sa!

> dU'cYi dang thu
nh6
LtterldYellen:f'tit~

~er~e&..n:ttill:aA60:siQ
Sieu lien k~!

-.-

Hlnh 1: Tai Ii(iu PDF

1.3.3 Quan Iy dV' an

Bat ky mot ?l,.I'an nao dien ra [Link],mOtkhoanq thai gian kha dai deu can phai laP lich thai gian. Cac dl,!'an Ian S8
duoc lap ke hoach voi cac phan rnem rnanh tuonq XLl'ng(thi du: MS Project, OpenProj). 8e SLR dl,.lngnhQ>ngconq
cu nay, tat nhlen can phai dU'Q'cdao tao that chu dao. 8ieu nay nam nqoai khuon kh6 cua cuon sach. 80i voi cac
dl,J'an nh6, t.!lt nhien co cac cong cu kha don gian du dap Ll'ngcho cac yeu c8U nay.

Muc tieu co ban cua sl,!'hoach djnh tCJ>ng

dl,.l'an la can de ra mot rno hinh tU'O'ngdoi chinh xac cho tien trinh du an.
M6 hinh nay bao g6m t§t ca cac heat dQng va trinh tl,.l'cua n6. 80i voi cac dl,.l'an a rnuc hoat dOng thap cho den
trung binh, thi bieu do GANTT, con dU'Q'cgoi ta bieu do thanh ngang, rtH thich hop. Trang bieu do Gantt, cac heat
 1.3 Phan rnern bo sung 61

di;>ng cua mot dl,J'an duoc trinh bay duoi danq bang. Cac heat di;>ng rieng rei se dlJ'qc hi~n thi boi mot thanh ngang
(chay) doc theo true thai gian; di;>dai cua thanh ngang tlJ'O'ng Ll'ng thai gian cua hanh di;>ng (Hinh 1).
1
Bieu do GANTT

Hinh 1: Bieu d6 Gantt

Bieu d6 Gantt rat ra rang, n6 cho phep the hien true

tiep thai gian cua tling hanrt di;>ng rieng rei va cua toan
Bang 1: Khiii quiit va cac noat dQng
51,1' ,:lieu khllm
m,ng chuyen nghiep
bi;>dl,J' an. Nhuo'c di~m cua n6 la kh6 th~ hi$n Sl,.I'ket va "I,)m truy c~'pWiFi
n6i cua cac heat di;>ng chay song song. Ky hi(m Thai gian
ngan Ih~e hi~n
Ch~ 1,0 2 Ihanh ch6ng
cua 6n9 nhOrn 4 canh, lAp gMp thanh chOng hinh ch(; T, thi~t l~p may 01

ell xen [Link] Ihi!.c Cue II>.gap cenh va hIp rap. IhiAI I~p may 02
M6i lien quan giQ>a cac heat di;>ng don Ie c6 the duoc
dien cat qua phuonq phap ky thuat so d6 rnanq, SO' G~n phlin CLPng
cua m~ng chuyen nghi~p
eve dO dai thanh dO' va gan 1M tam thillc dl,lc 16 11 0,5
d6 rnanq rat d€l hi6U va co n9i ham ton, vi n6 cung cap
Cat 6n9 <1l,f09 day cap va gan len 12 0,5
cai nhin tong the tuyet voi ve toan bi;> cac heat di;>ng Ga.n phan clrng va k~t nOi day 13 6
cua dl,J'an va mol lien quan giQ>achunq.
Di~m truy c~p WiFi
coa thanh dO' va gan U~n tam Ihiec dl,lc 10 21 0,5
cAt 6ng dt,l'ng day cap va gan I~n 22 0,5
Gan phan clrng va k~t nOi day 23 3
Truoc tien, ta can ghi chep tling tien trinh va thai gian
cua n6 theo d<;lng bang (Bang 1). Sau d6 I$p so d6 Cho khc7id<)n9m,ng chuyen n9hi~p 30
mane, trong d6 moi heat di;>ng rieng Ie duoc xem la
nhQ>ng tram so d6 m<;lng (hop nho). Tai cac vi tri xac Cho khcioid<)n9WiFi 40

dlnh, se kern ghi chu m6 ta thai gian thuc hi$n, bat dau
D~ an h~ Ih6ng phan lo~i
som nhat, ket thuc sorn nhat, bat dau muon nhat va
sap xep df1li~u quy trinh bao gOm tlm 16i 51
ket thuc muon nhat, Ngoai ra con c6 cac 6 danh d~ ghi Lap trinh trong PCWorx 52
tong thai gian d~m va thai gian d~m de tr6ng (Hinh 2). Tlrn 16i hoac di6u chinh ky cang cho M th6ng 53

Tili Ii~u 60 3
T6ng c<)n9 26

Cac hi;>p nh6 rieng re duoc noi voi nhau bang nhQ>ng
mOi ten, qua d6, m6i lien h$ giQ>acac heat di;>ng duoc Thai gian b~1 Thai gian kel
hien th], Thai gian d$m duoc tinh bang each ci;>ng diiu sorn nhat tnuc sorn nhat
thai gian di€ln ra VaG thai gian bat dau sorn nhat cua
hoat d(>ng. Nhu the ta c6 dlJ'qc thai diem ket thuc som Ky 56 cua Tim cua hoat d¢ng

I
nhat va d6 cOng chinh la thai diem bat dau sorn nhat hoat d¢ng

cua heat di;>ng tiep theo. Cach tinh tinh tien nay se Thai gian T6ng thai Thai gian d~m
duoc thuc hien cho den hoat di;>ng cu6i cling. Tli d6 thuc hi~n gian dem con de
ng6

ta l<;libat dau tinh nquoc de duoc tong thai gian d~m

Thai gian b~t Thai gian ket
qua Sl,J'sai biet giQ>a bat dau som nhat va muon nhat diiu muon nh~t thuc muon nhat
(Hinh 1, trang 62).
Hinh 2: Nut cua so d6 tram
62 1 CO' ban v~ xlv Iy dfp Ii~u

2,0 2,5 2,5 3,0 3,0'~----=c~---,9,0

~rl1 ThllrlndQProlinet ---"1,12 Mangdvngeap ~ 13 PhAnclJ'Og ~
I ~0,5 0,0 0,0 r-----10,5 0,0 0,0 t------- 6 0,0 0,0 r-
~ U U M M ~

0,0 1,0 1,0 2 9,0 11,0

01 OngV\Jong4~nh ~ 02 T~mthi'cd~lb~ ~ 301 van Mnh Profinetl--
1 1,0 0,0 0,0 1,0 0,0 0,0""}- f--{2,OT o,oT 0,0 1-
0,0 0,0 1,0 2 9,0 11,0

2,0 2,5 2,5 3,0 3,0 6,0

21 Thanh ditWiFI 22 0.,9 c!\,ogd~y ~p 23 Phinrung
1,0 0,0 0,0 0,5 0,0 0,0 3,0 3,0 3,0
2,0 2,5 2,5 3,0

11,0 12,0 12,0 13,0 13,0 18,0 18,0 20,0 20,0 23,0
~21 Thilnh!lO'WiFI ~ 51 Oi1I~uquytrjnh ~ 52 14ptrinh ~ 53 TIm 1& 6OTv&nMnhProfineq
---t',0 0,0 0,0 t- 1,0 0,0 0,0 r--- 4,0 0,0 0,0 -- 2,0 0,0 0,0 3,OT 0,01 0,0 l
11,0 13,0 12,0 13,0 13,0 18,0 18,0 20,0 20,0 23,0

• Ca hai san pham duoc

ch~ tao sau 23 ti.!lng
• T6ng thdi gian lam viec la
26 ti';ng
• Trong san xuat WiFi ta c6 mot
khoanq d~m 1133 ti';ng

Hinh 1: SO' db mi;lng

Nh& co so d6 rnanq rna ta thay OU'Q'ctuyen tot han. 86 la chu6i ti~p n6i nhat djnh cua cac noat dong rna SI! thay
doi v~ thai gian cua n6 S8 lam xe dich thai nan cuol cunq. Tuyen toi han thay duoc trong so do mang 103 chubi
nhQ>ngheat dong cho thay tong thai gian thuc hi$n lau nhat (Hinh 1),

Hay tao mot CO' sa

dQ>lieu voi tat ca dia chi cua cac cong ty dao tao cho lop hoc cua ban, d~ khi thong bao
b~ng van ban cho ca lop c6 th~ thao thtr g&i hang loat, Hay an djnh mot kh6a chinh.
2 Hay tao mot CO' sa
dQ>Ii$u cua tat ca cac may tinh c6 san trong hai ph6ng thi nghi$m khac nhau, Hay phan
loai cac dCJ'li$u nay theo nhCJ'ngtieu chi khac nhau.

3 a
Hay thiet k~ mot mau nhap li$u cho bang bieu bai tap 1 va 2, Ban hay an dinh nhiYng gia tr] mac dinh khi
nhap va doi voi mot vai rnuc, chi duoc phep nhap tr] b~ng s6 voi nhCl'ngpharn vi nhat djnh (thi du rna so
1U'Q'nghang chi c6 narn so),

4 Hay tao so d6 cong ngh$ cua mQt cum thiet b] theo 51! chon Il!a cua ban dua vao d6 hoa vecto. Hay tao ra
nhieu lop khac nhau cho tien trlnh v~ thong tin, v~ nang 1U'Q'ngva v~ chi ti~t gia conq.

5 Hay tao tCPso d6 vecto a

bai t$p 4 mot tap tin bt!ng do hoa di~m ann bitmap va mot so tap tin b~ng do hoa
JPG c6 nhieu cap dQ nen khac nhau, sau d6 so sanh chat 1U'Q'ngva dung 1U'Q'ngluu trCJ'.
6 a
Hay tao cho thiet b] bai tap 4 mot bi~u d6 Gantt va mot so do manq va chuyen doi ca hai sang d~ng mot
t$p tin PDF hai tranq.
 1.4 Gioi thieu I~p trinh 63

1.4 GicYithleu I~p trinh Bang 1: Ngon ngfr I~p trinh

sac th~p B~c cao
1
1.4.1Ngon ngfr I~p trinh Ngon ngG>may G,G++

HoopngfJ'(assembly) Java
Ngon ngO' I$p trinh la giao di$n quan tronq nhat gio>a ngU'<Yi sU>
dunq va may tinh, Khi ngU'ai sU>dl,mg giao cho may tinh mot nhiern VI,Jd§ xU>Iy, ngU'ai sU>dunq phai diEm ta cong
vi$c nay qua ngon ngo> cua may tinh. CO' ban, ng6n ngCl' lap trinh dU'Q'c chia ra ngon ngCl' I$p trinh bac cao va
ngon ngCl' lap trinh bac thap (Bang 1). Ng6n ngCl' may 103ng6n ngCl' dinh hU'ang bit va thong thU'<Yng duoc chia ra
tuy theo ho cua bO vi xU>Iy (thi du Intel hay AMD). Vi ngon ngO>nay rtJt kh6 hi§u cho con ngU'ai, nen ngon ngCf
assembly (hop ngCf) mai dU'Q'c trien khai de co th~ nhan biet y nghTa cua l$nh. Thi du c6 hai con so trong thanh
ghi (register) A (10110101) va trong thanh ghi B (11100110) dU'Q'Ccong 19i vai nhau thl tao ra cau I$nh ADD A,B.
Vi con ngU'<Yichung ta muon giai quyet nhiern VI,Jva van d~, nen nhCl'ng nqon ngCl' rnoi duoc phat Iri~n de m6 ta
van d~ va kh6ng b] phu thuoc VaG bo vi xU>IY· NhCl'ng ng6n ngCl' bac cao kh6ng phu thuoc VaG bo vi Xli' Iy va djnh
hU'ang v~n d~ dU'Q'Cthe hi$n qua nhCmg bO ky tl)' (mliu II)', cho> cai), trong nhCmg ICf kh6a (chCl' lrong mol ng6n
ngo>, thi du AND), cu phap (van pharn) vay muon tCf cac cau true
ng6n ngo> II)' nhien va ngo> nghTa, m6 la y nghTa v~ nhO>ng don vi
tnuoc ve cu phap. Trong khi ngon ngCl' C++ va Java la ng6n ngC'r
oac cao Ih6ng dunq, c6 dinh hU'ang d6i IU'Q'ng, thi ng6n ngO>SQL
(Structure Query Language =
ng6n ngCl' cau true van dap) duoc
phat tri§n d$c biet danh cho co sa dCl' li$u hoac CO'sa dCl' li$u truy
van. a day dbi tU'Q'ng duoc xem la mot vat th~ va duoc xac dinh
qua nhCl'ng thuoc tinh va nhC'rng phuonq thuc (nhC'rng phep tinh
c6 the thuc hi$n vai doi tU'Q'ng). Tuy nhien, kh6ng phai luc nao
ng6n ngCl' bac cao cOng g6m nhCl'ng cau I$nh, thay VaG do n6 c6
Ihe dua VaG tien de cua cac ng6n ngCl' I~p trinh b~ng d6 hoa. Thi
du, nqon ngCl' lap trinh STEP 7 trong ung dunq ky thuat tl)' dong
h6a, cung cap mot giao di$n d6 hoa d§ I$p trinh (I~p trinh theo so
d6 chuc nanq hay so d6 khoi). 8e nhO>ng ng6n ngo> b$c cao nay
c6 th§ thuc hien tren nhieu h$ di~u hann va cac bo vi xU>Iy khac
nhau, can thiet phai co be? phien dlch (compiler). Khi phien djch
. Hinh 1: Phi€!n d!ch chlJ'O'ng trinh
ma ngu6n thann ng6n ngCl' may, Ihi du dU'Q'C viet voi ng6n ngCl'
C++, bo phisn dich ki§m tra do chinh xac cua cu phap (Hinh 1).
Lenh 1: khai bao bien
Lenh 2: yeu diu nhap Giai cap
Lenh 3: thuat
1.4.2 Thu~t toan } toan
Lenh n: kilt qua
Mot chuonq trinh cua ng6n ngCl' bac cao, trang tru<Yng hop don
Hinh 2: Thu(it toan
gian nhat, bao g6m mot chuGi nhCl'ng chi th] hay dong I$nh den
may tinh. Mot chuGi ho>u nan nhO>ng dong I$nh ro r$t d6 cho may
tinh nnarn giai quyet mot van d~ duoc 99i 113 thuat toan hoac giai <DC?)
phap thuat toan, tuc 113 mot quy tac linh loan (Hinh 2). @@
®
1.4.3 Cau tao t6ng quat m9t chU'O'ng trinh (Hinh 3)

T6ng qual chuonq trinh duoc cau tao Iheo nhCl'ng khu6n mliu
nnu sau:

(j) Nho>ng dong lenh cho bO phien djch, d~ djch cac ma ngu6n
(thanh ng6n ngCl' may)

al Xac dinh nhCl'ng bien so hop 1$ (CI,JCbo, loan cue)

Q) C6ng bo nhCl'ng chtrc nang (ham) tieu chuan, nhCl'ng chuc

nang nay duoc 16m t~t trang IhU' vien

® Thu vien @
~ ChU'O'ng Irinh chinh de giai quyel mot vtJn d~

® Dinh nghTa nhCl'ng ChLvCnang ung dl,mg Hinh 3: Xiiy dl,l'ng mQt chlJ'O'ng trinh
64 1 CO' ban v~ xli' Iy dO>li~u

1.4.4 Cae loal dCPli~u va biEm so

Viec luu trCPva xU>Iy dCPlieu la nhiern VI,Ico ban cua chuonq trinh. Thong thuonq qua ban phim, nhCPngdCPlieu,
nhCPngtr] so dU'O'cnh$p vao mo dun oau vao va duoc XLPIy trong mot chuonq trinh. Trong nhi~u ng6n ngCPlap
trinh, nhCPngbien s6 duoc SLPdunq de phuc VI,Icho vi$c lU'u trCPcac tr] s6, hoac de giCPchG cho mot tri so b~t
ky, thl du cho mot ket qua tinh toan, Bien s6 c6 ten, mot dinh danh hop Ie, c6 the luu trCPmot tri s6 bat ky nhU'
so nquyen (integer, int), so d~u phay dQng (floating point number), hay chuGi ky tl,l' (string). Trong nhi~u ngon
ngCPI$p trinh khac nhau, truoc het phai xac djnh the loai tri so nao duoc luu trCPtrong bien 56, tLPCloai dCPlieu
(datatype) cua bien so.

.------- ---------
Danq dCPlieu trong ngon ngCPI$p trinh

~--------~~--------------~~~--~---=~---------------,
nhu & C++ hay Pascal SLPdunq dc,mg a
nhLY Step 7 SLPdl,lng: danq bit, danq s6,
interger, character, string hay pointer danq thai gian, nqay va giG, array (rnanq)

Hinh 1: Sll' dvng cac d:;lng dO>li~u

1.4.5 Cac loai dCP Ii~u (Slmg 1) Bang 1: Cae d~ng dfr Ii~u

TU'O'ngtl,l' nhu trong toan hoc co nhCPngtap hop so Ten D<;li 1U'Q'ng Pham vi tr] s6

khac nhau (56 tl,l' nhlen, so nquyen v.v ... ) thi I$p trinh int, short 2 Byte -32768 d€ln+ 32767
cOng con c6 nhCPngdinh danq dCPli$u khac nhau. Loal int, long 4 Byte -2147483648 dEm+ 2147483647
dO>li~u d~ng so (numeric data) chi thu.§n tri so. Bien
signed 2 Byte -32768 den + 32767
s6 chi lam vi$c voi so nguyen thi thuoc loai dCPli$u s6
short int
nguyen (Data type int) va se dU'O'CxU>Iy duoi loal dCP
unsigned 2 Byte o den 65536
li$u 2 byte hoac 4 byte (phu thuoc VaG h$ di~u hanh short int
hoac bQ bien dich). [Link] dCPli$u int duoc mac dinh
char 1 Byte -128 den 128
c6 dau (+/-) di kern. Unsigned (tieng Anh co nghTa la
khong dau) dung de chi bien so kh6ng c6 dau, signed unsigned 1 Byte o dlln 255
dung de chi bien so c6 dau di kern. [Link] dO>Ii~u char char
c6 the chua tri s6 nguyen hoac ky tu. Vi dai IU'O'ngcua float 4 Byte -3.4 E-38dlln 3.4 E+38
dCPli$u char la 1 byte, nen n6 chi c6 the luu duoc 256 double 8 Byte -1.7 E-308den 1.7E+308
gia tr] khac nhau. £)e c6 the thuc hien viec tinh toan long 10 Byte -1.1 E-4932den 1.1E+4932
chinh xac, nhCPngtr] so sau dau phay trong bien so double
duoc SU>dunq. £)ieu nay dan den loai dO>Ii~u so dau
phay dQng (v&i 3 d<;liIU'O'ngfloat (4 byte), double (8
byte), long double (10 byte)). Cac tr] s6 dU'O'cdien
ta thong qua each viet IOy thua. Thi du: 2.5_1012 -->
2.5E+12.

[Link] dO>li~u bool (gia tr] that) 113 mot danq d~c biet cua loai dCPli$u int, n6 chi c6 the gia dlnh voi hai tr] s6: dung
hoac sai (tieng Anh: true/false). Trong nhieu ngon ngCPI$p trinh, thi du nhu C++ hay STEP 7 thi true c6 tr] "1" va
false co tr] "0". Neu mot day con s6 hoac ky tl,l' nhu 148975320 hay dgh47beI04hf, con goi 113 chuoi ky tl,l',cua mot
loai dCPlieu nhat dinh can duoc luu trCPhay xU>Iy, thl ngon ngCPI$p trinh dung den nhieu khai niern khac nhau.
Ngon ngCPPascal thi dung thuat ngCPstring (chuoi), trong khi C++ hay STEP 7 l;;Iidung khai niern array (rnanq)
(mot chieu hoac nhieu chieu) Trong chuonq trlnh hoac khoi chuonq trinh thU'&ng c6 nhCPnglenh chi th] truy cap
VaGmot bien s6 nhat dinh. £)ieu nay xay ra qua bien so con tro, cOng con duoc goi la con tr6. Thi du con tro
dU'O'cquy chieu den dja chi mQt bien so, thi tr] so cua
bien 56 nay se doc va kh6i chuonq trinh d6 se xU>Iy
bien s6 rnoi nay. Hinh 2 cho ta thay each cau tao mot
D;;1OgdO> li$u cua bi,m so: int
bien so integer v&i ten la "dU'&ng klnh". Toan tu>"dia
chi" cho biet dia chi cua mot bien s6.
Dja chi (hex) I nn
Thi du 1D27A47 I Thi ou d"ang kinh
Trj so
Con tra luu trCPdia chi cua bien so va bien s6 lU'u Thi ou 100

trO'trjso cua -e. Hinh 2: Cau tao mQt bi"n s6

 1.4 Gloi thieu I~p trinh 65

Loai dfl' li~u hang so la nhCrng bien so co trj so kh6ng thay doi.
8ll mot bi~n so tro thanh hang so, ngLl'ai ta vi~t "const" truoc cant int so nha =
111
Bitm s6 integer co ten 18 so_nha s6
bi~n so (Hinh 1). Trong d6, ta phan biet cac loai hang 56 nhu sau: kh6ng thay dOi 111
co tr!
1
• Hang s6 s6 nquyen =
cont float PI 3.14159f
H~ng s6 co d~u ph~y PI co trj 56 kh6ng thay
• Hang s6 dau phay dong dOi 3.14159, f cho bil!t 3.14159 1:'1 mot s6
thuc.
• Hang 56 ky tl,l' va hang 56 chUGi
const char ky_tv = 'A'

1.4.6 Dau vao va dau ra trong ngon ngfl' b~c cao Hinh 1: K~t c~u cua met hang so

Vi$c giao ILI'u giCra con nqu'oi-chuonq trlnh-may tlnh ca nhan di~n Bang 1: Ngon ngCl'-Nh~p- Xu~t
ra qua viec nhap li$u voi ban phim va xuat li$u vel man hinh. Phuc
vu cho rnuc dich nay, cac co che dau vao va dau ra (Bang 1) de Xuat Nh~p

cung cap san, tuy theo ngon ngCr lap trinh qua cac ham (C; C++) Cout; « Cin; »
hoac tuy vao cac pnuonc thuc cua d6i tLl'Q'ng (Object C#) (xem (Character (Character
output) input)
1.4.1). NhCrng phan dean cua chuonq trinh co noi dung I~p l<;Iic6
thll gom l<;Ii thanh m¢t khoi chLPC nang, gQi tat la ham. Day la .;.;;.. WriteLineO ReadLineO
nhCrng phu'onq pnap dung de rno ta nhCrng phep tinh, nhu phep
cQng hoac phep so sanh, rna n6 c6 the thuc thi voi cac d6i tuonq.

1.4.7 Ket n6i logic cac loai dfl' li~u

NhCrng loai dCr lieU dLl'Q'Cket n6i voi nhCrng toan tLr trong ngon ngCr lap trinh cap cao. Tuy nruen, din phan bi$t
cac loai dO>lieU khac nhau (thi du integer hay float). C6 nhO>ng phep toan nhu sau:
• cac loai tinh toan CO'ban (cQng, trLr, nhan, chia)
• £Jem toi hoac dem lui theo tung buoc (phep toan tang s6 noac giam 56)
• Phep toan modulo (cho biet so dLl' cua phep chia 56 nquyen)
• Thl,l'c hi$n cac phep so sanh (nh6 hon, nh6 hon hay bang, Ian hon, Ian hon hay bang, bang, khonq bang)
• Thl,l'c hien ket noi logic (AND (vA), OR (HOAC), NEGATION (PHO £J!NH))
• Phep gan gia tr] =; Thi du: x = 7.

Nqoai ra nqon ngO>Ii;lp trinh bac cao con SLr dung cac phep toan ve bit (nhO>ng
II Phac thao chU'O'ng trinh

phep toan giai quyet tren binh dien bit, thi du de so sanh hai s6 nquyen theo t
tCfng bit) va cac phep toan djch chuyen (djch chuyen bit cua cac tr] s6 so II M6 ta chU'O'ng trinh
nquyen int - thi cu thanh ghi dich chuyen),
t
1.4.8 Phat trilln chlJ'O'ng trinh phan rnem Philn tich chuonq trinh
- D(f Ii';'u nhap?
- D(f Ii';'u xuat?
Nho>ng conq dean cua viec phat trien chuonq trinh phan rnem du'oc chia ra - Thuat toan su. dunq?
nhu sau:

• M6 ta van de, xac dinh chuc nang

t
Minh hoa thuat toan b~ng
• Phan tich van de: dO>li$u dau vao nao duoc cung Lrng san, dCr li$u dau ra do hoa
nao dLl'Q'c mong muon, nhCrng Xli' Iy nao can phai dat ra? - SO' do trinh tv
- Bi.§u do cau true
• NhCrng phuonq phap giai quyet van de thong qua thuat toan, dLl'Q'c dinh
hLl'ang theo Sl,l' vi$c va nho v$y S8 khong b] phu thuoc vao ngon ngO>I$p t
trinh L(ip trinh
Bien dich (compile)
• SI,I' rno ta bang do hoa cac gial phap thong qua cac bleu tlJ'Q'ng chuan
• Chuyen dol sang nqon ngo> oac cao tuonq Lrng vai sv thLr nghi$m chvono
t
Giai dean thu. nghi';'m
trinh va bien soan tai li$u -Ioi cu phap
-Ioi logic
Nhu li$t ke theo phLl'O'ng phap Top-Down (tCf tren xu6ng duoi) (y Hinh 2, thuat
toan dung giai quyet van de c6 the trinh bay theo so do trinh tl,l' chuonq trinh.
Loai minh hoa nay duoc chon Il,I'a khi thuat toan phai lam viec vo'i nhCrng
t
Tai lieu
buoc nhay, Cac so do cau true dLl'Q'c SLr dunq trong viec trien khai thuat toan - sacn hU'o-ng dan su. dvng
khi ngon ngiY li;lp trinh cho pnep I$p trinh theo cau true, thi du v6'i ng6n ngiY
Pascal ho~c C++. Hinh 2: PhU'O'ng phap Top-Down
(tlP trim xuong dll'6>i)
66 1 CO' ban ve xU> Iy dfl' li~u

1.4.9 Cac loai rno ta thu~t toan

NgU'ai ta bi€lt d€ln 3 loai thuat toan co ban trong viec l;%Iptrinh:
1. Cac I$nh CO' ban, 2. Cac I$nh chon lua, 3. Cac I$nh I$p lai tli chunq,
tat ca c6 the dU'Q'Ck€lt nop it hay nhieu thanh nhli'ng thuat toan bao quat, thi du nhu thuat toan sap x€lp th(P tu.
Cau true co ban ve thuat toan
Li;inh chucl, tuan tl,J' L(inh 1: Nh~p .
Li;inh tuan tl! bao gem nhli'ng Ii;mh dU'Q'Cthuc thi ti€lp L~nh 2: Tinh toan ...
n6i nhau, kh6ng c6 Sl! re nhanh hay su li,ip l<;Ii(cOng L(inh 3: Xuat ...
theo tling khoi) (Hinh 1).

SI! re nhanh, chon Il,J'a Hinh 1: Bieu do du true tuan tl,l'

o moi su' chon Il)'a deu kiem tra c6 dap (Png dieu klen
djnh san. Phu thuoc VaG k€lt qua d6 rna nhli'ng lenh
tuonq (Png dU'Q'C thuc thi. 0 su chon Il)'a mQt chieu
(truy van voi if), rnenh li;inh dU'Q'c thuc hien khi dieu
ki$n dap (Png, neu kh6ng dap (Png S9 khang c6 gi xay
ra (Hinh 2). 0 SI)' chon lua hai chieu (truy van vai
if-else) SEl c6 hai nhanh de chon lua. Khi dieu ki$n
duoc dap (Png:
if/n€lu (= c6) -> thuc thi I$nh 1 -> else/nqoai ra Hinh 2: a) Bieu do e~u true
(= khong) -> thuc thi li;inh 2 (Hlnh 3) b) LU'u do PAP cua chon Il,I'amet ehieu

Thay vi mot lenh rieng Ie ta cOng c6 the dua vao

nquyen mot khoi dang li;inh. Khi nhli'ng li;inh nao d6
phai thuc hi$n nhieu Ian k€l tiep nhau, va d6 nhli'ng a
thong so rieng Ie (luon) duoc thay d6i, thi da c6 cau
true vonq li,ip. Cac loai yang I~p ph6 bien:
• Trong nqon ngli' Pascal/Delphi: cac lenh vonq li;ip
while, repeat, until, for
• Trong ngan ngli' Java/C/C++: cac li;inh yang li;ip
while; do while va for Hinh 3: a) Bi~u do eau true
b) LU'u do PAP cua chon Il,I'ahai chieu
Cac vonq li;ip c6 the dU'Q'Ckiem scat a phan d~u, phan
cuoi hoac dieu khien voi so demo
o nhli'ng vonq I$p da neu tren luon kern theo mot dieu ki$n (bieu thuc
logic) rna vang lap phai thoc hii;in tuy thuoc VaG gia tr] cua n6. Tuy thuoc
VaG thai diem kiem tra dieu kien, a
phan dau hoac a
phan cuoi cua qua L~nh (nhieu I~nh)
trinh li,ip lal, rna ta phan bii;it hai loai li;inh li;ip lai nhu sau:
Yang I~p dll'Q'c thu'c hi~n 0. ph~n d~u: (Hinh 4) Hinh 4: Vang dieu khi~n a ph:ln dau
Neu dieu kien a dau duoc thoa, thi (cac) I$nh dU'Q'c li;ip 1<;Ii.
Yang I~p dll'Q'c thuc hi~n 0. ph~n cubi: (Hinh 5)
(Cac) li;inh duoc li;ip lai chling nao dieu kien a cuoi dU'Q'c thoa. 0 while L~nh (nhi6u I¢nh)
dieu kien vang li;ip dU'Q'c thuc hien a
phan dau, cac li;inh hoac khoi dang
li;inh dU'Q'c li,ip lai khi dieu kii;in van dung (true) va cham d(Pt khi dieu ki$n
khang can dung. Mot bien s6 dung de d€lm s6 Ian li;ip lai can dU'Q'c tl! Hinh 4: Vong dieu khien (y ph~n eubi
quan Iy (Hinh 6).

Chuonq trinh Chuonq trinh

Cho dc'lnkhi dic'luki(in dU'qc i: = 1

dap tYng
Cho den i <= 12
I L~nh
I i: ••i + 1

a b

Hinh 6: Vang while dieu ki(\n a phan dau a) Bieu do cau true b) thi dl,l c) lU'u do PAP
 1.4 Gi&i thieu lap trinh 67

Chuonq trinh Chuonq trinh

1
I L(lnh

Cho den khi dieu ki$n dap ling

i: = 1
I i:'"i + 1
(true) L~p lai eho den i > 12

a b

Hinh 1: V6ng truy van repeat a) Bil!u db cau true b) Thi du e) PAP

a vonq lap repeat duoc dieu ki$n & phan cuoi bang cac I$nh, thl khoi dong I$nh trong vonq I$p duoc lap lai cho
den khi dieu ki$n dung (true) va cham dlYt khi dieu ki$n khonq con dung. Mot bien so dung d~ dem din duoc
tl! quan (Hinh 1).

Vong I~p FOR la mot vang I$p dieu khien ChU'O'ngIrinh ChU'O'ngtrinh
dl,l'a tren so demo ThOng thU'cyng bO dem khoi TCPtri soban dau
TCPi:= 1 den 12
d(>ng tiY mot tr] so ban dau cho tnroc, theo den tr] s6 cu6i cung
mot buoc tang da duoc quy djnh (Hinh 2) va
cham dlYt khi dat tr] so c1n djnh sau cunc.
I L~nh J i: = i + 1

\ V686£~~&fJ
a) Bieu do eau true b)Thidl,! e) LlJ'U db PAP
NhCfng chuonq trinh phu c6 th~ duoc stY dl)ng
de don gian h6a mot chuonq trinh. Chung Hinh 2: Vang FOR
phuc vu cho vlec thay the, mot doan chU'O'ng
trinh (hau nhu) dong danq dU'Q'c stY dunq
nhieu 1~1nqua mot I$nh gQi rieng reo Chung duoc kich
L~nh L~nh I
hoat qua mot tLv kh6a. ChU'O'ng trinh th~t 51! dlJ'Q'Cchia
thanh mot chuonq trinh chinh va nhieu chuonq trinh
phu (Hinh 3).
Goi
chuonq trinh phu UFf L"mh J,,
,

Cac thong so duoc cnuyen giao toan bO cho chuonq

L(lnh Nhay Ira va
I
L~nh
trinh can qua mot giao dien quy djnh, giao di$n nay la
danh sach tham so. Goi I--
cturonq trinh phu

1.4.10 Thi du mQt chU'O'ng trinh phan mllm L{mh

L(mh
Can dem nhCrng qua cau rCYirac va xep no len mot gia
(Hinh 4). B<;In hay tri~n khai mot thuat toan d~ dem Hinh 3: L~p trinh v6>ichuoO'ngtrinh phu
nhCrng qua cau,

Hinh 5 trinh bay mot bieu do cau true cho thuat toano

Hinh 6 la luu d6 PAP cua chuonq trinh tuonq (mg.

BOdem:= 0

Hinh 4: Tong so qua eflu

Thiet I?p bOdem := 0

Vi tri := phia trai

Cho den khi qua cau con hien di(ln

I B¢ dem tang them 1 don vi

I OCriva phia phai 1 vi Iri

Bo dem xuat ra

Hinh 5: Bit~u do cau true, vang Iruy v~n di;'u khi;'n Q> ddu Hinh 6: SO'do trinh It,l'chuonq trinh
68 1 CO' ban ve xU>Iy diP li~u

1.5 M6i de doa cho rnanq va may tinh

SI)' hi$n di$n can thiet (cua cac cong ty) tren Internet cOng nhlJ' phai giao tiep qua rnanq dan den cac nguy CO'
thong qua:
• vi$c cung cap thong tin (dO>lieu cua hang tren may chu manq),
• viec stYdunq nhO>ngdich vu co san tren Internet (may chu voi giao thuc FTP),
• vi$c ket noi nho>ngrnanq cua cong ty voi rnanq cong cong (cac rnanq cong ty nam a nhO>ngdia diem khac
nhau).
NhiPng m6i nguy hi~m va rul ro co th~ la:
• Bi tai xuong trai phep (an cap) nhQ>ngdQ>li$u nhay earn nhu' kien thLPC(bl quyet ngh€Jnghi$p) cua hang
xlJ'ang, dO>li$u ve san xu~t hoac sach 1lJ'Q'ctuonq lai [Link]>ngmay tinh (noi bo).
• B] thay doi hoac b] ngl,ly t<;10nhO>ngdO>lieu noec gia rnao chunq.
• Bi gay tro ng<;lihoac xao tron Sl)' lien lac thong tin trang noi bo va voi ben ngoai.
• B] phong tea cac may tinh san xuat, cac h$ di~u hlJ'ong, cac h$ thong may tinh 0 cap cao hon va nhO>ng
djch vu.
• Khi may tinh bi kiern scat bai ke tan conq, cau hinh cua may c6 the b] thay dOi v~ b] cai dat ohan rnern doc
hai. May tinh bi kiem scat nay con c6 the b] dung lam ban dap cho nhO>ngcuoc tan conq, nhO>nghanh dOng
trai phep tiep theo (nhu' pnan phoi phan rnern b~t hop phap hoac sac chep chunq),

1.5.1 NhiPng loal tan cong va nhiPng ke tan cong

Tan cong thu d<)ng la mot loai truy cap trai phep hoac tim each truy cap VaGmot m<;lnghay mQI may tinh. Qua
d6 tlrn each thu thap thong tin tral phep. Con tan cong chu dQng 18nharn SCP8dOi, thay d5i trai phep cac del'
lieu (d6i tlJ'Q'ngdO>lieu), den viec mal di tinh nquyen ven cua dO>lieu va c6 the dBn den su' Van hanh sai cua he
thong hay cua qua trinh.

Tan cong thu dQng gom:

• Nghe len dlJ'ong day dO>li$u,
• BQc dCflieu trai phep thi du, [Link] tap tin, cac CO' so dCfli$u.
Tan cong chu dQng g6m:
• Thay doi trai phep hoac xoa be dO>lieu c6 chu dlch,
• Ghi VaGcac tap tin.
NhiPng ke tan cong cue bQ la nhCfng nglJ'oi SLYdunq trang rnanq hroi nQi bo.

NhiPng ke tan cong tu> ben ngoai la nhCfng manq kh6ng tin tlJ'ong nhu rnanq Word Wide Web (www) khoi
dong.

NhiPng ke tan cong dlJ'Q'cdanh gia cao khi phan loai qua khai niem "tin t~c" (hacker) va "hlic thu" (cracker).
Ngay nay cac ten gQi nhorn mu den -tieng Anh la Black Hats- (gQi ke tan cong c6 ac y), nhorn mu trling -tieng
Anh la White Hats- gQi nhCfng ke tan cong chuyen phat hien ra nhQ>ng10hong an toan, nhQ>ngdiem yeu thong
dunq trong m<;lngc6 kha nang b] tan congo NhO>ngke tan cong sCPdl,lng cac thLPnhu vi rut may tinh (virus), S3U
may tinh (worm), Trojan cho cac dot conq kich. Vi rut may tinh la mot chuoi dong lenh, no can c6 mot chuonq
trinh chu, mot taP tin kha thi, thi du mot tap tin co the Van hanh danq exe. Vi rut c6 the tai sinh san nhunq cOng
c6 kM nanq tl)' bien d5i va Ian rong qua Sl)' lay nhiem den cac chuonq trinh chu, B5 sung VaGnhCfng kha nang
da neu, vi rut cOng chua phan doc hai, duoc danh thuc boi mot I$nh kich heat, thi du theo ngay gi6' quy dinh.
Worm ta mot cnuonq trinh co the tl,l' heat dQng doc lap, khong can den chuonq trinh chu. N6 c6 kha nang tl)'
tai sinh va lay Ian qua viec tl,l' sac chep VaGmay tinh khac trong noi rnanq, Phan dQc hal cua n6 gom nhO>ng
moi de doa tuonq tl)' nhu cua vi rut, tLPClam mat di tinh nquyen ven, dQ CO' mat, ke ca tinh kha dl,mg san co cua
dCfli$u va cua he thong. Trojan la mot chuonq trinh, thoat nhin dang tin, tuy nhien khi quan sat ky non, se thay
n6 c6 an giau them phan rnern dOChai. Nhu the, nhO>ngthuoc tinh dlJ'Q'cngl,ly trang nay duoc cai VaGmay tinh
nharn ghi lai dCflieu de nquy tao hoac len sac chep trai phep va goi den cho ke tan conq, hoac de thay d5i cac
chLPCnang cua he thong, de ke tan conq dlJ'Q'Ccap them quysn truy cap len nhO>ngtap tin khac. NhiPng bi~n
phap co the doi pho la: IlJ'UtrCfnhCfng dCflieu nh<;lycam nhlJ' mat ma VaGbo nho an toan ben ngoai, hOac ma
h6a dO>lieu cat giCf.

CO'che bao v~ chong vi rut va worm g6m nhCfngbien phap phong [Link]'gioi h<;lnquyen ghi chep, ma h6a
dQ>li$u, cam dung thanh llJ'utrO>USB cOng nhlJ' vi$c dung dau chi tay d<;lngky thu~t so va nhO>ngdl,lng Cl,l(tools)
de nhan dien 51)' tham nhaP vi rut, thi dl,l nhlJ' voi trinh quet vi rut.
 1.4 Gio'i thii;lu lap trinh 69

NhCrng cuoc tan cong nhu v$y co the dan d~n nhCrng kh6 khan v~ mat phap Iy cho tu nhan hoac cac conq ty
cOng nhu nhCrng t6n that v~ tai chinh va nhCrng thiet hai v~ thanh danh.

1.5.2 NhCrng giao thLPC truy€m thong

1
De giao tiep CI,ICbo va giCPa cac phan doan m<;lng ngU'o>i ta dung nhCPng giao thLPC truyen thong nhu giao thLPC
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol, ti~ng Anh c6 nghia la giao thLPCkiem so at truyen tail hoac giao thLPC UDP
(User Datagram Protocol, ti~ng Anh co nghia
la giao thLPC g6i dCPli$u ngU'o>i dung) va giao thLPC IP (Internet
Protocol, tieng Anh co nghia la giao thLPCrnanq Internet)
(Hinh 1). De nhCPng thanh vi em tham gla manq nhu may
tinh hay cac thanh phan ethernet c6 the dU'Q'C nhan danq r6 rang, moi thanh vien phai 50>hCru mot dia chi ph Em
cLPng dQc nhat mang tinh toan cau, galla dla chi MAC (Medium Access Control, ti~ng Anh c6 nghTa la phuonq
tien kiem scat truy cap), Dja chi MAC c6 48 bit, dU'Q'c me h6a theo hi;) thap luc phan, thl du nhu A5: 26: C2: BF:
05: 90. De mOi thiet bj phan cLfng c6 the giao tiep voi cac thiet b] khac trang cac phan dean rnanq, ngU'ai ta can
d~n dja chi phan rnern, goi la dia chi IP. Giao thuc IP phien ban 4, IPv4, noac phien ban 6, IPv6, an djnh mot
1U'Q'cd6 dja chi h6a, rna dja chi 0>IPv4 bao g6m 32 bit,
va & IPv6 ta 128 bit. De c6 the nhan danq dU'Q'C cac
doan rnanq trang cac rnanq duoc thiet l.;ip dla chi vai Goi dO>lieu TCP/IP
IPv4, phai can den mat na rnanq phu (subnet mask),
cOng g6m 32 bit. N6 phan dja chllP ra thanh hai rnanq,
mot phan de xac djnh rnanq va mot phan de xac djnh
thanh vien cua rnanq (phan X8C djnh thiet bj) (Hinh 2). PMn doan rnanq PMn dean rnanq

NhU' cai ten cho thay, IP ta mot giao thuc van chuylm
cac g6i dCr lii;lu va phuc VI,I vi$c chon dU'o>ng, djnh
tuyen, de cac g6i tin den duoc ngU'ai nhan nho mong
muon. Con giao thuc TCP thi chju trach nhiern de cac
g6i dCr lii;lu chuyen tai den dU'Q'c ngU'ai nhan theo dung
trinh tl! va day duo Giao thuc TCP cOng chju trach
Hinh 1: Giao tiep trong cac phan doan m\lng
nhiern cho viec chuyen tai dCr li$u an toan va cung
cap cac CO' che kiem soat va sLPa loi. Do mot ngU'ai
tham gia rnanq thong thU'ang chi c6 mot dja chi duy
nht!t, nhunq lai dung nhieu djch vu trao dbi dCr lieu
cunq mot luc, thi du nhu' voi FTP hoac IMAP, nen phai
can them mot each nhan danq djch VI,I nua. Viec nay
di~n ra qua cac cong (tieng Anh: Ports) hoac voi s6
c6ng (tieng Anh: Port Numbers). Tong cong c6 65536
c6ng dU'Q'c trU'ng dunq: Well Known Ports (c6ng tlP 0
den 1023) dU'Q'c danh cho cac dich Vl,l gan hi;) thong,
thi du nhU' TELNET (cung cap kha nang bao tri tlP xa
cac may tinh duoc noi rnanq qua hinh thuc van ban),
Registered Ports (tlP 1024 den 49151) dU'Q'c trunq
dunq cho cac nha san xuat Lfng dl,lng, dung khi ho can
dang ky giao thLfC rieng vai CO' quan IANA (Internet
Assigned Number Authority = T6 chLPC cap phat so
hii;lu Internet). Private Ports (tlP 49152 den 65535) c6
the dung linh hoat, Trang khi TCP la giao thuc c6 tinh
djnh hU'ang ket nOi, nharn vao viec thiet I$p va thao do
viec ket noi giCra hai doi tU'Q'ng giao djch qua the thuc
Ba buoc b1§t tay (Three-Way-Handshake), con UDP
thl hoat di;Jng phi ket nOi, nhU'ng van (thong qua) cunq Hinh 2: Dia chi IP v6>i khuon lee dia chi manq phu (subnet
cac c6ng d6. mask)

Dol chieu TCP - UDP

Giao thLPC TCP:
• Thuc hien viec kiem scat va slia loi,
• Ky nhan nhCrng g6i dCr lii;lu den tlP phia ngU'ai nh$n, nho d6 phat hi$n dU'Q'C vi$c that thoat cac g6i dCr lii;lu
(phia ngU'&i g&i se g&i lai g6i tin bi tht!t lac),
• Neu cac phan g6i dCPlieu chuyan d~n phia ngU'o>i nhan theo dung thLf II!, nhu the tap tin gai di tiY phla ngU'&i
g&i da tU'O'ng u'ng vo'i tap tin ngU'ai nhan nhan dU'Q'c.
70 1 CO' ban ve xu. Iy dCP li~u

Giao Thlic UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

UDP cOng nhu TCP la giao thuc truyen tai cac g6i dO>li$u, nhunq n6 khong thuc hien nho>ng diem tieu bieu cho
TCP duoc dan chling C:i trang truoc. 8iflu nay phai dll'Q'c thuc hien boi nhO>ng giao thuc narn tren tang cao non
UDP (tang ling dunq). Tuy nhlen toe dO truyen tai nhO>ng g6i dO>li$u voi giao trurc UDP nhanh non, vi n6 khonq
can thiet phai lap k€!t noi truoc.

NhO>ng giao trurc truyen thong kl! tren cho th.!iy nhieu
van de ve su an toan, nhir th€! sv toan veri, d9 tin cay, Goi dO> Ii~u
Sl)' bao mat, SI)' rang buoc va d¢ xac thuc cua dO>li$u
cOng nhu' tinh kha dl,lng cua chunq b] de doa. Ta c6 the
doi ph6 nhO>ng nguy hil!m nay bang conq ngh$ tU'ang
Iu.a (tieng Anh: Firewall). TU'ang ILra c6 nhlsrn VI,! ngan
can vi$c cnuyen tiep cac g6i dO>Ii$u c6 kha nanq chua G6i dQ> lieu
nhO>ng moi de doa cho dO>li$u va cac bo phan cua Hinh 1: L9C g6i dCP Ii~u qua bLPC tU'Oong 1"'3
rnanq bang nhO>ng phuonq ti$n kiem scat va chon loc.
Nguyen tac cua tU'ang
ILra can dll'Q'C thi€!t I$p G6i dO> lieu duoc baa kin
sao cho moi mot Sl)' luu
thong dO>lieu, tll' rnanq Goi dO> Ii~u
~
CI,lC bO (Intranet) d€!n
m~ng conq cong, thong
qua World Wide Web
(WWW) hoac nquoc lai
deu phai qua tll'6'ng ILra
(Hlnh 1).

Tll'ang ILra heat dong

tren tang 3 va 4 (xem Hinh 2: Chui dU'o-ng ham VPN
trang 555 chuonq 12.1,
bang rno hinh 7 lop) cua mo hinh tham chieu OSI (Open Sytems Interconnection, tieng Anh c6 nghTa la k€!t noi
cac h$ thong mo) duoc gOi la bo lee g6i tin, con nhCPng b¢ toe narn tren tang 7 goi la Application level Gateways
(c6ng dCPli$u cua tang ling dunq). Khi mot dai di$n thuonq rnai muon truy cap vao rnanq noi bO cua hang minh,
thi Virtual Private Network (rnanq rieng ao) cung cap mot ket noi VPN cho viec giao dich duo'c an toano Voi cong
ngh$ nay nho>ng dO>li$u giao djch dll'Q'c ma h6a khi truyen di, cac doi tac giao djch duoc chling thuc, cOng nhu
vi$c bao mat dO>li$u dll'Q'c bao dam. Ngay ca nhO>ng dia chi Intranet rieng qua conq ngh$ nay cOng duoc giCP
rieng tu khi ghep noi voi mot rnanq cong cong, rna ngll'ai ngoai khong nhin th.!iy. Tll' d6 mot thuat ngO>thll'ang
di kern voi VPN la Tunneling (chui dll'ang ham). Thong qua Tunneling cac g6i dO>li$u 0 dau dll'<Yng ham dll'Q'C
"boc lai" va 0 cuoi dll'<Yng ham S6 dll'Q'c "rno ra". Giao thuc dang diro'c dung hi$n thai cho Tunneling la IPsec
(Internet Protocol Security, ti€!ng Anh c6 nghTa la giao truro rnanq ve bao mat) , la mot giao thuc an toano B.!it cli
rnanq nao cOng c6 thl! dung lam rnanq truyen tai duo'c, Thong thll'ang thi dung Internet (Hlnh 2).

Hay tim hil!u y nghTa cua cac tll' viet tat FTP va IMAP.

2 NhO>ng Well Known Ports nao duoc phan b6 cho FTP va IMAP?

3 Hay tlrn hieu thuat ngo> IP-Spoofing. Va n6 thuoc loai t.!in cong nao?

4 Ngll'ai ta dinh danh dia chi logic va dia chi Hardware cua mot ngll'<Yi tham gia rnanq nhu the nao?

5 Trong hinh 2, trang 69, cho biet mat na rnanq phu la [Link]. N6 c6 y nghTa gi?

6 M9t ngll'ai tham gia rnanq c6 dja chi IP la [Link] va m$t na rnanq phu la [Link]. Ngll'<Yi nay
dang 0 trong manq nao va dja chi cua ngll'<Yi nay la gi?

7 Hay tim hil!u nhO>ng lop dia chi IP nao duoc cung ling san dll'oi giao tnuc Internet phien ban 4 (lpv4) va hay
sap xep moi lop IP d6 theo khuon toe dia chi rnanq phu (subnet mask) rnac dinh.

8 Ngll'6'i ta dat duoc gi qua su k€!t noi VPN?

9 Tuonq Iu>a c6 nhi$m vu gi trong vi$c chuyen giao dO>li$u?

 71

2 Truyen thong ky thuat

De trinh tl,l' cua tat ca cac conq vi$c gia cong va li1lp rap TrUYEm thong co the dien ra giCPa:
trong mot xU'cYng dU'Q'c dung ke hoach, ta can co nhieu

C;>~
loai thong tin tiJonhieu ngu6n khac nhau. NhCmg thong
tin nay phai duoc the hi$n sac cho ngU'oi nhan kh6ng
2
hieu sai va co the dung cho nhCrng tJng dl,mg tiap theo.

Thi du: NgU'oi hoc nghe,

ThO' ca, Ky tnuat vien co dien
Khach hang
Truyen thong ky thuat la viec xU>Iy, chuyen tlep
va luu trO' cac thong tin ky thuat.

Truyen thong ky thuat co the dien ra giCra ngU'oi voi

ngU'oi, cling co the giCra ngU'oi va may, cling nhu
giO'a nhieu may khac nhau (Hinh 1)_ Ng0<3i nqon ngO', Thi du: May tien,
ThO' gia cong c~t 99t, PC
ngU'oi ta con dung cac phuonq ti$n truyen thong khac
Thtrc tap sinh
de trao d6i thong tin.

Cac phuonq tien thong tin quan tronq nhat la:

• Cac ban ve ky thuat • Cac bang ke chi tiet

• cac so do • Cac bang tra ciru

Thi du PC, Robot
• Cac bieu d6 • Cac chuonq trinh
Robot

Doi voi viec san xu at, lap rap va bao dU'ong cac h$
Hinh 1: NhCPng kha nang truy~n thong
thong CO' di$n tCr, tnroc day cOng nhu sau nay, thi cac
ban ve ky thuat dU'ai nhi€!u hinh thuc khac nhau van la
ptnronq tlen thOng tin quan tronq nhat,

2.1 Ban vi! ky thuat lam phU'O'ngti~n thong tin

Theo DIN 199, cac ban ve ky thuat la nhO'ng tai li$u co danq phu hop cho tiJong rnuc dich ky thuat,

Doi voi ban ve ky thuat, thi cu: ban ve chua cac thong tin va hU'ang dan can thiet cho vlec san xuat mQt chi tiet,
nhO'ng yeu cau duoc d~t ra khac hon la doi vol ban ve chi dan I~p rap chi tiet nay VaG trang mot h$ thong CO'
dien tu>phirc tap, Cho nen khai niern chung "Ban Ve Ky Thuat" chi nhi~u loai trinh bay hoan toan khac bi$t nhau.

40

Ban ve phac thao Ban vi gia cong Ban vi lAp chung Bin vi lAp rip

Hinh 2: Cae loal ban vii khilc nhau

72 2 Truyen thong ky thuat

2.1.1 cac loai trinh bay

TUy theo rnuc dich SlY dl,.lng va nhiern vu cua ban va

z
ky thuat, ta va mot hoac nhieu chi tiet can bieu dien tiY
mot hoac tiY nhieu hlJ'ang nhin va hinh khong gian ba
chieu (hinh phoi canh) khi can thlet.

Trinh bay ph6i canh (hinh chi~u true do)

Tat ca cac chi tiet dung trang mot h$ thong ky thuat

deu la nhO'ng vat the ba chieu. Nhunq vi chi tiet duoc
bieu di€ln tren to giay va chi co hai chieu, nen rat kho
de trinh bay cac chi tiet phirc tap sac cho nglJ'<Yixem
ban va c6 the hinh dung ro rang ve hinh danq cua chi Hinh chieu true do xien dlJ'ng can
tiet. An tlJ'Q'ng kh6ng gian ba chleu, tlJ'O'ng tl)' nhv anh
chup, dlJ'Q'c tao ra qua each bieu di€ln phoi canh (hinh
chieu true do). each bieu di~n nay cOng thuonq dlJ'Q'c
dung dlJ'ai danq phac thao bang tay, de rno ta
hinh
d<;lng prurc tap cho nhCvng ngU'<Yixem khong dLl'Q'c dao
tao chuyen nqanh.

Ve co ban, cac kieu phoi canh true do dU'Q'c phan bi$t

nhu sau:

• Phep chieu true do vuonq goc deu (isometric)

• Phep chieu true do xien dlfng can (dimetric) Hinh chieu true do .ien g6c can Hinh chi~u true "0 xien gec dau
• Phep chieu true do xien goc deu (cavalier) Hinh 1: Cac 10<;li hinh chil~u true do

• Phep chleu true do xien goc can (cabinet)

SI)' khac bi$t cua mOi each chieu duoc the hien qua
nhCrng g6c cua cac true toa dQ, tran do bieu di§n chieu
dai va chieu ngang cua vat the, chieu dai bieu diem (h$
c=>
so bien d';lng qui uoc) cua cac canh cua vat the cOng
narn tren cac true toa d(> nay (Hinh 1). t = 3 mm
2 x45°

Trinh bay theo m(>t hinh chieu

60
Phep chieu mot phia cua vat the ba chieu len tren mat 40
phang hai chieu (ban vel duoc 99i la hinh chieu. <>
0

80i voi cac bt) phan phang, cac khoi chCv nnat don
gian va cac vat xoay danq hinh tru (vat the co d6i xIYng
~ ~1 '-'-'-'

true quay), h~u het chi can met hinh chieu nhu v$y la
du de trinh bay chi tiet.

80i vai cac chi tiet gia conq phang, kich thuoc chieu
thlf 3 co them ghi chu ve dt) day (thi du t =3), iY cac
khoi chCr nhat voi true quay ky hieu hinh vuonq (thi
du 020) va <Ycac chi tiet doi [Link] vai true quay so
li$u cua dU'<Yng kinh (thi du 018). SI)' doi xlfng cua
chi tiet duoc trinh bay bang each ve dlJ'ang tam (true
doi xlfng).

Hinh 2: Trinh bay trong mQt hinh chillu

 2.1 Ban ve ky thuat la phuonq ti~n truyen thong 73

Trinh bay theo nhieu m~t chieu (hinh chieu)

86i voi cac bO phan phLPCtap thi hinh chieu mot mat
kh6ng au a§ di§n ta ro rang hinh danq cua vat th§.
Trang tmcYng hop nay, chi ti~t gia conq phal dU'Q'e trinh
bay bang nhieu mat chieu ap dunq phep chieu song
song vuong g6e (Hinh 3). Theo DIN 5, nhCJ'ng mat
chleu co th§ c6 cua mot vat th§ aU'Q'c qui dinh theo sau 2
hU'ang nhin:

M$t chieu Iti hU'ang a: M~t truce hinh chieu aLPng

Mi;it chleu tli hU'ang b: Mi;lt tren hinh chleu bang

Mi;lt chieu tll> huonq c: Mi;lt trai hinh chieu canh

Mi;it chieu tll> hU'ang d: Mi;lt phai hinh chieu canh

Mi;lt chleu tli hU'ong e: Mi;lt sau hinh chieu

Mi;lt chieu tll> hU'ong f: MiJtt dU'ai hinh chieu (Hinh 1)

SI)' sap xep cua tCPng mat chieu can cCPtheo hinh
chieu hi phia truoc duoc qui djnh trang phU'O'ng phap
chieu va dU'Q'C ky hieu bang m(>t bi§U tU'Q'ng tU'O'ng
LPng (Hinh 2). Cac nuoc Au chau, phan Ian lam viec
theo phU'O'ng phap chieu 1, cac nuoc ngoai Au cnau Hinh 1: cac m@1chieu
thU'oong theo phuonq phap chieu 3.

Nguyen tac co ban sau tuon c6 gia tri khong phu thuoc
vao phuonq phap chieu:

Mot chi tiet gia cong luon duoc trinh bay trang
PhU'O'ng phap ehi€!u 1 Phuonq phap chieu 3
nhieu hinh cnieu va ghi kich tbuoc mot each r6
rang.
Hinh 2: Cac phll'O'ng phap chieu

~
,
I
i/ rrt
I I

h
'---"
I
-, -,
Hinh 3: CO' ban cua phep ehieu song song vuong gee

M:M1fhl
Ban hay Ic%lpban ve ky thuat t~t ca cac dien c6 th§
c6 cho vat the duoc minh hoa ben phai.

Ban hay thuc hien vii;lc ve theo phuonq phap hinh

chieu 1 va 3.
74 2 Truyen thong ky thuat

2.1.2 Ban ve chi ti~t r<yi

Cac ban ve chi tlet rCYiphuc V1.,l cho vi$c che tao cac chi tiet gia conq, Ban ve nay cOng thU'cyng duoc gQi la ban
ve gia congo 8e
che tao t6t nhat cac bi? phan, cac ban ve nay phai bao gom tat ca nhCmg thong tin can thiet, thi
du nhu: va kich thuoc, va d~c tinh be mat, va vat li$u V.V ..•

Vi$c SLrdunq cac loal dlJ'Oong net khac nhau co them y nghia d~c bi$t khi tao cac ban ve gia conq. KEHhop them
vai d(l d~m cua net ve thi cac loa! dlJ'ang net chuyen dat nhll'ng thong tin quan tronq va dU'ang bien, dU'cyng
dbi xLmg, kich thlJ'CYCcua bi? phan va nhCl'ng thong tin khac (Hinh 1).

1Zl4H1 ="
+
90° -0

~
r-
Ln"

1Zl4.5 1Zl5,5
21+0,5 36.5
CD CD "I I-
1Zl4H1

. /
)- B- \,-/~\)~ /;- ~\
\~ V/
-'
A
Y
~
~

\.
V

j:t-¢-L/'".,' 6
Ln"
="
=
N
+

,",y
A "-"1A 0

--.t
,-
.
('

/;1"\\ -E)--~E /(- ~\ 00

&
Ln
",,"
-,
N
r\

~t
0
N
N .-/
\'- VI \~ 'J/
'- '- -'
~l ~

1 t 22
~
20 21 43
23 54 30
115

Hinh 1: Cac loai dlJ'ang net

Bang 1: Cac loal dlJ'ang net va pharn vi wng dl,lng

Loai dU'ong net Thi du (Yng dl,mg

---
A Net li~n darn Cac canh thay, dU'ong bao thay, doan dal ren dung dU'Q'c

B Net li~n rnanh £)lfong kich thuoc, dU'ong kich thuoc phu, dU'ong cat (tuyen an h),
dlfong ren

F Net d(rt rnanh Canh khuat , dU'ong che khuat

G Net cham 9i;lch manh £)U'ong tam, dU'ong d6i x(rng, vonq tron 16

J Net cham 9i;lch d$m Ky hieu cho net ci'lt

K Net hai cham qach rnanh £)U'ong bao cua chi ti~t gioi han

C,D Net luon song Gi&i han cua cac dien qian doan
 2.1 Ban ve ky thuat la phU'ong ti~n truyen thong 75

Chi tiet vai danq cooban lang tru

Ngo<;litriY cac bQ phan dU'Q'cdue hay ren, cac chi tiflt

gia conq dU'Q'cchfl tao ra tiY cac vat li~u ban thanh
pharn. Cac chi tiflt can phang hay can d!nh hinh, due,
ep hay keo (Hinh 1) duoc dung cho cac bQ phan danq
lang tru, cac chi tiet nay c6 hinh danq nhu mong muon
la nho cac phuonq phap gia cong da danq. Mi;ic du 2
sau khi gia conq nhieu lan, hinh danq gec hau ntur
khong nhan ra duoc, nhunq c6 the giup nhieu cho vi~c Hinh 1: V~t li~u banthanh pharn
hinh dung tiYng mat chleu. Chi tiet gia cong danq lang
tru duoc bieu dien trang nhieu mat chieu khac nhau
(xem trang 73) thanh ban ve gia cong. Trong d6 mat
chieu nbi b$t (the hien ra rang, chinh xac) duo'c chon
ta chinh dii;ln (nhin tiY phia truoc) (Hinh 2),

Khi chon cac mat chieu khac, ta phai chu y sac cho
qua d6 nhO>ngthong tin rno: bo sung them v~ hinh
danq cua chi tiflt cOng dU'Q'cthe hi$n (cung cap) qua
moi mi;it chieu tU'O'ng lfng. Chang han a cac thanh
djnh hinh khong gia conq, hinh chieu bang tiY tran va
hinh chieu dlfng tiY truoc thU'6'ng giong nhau, Vi v$y,
cac di$n cua profin chi dU'Q'cxac dinh ra tiY hinh cnleu
canh tli' trai, phai (Hinh 3),

Vo'i cac tia chieu. kich thuoc chi~u rQng duoc truyen
VaG hinh chieu bang tiY tren va hinh chieu dU'ai, neu Hinh 2: Chon m~t chinh (hinh chieu dlPngtll' phiatrU'cYc)
can. COng voi each nay, kich thuoc chieu cao du'oc
chleu VaG hinh chieu canh trai, phai tiY cac canh can
thiet. Qua mot dU'ang phu tro (dU'6'ng chuyen hU'ang)
nghieng 45°, moi dien con thi~u c6 thll duoc khai tri~n
tiY nhO>nggiao diem phat sinh (Hinh 3, Trang 76).

Khi cac chi tiel gia cong duoc bieu dien d6i xlfng trang
tli'ng hinh chieu, thi diem nay duoc lam ro bang each
,
Hinhchieu
(n6ib~t)

ve cac true d6i xlfng (Hinh 4). ~~

Qui dinh ve cho true d6i xlfng:

• True doi xlmg dU'Q'cky hi$u bang dU'6'ng tam (net

cham 9i;lch man h). Hinh 3: Hinh chieu bo sung
r.
• £)Qdai cua net g<;lchchinh theo dQ Ian cua chi tiet
gia cong

• True d6i xlfng bat dau va kflt thuc luon bang mot net
g<;lch,net g<;lch16 ra kh6i nqoai canh bien cua chi
tiflt khoanq 3 rnrn,

• £)U'6'ngtam luon cat canh cua chi tiet gia conq bang
net qach.

• Chi tiet gia cong d6i xlfng qua hai hU'ang, dieu nay
dU'Q'Cthe hien bang mot hinh chO>thap cua hai
dU'6'ngtam giao nhau,

NhO>ngqui d!nh V8 dU'6'ng tam van c6 gia tri khi hinh

danq thay doi kh6ng dimg ke & mot phia doi xu>ngcua
no, Hinh 4: Chi tiet doi xlPng
78 2 TruYEm thong ky thuat

2.1.3 Trinh bay hinh cat

Hinh ehi~u song song
Trong nhi~u tru>ang hop, phan ben trong cua chi tiet
gia cong khong duoc nhiYng canh khuat trinh bay n6i
b$t chi tiet, vi neu cac net dLPt qua nhieu thi ban ve
khong r6 rang. Trong nhCi'ng trll'6'ng hop nay, ta dung
hinh cat th~ hien chi tiet,

Theo DIN 6, trinh bay hinh cat ta su chia cat

tll'cYng tll'Q'ng mot chi tiet banq mot hay nhi~u
mat phang.

NhCi'ng mat phang nay duoc 99i la mat phang cat,

nhCi'ng b~ mat phat sinh qua d6 99i la mat cat (Hinh1a).
Trong h~u het tnronq hop, mat phang cat di qua true
tam cua chi tiet gia congo Cach V8 nay rat hieu qua vo'i
chi tiet tron xoay (Hinh 1 b). a tru>6'ng hop nay, cOng
c6 th~ chi cat rura pharr. Ket qua duoc 99i la hinh cat Cat ban phan
ban phan (Hinh 1b). Neu mat phang trinh bay khonq
la mat phang giCi'a, thl phai V8 vi tri cua dll'6'ng cat vao
trong hinh chieu khong cat (Hinh 1d). Ngoai ra, a m9t
mat phang cat khonq lien tuc con phai ghi dau nhCi'ng
di~m uon tuonq (mg cua tien trinh cat. M9t so thanh
V6van
phan cua chi tiet gia conq duoc trinh bay dll'ai dang (ban thanh pharn)
hinh cat mot phan (Hinh 1c). 55 55

Cac qui dlnh d9C va V8 cac hinh cat la:

• NhO>ng canh hien r6 ra qua nhat cat duoc V8 bang

net li~n darn,

• M$t cat, tlic la pharn vi tiep xuc vai mat phang cat
tll'ang tuonq, duo'c ke dll'6'ng gach b6ng.
Ky hi$u d6i xli'ng
• £)ll'6'ng qach b6ng duoc trinh bay bang cac net li€ln
rnanh song song nghieng 45°, cac khoanq each d~u
b) Hinh cat toan phan - Hinh dt ban phiin

~
Stve
va tuy thuoc vao d9 Ian cua mat cat.

;
• Kh6ng c6 net IiEm chay qua mat cat.
,dlJ'a~g ~ifln
den net gay
• Cac mi;lt cat cua mot chi tiet gia conq phai duoc ke
"_._ .. _-
dll'6'ng qach b6ng theo cunq mot chieu.

• Canh khuat chi cuoc V8 vao mat cat trong tru>6'ng e) Hinh eilt rieng phan
hop ngoai 1$.
A1-A4
• Trong hinh cat phan rura, rura phan dll'ai hoac rura
phan ben pha: cua chi tiet gia conq duoc trinh bay
dll'ai dang hinh cat. B1
--j
• Canh ph at sinh doc theo dll'6'ng tam do cat r6'i mot i
phan tll' cua hinh cat ban phan thi kh6ng duo'c V8.

• Hinh cat mot pnan dll'Q'c giai nan b&i cac net V8
tay rnanh.
c-c
• Ky hieu vet cat th~ hien bang net cham qach d$m
va chCi' in hoa
Hinh 1: Bi~u diEm hinh cat
 2.1 Ban ve ky thuat la phuonq tlen truyen thong 77

Chi tiet d~ng tru

f)~ bi~u di€in mOt chi tiet hinh tru chua gia conq, thOng
thuang chi can mot mat chieu 113du (xem trang 75).
Tuy nhien khi qua gia conq chi tiet co the phat sinh
nhCfng thay doi r~t phuc tap, khien ta can phal co them
nhCfng mat chieu, Qua d6 nhCFng thay dol khong chi 2
tuy thuoc vao huong m13 con vao loai gia cong. Thi
du mot khop n6i hinh lang tru chay song song voi true
chinh gay ra 51,1' thay dOi it non ve hinh danq (Hinh 1a)
va de trinh bay hon 113so voi mot 10 khoan th~ng g6c
voi true chinh, hay 10 khoan nghi€mg I$ch tam xuyen
qua hay tach vet khia nghieng (Hinh 1b). a) Gia cong song song voi true

Thong thuong, vi$c ve nhCfng giao tuyen hinh thanh

phuc tap nay khong phai la nhiern Vl,J cua ky thuat vien
CO' dien tlf. Ky thuat vien phai c6 kha nang doc hi~u
va due ket duQ'c nhCfng phuonq each gia cong tLr hinh
danq cua nhCfng giao tuyen d6. Nqay nay, nhCFng hoa
vien ky thuat, thong thuonq ia nguai chiu trach nhiern
dl,l'ng ban ve, diroc giam tai nqay canq nhieu nho h$ Chuoi kep (ngong kep)
thong CAD khi khai trien va bieu dien cac duang cong
nay (Hinh 2).
b) Gia cong nghieng

Hinh 1: Cac chi tiet hinh tru

.--
Hlnh chillu d(mg Hlnh chieu cenh ! Hinh chiilu dlmg II Hinh chieu cann

E9 ffi ffi @ 8j tB
ffi rn rE
.r
~ ~ ~

~ ffi I ~ ill m
m
=
I
~ ffi ~ ~
@
~ ffi ffi ~ & ~

Hinh 2: V@tth~ hinh tru v60icat b~c

80 2 TruYE!n thong ky thuat

2.1.5 Trinh bay ren

Trang cac ban vElky thuat, vi~c trinh bay ren chinh xac
la kh6ng thll duoc Do do, vi~c trinh bay ren duoc don
Ren ngoai
giim h6a. Qua do, ca bien danq (profin) ren I~n buoc
ren deu khong duoc ve. (y ren ngoai, chan ren dll'Q'C
va b~ng net lien rnanh va dinh ren b~ng net lien darn. Chan ren
(y ren trong thi trinh bay ngll'Q'c 19i(Hinh 1). 809n ket Dlnh ren
thuc ren duoc trinh bay b~ng net lien darn.

Ren trang

Trang hinh chleu earth, chan ren hoac dinh ren dll'Q'c
trinh bay btmg ba phan tll' vang Iron.
Hinh 1: Trinh bay ren

Trinh bay ren trong hinh cat

Trang bieu dilln hinh cat cua ren, cac dU'<Yngg<;lch

mi;ll cat luon luon phai duoc va cham VaG cac net lien
darn. Dieu nay ap dunq cho ca ren ngoai Ian ren trang
(Hinh 2).

Ren khuat
Hinh 2: Trinh bay ren trong hinh c;\t
Khi ren trang hoac ren nqoai b] che khuat boi cac phan
khac thi dinh ren va chan ren dll'Q'Cva b~ng net dLrt
manh, cOng gi6ng nhu tat ca cac phan cua chi tiel gia
eong b] che khuat khac, Qua Sl,I' sap xep cua 'Y. vonq
tron rna co the nhan biet dll'Q'c d6 la ren nqoai hay F=============
trang (Hinh 3). 1---.- - -'-'-

F=============
Ghi kieh thU'cYecua ren

Cac ren tieu cnuan dU'Q'cghi kich thuoc b~ng cac ky Hinh 3: Ren khuat

hieu viet tat. Cac ky hi$u nay baa g6m:

• ky hieu cho loai ren (thi du: M cho ren h~ met) 20

• dll'<Yngkinh danh nghTa

• cac thong tin tiep thea, thi du nrur chleu dai ren,
buoc ren, hU'cYngxoan cua ren (Hinh 4).

Trinh bay bu long va dai oe

Hinh 4: Ghi kich thiroc ren
(y bu long, ben canh cac ren, dau bu long la mot di;le
diem phan bi~t quan tronq va la c6t 16icua ky hieu bu
long (Hinh 5).
~f---a $
Vit dau la vai ranh (ViI dau chim) Bu 16ng sau canh
Vi~c trinh bay ren bu long tien hanh theo cunq cac quy
dinh nhu cho cac ren khac, Kich thuoc cua bu long
dU'Q'ctra tLr cac danh rnuc bu long chuan (xem them
~F at $ W£-a @
ViI aiiu MO (hinh chorn diu vai Bu 16ng dau tru luc
sach Carn nang). ranh ch(f thap) giac chim

Hinh 5: Cae 10\li bu 16ng

 2.1 Ban va ky thu.;lt la phU'O'ng ti$n truyen thong 79

2.1.4 Ghi kich thU'cYc cho tifng bQ ph~n

Khi che tao mot bQ pharr, ngoai 51! trinh bay ro rang thi vi$c ghi kich thuoc cOng rat quan tronq. Ghi kich thuoc
bao g6m cac dU'ang gi6ng (dU'ang phu), dU'ong kich thuoc va chCi' 56 kich thuoc. £)U'ong kich thuoc va dU'ang
d6ng la dU'6'ng lien rnanh, phai c6 khoanq each voi canh vat the it nhat 10 mm va each nhau it nhat 7 mm. Cac
kich thuoc dai dU'ooc va song song voi cac cann cua vat the sac cho khong duoc c~t nhau. Trong nqanh CO'khi, 2
mOi ten kich thuoc dU'Q'c dung de dinh giO'i han cac kich thuoc (Hinh 1).

SI! s~p d~t cac kich thuoc phai tuan thu theo rat nnleu quy dinh, chunq de dU'ooc lieu chuan h6a theo DIN
406-11. Vi the 0 day chi neu ra cac quy dlnh quan tronq nhat.

Quy dlnh ghi kich thuoc:

Ch(J s6 kich thl1IYC £)U'ong kich thU'Cyc

• Cac kich thuoc phai luon luon lien quan vai phan
[Link] kich thuoc, thi du nhu cac be m.;it hay Gioi han kich
thuoc
cac canh. Cac kich thuoc d6 cOng duoc dung lam
chuan khi gia cong va kiem tra. £)U'ong gi6ng

• Moi kich thuoc chi duoc ghi mot lan, tranh ghi hai
Ian.
Hinh 1: Cac djnh gio-i han kieh thuoo-c
• Khi trinh bay mot b(i phan vO'i nhieu mat chieu thi
ghi cac kich thuoc VaG noi rna chi tiet gia conq de
nhan biet nhat,

• cac b(i phan doi Xll'ng dU'OOcghi kich thuoc qua

dU'ong tam (true doi Xll'ng).
40
• Trong ban va, kich thuoc luon tuon duoc ghi voi dQ
Ion that, ke ca khi bQ phan khonq dU'Q'c ve b,jjng ty
1$ 1 :1.
15
I ?-
I
•

•
NhCi'ng kich thuoc phat sinh khi gia cong, khong
duoc ghi hoac ghi trang nqoac don 113kich tnuoc
tham khao (phu).

Nan tranh cac chuoi kich thuoc,

den 16i gia conq do dung sai.
vi chunq c6 the dan ~
~
~
I

I
I
\
• £)U'ong gi6ng kich tnuoc g6c phai quy ve dinh g6c,
dU'6'ng kich thuoc dU'Q'c ve trong tm6'ng hop nay
la cung tr6n.
~
c-:
/
~
~ ~!~
20
PhflntLr
• Khi ghi kich thuoc cua dU'6'ng kinh phai them VaG
I
•
ky hi$u 0, d<;lng v6ng tron co nhan biet dU'Q'c hay
kh6ng.

Viec ghi kich thuoc ban kinh thi tuy thuoc VaG cho
chuan
kich tmroc

iiI I ~t
tr6ng. Trang moi tnronq hop phai ghi chQo R tnroc
chQ>s6 kich thuoc.
1'J'
~"-
• Khi vi tri cua tam ban kinh r6 rang thi c6 the bo qua
vi$c bieu hi$n n6. Neu kh6ng thi tam ban kinh phai
dU'ooctrinh bay va ghi kich thuoc,

• Khi nnieu ban kinh b,jjng nhau, thi khong can phai
ghi kich thuc-c. Trang trU'6'ng hop nay ghi chu "Tat
ca ban kinh kh6ng ghi kich thuoc = ... rnrn'Ta du.

Hinh 2; Quy dinh ghi kich thuoOoe

82 2 TruYEm thong ky thuat

2.1.7 Ban ve nhorn lap rap

18

~
f

i
~ I~
, -o
-o
-
,---
•
.~
,-- ~ ~< -
.-
N N
N
<0
N
", .
.
N

~
~
1
! ~
9

Hinh 1: Ban ve nhorn I~p nip

H$ thong ky thuat luon bao g6m nhieu b(>phan rieng Ie hay nhieu nhorn lap rap (h$ thong con), cac b(>phan
nay thoc hien cac nhiern VI,! hoan toan khac biet nhau. CO' sa quan tronq doi vo'l viec gia conq cac b(>phan la
ban ve chi tiet, con ban ve lap rap hay ban ve t6ng th§ dung cho vi$c lap rap cac cum may hay toan b(>he thong
(Hinh 1). Cac ban ve nay cho thay cac b(>phan, trong khong gian ba chieu, dlJ'Q'Clap voi nhau thanh mot cum
hay mot he th6ng hoan chinh. Trong do, nqoai tat ca cac b(>phan rieng IE~con co cac b(>phan tieu chuan nhU'
vonq dem, bu long, chat, 10xo v.v... Ket cau va chirc nang cua cac nhorn lap rap duo'c trinh bay phai duoc nh$n
ro dlJ'Q'ctCrban ve lap rap.

Cac quy dinh trinh bay cho ban ve nhorn I~p rap ve ban ve t6ng th§ cOng giong nhu cac quy dlnh cho cac b(>
phan rieng IE~.NhCrngchi tiet roi phuc tap (thi du: banh rang) co the trinh bay gian don theo quy uoc (xem sach
C~m nang). Khi ghi kich tnuoc nen gicYihan vao nhorn lap rap va h$ thong t6ng the, thi chi ghi cac kich thuoc lap
nip quan tronq va cac kich thuoc
din thiet cho chuc nang.

Vi tri S61U'Q'ng Tim gQi Ky hi~u

Thanh phan quan tronq cua ban
1 1 V6 may AZY 12070
ve lap rap la bang ke cac chi tiet
2 2 Tay carn BARM 180
(Hinh 2). Ben canh cac thong tin ve
ten 99i b(> phan rieng Ie, so vi tri, 3 2 Carn chuyen rnach ANOCK 123
vat li$u, bang ke con bao g6m ca so 4 4 Mimg BGUM 189
1lJ'Q'ngcua m6i b(>phan duoc dung. 5 2 Ch6t d~c biet 505T 180
Vi tri cac chi tiet trong bang ke dU'O'c 6 2 Bu 16ng dau luc giac 150 4017-M8x16 150 0816
ky hieu trong ban ve lap rap hay ban 7 4 Vang d~rn DIN 125 A 8.4 5CH 180
ve t6ng the bang so vi tri. Bang ke 8 4 Vang d~rn cnan 51180
cac chi tiet trong nhCrng ban ve nho
9 1 La xo nen FD 180 Ii
c6 th§ la mot thanh phan cua khung
10 1 La xo nen FD 180 re
a
ten; nhCrngban ve co rat nhieu chi
11 3 G5180-4
Chot ren M4
tiet, bang ke la m(>tto rieng.

Hinh thuc cua bang ke duo'c lieu

chuan hoa theo DIN ISO.
Hinh 2: Bang ke cac chi tillt
 2.1 Ban ve ky thuat la phuonq ti$n truyen thong 81

2.1.6 cac chi tiet dU'Q'c chuan h6a

COng nhu' vi$c trinh bay bu long va dai ac, nhCPng chi
ti~t duoc chuan h6a khac, thi du nhLl' ta 10 khoet, xen
ranh thoat, khia gai nharn, 10 tam cOng phai tuan theo
nhCfng quy dinh trinh bay nhat djnh.
2
Trinh bay cac ranh thoat
Hinh 1: Ranh thoat 60 vai true
Cac vai ga cua true va doan thoat ren khong bao gic'Y
duoc lam sac canh chinh xac vi Iy do gia cong cOng
nhu vi do [Link] thU'6'ng, thay cho dean chuyen
DIN 509-EO.4xO.2
ti~p sac canh 113mot ranh thoat tieu chuan (Hinh 1).
Sl)' trinh bay chinh xac ranh thoat doi h6i rat nhieu phi
z
ton. Cho nen d6i voi ren, sl,I' trinh bay don gian theo
DIN 509 cOng nhu DIN 76 thLl'ang 113du (Hinh 2).

Kich thuoc cho ranh thoat tuy thuoc vao tal tronq va
dU'ang kinh true. TOy theo tung trLl'c'Ynghop, cac kich
thurrc nay dLl'Q'c trich tli sach Carn nang. Viec gia
Hinh 2: Trinh bay gian don rann tha:'it
cong ranh thoat dung kich thuoc da tro nen don gian
hon ritt nhi~u nho Sl)' pho bien cua may ti$n CNC.

Trinh bay gai nham

f)~ thao tac d~ non, cac b(> phan phal tac d(>ng bang
tay, thi du nhtr vit dieu chinh, tay quay, dU'Q'c Ian van
doc (can gai nharn). Vi$c trinh bay chinh xac gai nharn
Ch'"tit
Gai nharn voi cac ranh song
i
A--I
rat kh6 nen viec trinh bay chunq dLl'Q'c don gian h6a.
song vai true quay: RAA (xem sach earn nang) t= 0,5
Cac thOng tin ve d$c tinh chinh xac cua gai nharn narn Ky hieu lieu cnuan, thi du: Gai nharn DIN 82-RAA 05
trang ky hieu (Hinh 3).
Hinh 3: Gai nharn thea DIN 82

Trinh bay \0 tam

La

E-- =r 0" B;';;;;~~:o~:~::~"

tam duoc dung cho vrec kep cac phan tlen giCfa cac
mOi ch6ng tam. Chung duo'c tieu chuan h6a va c6 th€!
c6 nhieu canq khac nhau. Theo DIN 332, 10 tam cOng
c6 th€! duoc bieu dien gian don trang ban ve (Hinh 4). m
Kich thucc chinh xac duoc trich tli sach Carn nang.

t---.-tOIN 332 B2.5x5.3

Lo tam phili gili' l:;li trang chi
ti~t hoan thanh
M:tiU@I Hinh 4: La tam
NhCfng loai phuonq tien truyen thong nao duoc dung trang ky thuat? Hay cho thi du tling loai rna ban bi~t
trang xi nghi$p dao tao cua ban.

2 B<;In biet nhU'ng loai ban ve ky thuat nao? B<;In hay trinh bay nhCfng kha nang SLPdung hop IY.

3 Nguyen tac co ban nao duoc ap dung cho s6 ILI'Q'ng cac hinh chieu trinh bay trang ban ve ky thuat?

4 Trinh bay hinh cat dap Lmg rnuc dich gi?

5 B<;In hay neu ra nhCfng quy dinh ghi kich thuoc quan tronq nhat phai tuan thu trang cac ban ve ky thuat
co khi.

6 Ren trang va ren ngoai dLl'Q'c trinh bay bang each nao?
84 2 TruYE!n thong ky thuat

Trang bieu de, vong tron, SI,J' phan chia theo ty 1$

Tiilu hao khi bitm doi nang IlPQ'ng
dU'Q'c trinh bay bc1ing do Ian cua di$n tlch thanh phan
(Hinh 1). Toan bo dien tlch vonq tron tuonq Ll'ng voi Cong suat
100%. Khi di$n tich vonq tron dU'Q'c trinh bay kieu ph6i hi$u dunq
canh va co them chieu cao thi ta gOi do la bieu d6 hinh
banh kem.

Tieu hao trang

d(mg co
Trang bi€!u do Sankey, cac thanh phan ty 1$ duoc tinh
theo chieu rong ban dau cua bieu d6 (Hinh 2). Tieu hao trang
may phat dien

Bieu d6 Sankey va bieu d6 vonq tron chu y~u dung de Hinh 1: Bi~u do vong Iron

hien th] cac thay doi va cac thanh phan cau tao, Bieu
d6 nay t6 ra han che khi trinh bay cac thOng tin dinh
tinh va can chinh xac.
Tieu hao khi bien dol nling IlPQ'ng

Bi€!u do tr~ng thai

~
o
tn
Bieu d6 tranq thai thich hop nh~t cho viec trinh bay 00

cac trinh tl,/' di€!u khien b~ng d6 hoa, nhu tien trinh
dieu khien va 51,/' ket noi cua cac bo phan. Khi chi riEmg
tien trinh phu tnuoc theo tLl'ng buoc tuonq ling duoc 15% 8,5%
trinh bay, ta c6 bieu d6 hanh trinh - bU'ac (Hinh 3); khi Tieu hao Tieu hao
SI,J'trinh bay tien trinh phu thuoc vim thai gian, ta c6 trang trang may
dong CO' phat dien
bieu d6 hanh trinh - thoi gian (Hinh 4).
Hinh 2: Bi€.u do Sankey

2.3 Truyen thong ky thuat vcYi

Buoc
5l,1' tro giup cua so- d6
Chay ra
Truyen thong ky tnuat b~ng do th] thuonq khOng phu
thuoc vao ky thuat thi~t b] SLY dunq. Tuy nhien, khi can Xylanh

chuyen ti~p cac thong tin ky thuat thi~t bj va ky thuat Chay

ve 0---l'=----+-----j--+-
rnach d$c bii;!t (ky thuat dien, khi nen, thuy II,/'c v.v ... ),
thl cac thong tin nay phai dU'Q'c xac djnh dU'ai danq
mot sa do. Tac dong

Van
NhCrng quy djnh de thiet lap sa d6 di$n, khi nen, thuy
II,/'c duoc tieu chuan h6a theo DIN ISO. Trang khuon
2 3 4
kho cua quyen sach chuysn nqanh nay, cac dac
tinh chuyen biet do dU'Q'C de cap trong tCPng chuonq Hinh 3: Bi~u do hanh Irinh - blJ'O>c
chuyen man.

M:tMi1fI
........-
Hay tlm trang sach Carn nang t6i thieu narn bieu
d6 khac nhau vai hi;! thong true toa dQ vuonq g6c,
tuyen tinh. Xylanh ~
~
I'"
2 Hay giai thich cac thong tin trang cac bieu do.

3 Hay tim mot d6 th] lagarit va mot d6 thj toa dO Cl,/'C

va hay giai thich tCPng loai.
Van
4 Hay tao bieu d6 thanh ngang/cot va bieu do hinh 2 3 4 5 sec 6
Thoi gian
banh kem ve SI,J'phan bo tuoi cua cac ban trang
lap b~ng ph~m rnern Office. Hinh 4: Bil!u do hanh trinh - thai gian
 2.2 Bang va bieu d6 83

2.2 Bang va bieu db

111l1li 85,52 77.02 80 2
lit 2
Ben canh ban VEl ky thuat, cac bang (sap xep) va cac
danq bieu d6 khac nhau chu y~u duoc dung de lam ra
cac m6i tU'O'ng quan ky thuat,
40 114,60 142.22 500 35 35

60
-----2
114.60 142,22 500 35 35

2.2.1 Bang Tay kep khoang 80 114,60 142.22 500 35 35

ch~yIan

Hinh 1: Thi dV cho bang (sAp xep)

Trang cac bang (Ira cuu), cac tr] s6 dU'Q'c trinh bay ra
rang (Hinh 1), cac lieu chi (ky hieu, len goi. ..) ghi a
dong dau va cOI dau. Bang each gi6ng theo phuonq
300 .i.
phap ngang va doc, ta S6 xac dinh dlJ'Q'C tr] s6 mu6n .i. / I / / / L 125 min
tlrn trong voi cot va dong Ihich (fng.
min
II II / V V i> L .i.
220 -: t> 90 min
180
'/ 1/ /" V
.i.
140
I/ I / ../ V ~ 63 min
1/1 / v- I---
~ ~ .i,
2.2.2 Bieu del
100
60
20 lli~ ~ -
1----- 1----: 45 min
t- 31,5 m'in
o 100 200 300 400 mm 600
Bieu d6 103sl! trlnh My bang d6 hoa lrang mot he true £llfong kinh d ---
loa dO· Qua bieu d6, nhung lien he v~ tr] s6 giO'a cac Hinh 2: £)6 th] v60i true tuytm tinh
dai 1lJ'Q'ngbiiln d6i duoc Irinh bay boiing hlnh anh.

300 .i..
H~ tea de? vuong gac V/ 125 min

Hai true Ihang g6c voi nhau 1<;10thanh CO' sa cua he t ;~~ /,V V/ /':: ~I-< 90
.r.
rntn
.i.
true toa do. 8iem g6c (diem 0) cua h$ true toa do la ~ 50 63
.;ro /' //
mtn
.i,
giao diem cua true hoanh narn ngang voi true tung o
/V .r > ../ 45
~ 20 min
Ihang d(fng. Tr] s6 duonq dlJ'Q'c tinh l(f diem nay v€J
phia osn pMi, hlJ'6'ng len trsn; tr] s6 am tlnh lu diem
c .
..,. t%/ V V ~ 31.5 m'in
> 10 20 30 50 100 200 mm 600
g6c qua tral hoac xu6ng duoi, 8e diem cac tr] s6, cac £lU'cmg kinh d
true pha: co thong s6 Ii 1$. Ph~1n lon dlJ'ang bieu di~n
18 tuytm tinh (Hinh 2), Irong trU'<Yng hop hi~m co the Hinh 3: £)6 th] v60i true logarit

18 d<;ing logaril (Hinh 3). Cac dlJ'<Yng trinh bay di;ic tinh
(d6 hoa) cho biat mOi lien he ham s6 cua cac dai 1lJ'Q'ng
bi~n d6i.

H~ toa de? CI,J'C

Trong h$ toa do CI!C, mot mat Iron dU'Q'c chia 360°.

Tal day, g6c 0° duoc quy djnh cho true tia tll' tam theo
phuonq ngang v~ phia ben phai. G6c dU'O'ng duoc
tinh Ill' do ra ngU'Q'c chieu kim d6ng h6, g6c am cunq
chieu kim d6ng h6 (Hinh 4). Hinh 4: £)0 th] v60i h~ tea de?c\/,c

Bh~u do tr!,l Khi thili dQc h(li trong giao thong dU'o-ng be;>
o co = Khi
Bieu d6 tru thich hop cho su trinh My ra rang nhung carbon
monoxide
SI! thay doi don gi8n hay cac thanh phan kat n6i theo
o NO, = Nito
phan ty Ie. ThOng thlJ'<Yng, trong bieu d6 thanh va cot oxide
(Hinh 5), cac s6 chi s6 1U'Q'ngdU'Q'c ghi tren true d(Png, o C,H y = Hydro-
true ngang g6m nhUng thOng lin d6i (fng V6'i nhau (Ihi _ carbon

du khi carbon, ni 10', hydra carbon cho moi narn), ~

196519701975198019851990* 1995 • U'6>c
doan

Hinh 5: Bil!u do try

86 2 TruYEmthong ky thu~t

Bien ban dll'Q'c lap tren co sa cac ghi chsp bai ngll'oi ghi bien ban trong su6t bu6i hop, Ngll'oi d6 phal c6 kha
nang phan bii;lt duoc dieu quan tronq va khong quan tronq ngay trang bu6i hop, ghi chu nhanh va ro rang nhifng
diem quan tronq. a day hoan toan hop Iy khi sU>dung cac chO'viet tat va cac ky hi$u (thi du ky hieu =, --+). Trang
tmong hop can thiflt, ngu'oi viet bien ban co the de nghi ngll'oi phat bieu nhac lai hay dien dat ro rang hon, Ngay
nay, bien ban thuonq duoc soan tren may tinh. Cach cong b6 cOng nhll' phan ph6i bien ban thll'ong da dll'Q'c
quyet dinh truoc. Bien ban thll'ong phai dll'Q'c chu tich cuoc hop hay toan nh6m tham dl,l' phe duyet,

2.4.2 Twang trinh va thuy~t trinh

Bai tll'ong trinh la mot bai thuyet trinh CI,J the v~ mot d~ tal nhat [Link] rnuc dich chuyen giao cac kien thoc
thu diroc. Thi du, mot thanh vien cua nhorn dt,J'an suu tap nhCrng thong tin ve cac d$c tinh cua m¢t loai dieu
khien va tll'ong trinh nhifng nhan dinh thu tnap duoc cho cac thanh vien khac trang nhorn. 8ieu ki$n d~u tien
cho sv thanh conq cua mot bal tll'cmg trinh la su tranh tuan ve de tal. CO'sa cua bai thuyet trinh thU'ong la viec
bien SOc;1n ky Ill'ong.

2.4.3 Tao bal twang trinh

Buoc d~u tien khi chuan b] mot bai tll'cmg trinh luon
luon la xac dinh chinh xac de tal va gioi han khung
thoi gian. Khi de tai da an djnh, phai thu thap va xem
xet cac tll' li$u thong tin. Ben canh cac tai li$u cua
hang XU'ang va thir vlen, hien nay nguon thong tin
quan tronq trvoc het Ia Internet cOng nhu' Intranet
trang cac cong ty ton. Tli tll' li$u thu th~p duoc, dl,l'ng
cau true so bO. Tren co sa nay tien hanh bien SOC;1n
chi tiet bai thuyet trinh. £)i~u quan tronqa day la cac
doan van lay ra tli cac ngutSn khac phai trich dan va
neu nguon g6c. xuat xU>dung d~n. Tli bai viet da diroc
bien S09n hoan chinh, c6 the hinh thanh mot ban ghi
cac tli kh6a dung cho vlec thuyet trinh bai tU'ong trinh

Hinh 1: Tang quan ve twang trinh

2.4.4 Thuy~t trinh bal tU'cYngtrinh

Bai tll'ong trinh khong phai dll'Q'c doc ma 103 thuyet

cac nguyen t~e khi thuyet trinh
trinh. Quan tronq 103 de tai can duoc trinh bay mot each
thu vi cho ngll'oi nghe. Vi kha nang ITnhhoi cua con
ngll'oi tang them khi ho thu nhan thOng tin qua nhieu
- ce gang n6i mot each tt,J'nhien
giac quan (thi du: mat va tai - xem Hinh 1, Trang 51). N6i cham. to va ro
ta c6 the su>dl,mg cac phuonq tien h6 tro nhu bang - Cai cac dean dling
den, trinh chieu va nhifng phll'O'ng tien khac de lam
- Thay doi giong
sang t6 nhifng diem cot yflu. Viec cac bai thuyet trinh
duoc hE>tro bai cac trinh chleu b~ng may tinh nqay - £)e y den tll' the
cang pho bien (xem ChU'O'ng1.2.3). Khi trinh bay phai - Giif tiep xuc b~ng mat voi ngll'oi nghe
luu y de!n nhifng nquyen tac ghi trang bang ban cann.
- Kh6ng "nol voi tam bang"
 2.4 Ngon ngQ>ta phlJ'O'ng ti~n truyen thong 85

2.4 Ngon ngCPlam phU'O'ng ti~n truYEm thong

Ben canh tat ca cac phvonq ti$n tro qiup cho viec truyen thong ky thuat dlJ'Q'Cde dang, ngon ngQ>,bao gem I&i
noi va chu viet, cling la mot phuonq ti$n truyen thong khonq the thieu. Cac eong nhan lanh ngh~ nqay canq phai
e6 kha nang dung phuonq ti$n truyen thong nay mot each chuyen nghieP. Qua trinh trao doi voi d6ng nghi$p,
nglJ'oi d.;it hang va khach hang hoac cac bien ban, bai thuyet trinh va cac eong vi$c cua dl,!' an deu phai dien dat 2
ehinh xac va co h$ th6ng.

2.4.1 each tao cac bien ban

Nhiern VI,Jcua bien ban la ghi lai n¢i dung va diEm bien cua cac su kien nh<flt dinh nhu' hop nh6m to, ban bac, gio
hoc, hOi nghi, kh6a hop va nhieu thLP khac, de sau d6 c6 the hinh dung va xem lai ket qua. Nqoai ra dl,!'a tren
bien ban, nhQ>ng nglJ'oi khong the tham dl,!' cOng duoc thong tin ve nhQ>ng ket qua cua SI,!' kien. Bien ban du ghi
van tat hay day du deu phai dam bao tinh khach quan, nqon ngQ>phu hop, nhQ>ng doan quan tronq phai trich
dan nquyen van.

CO' ban co hai 10:;!ibien ban:

• Bien ban tU>Oongthu~t dien ti/m

• Bien ban ket qua

Trang bien ban tlJ'ong thuat dien tien, tat ca cac chi
tiet quan tronq v&. toan the dien bien cua SI,!'kien duoc
ghi lal, trang d6 phai ghi chu ca cac phat bi~u quan
tronq nhat.

Trang bien ban ket qua chi ghi lai nhQ>ng ket qua, thi
du nhu: kien nghi, quyet dinh, th6a thuan, giao uoc.
Thong tbuonq thi bien ban ket qua ngan hon nhieu so
v&i bien ban tlJ'ong thuat, nhunq khong n6i ra dlJ'Q'c
each di den quyet djnh.

Cau true cua mQt bien ban

Bien ban gem c6 phan d~u (phan rno d~u), pnan chinh
va cuoi bien ban la nqay thanq, dia diem va chQ>ky cua
nglJ'&i viet bien ban. Trang pnan dau thuonq ghi de tai
cua SI,!'kien, dja diem, ngay thanq va gio cOng nhir ten
cac nglJ'&i tham du. Trll'ong hop c6 nhieu nglJ'&i tham
du, thi dinh kern danh sach nglJ'oi tham du.
gio, ngU'oi
'ham dl,J'

Phan chinh t6m tat nhQ>ng bili n6i quan tronq hoac cac
ket qua theo thLPtl,!' thoi gian. Thu moi hop voi chuonq
rnuc nqh] SI,!' d13 <fin djnh thlJ'O'ng dU'Q'c goi di tnroc
buoi hop.

Cuoi bien ban 103ngay thanq I~p bien ban va chQ> ky

cue ngU'oi ghi bien ban.
Hinh 1: Bien ban
88 3 Ky thuat kiem tra

3.2 Phuonq ti~n kiem tra co hoc

Tuy thuoc vao do chinh X8C duoc yeu cau, cac
phu'O'ng ti~n ki€1m tra knac nhau duoc SLYdl)ng de do
chleu dai va do g6c. Be nhan bi€!t cac chieu dai Io-n
non nquoi ta SLYdl)ng cac thU'o>c do biing thep hoac
cac bang do (tbuoc cuon). Qua do do doc chinh xac
c6 the dat duo'c khoanq 0,2 oen 0,5 mm (Hinh 1).
Hinh 1: Thooc bling bang thep cuen dlPQ'c (thlP60c day keo,
thll'60c rut)

3.2.1 ThU'Ooc cap

Duoc SLYdl,mg da di~n hon va cOng chlnh xac non

bang do va thuoc do bang thep la thuoc cap (Hinh 2).
Vo-l thuoc cap ngU'o-i ta c6 th€1thl,l'c hien cac phep do
nqoai cOng nhu do trong va ca chieu sau, Thuoc ci;ip
I Do ngoili 11.1'.•• ......,.:...",.,("'1.
gom co mot nqam (rno) 00 co dinh va mot nqarn do Ngam do
MOi nhon
didQng
di dong. Mot thang do millimeter (mm) duoc ghi tren cnso nhau
nqarn 00 co dinh, Ngam do di dong mang thuoc chay
(non Ius - du xich - vecnie), Bay 113 sv phan chia 19 Ngam do
Thuoc chay
(du xich)
mm thanh cac khoanq chia bang nhau (vach) chang c6 dinh
han nhU' thanh 10 vach (thuoc chay 1/10) hoac thanh Vi! k4ilP Con truot
20 vach (thuoc chay 1120). Khoimg each vach tU'O'ng
Cmg 19/10 = 1,9 mm hoac 19/20 = 0,95 mm. Do d6,
00 sai biet gili'a vach gfln nhat tren thang 00 co dinh
tuonq l.I'ng voi m6i phan vach 0,1 hoac 0,05 mm
(Hinh 3).

Khi doc cac tr] s6 hieu chinh ngU'6'i ta xem oU'o-ng

vach CY so 0 cua thuoc chay la dau phay. Ben tral cua Thanh do
dU'o-ng vach nay ta doc tr] so nquyen bang millimeter oC) sau
Chitiet
tren thang 00 va sau d6 tim ben phai cua n6 vach nao
cua thuoc chay trunq mot each ra rang nhat voi mot Do de;; siiu
vach cua thang do co dinh. Viec doc nay cho ket qua
1/10 hay 1/20 mm. a
thuoc cap co thang do hinh tron, Hinh 2: ThlP60c c~p van nang
su chuyen dong dai cua ngam do di dong OlJ'q'c bien
doi sang su chuyen dong cua kim chi cua mot dong ho
do. Qua 06, tr] s6 do co the duoc doc nhanh hon va
chinh xac hon (Hinh 4).

Cac thuoc cap co bo hien th] bang ky thuat s6 cung

cap khil nang doc dang tin cay nhat, Chung hien th]
bilng so millimeter, phan mlJ'o-i millimeter va phan tram
millimeter (Hinh 4). Thuoc csp dap l.I'ng nhieu tmo-ng
hop trong ITnh vue CO'oi$n tLY, de thuc hi$n cac phep
00 chieu dai va dlJ'CYng kinh voi do chinh xac duoc
dinh truce. Tuy nhien, mot so nguyen tac phai duoc Hinh 3: ThlP60c chay: Cau tao vii each doc

tuan thu khi thao tac de co the tan dl)ng do chinh xac
c6 duoc cua cac thiet b] do:

• Cac mat do va be mat kiem phai sach va kh6ng c6

Thuoc cap loai bo Wi
bavia (gO-).
voi cho 56
• Thuoc cap va chi tiet do kh6ng b] I$ch (venh).

• [Link] do kh6ng dlJ'q'C qua lon nhlJ'ng cOng kh6ng

oU'q'c qua nho.

• Kh6ng thuc hien tren chi tiet bi lay dong hay b] nung
n6ng.
Hinh 4: ThU'60c c(ip dong ho v60i thang do hinh tron vii hil!n
th] ky thu~t so
 87

3 Ky thuat kiem tra

Khi san xu at va lap rap cac chi tiet gia conq, vi~c kiem
tra lai nhieu I~n cac d~c tinh theo yeu cau la can thiet.
Vi~c nay baa g6m xem xet cac kich th U'O>c, chat
Ir Ki~mtra
I
1U'Q'ng be m~t va giOonquyen hinh d~ng mong muon .
I
duoc chl dan trong ban VB ky thuat, V&i rnuc dich nay, Do Ill'Cmg DU'i7ng ki~m
cac gia tri thuc (tr] s6 thvc te) dU'OOcso sanh voi gia
K.§t qua: Kich tnooc Kat qua: T6t, bi loai
tri mong mu6n (tri so cai d$t) bang cac phuonq tien
thl,l'c boac lam lal
thich hoop.

Hinh 1: Philn loai kiem Ira

Ki~m tra nghTa la so sanh mot tranq thai thuc t~
v&i mot tranq thai mong muon (Hinh 1).

Khi kiem tra, cac kich thuoc kiem tra dU'ooc so sanh
voi don vi cua chunq, qua trinh nay ouoc gOi la SI)'
do IlJ'00ng. Cong viec nay dtroc thuc hien voi nhOong
thi~t b] do thich hoop. Ket qua cua qua trinh do la kich
thU'c)oc thl!C (Hinh 2 va Hinh 3).

Trai lal dbi v&i dU'&rig kiem (calip, rap, can mau, CLP
chuan) cac kich thuoc can kiem tra dU'Q'c so sanh voi
mot dU'O'ng kiem, cac can mau nay bi€!u thi (tU'oong
trunq) cho kich thuoc hoac hinh dang mang mu6n, 1= 35 mm
duoc qoi la tr~ng thai dlnh trU'C)OC(Hinh 4). Ket qua Hinh 2: Do 11I'60ng
cua qua trinh nay la nhan xst: "tot", "lam I~i" hoac ubi
loai".

Du xich phu
3.1 Kiem tra dQ dai va kiem tra g6c
De c6 duoc tr] s6 c6 th€! so sann ngU'O'i ta can phal xac
dinh cac dai lU'oong CO'ban th6ng nhat. Trang h~ th6ng
don vi qu6c te SI c6 tong cong 7 dai lU'oong co ban va
don vi co ban doc I$p v&i nhau duoc quy dinh.

DO'n vi co ban cua chieu dal la met (m). Met la Thanh truot dieu
ehinh duoc
khoanq each cua anh sang truyen trang chan
khonq trong khoang thoi gian cua 1/299.792.458
giay. Hinh 3: Do gae

Do nhu cau c6 duoc tr] so khonq qua lon hoac khong

qua nho trang cac LPng dunq nhflt dinh, cac tr] nay so Cho cac tri 56 dlJ'ong
kiem: Ban kinh
dU'Q'c qiarn di hoac tang len bang each them cac chOo
dLPng truoc (tiep dau ngOo) thich hoop. Trang CO' hoc
cac don vi nay la em va mm. Tuy nhien (y cac gia tri
nho hon nhU' thong s6 dO nharn (dO nhap nho) thi don
vi la prn,

DO'n vi cho g6c ta do ("). Mot do la 1 phan 360

cua nquyen mot vonq tron,

SI)' phan chia dO thanh cac phan tnap pMn hoac phut
(') va giay (").
1°=60' 1'=60" 30'=0,5°
Hinh 4; Duong kil!m (r~p, cUo chuan)
90 3 Ky thuat kiem tra

80ng ho do thlJ'cyng duoc stY dl,mg cho cac phep do

so sanh, thi du nhu xac dinh dO sai I$ch giCPacan mflu
do (mau chuan cua kich thuoc dinh truoc) va. kieh
thuoc thuc te.

3.2.4 ThU'ac do gac

Thuoc do g6c din thiet de xac dlnh vi tri (g6c) cua

canh hoac be mat li€m quan voi canh chuan hoac be
mat chuan, Ngoai ra tnvoc do g6c con gi':m voi do
Hinh 1: ThU'Oocdo gac da nang
chlnh X8C tironq doi thap hoac thuoc do g6e da nang
vol do chinh xac hien th] den 5' (phut) cOng duoc stY
dunq, Hi~n thi cua tnuoc chay

Thuoc do g6c da nanq c6 thang do chinh voi vonq

chia bon phan 90° (4 x 90° = 360 0) diEm ta mau chuan
(kich tnuoc tieu bieu) va thuoc chay (du xich, vecnie)
giong nhU' thuoc cap. Thuoc chay nay cua thuoc do
OlJ'Q'c phan giai theo 5 phut cua g6c. Khi doc, ngU'oi a = fJ = 54°35' ~
ta dem so do n cua g6c tnroc het dua tren thang 00
chinh lli 0° den vach 0 cua thuoc chay va 5au 06 doc
so phut Cl & thuoc chay theo cunq huonq (Hinh 1).

Chu 'I: G6c 00 duoc kh6ng phai luc nao cOng nronq
(mg true tiep voi hien th]. a
Hinh 2 g6c tu ala ket qua
co duoc tli phep tlnh 180° trli oi g6c {3 dU'Q'c hien th].

a thuoc 00 g6c c6 bO hien th] ky thuat so, kel qua Hinh 2: Hi~n th] gac
c6 the oU'Q'C doc de dang non. a thuoc nay ta c6 the
chon do g6c dll doc g6c theo dQ, phut, giay hoac theo
dO thap phan (Hinh 3). Oi€luchinh chinh xac

Giong nhu & cac thiet bi do khac, khi lam viec voi
cac thuoc 00 g6c cOng phai tuan thu nguyen tac lam
vi~c:
Di.§u chinh
• PMi th~ng g6c voi be mat kiern tra VEl 0
Oc kep
• Be mat 00 va be mat kiern tra phai sach va kh6ng
co bavia
• Qua cac be mat kiem tra va be mat 00 kh6ng oU'Q'C
co khe ho anh sang thay oU'Q'c.
Hinh 3: ThU'cYcdo gac van nling co hi~n th] s6

Hay giai thich 51,/' khac nhau giCPa thuoc 00 va

dU'ang kiem (calip, can rnau) bang mot thi du.

2 Hay giai thich chuc nang cua thuoc chay (nonius)

& mot thuoc cap,
3 Nguyen t~c do cua panme (vi ke) do ngoai 113 gi?

4 Hay m6 ta nquyen tac 00 cua oong ho 00 va hinh

thuc tnuc hi$n.

5 Hay neu cac tr] so do cho thi du do & hinh ben

canh, a) b)
 3.2 Phuonq tien kiem tra CO' hoc 89

3.2.2 ThU'ac panme (vit do - vi k~)

Thuoc panme dU'Q'c SLYdunq tai noi rna dO chinh xac

cua thuoc cap kh6ng dap LYng dU'Q'c. £)(> chinh xac
doc diroc cua thU'cYc do panme la 0,01 mm. Tren th]
trU'cmg chunq dU'Q'c cung clip theo nhieu loai kat cau
khac nhau de do trong hay do nqoai. Neu so sanh vai
cac phuonq tien do bang CO', thi pharn vi do cua thvoc
panme nh6, cho nen tuy theo nhu cau, co the SLr dl,mg Khung (can cong)
nh(fng kich co
co san tren thi trU'cYng. Thong thU'O'ng
thuoc panme san co dU'Q'C phan loai theo tLrng bac la Hinh 1: Cau tao cua rnet thU'c7cpanme do nqoai 3
25mm.

Nguyen tik do cua thuoc panme la chuyen dQng tinn Vach chia chinh
tien (th~ng) doi hei cua dau do (mi;lt do) co the cat
duoc qua chuyen dong quay cua true do. £)(> tang
cua true quay thU'O'ng la 0,5 mm. Co nghTa la voi mot
vonq quay cua true, thi tr6ng (6ng xoay) di chuyen mot
Quang chay 0,5 mm. N~u tren vo boc (6ng lot) thuc
hi$n chuyen d(>ng quay co mot thang do co 50 phan
(vach) bang nhau, thi moi phan tuonq LYng vai mot
vach = 0,5 mm : 50 = 0,01 mm (Hinh 1).

Hinh 2: DQc tren thuoc panme do ngoai

se nquyen millimeter hay mot nLra s6 nquyen 0,5 mm
cOng doc dU'Q'c tren thang do cua thuoc panme. se
phan tram millimeter dU'Q'c doc tren tr6ng (6ng xoay)
cua thang
va 3). £)e
do se dU'Q'c cong voi tr] 56 tren (Hinh 2
can bang voi nh(fng II)'C do khac nhau, khi
thao tac ngU'O'i ta SLYdunq bo Iy hop trlJ'Q't. COng nhu
cYtruroc cap, thuoc panme cOng duoc trang b] bO hiEln
th] bang ky tnuat 56 (digital). Hi~n Ihi Iren
8r;J
3Q
35 0 ~
30

Tri 56 hi~n th]

35
45

10 35 38
Vo bee do (6ng 161)
0,0 0,0 0,5
Nh(fng nguyen t~c khi do VcYi thlJ'cYc panme: Thang do ong xoay 0,00 0,34 0,45
Tri 56 do [mmJ 10,00 35,34 38,95

• Cac mat do va be mat kiem tra phai sach va kh6ng

Hinh 3: Thi du ve dQc tr] 56 do
co bavia

• Tranh lam I~ch (venh) chi tiet hay thuoc do panme

Hieu chinh Ihang do Hien thi do chenh

• £)i;lt dung nhlet dO tham chieu ghi san
alri 56 a tech: 0.12 mm
• Cac thuoc panme chi nen tac dong qua bO Iy hop
chong truot.

3.2.3 Dong ho do

(y dong ho do (Hinh 4), chuyen dong thling (tuyen

tinh) cua true do bien thanh chuyen dong vonq tron
cua kim do qua bO truyen dong (thU'ang la banh rang
hay thanh rang). Mot quanq chay mot millimeter (mm)
LYng vcYi mot vonq quay tron ven. Neu tren thang do
cua dong ho dtro'c chia thanh 100 phan bang nhau,
thi do chinh xac doc duoc Ia 1mm : 100 = 0,01 mm.
Hinh 4: Cac each do so sanh (s\l' khac nhau] vai 116n9hb do
92 3 Ky thu~t kiem tra

3.5 Thiet b] do di~n tw

Ve co ban, thiet b] do di$n tll hoat dong dua tren h$
th5ng do quanq dU'ong b~lng quanq-dien, Mot dflu do
chuyen dong tren mot thuoc do b~ng thuy tinh va ghi
nhan cac phan dean cua quanq dU'ong da di qua (tuc
Ia gia s6 - tang IEm tung phan dean). Thuoc do thuy
tinh dU'oocphan chia thanh cac phan doan r~t nho, mot
doan cho anh sang xuyen qua va xen ke voi mot dean
khong cho anh sang xuyen qua. NhC'rngtin hieu dU'OOc
thu nhan bimg quang hoc duoc Xli 1'1thanh tin hieu
di$n tll (Hinh 1).
Hinh 1: May do di~n lip

£)0 chinh X8C hien th] a h$ th5ng do quang dU'ong

b~ng quang-di$n tll dat dEfln0,001 mm. Bo danh gia
di$n tll cho phsp ta tuy y chon phep do chieu dai theo
gia s6 hoac theo tuy$t d6i.
He th6ng do quanq dU'ong bang quanq-dien tu dU'OOc
g~n ben trang cac may gia cong CNC va trong cac
thiEfltb] do tea do (Hinh 2).

3.6 Ki~m tra bang dlJ'ong ki~m

XU> Iy du'
Khi chi tiEfltduoc n6i kEfltcling voi cac chi tiet khac trang li",u (di",n
cling mot cum I~p rap, thi dieu quan tronq truce tien toan)

103chunq phai "an khop nhau", de dap lfng cac chuc Sang thao
nang dU'OOc dl,l' djnh, Cac chi tiilt khop voi nhau khi tac (bang
kich thuoc cua chunq nam trong gi&i han dinh tnroc. dieu khien)

SI,I'tuan thu "dO dung kich tnuoc" nay (kich thuoc gi&i Hinh 2: May do tea de)
han) thU'ong dU'oockiem tra bang cac dLP&ngkiem.

Bang cac dU'&ng kiem (Cll chuan, can maul M~t t6t M;itb! 10<li
ngU'oi ta co the xac dinh mot kich thuoc co narn true nh6 hon Tn,Jc true Ian non kich
kich thuoc toi t6t thuoc to; thieu cho
giC'racac tr] s6 gi&i han cho phep hay khong. Kilt
da cho phep phep 29,992 mm
qua kiem tra la t6t, bi loal hay lam lal. 30,013 mm

True ben
Kich thuoc do ngoai duoc kiem tra b~ng cac dU'&ng Sen t6t bi loai
kiem ham gi&i han, kich thuoc do trang bang tru truot vai kh6ng
dU'&ng kiem gi&i han. Mat "t61" duoc bieu th] la kich tronq dU'qc
lU'qng phep
thuoc t6i da khi SlI dl,lng cac phep do nqoai va la kich
rieng tren tnrot tren
thuoc t6i thieu khi phep do trang dU'OOc yeu cau. true true

Hinh 3: DlI'ang kil.m ham giai han danh cho kich thuoc co
Mat "b] loai" dU'oocbieu thi lon hon kich thuoc t6i thieu dung sai 30 j7
a
dU'Q'cyeu C8U cac phep do nqoai va nho hon kich
a
thuoc t6i da duoc phep cac phep do trang (Hinh 3
va hinh 4). Vat the b] loal a
dU'&ng kiem (can maul M;it t6t La M~t bi loai
duoc bieu th] bang mot dau hieu mau do. Nilu kiem La khoan Ian khoan La khoan nh6 hon
tra ve kich thuoc kh6ng thuc hien dU'oocvi cac dU'&ng hon kich thuoc t6t kich thuoc toi da cho
kiem ham gi&i han kh6ng an khop a
tren hoac ben toi thieu cho
phep 25,000 mm
phep 25,021 mm

trong vat the kiem tra thi can phai lam 1<;Ii.

Ben canh vi$c kiem tra klch thuoc. cac dU'ong kiem
(can maul cOngthich hop cho viec kiern tra hinh dang. o 25 H7
Do cac can mau luon chi the hien mat kich thuoc danh
dinh, nen viec SlI dl,lng cua chunq r~t b] gi&i han. Viec
SlI dl,lng cac can mau giam manh bai su gia tang cua
cac phuonq ti$n do dac tan tiEflnhon va da danq hon. Hinh 4: Tru dll'ang kiem giai han danh cho kich thll'ac co
dung sai H7
 3.3 Thi~t bi do bang khi nen 91

3.3 Thiet b] do bang khi nen

Khi do bang khi nen, SI,I' thay doi ap suat hay SI,I' thay
doi dong chay dlJ'Q'c sCv dunq de xac dlnh SI,I' thay doi
chieu dai. Cac phuonq phap nay dlJ'Q'CgOi la phuonq
phap do ap suat hay phuonq phap do the tich (Hinh 1)_

Khi khoanq each cua m¢t chi tiet gia conq d6i voi mot
b¢ bee phun do bi thay d6i do kich thuoc cua no thay
doi, thi ap suat cua dong khi thoat ra cOng thay d6i. 3
SI,I' thay d6i ap suat nay duoc truyen qua mot ap ke co
thang do theo chieu dai (Hinh 2). (] phlJ'O'ng phap do
the tich, nhling thay doi cua luu 1lJ'Q'ngdo SI,I' thay doi
cua khoanq each gay ra duoc xac dinh va dlJ'Q'C bien
doi thanh thang do theo chieu dai,

Tr] so thang do cua cac thiet bi do bang khi nen thlJ'&ng

la 0,001 mm, d¢ chinh xac do khoanq 0,01 mm. Vi
phai can mot b¢ thu nhan tr] 56 do di:lc biet (thi du earn
bien) cho moi kich thuoc do, nen phuonq phap nay
khonq thich hop cno cac kiem tra don le, N6 dlJ'Q'C sCv Dilu (calip) do
voi bee phun Vong bee phun do
dunq nhieu hon trang ki~m tra hang 109!. Cac lJ'U di~m
narn (y d¢ chinh xac cao, vi tri do duoc lam 59Ch vi Hinh 1: Thiet bj do b;?;ng khi nen
khonq khi con ton do ap suat thoat ra, va kh6ng gay
hu hai cho chi tiet gia conq do do khong tiep xuc,

eau do bee ph un do

3.4 Thiet b] do b~ng di~n

Thiet b] do bang di$n bao gom b¢ thu nhan tr] 50 do

(dau do), b¢ bien d6i tri so do va thiet b] hi~n th],

Nguyen uk do cua thiet b] do b~ng di$n la cac dai kh6ng ti~p xuc co ti~p xuc

1lJ'Q'ngdo CO' hoc duoc do tim (quet) va dlJ'Q'c bien doi Hinh 2: Be? thu nhan tr] 56 do
thanh cac tin hi$u di$n. 8ieu nay thlJ'&ng dlJ'Q'c thuc
hi$n bang viec tan dunq Sl,l' thay doi di$n earn. Qua do,
dau do (earn bien) dlJ'Q'C noi voi mot 16i s~t di chuyen 0 +
gio>a hai cuon day. SI,I' chuyen d¢ng cua dau do d§n
den SI,I' thay doi di$n ap cua cuon day (xem trang 286).
Dien ap nay dlJ'Q'c thu nhan nhu tin hi$u, duoc khuech
dal va hien th] tren thiet b] thich hop. 8¢ chinh xac do
vao khoanq 0,001 mm (Hinh 3).

U'u di~m cua thiet b] do bang dien la:

• Pharn vi do refitIan

• 86 chinh xac do cao

• SCv dl,mg dO>Ii$u trang cac may tinh va h$ dieu khien

Elo dO sai bii)t Do do
sai biet
• Cac tri 56 do thlJ'cyng du'Q'c hien th] ky thuat so (+150~m) (-150~m)

Hinh 3: Vo bang di~n

94 3 Ky thuat ki~m tra

PhLPO'ng phap dt tim do

Con truot
a phuonq phap nay, mot dau do voi mot rnui nhon
bang kim wO'ng dU'Q'c di chuyen tren b€l m~t can kiem
tra (Hinh 1). MOi do, tU'O'ng Lrng vai d9 nharn cua b€l
mat chi tiet, thuc hi$n cac chuyen dong thang g6c voi
hU'ang dan tien. NhCi'ng chuyen dong nay duoc ghi
nhan va duoc chuyen dlli thanh tin hieu di$n dl! hien
thi (Hinh 2).

Ben canh cac thlet b] do dO nharn dU'Q'c rno ta tren con

c6 cac thiet bj khac heat dong theo nguyen tac quang- MOi do Chi tiet gia cong

di$n. Tuy nhien, cac thiet bj nay thU'ang chi dung trong Hinh 1: H~ thtlng tim do v&i con trlJ'Q'\ di dQng
cac co wang chuyen nqanh hoac cac phong chuyen
khoa.

3.7.3 Do de? nharn (De?nhap nho)

Ve co ban cac so lieu dO nharn be mat dU'Q'Ctinh bang

IJm (= phan nqan millimeter). Cac so li~u sau day
dU'Q'Cphan biet:

Chillu cao dQ nharn lon nhat Rmax

La khoanq each nnap nho Z Ian nhat duoc hil!n th]

tren toan bO khoanq do (Hlnh 4).

Chieu cao nhap nh6 (chieu cao dinh-trung) trung

binh Rz
Hinh 2: £)0 be m~t
Day la tr] s6 trung binh cong cua narn chieu cao nhap
nho rieng Ie tlY Z1 den Z5. Ngoai ra khoang each do
t6ng conq dU'Q'c phan ra thanh narn phan bang nhau.
Qua do chieu cao nhap nho Ian nh~t Rmax dU'Q'c xac
djnh cho moi khoanq chia (Hinh 3).

Sai I~ch trung binh Ra (Trung binh sai I~ch so hoc

bien dQ)

Sai I$ch trung binh Ra tuonq Ll'ng voi tr] s6 trung binh
cua t~t ca cac sai I$ch tll' dU'ang trung binh (Hinh 4).
R, Z, + z2 + Z3 + Z4 + Zs
5
DQ situ nhan Rp
DO sau nay la khoanq each giiYa dinh profin Ian nhat
doi voi dU'ang trung binh (Hinh 4). Hinh 3: Chieu cao nhdp nhi) trung binh Rz

Cac d$c tinh hieu dunq cua chi tiet gia conq duoc xac
dinh true tiep mot phan bci ch~t 1U'Q'ng be mat cua
chUng. Ch~t 1U'Q'ng cua be mat chju anh hU'eYng chu
y~u beYicac yeu t6 sau day:

• Qua trinh san xuat

• Heat dong (Dunq cu va chi ti~t)

• DiY Ii$u cat

• Chg.t 1U'Q'ngcua may gia conq Profin P 1m flU'ong trung binh

• SI,I' din than trong che tao

Trong san xuat hang loat hi$n nay, cac chi tiet rieng
Ie thU'6'ng ducc kiem tra theo mot chU'O'ng trinh kiem Hinh 4: Sai I~ch trung binh Ra. chieu cao nhAp nhi) l6'n nhAt
Rmax vii de?sau nhan Rp
tra chinh xac danh rieng cho chunq tai cho lam viec.
 3.7 Ki€lm tra be mat 93

3.7 Ki~m tra be m~t Khoanq each dU'ong ranh Khoang each gQ'n s6ng (buoc s6ng)

Khoang cacn
Ben canh vi$c gi(j> dung kich thuoc, thi vi$c tao ra chat QU'ong soc

1U'Q'ng be m~t theo yeu diU cOng quan trong nhu' .khi
ch~ tao cac thann ph~n rieng le, Thi du nhu' mat phanq
cat (tiet dien) cua mot profin nhorn c6 the tU'ang d6i
nharn neu khi I~p d~t duoc che d~y b0'i mot nap nhua,
tuy nhien dO nharn be mat cua 10 khoan trong d6 c6
Hinh 1: Profin so cap (profin diiu tien)
bulonq di chuyen phai it han nhieu.

3
3.7.1 Khai niern co ban v~ ki€!m tra Profin P Profin thijt (chua toe)
b~ m~t'

NhU' & kich thuoc cac chi tiet, khi ki€lm tra be mat
ngU'0'i ta cOng n6i ve tranq thai mong muon va tranq
thai thuc te.
Profin R Profin nham (da loc do gc;m s6ng)

Be mc;it mong muon la be mat cua chi tiet dU'Q'c cho

truoc b0'i cac s6 li$u trong ban ve. Be mat that la be
mat co dU'Q'Ctrong thuc te bang cac phU'ang phap ky
g~~~
thuat do be mat co the kiem tra dU'Q'c. Profin W Profin gO'n s6ng (da loc do nham)

a ki€lm tra be mat,

=
mot profin be mc;it (Profin thuc
Profin P) dU'Q'c xac dinh b~ng phuonq phap ky
+1H 1d#f+1 fllJ
Hinh 2: Bil!u do profin cua be m~t
v

thuat do (Hinh 1).

N~u d¢ nharn cua be mat dU'Q'C loc, ngLPoi ta co dLPQ'c

dLPcmg profin gQ'n s6ng (profin W). Vi$c toe d¢ gQ'n
s6ng cho ket qua mot dU'ang profin nharn (profin R)
r Sai I~ch hinh d'ilng
II Thid\l It Nguyen nhiin

B~c 1
cua be mat (Hinh 2). Kh6ng phiflng U6n cong
~~ Khong tron Lbi dU'cyng diln

Vi dieu kien ky thuat gia conq tao ra su sai I$ch, nen Bac 2 GO'n s6ng Dao dong
be mc;it that co nhieu dc;ic tinh khac biet voi hinh dang ~
Iy tU'0'ng dLPQ'cyeu diu trong ban V8. Trong DIN 4760 B$c 3 £)U'cyng ranh Chuyen dong
cac sai I~ch hinh dang co the dLPQ'Cxep hanq trong 6 E
~ ·co
s:
dilln tifln
cap bac (Hinh 3). c:
Bac4 <0 £)U'ong soc, Tao phoi
c yay
~~~
3.7.2 PhU'O'ng phap ki€!m tra b~ m~t Cau true (hat, Qua trinh kl!t
~ tinh the) tinh

®
Hien nay co san nhieu phuonq phap khac nhau d€l SI,!' khu> carbon,
Kl!t cau lU'oi
ki€lm tra chat 1U'Q'ngbe mat. Chung dU'Q'c Il,fa chon tuy
su lam mem
(khU>cunq)
thuoc vao dieu kien van hanh va cac yeu cau ky thuat
do dac. Hinh 3: Sai I~eh hinh d<;lng (cua be m~t)

Ki~m tra bang giac quan

(y kiem tra b~ng giac quan be mat cua chi tiet dLPQ'c
so sanh vo'i be mat cua mau so sanh (Hinh 4). Sau Tien dili II
do, be mat cua chi tiet kiem tra va be mat cua mau so
sanh duoc IU3n phien ca b~ng m6ng tay. Thong qua
Rp~m 5 10 15 25 35 80 125
phuonq phap kiem Ira chu quan nay cho phep ngU'ai Ra urn 2,5 4 6 10 15 35 50
SLr dl,lng c6 kinh nghi$m xac dinh Sl,f khac biet ve dO Rz 11m 8 12 23 37 53 110 160
nharn den t6i da 0,002 mm.
Hinh 4: M~u so sanh be m~t
96 3 Ky thu~t ki~m tra

3.8 Dung sai va lap ghep

Kich thuoc mong mu6n cua mot chi tiet gia cong va
rno tf! ky thuat cua b€Jmat trinh bay trU'ang hop Iy
tU'ang co g~ng dat oU'Q'[Link] nhien trong thuc te, sau
khi gia cong tat ca cac chi ti~t b] sai I$ch nhi€Juhon
hoac it hon so vol tinh tranq mong muon nay. Cac tri
so cua 00 I$ch chu y~u tuy thuoc qua trinh gia cong.
Neu cac sai l(lch nay narn trong mol dung sai thi chi
ti~1oU'Q'Cchap nhan, nflu kh6ng, vise lam lai duoc yeu
diu hoac bj loal.

Sl.J'sai I$ch cua tinh tranq thuc te so voi tinh

tranq mong muon & mLYCco th~ chap nhan dU'Q'C Hinh 1: Xi lanh khi nen
113 do cac nquyen nhan ve gia conq va chi phi. Sl.J'
sai I$ch nay dU'Q'cgOi 103 dung sal,
52 32
30+0.1
Cac tri so cua dung sai chu y~u dU'Q'cxac dlnh boi
-
--~t-
chLYCnang cua cac chi ti~t (Hinh 1 va 2). Thi du nhu LA
I:
cac chi ti~t phu (kh6ng quan tronq) cua mot gia dO'
oU'Q'cthuc hi$n voi dung sai Ian non so voi cac chi ti~t ~tij\ r----
v.
chiu trach nhiern cho vi$c chuy~n dong khong co d9 L--~ ~ 10
ro (khit) cua cac b9 pnan. Nguyen tac CO' ban la: Dung I-- 2x4So 14
sai phai Ian (y muo ky thuat chuc nang cho phep.
~ 21
Cac chi ti~t duoc sari xuat theo quan di~m nay phai
phu hop vai chLYCnanq dl.J'kiElnva thich iYng voi cac Hinh 2: Piston cho xi lanh nen

chi ti~t khac, co nghTa 113 tao thanh mot lap qhep thich
hop.

Tinh tranq mong muon rap (ghap) hai chi tiet voi
nhau d~ cunq dap LYngmot chirc nang cuoc gOi
la lap ghep.

3.8.1 Dung sai kich thU'o>c

DU'ong 0
Kich thuoc ban dau oe gia cong cac chi tiet trong ban
vii ky thuat 103 kich thU'&c danh djnh. Tuy nhien nhu
da rno ta (y tren, kich thiroc danh dinh nay narn trong
khoanq kich thU'&c gi&i han dU'Q'cxac djnh. Kich
thU'&c I&n nh~t Go va kich thuoc nhe nh~t Gu dU'Q'c
gOi la kich thU'&c gi&i han. Kich thuoc Ian nhat dU'Q'c N Kich thuoc danh dinh ES Sai I$ch tren (10 khoan)
Go Kich thuoc Ian nh~t EI Sai I$ch dU'ai (10 khoan)
tao nen tLr kich thuoc danh dinh va sai I~ch tren ES
Gu Kich thuoc nh6 nhM es Sai I$ch tren (true)
(es), kich thuoc nho nhat dU'Q'ctao nen tLr klch thuoc T Dung sai ei Sai I$ch dU'ai (true)
danh dinh va sai I~ch dU'&i EI (ei). Sl.J'sai biet (hi$u (ti€lng PMp: ES = ecart superieur. EI = ecart lnferieur)
so) cua kich thuoc Ian nhc!Jtva kich thuoc nho nhat la
dung sai T (Hinh 3). Hinh 3: Khai ni~m cooban trong dung sai

EmIlI M9t 16 khoan voi kich thuoc danh dinh (2) 100 M9t true co kich thuoc danh dinh (2) 22 mm va kich thuoc
mm co dQsai I~ch ES = 30 urn va EI = - 60 urn, gioi han Gow = 22,015 mm va Guw = 21,995 mm. NhU'v~y
GoS, GuS va Ts dU'Q'ctinh nhu sau: es, ei va Twb~ng bao nhieu?
GoB = N + ES = 100 mm + 0,030 mm = 100,030 mm es = Gow- N = 22,015 mm - 22 mm = 0,015 mm
GUB = N + EI = 100 mm - 0,060 mm = 99,940 mm ei = Guw - N = 21,995 mm - 22 mm = - 0,005 mm
TB = GoB- GUB = 100,030 mm - 99,940 mm = 0,090 mm Tw = es - ei = 0,015 mm - (- 0,005 mm) = 0,020 mm
 3.7 Ki€!m tra bfl mat 95

Khong the dat dLl'OOC trj s6 dt? nnarn (dO nhap nho) bat ky du dung tilt ca phuonq phap gia conq. Trong Bang 1
tr] so co the dat dLl'OOC Ra va Rz duoc sap xep trong cac phuonq phap gia conq ph6 bien. Cac tr] s6 khac duoc
trich ra tll' sach Carn nang.

Bang 1: Tr] so de;>nham cua cac phU'O'ng phap cat gQt dU'Q'c h,l'achon

Cap dO nharn N
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ra (11m)

PhU'O'ng phap gla cong

Khoan

Doa

Phay

Mili doc

Mili m~t dau di~n

Mal mi~t1 mal nghien

Giai thich
bieu db:
56
rn Rzi Ra (y
gia cong can th(jn
--------=::::::;~-
••• I:~
----:;[Link];:J~
Khu VI,I'C gia cong
Triso Rzi e,
gia cong tho
(y

binh thU'ang

3.7.4 56 Ii(!u cua chat 1U'Q'ngbe m~t

(de? bong be mat) trong cae ban
ve ky thuat
5x 45°

Mot nguyen tac co ban trong san xuat la:

"Lu6n lu6n lam vi~c chinh xac theo nhU' yeu cau'',

PhLl'ong cham nay ap dunq cho ca viec giG>dung kich

thuoc cOng nhu ket cau cua be mat, Cac s6 li$u chuan
trong cac ban va ky thuat nhu the nao thi phai lam
viec dung nhu the. NhG>ng bieu tLl'oong (ky hieu hinh)
dLl'OOcSLYdunq de giai thich chu yeu vfl do nharn va
neu can bieu tLl'oong cOng giai thich phuonq phap san
xuat (Hinh 1).

Thong thLl'<Yng mot s6 li$u dt? nharn dLl'OOcke khai cho Giai thich
Bieu tU'Q'ng
toan chi tiet. Cac vi tri bieu 10 cac dau hieu cua dt?
nnarn sai I$ch phai dLl'OOcdanh dau rieng biet, Cac Mai nh~n cilt got b~ng gia cong mi~t
s6 li$u nay dLl'OOcd;iit trong dau nqoac khi ke khai dt? yIRz1 Chieu cao nhap nho trung binh Rz s 1 urn
nharn toan dien (Hinh 1).
Chieu cao nhap nho trung binh lon nh§t Rz
Rz 16
= 16 prn

Hay tlrn trong Hinh 1 nhG>ng tr] s6 dt? nharn dLl'OOcyeu

</ BE:!mat khong Xlr Iy

C8U va sap xep chung theo nhcmg phU'ong phap gia

cong phu hop. Hinh 1: Ban vii gl3 cong vai cac kii khai de? nharn
98 3 Ky thuat kiem tra

ThOng tin ve dung sai trong cac ban ve ky thuat

Cac dung sai dU'qc h,J'a chon theo ISO dU'qc ke khai
trong cac ban va k9 thuat nhu' chi s6 b6 sung cho
cac kich thuoc danh dinh, a
day can luu y r~ng,
nhQ>ng thong tin v~ kich thuoc nqoai dung mau Ii,l' vit!t
thuonq, kich thooc trang bi~u thi b~ng rnau tlJ' vi4t
hoa (Hinh 1).

Tai nhQ>ng dung sai duoc phep llJ'a chon tU' do khong 93,4
xac dinh theo quy each phan hanq ISO, thi nhQ>ng ISO 2168 - m
dung sai cho phep nay dc;it true tiep sau kich thuo'c
(Hinh 1).

Hinh 1: Thong tin ve dung sai

Ni!u khonq co dung sai ghi trong ban va, thi phai tuan
theo dung sai tang quat. 80 Ian cua chunq hU'ang
theo kich thuoc danh dinh va cap dung sai (chinh xac,
trung binh, tho va r~t tho).

3.8.2 Lap ghep

Chi khi hai chi tiet rap 19i vua van vo'i nhau rnoi cho
mot Ii!!p ghep. Cac Ii!!p ghep xac dinh vi tri cua cac chi
tiet tuonq iJong voi nhau (Hinh 2 va Hinh 3, trang 97).

UIP ghep 16ng luon luon bao dam mot "dQ ho"
cac chi tiet (Hinh 3).
giiia

a I~p ghep ch~t luon luon xay ra mot "dQ dol" ep

Hinh 2: Cac loai liip ghep
len chi tiet ket n6i (Hinh 3).
L~p ghep trung gian co th~ tao nen ca "dO ho"
cOng nhu ca "dQ doi".

Vi ca hai chi tiet lap ghep dU'Q'C cung cap voi kich
thuoc dung sai, cai nay co kich thuoc dung sai lon
nhat va cai kia co dung sai nho nhat, nen qua do cOng
co th~ hinh thanh cac Ii!!p ghep cho dQ h& ton nhflt PSH
va dQ h& nho nhat PSM noac dQ doi ton nhat POH va
dQ doi nho nhflt POM. Cac di~u kien sau day dU'qc ap
dunq (Chi s6 B: 10, chi s6 W: true):
Liip ghep long U\p ghep chat
8Q ho Ian nh~t PSH = GoB - Guw
Hinh 3: Liip ghep long villiip ghep ch(lt (co dQ doi)
8Q h& nho nhat PSM = GUB - Gow
8Q dol ton nhat POH = GUB - Gow

8Q doi nho nhat POM = GoB - Guw

3.8.3 H~ thong lap ghep

[Link] ghep cOng giup cho vi$c thay the giiia cac chi tiet
voi nhau duoc don gian do cac chi liet nay co dung
sai phu hop theo h$ Ih6ng 'lieu chuan hoa. 8i~u nay
diilc biet cOng ap dunq cho cac chi tiet tieu chuan nhU'
Ch6t va 16 xo b] hong bai tai tronq cao va vi the chunq
phai duoc thay thi! thU'ang xuyen,
Hinh 4: Lap ghep h~ th6ng 10 co ban
 3.8 Dung sai va lap ghep 97

Cac dai 1lJ'Q'ngcua dung sai (mien dung sail phu thuoc
chu yflu vao cac tr] s6 cua kich thuoc danh djnh va
chuc nang rna bo phan phai dap ling trang nh6m lap
rap.
t
Mi~n dung sai canq nh6 thi chat 1lJ'Q'ngcang Ian. E
2.
.~
Chat 1lJ'Q'ng dung sai duoc phan chia theo DIN ISO Ol
trong 18 cap (DIN ISO = Deutsches Instutut fOr C
::J
Normung - International Standards Organization = Hoc
a
vlen tieu chuan f)lic - Tleu chuan qu6c tfl) voi cac s6
thli tl,l' tLv 01 den 18 trang cap dung sai. Tr] s6 dung sai
01 la nh6 nhat cho mot kich thuoc danh dinh, chi s6
18 dac trunq cho dung sai Ian nhat cho phep (Hinh 1).

Hinh 1: 5\1' lien quan gio>a ciip dung sai va pham vi kich thU'Qoc
Chat 1lJ'Q'ngcua mot kich thuoc lap qhep dlJ'Q'C danh djnh
bieu th] bang cap dung sai cua no voi cac tlP so
01 dlin 18. Mau II,J'vi~t ton danh cno 10 (khoan)
+200A BCD E F G H JJSKMN P R S T UVXYZZAZBZC
Ben canh chat 1lJ'Q'ng,di;ic biet vi tri cua rnlen dung sai [Link] Vitri cua mi€mdung sai eho
d6i voi kich tnuoc danh dinh (dlJ'ang 0) dong mot vai +160 f'" cac 16 khoan, ct!p dung sai 7
tro quan tronq, Thi du nflu mot chi ti{)t du'Q'c ket n6i va +120 I=l cno kich thvoc danh dlnh 25
bat ouoc di chuyen duoc voi mot chi tiet khac, thi phai
nhan mi~n dung sai dlJ'ai dlJ'6'ng 0, va neu mot chi t
c +40
+80

EI
tiet duoc gan (dlJ'Q'C lap) khonq dlJ'Q'c phep di chuyen 'ro £)U'ong 0 ei-
.0 0 ..1
trong rnoi tm6'ng hop, phai co mien dung sai tren kich
8
thuoc danh dlnh. s: -40 es ES
o
=
.Q).

ro
U>
-80

Vi tri cua mien dung sai d6i voi dlJ'ang 0 duoc '0--120 F rVi tri cua mi~n dung sai cno
c true. cap dung sai 7 cho kich
rna hoa bang cac mau tl! (Hinh 2). -160
~m l thuoc danh djnh 25

a
..
e f g h J JS k m n p r 5 I u v x y z za zbzc
SI,I' sap di;it cua cap dung sai va vi tri cua mien dung -200 bed
sai doi voi cac kich tnuoc danh dinh deng Ie dlJ'Q'Cquy Mau II!' viel Ihu'ong danh eho true
dinh trang bang ke khai (xem sach Carn nang). Hinh 2: Vi tri cua milln dung sai doi vc7i dU'ang 0

Vang ngoai ¢42 0

-8 ~///
r---: fL' ...z;
Vang trong ¢20 -~O 0.5x45'
r-,
z -cr I ,... Dung sai 16
.••
N "$.
'"
t- .--._. r- N

"'
"$. ~ "'
"$.
-e "$. -8
0.5x45° ¢42N1, ¢42 -33 -- G,B ; 41.992
GoB; 41,961

! Dun~ sai true

¢20h6, ¢20 -13 -- /J,B ; 20

--B- GuB = 19,981

32 10 44
86

Hinh 3: Cae thi du cno vi tri mien dung sai

100 3 Ky thuat ki~m tra

3.8.4 Dung sai hinh d~ng va dung sai Durn vonq kep ben
Mep dem kin
V! tri 6 true di di?ng

B€m canh dung sai kich thuoc va chat IlfQ'ng be mat,

truce tien hinh df;mg va vi tri cOng quan tronq cho
chuc nang cua h~ th5ng CO' di~n ttY. Thi du: (y nhCmg
chi titit reri cua bo truyen dong ren trang Hinh 1, bsn Profin
canh do dung kich thuoc can co cac yeu cau khac:

• Chay vonq phai du "tron".

• Hlfang thang phai du "de;,phanq".

• Cac mat phang cua cac 6 do phai "song song". Dai 6c mat bich

• Cac ket n5i phai cho thay "dQ nghieng" theo yeu
True quay
cau doi voi b~ mat tue.

Be do 6 true ban
Tat ca cac yeu diu nay doi voi hinh d:;m9 va vi tri
vi tri c6 dinh
phai dlfQ'C trich dan trong ban va gia cong va kiem tra
trang trlfang hop yeu cau, Hinh 1: Bi) dlln di?ng ren

MOi diem cua cac phan tLPkhao sat (co dung sail phai narn trong pharn vi, pharn vi do dlfQ'C djnh nghia la
dung sai hinh danq va dung sai vi tri.

Bieu tU'O'ng (Bang 1) va d~c tinh cua dung sai hinh di;mg va dung sai vi tri duoc quy dinh trang DIN ISO 1101
(xem sach Carn nang).

Bang 1: Dung sai hinh dliln9 va dung sai vi trl (Trich dan)

Bi.§u tU'Q'ng va Thi du ling dunq

Khu Vl!C dung sai
tinh chat dung sai Chi d~n trong ban ve Giai thich

£)0 thang True cua phan hinh tru bulong phai

narn trong xi lanh vai dU'ong kinh
'm
<J)
t= 0,03 mm
C)
c:
::>
"0
~
C)
c: Elo phang Be mat khao sat (co dung sail phai
ro-
Cl y
~ ~ narn giu'a hai mi;lt phang song song co
D =
khoanq each t 0,05 mm

~
[ ~ 0
Eli? song song
VI;'I !
Be mat khao sat phai narn gifra hai mat
phang song song voi mat phang chuan
II
v

II =
co khoanq each t 0,01 mm

:s ~ ~
z: True khao sat phai narn gifra hai mat

~Jlt
Do vuonq goc
'"
c: 11.10,051 A 1
-o
:, --.l phang song song thang goc vai mat
phang chuan A va hU'ang mOi ten co
s:
'm =
khoilng each t 0,05 mm
<J)
~
'"::>
c:

<fJ$
o Eli? nghieng True cua 15 khoan phai narn gifra hai
mat phang nghieng vai mat phang
L chuan A mot qoc 60· va song' song vai
nhau CO knoanq each t 0,1 mm=
»,

ffr
ro- Khi quay quanh true chuan AB, dO dao
s: Eli? chay theo
u
trang m5i mat phang do thang goc
ro
<J)

0>
I dU'ong tron
khonq duoc VU'Q't qua khoang each
c: t=D,1mm.
::>
o
 3.8 Dung sai va lap ghep 99

£)~ dat dU'Q'Ccac loai lap ghep khac nhau, tren CO' ban
co hai each:

La ti~p nhan mot sai I$ch chuan, & day vi trl cua
mien dung sai luon co dinh (H). Trang truonq hop
nay loai dung sai phai dat dU'Q'ctren vi trl mien
dung sai cua true. NgU'ai ta qoi la h$ thong 10 co
ban (Hinh 4, trang 98).

2 Vi tri mien dung sai cua true khong thay deSi(h) va

vj tri mien dung sai cua cac 10 b] thay doi. H$ thong 3
nay dU'Q'cgQi ta h$ thong true co ban (Hinh 1).

Trang gia conq, vi$c thay doi dU'ang kfnh true hoac
kich thvoc nqoai n6i chung don gian non nhieu so
voi dU'ang klnh 10 hoac kich thuoc trang. Vi Iy do nay, Hinh 1: Liip ghcip h~ th6ng true co ban
he thong 10 co ban (don vi 10) dU'Q'c0'ng dunq thU'ang
xuyen non.

Hinh ve dU'ai day cho thcf!ynhieu chi tiel rieng Ie dU'Q'Clap qhep chung vo'i m9t nhorn lap rap. Hay danh dau cac
be mat lap qhep va giai thfch vai su' ho tro cua sach Cam nang cho moi loai lap qhep, Ngoai ra hay xac dinh
kfch thuoc lap ghep va loai lap ghep.

35

100

DIN 509

DIN 332 A2.5 x 5.3 DIN 332 A2.5 x 5.3

102 4 Quan Iy chat 11I'Q'ng

4.2 Nhi~m vu cua quan Iy chat h.J'gng

Khai nii;lm "quan IV" c6 the tarn dlch ra la "mang lai mot cai gi d6", vi v$y quan IV chat IU'O'ng c6 the duoc dinh
nghTa la "mang lai chat IU'O'ng, giai quyet nhO>ng van de do chat IU'O'ng doi hoi ". Mot conq ty neu chi thuc hien
mot vai bien phap rieng Ie d€J gia tang chat IU'O'ng thi khong dem l<;IiIO'i ich gi hay chi c6 IO'i ich rat nho. Chi khi
nao toan bo cac bien phap dU'O'c ph6i hop voi nhau mot c6 the nang cao chat IU'O'ng dU'O'c mot each lien tuc.

NhCmg bien phap can thiet duoc thi hanh trong cac lanh vue:

Lap ko!, hoach ve ~

L- __ c_h_flt_l_u'Q'.:....n....::g'--_---'1""""£)i~u chinh challU'Q'ng Ki~m tra chat 1U'Q'ng Cal litm chat 1U'Q'ng

vuot qua kh6i ranh gi&i cac phonq ban va ITnh VI,!'Cchuysn rnon (Hinh 1).

Nhii;lm [Link] quan IV chat IU'O'ng la ph6i hop cac bien phap nay. Toan bo tat ca cac bien phap nay duoc gOi la
he th6ng quan IV chat IU'O'ng. Mot he th6ng quan IV chat IU'O'ng (HTQLCL) nhu th~ chi c6 the hoat d9n9, khi tat
ca cac thanh vi en cunq tham gia. bat ke
(y vai tro va vi tri nao trong conq ty, tCPngU'&i con dang hoc nghe narn
thir nhat cho den ngU'&i chu conq ty deu co cung mot rnuc tieu.

4.2.1 L~p ke hoach ve chat 1U'c;>'ng

Vien gt;lch dau tien cua quan IV chat IU'O'ng la vlec I$p
ke hoach hoa chat IU'O'ng. Truoc khi san xuat can I$p
ke hoach d€J xac dinh chat IU'O'ng san pharn can dat
toi, trong d6 can xet dEm:

• Mong muon cua khach hang, tCPd6 xac dinh di,3c

tinh cua san pham

• Tinh kha thi ve ky thuat cua nhO>ng yeu diu nay va

su ki€Jm tra

• Ngu6n v$t lii;lu, nhan Il,!'c va tai luc L~p nip Ill' benngoai Cong ty I Mua hang I
NhO>ng khao sat tai nhieu doanh nghii;lp khac nhau cho ()
thay pnan lon cac loi (sai s6t) de hinh thanh trong giai
doan I$p ke hoach nhU'ng chi duo'c khac phuc trong
giai doan san xuat hay trong trU'&ng hop xau nhat la
khi san pham da den tay khach hang. £lieu quan tronq
can chu V ta chi phi cho vii;lc khck phuc loi trang chu
trinh hinh thanh san ph~m qua cac giai doan tang Hinh 1: Vong tren chat Ill'c;mg
gap 10 Ian trong tm&ng hop binh thU'Crng (Hinh 2).

£lieu nay c6 th€Jthay rc5qua thi du sau day:

Trang giai doan lap ke hoach vi mot loi truyen dat

trong ban ve kich thuoc cua mot t6 lap rap, hai kich
thuoc (chieu dai va chieu ngang) b] trao cho. Neu loi
nay duoc phat hien trang giai dean I$p ke hoach, n6
c6 th€J duoc khac phuc de dang (bang each do lai),
Ngay ca trang giai doan san xu at (thi du nhu khi cat
ong co prafin) nhO>ng thiet hai sinh ra do dt ong prafin
(co dinh hinh) sai tuy gay phi ton nhunq van con c6
the chap nh$n diroc. NhU'ng neu loi nay duoc kharn
pha ra khi lap rap & cac to, tLYCla (y cho khach hang.
thi gay tOn kem ton (van chuyen tang gap doi, phal
thao g6', phai cat moi, tharn chi phai san xu at Iai toan Hinh 2: Quy t~c tang gap 10 cho chi phi sea 10i
 101

4 Quan Iy chat 1U'Q'ng

Ngay nay nhieu CO' xU'ang san xuat cong nghi$p thU'ang treo cac d6 th], cac bang chi dan va cac bang tong
quan ve de tal "chat 1U'Q'ng". Qua d6, conq ty muon nang cao '1 thuc ve chat 1U'Q'ng cua nhan vien va chunq to
cho khach hang bi€Jt la cong ty ce giflng dat chat 1U'Q'ngcao nhat. Chat ILPQ'ng,tnroc nhat la SV' c6 giflng mot each
co he th6ng de dat duoc san pharn chat 1U'Q'ngcao. Chat 1U'Q'ngta yeu t6 s6ng con cho rnoi cong ty trong nqanh
CO'dien tLPchLP kh6ng chi dei v6'i cac cong ty lon. Ngay nay trong nhieu ITnh Vl,I'C co sue ep canh tranh khoc liet,
cho nen SV' hal long cua khach hang tro thanh yeu t6 bao dam cho sV' s6ng con cua cong ty.

Quan Iy chAt 1U'Q'ng

4
Khai nlern chat 1lJ'~,,"g nqay nay xuat hien dU'ai nhieu
khia canh khac nhau, nhu ta tinh nang, gia tr] va pharn
chat cua mot sari pharn, thi du nhu cap chat 1U'Q'nghay
Iif)au VaGI c::========:>
cap dung sai cua cac con vit, ky hieu ve chat 1U'Q'ng
cua thep, thi du "chat 1U'Q'ng 1A" hay "chat 1U'Q'ng 1B".
Chuan DIN 55350 djnh nghTa kh8i niern chat 1U'Q'ng
Khach
hang
r Cong ty

nhu sau:

Vac muon cua kMch himg Thai han

Gill Gi<i
Thai han giao hanq M1iuma
Chat 1U'Q'ngla toan bO cac d~c tinh va gia tri d~c Chlic nang
trunq cua mot san pharn hay mot djch vu dat Hinh 1: Quan Iy chat 1U'Q'ng
thanh dieu ki$n nharn dap CPng nhCl'ng nhu cau
nhat dinh.

N6i mot each don gian: Chat 1U'Q'ng la nhfrng gi lam

Yi!u t6 chat 1U'Q'ng
cho khach hang hal long. Trong thuc ti! "sV' hai long
cua khach hang" chlem mot vi tri noi bat trong cac khia
canh ve chat 1U'Q'[Link] ra chat 1U'Q'ngchinh la rnuc
lieu heat dong cua moi doanh nghiep cong nghi$p.
Conq ty nao muon dCPng vCl'ng tren th] trU'ang phai Chat 1U'Q'ng
Chtrc nang
co kha nang dam bao chat 1U'Q'ng va hoat dong/kinh san pharn
Tu6i tho SlY dunq
doanh theo phLPO'ng cham: Thi~t k~
Bao dlJ'&ng
Gi<i

Khach hang can quay lai chCP kh6ng phai san SI,J' quan tam d~n
Chflt 1U'Q'ng
pharn, khach himg
dich vu
Sao dam

Khach hang quay tro Ii?i d6ng nghTa voi nhieu don d~t Dung hen

hang hon, can san pharn quay tro lai thU'ang la di liEln Thanh that

vai nhCl'ng khieu nai, sua chua hay gia cong lai, giam Tu van
gia, ki$n tl,lng hoac van de khac. Chat 1U'Q'ngkhonq tV'
nhien sinh ra rna can phai dU'Q'c ke hoach h6a, thuc Cac chat 1U'Q'ng
Van h6a doanh nghi$p
hien theo mot qua trinh phLPC tap va luon phai dLPQ'c khac
Tillng tamlth(, di$n
kiem tra (Hinh 1). Ben canh chat 1U'Q'ngcua san pharn,
Quan Iy
chat 1U'Q'ngcua dich vu va van hoa doanh nghi$p cung
Nhan vien
nhu vi$c quan 1'1co xU'ang c6 y nghTa rat quan trong
cho chat 1U'Q'ngcua toan conq ty (Hinh 2).
Sao v$ m6i tmang

Hinh 2: Chat 1U'!?,ngmQt cong ty

104 4 Quan Iy ch~t 1U'c;>'ng

4.3 Quan1. Iy chat Iwong

•
theo tieu
BQ chu~n DIN EN ISO 9000
chuan DIN EN ISO 9000:2005
DIN EN ISO 9000:2005
8(> tieu chuan DIN EN ISO 9000:2005 aa dua ra mo
CO'ban va khai ni~m cho h$ th6ng quan Iy ch~t 1U'Q'ng
hinh t6 chuc va quan Iy giup xay dl,l'ng cac h$ th6ng
quan Iy chat 1U'Q'ng. Bo tieu chuan nay ra dai narn
1987 va c6 gia tr] nhir la chuan cua Dire (DIN), cua
Au chau (EN) va cua th~ giai (ISO). Tuy nhien, bo tieu
chuan khong dinh nghTa cung nhac chat 1lJ'Q'ng la gi DIN EN ISO 9001 :2005
ma chi cung cap mot khung khat niern chung. Sau d6 Nhli'ng yeu cau cho h~ th6ng quan Iy ch~t 1U'Q'ng
bO tieu chuan nay duoc li€m tuc sLPa doi va cai tien va
k~ tLPthanq 12 nam 2005 cho ra phien ban rnoi nhat ta
DIN EN ISO 9000:2005. Tieu chuan nay thay the cac
tieu chuan truoc d6.
DIN EN ISO 9004:2005
Kim chi nam cho viec phan tich/khao sat hi$u nang
B(> tieu chuan DIN EN ISO 9000 gam c6 bon pnan,
dU'Q'c xay dl,l'ng voi gia tr] pho bien chung (Hinh 1): Hinh 1: NhCmg thanh phan trong b.;l lieu chu!m DIN EN
ISO 9000
• ISO 9000 rno ta nguyen tac co ban cho cac h$
th6ng quan Iy chat 1U'Q'ngva djnh nghTa nhCfng thuat
ng[f (= khai niern chuyen men) cho cac h$ th6ng
..
quan Iy chat 1U'Q'ng. 1lN
~~~
• ISO 9001 quy oinh cac yeu diu cho mot h$ th6ng
quan Iy chat 1lJ'Q'ng ap dunq khi mot to chuc can
phai chung minh la ho co kha nanq cung cap san
Giiy Chung Nh~n
Hi~p hoi Chltng Nh~n TOV
pharn dap ung duoc yeu cau cua khach hang. Bieu - TOVCERT-
nay can thiet truoc het, khi conq ty c6 gang dat vai chltng chi nay chunq t6i chltng nh~n c6ng ty
OU'Q'Cmot ch(Png nh~n chat 1U'c;>'[Link] oU'Q'Cgiay Mustermann GmbH
chlrng nhan, cong ty chung minh cho cac bsn lien 6800 Mannheim
quan, k~ ca khach hang va nha cung cap thay rang c6 hi~U luc cho pharn vi
conq ty sa hCfu h$ th6ng quan Iy chat 1U'Q'nghoat Cd SO san xuat:
oong va da oU'Q'c mot co quan ooc lap kiern tra Dong san pham
(danh gia) (Hinh 2). Hien nay dieu nay la bat ouoc oa thiet I~p mot h~ thong dam bao chat IlIc;1ng
va ltng dunq
chu yeu cho cac nha cung ung lam vi$c chung voi
cac cong ty lon, thi du trong nqanh conq nghi$p 0 Qua vi~ danh gia vao ngay 24.05.2008, baa cao
sO QS-M-92/234 oil chltng minh dat nhong yeu cau cua
to.
DIN ISO 9001

• ISO 9004 la kim chi nam cho vi$c dieu tra/xem xet Gia'y chUng nh~n nay cc gia trj den
kha nanq va hi$u qua cua mot h$ th6ng quan Iy 30.06.2010
se t1ang ky chung nh~n
chat 1U'Q'ng. 70100 234

Ngoai ra, ISO 19001 cung clip hU'ang dan cho vi~c
danh gia cac h$ th6ng quan Iy chat 1U'Q'ngva quan Iy
moi truonq.
Bonn. ngay 12.06.2008

Giarn dOc oong 1yTOV CERT

I Mannheim, ngay 12.06.2008

Co quan cap chung nhan

Hinh 2: Thi d~ mQt gi;~y chwng nhan ch~t 1U'Q'ng

4.4 Chat 1U'Q'ngkhong chi Iii quan tam cua ban giam d6c

Trang m6i cong ty chat 1U'Q'ngphai dlrng a mot vi tri noi bat. Trong qua khlr cac cong ty cong nghi$p va thu cong
nghi$p cOng da cung cap oU'Q'C san phflm chat 1lJ'Q'ngt6t. Bi€!m moi la phuonq pnap quan Iy chat 1U'Q'ngc6 he
thong a
mol cap cua conq ty. Chat 1U'Q'ngchi co th€! hinh thanh khi t~t ca nhan vien y tnuc ro tam quan tronq ve
cong viec cua minh, va ngay ca nh[fng vi$c rM nho cOng thl,fc hien mot each chinh xac va tan tam. Bieu nay co
thf§ dbi h6i tang CU'ang Sl,f tham gia va trach nhi$m, nhU'ng cuoi cunq n6 phuc vu cho vi~c duy trl cong an vi$c
lam cho toan cong ty.
 2 Nhlern Vl,l cua quan Iy chat 1U'Q'ng 103

bo). Qua d6 Sl,l' ton that danh ti€lng cua cong ty noan
toan khonq the do IU'Crng duoc. Mensch, Maschine, Material, Milieu,
Methode, Messbarkeit, Management

4.2.2 Dieu chinh ch§t 1U'Q'ng

Gia tri can co
Con dU'Crng cua mot san pharn (thi du mot to lap rap),
tlf mong muon cua khach hang (qia tr] mong muon) San pharn
thOng qua cac quy trinh gia cong cho d€ln tinh tranq vai
cuoi cunq du de nqhiem thu ducc mieu ta qua mot vonq chat Ilfc,mg
y€lu cau
dieu chinh (Hinh 1). Trong iuc gia cong san ph~m chiu
tac dong cua nhieu y€lu to gay nhieu, tlf do chat 1U'Q'ng
co the b] anh hU'ong theo. NgU'Cri ta gOi nhCPng nguon
Lay m~u/m~u killm tra
gay nhieu nay (theo ti€lng £)Cfc) la "7M":
Bang di~u chlnh ch~t IlfO'ng
Mensch Con ngU'Cri Ki~m tra Ian CUDi
4
Maschine May m6c Hinh 1: Yang dieu chlnh chat 1ll'Q'ng

Material Vat lieu

Milieu Moi trU'cmg

Methode PhU'O'ng phap

Messbarkeit £)0 lU'ang dU'Q'c

Management ouan Iy

Muc dich cua dieu khien chat 1U'Q'ngla giam thieu anh
hU'ong cua nhli'ng nquon gay nhieu nay canq nhieu
canq tot. Trong nganh co dien tLP,ta can cung Cfng cong
cu, may m6c, thi€lt b] do IU'Crng thich hop cOng nhu
nanq cao trinh d(> chuyen rnon cho nhan vien, thi du
qua cac kh6a h9C PLC.

Linh vue kiem tra chat 1U'Q'ngtrong mot conq ty bao

gom tllt ca cac bien phap thLP nghi$m, qua do xac djnh Hinh 2: Phan (Jongday chuylm qua cai tien chAt 1ll'Q'ng
xem mot san pharn c6 dap lfng dU'Q'c nhii'ng yeu diu
dinh truoc hay khong.

Trong cong nghi$p san xu at hang 10C;lt,moi chi ti€lt va moi nh6m thiet b] deu c6 tai li$u ghi chep trong nhCPng k€l
hoach kiem tra chinh xac, Khi san xu at rieng Ie hay san xuat so 1U'Q'ngnh6 thi dieu nay khonq can thiet lam. Tuy
nhien trong giai doan laP k€l hoach cOng nen can nhac di;it ra cac bien phap thLP nghi$m. Qua d6, truoc tien nen
xac dinh thLP nghi$m cai gi, thLP nghi$m nhu th€l nao, dung thi€lt b] gi de thLP nghi$m, thai diem thLP nqhiern va ai
thLP nqhiern, ThLP nghi$m can dU'Q'c thi hanh khong nhCPng trong qua trinh dang san xuat ma ca sau khi ket thuc.

4.2.4 Cai tiEm chat 1U'Q'ng

Muc tieu cua quan Iy chat 1U'Q'ngla cai ti€ln lien tuc chat 1U'Q'ng (0 Nhat ban gOi la "Kaizen"). £)ieu nay ap dl,mg
cho mol ITnh VI,l'Choat dong cua cong ty. Cai ti€ln chat 1U'Q'ngc6 the cat dU'Q'Cbang cac bien phap lien quan den
nhan vien hoac san pharn hay viec phuc vu khach hang. Cac bien phap tac dong len san pharn chu y€lu gom
nhii'ng de nqh] cai tlen thi€lt k€l hay cai tien phuonq phap san xuat va phU'O'ng phap thLP nghi$m, trong d6 cac
nhan vien tham gia d6ng mot vai tro quan tronq. £)~u tien phai de CaP den d(>ng luc, ky nang giao tlep va kha
nang lam viec theo nh6m cua tat ca thanh vien cOng nhu khong khi lam vi$c. Nhan vien c6 dong luc cao, xem
conq ty nrur chinh minh thi no san sang lam cong viec voi chat 1U'Q'ngcao non la nhii'ng ngU'oi chi coi cong vi$c
nhu mc)t phuonq nen kiem tien. SI,I' cai ti€ln chat 1U'Q'ngdat duoc c6 the kich thich m(>t phan li'ng day chuyen rllt
hii;!u qua trong nhieu hang wang (Hinh 2).
106 4 Quan Iy chAt 1ll'Q'ng

4.5.3 each dung bimg c1ieu chinh chat

1U'Q'ngnhu' mot cong Cl,l ki€!m tra
chat 1U'Q'ng
t 20,08
i-----'t----iT---.r----
Bang dieu chinh chat 1U'Q'ngdU'Q'c dung de ghi nhan
lien tuc cac thong so d~c trunq cua nhCrng gia tr] "§ 20,04
d~c tinh nh~t dinh. Gia tri d~c tinh (y day co the 113 :0
Ol
nhCfng tr] s6 do di'i dU'Q'C an djnh tnroc nhu dU'cmg C
:::l
kinh, chleu dai hoac goc do, nhunq cOng co the 113tong ,~ 20,00 -t----f--M'---"L--'(+-----t-JI-'r
mau trong dan may son, hoac tr] so dQ c(mg trong h$ ',.,"
GIGI han /. ~i~~ ~~~
thong hoa/trui cLrng ... Cac tr] s6 dac trunq duoc xac lac dong
dinh thong qua each lay mau deu di;in ve ghi lai tn3n .g'"
s: 19,96
------ --- -------------
banq dieu chinh (Hinh 1).
i!=' 19,92 1---- ...•..
-----------:
Be co the tac dong kip thai vao quy trinh, ngU'ai ta
an djnh gi&i han cho cac thong so d~c trunq. Khi tr]
s6 cham dEm Gioi han canh bao tren (GHCBT) hoac T i I I I I Iii i Iii i

Gi&i han canh bao dU'&i (GHCBD) thi sai 56 cua quy
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
s6 mi'iu (duo9'c Ihli') ---
trinh van con chap nhan dU'Q'C. Be giam sat t6t hon
va co the phan Lrng nhanh non trann SI,J' I$ch hU'&ng Hinh 1: Bang dilou chlnh chat 1U'Q'ng (cau tao t6ng quat)
trong cac Giai han tac dong (GHTBT =
Giai han tac
dong tren, Gi&i han tac dong dU'&i = GHTBD) thong
thU'ang chu ky kiem tra rnau dU'Q'c rut ngan khi cham
den GHT8T hay GHTBD. Khi gi&i han tac dong thuc
SI,J' b] vi pharn, quy trinh co the b] bat buoc phai diJong
lai de nqhien CLrU nquyen nhan va thay doi dai 1U'Q'ng xin mm
x
/1Tacdong I
hieu chinh cua may trong trU'ang hop can thiet. 20,05
20,04 I
Dira tren bang dieu chinh chat 1U'Q'ngcac chuyen gia
di'i dU'O'c dao tao co the nhan biet duoc nhCmg true
t 20,03
20,02
20,01 '/
»:
trac/xao tron va nhCfng anh hU'6'ng, qua d6 khac phuc -§ 20,00
:;; 19,99 ./ i<"huynh huoGng
cac 10i da xay ra. Trong bang dieu chinh chat 1U'Q'ngthi g' 19,98
du a Hinh 2 cho thay IU'IYi dao ti$n b] man la nquyen .g 19,97
nhan lam tang ro rang dU'ang kinh cua mot chi tiet Q 19,96
19,95
ti$n. Bang each doi hay tro be rnanh cat, tr] so dc"iic
trU'ng co the dua tro ve pnam vi binh thuonq, qua Nr. 2 4 ,6 x 8 10 12
trinh gia cong co the dU'O'Ctiep tuc. Lay mau ----

Hinh 2: Bang me ph6ng mQt khuynh hU'ang

Khai niern "chat 1U'Q'ng"dU'Q'C dinh nghTa theo lieu cnuan DIN nhu the nao?

2 H$ thong quan Iy chat 1U'Q'ngco nhiern vu gl?

3 Ban hay tlrn hieu xem trong cong ty noi ban dang duoc dao tao viec kiem tra chat 1U'Q'ngdien ra a dau va
nhu' the nao,

4 Trong cong ty ban dang hoc c6 nhung SI,J' co ngau nhien va SI,J' co co h$ thong nao gay ra van de cho qua
trinh san xuat dang tien hanh?

5 Ban hay giai thich cau noi "Khach hang can quay tro lai, chu khonq phai san pham" trong boi canh cong ty
ban dang thuc tap,

6 Khi danf gia cac tr] 56 do da cho ra cac tr] so do nhu sau:

24,97 25,00 24,99 25,02 25,00

24,98 25,01 25,00 25,03 25,01
25,01 24,98 24,99 25,01 25,00
25,02 24,99 25,00 24,99

Ban hay dua cac tr] so do nay vao trong mot bil!u do va qua d6 tim ra phan bO chusn.
 4.5 Ouan Iy ch~t 1U'Q'ngb€tng thong ke 105

4.5 Quan Iy ch~t 1U'Q'ngbang

Giam sat chat 1U'Q'ng b~ng thong ke
thong ke
Kh6ng phal luc nao t§t ca cac chi tlet san xu§t cung
co the duoc thll' nghi$m chinh xac va giam sat chat
1U'Q'ng mot each lien tuc, Thi du nhu trong san xuat
hang loat va san xuat v&i s6 1U'Q'ng lon, vlec kiem
100% thU'eYng kh6ng thuc hi$n dU'ooc vi Iy do phi tlln
va thoi gian. Cho nhCmg trU'eYng hoop nay ngU'eYita da
phat trien ra phuonq phap thong ke de
danh gia rnau.
Bang each I§y mau ngU'eYi ta c6 the xac dinh dU'Q'C
ket qua hoac mot phan ket qua cho mot qua trinh san
xuat, Qua d6 thu thap nhQ>ng thong tin quy bau de mot
quy trinh san xu at duoc lien tuc t6i U'U hoa. Muc tieu Eli~u chinh qua trinh bang thong ke 4
cua giam sat chat lU'oong bang thong ke la:

• Tim ra nhQ>ng thieu s6t v~ chat 1U'Q'ngtrong khi san

xuat

• Khac phuc nhQ>ng thieu s6t bang tac dong tU'O'ng

lJ'ng (Hinh 1)

4.5.1 Loi ngau nhien va loi co hE)thong

Hinh 1: Giarn sat va dieu chinh ch~t 1lJ'Q'ng
Mot quy trinh san xuat chiu tac dong beYi nhieu di~u
kien. NgU'eYi ta phan biet ra nhQ>ng anh hU'ong ngau
nhien va anh hU'ong c6 h$ thong. Anh hU'ong ngau
nhien la tat ca nhQ>ng anh hU'ong xay ra bat thU'eYng va
da s6 khong th€! dean trooc ouoc, thi du nhu:

• Nhi$t do dao dong trong khi do lU'eYng

• SI)' khac bi$t v~ cau ket thanh phan v~t Ii$u

• SI,f sai biet v~ di$n ap

Anh hU'ong co h$ thong thi du nhu: Hinh 2: Sl! chbng len nhau cua cac yeu t6 co anh hlJ'cYng

• Loi cua thiet b] kiem tra

• Loi trang cac dl,Jng cu cat

• 80 chenh I$ch nhiet dO tal nhQ>ng thoi diem nhat

dlnh

Anh hU'ong ngau nhien tao ra cac loi ngau nhlen, ta chi
co the de y de khac phuc khi phat sinh loi; anh hU'ong
c6 h$ thong tao ra cac loi c6 h$ thong. c6 the dU'oocxac
dinh va khac phuc bang each can thiep/tac dong vao 19.96 19,98 20,00 20.02 20,04 d in mm
qua trinh (Hinh 1). Loi ngau nhien va loi c6 h$ thong 19,97 19,99 20.01 20,03
c6 the xu~t hi$n cunq luc (Hinh 2). Hinh 3: Bieu db dlJ'o>ng cong hinh chuonq GauB

4.5.2 Phan bo chuan Gau6

Nha toan hOC ngU'CYi8lJ'c Carl Friedrich Gaufs (1777-1855) kharn pha ra la 10i do cac anh hU'ong ngau nhlen c6
di;lc trunq lu6n dao dong xung quanh mot tr] so trung binh. Luat phan b6 loi d~t ten theo ten 6ng ducc me ta b&i
mot bieu do hinh chuonq (Hinh 3). V&i tr] 56 do la 20 mm. su phan bo ket qua cua cac anh hU'ong ngau nhien
duoc dien ti! nhu trong Hinh 3.
108 5 Ky thuat v~t li~u

5.2 Cac d~e tinh cua v~t li~u

Nhu da trlnh bay trong thi du v~ b¢ phan tay kep (trang 107), cac vat lieu dLfQ'C sUodunq deu c6 nhCmg yeu cau
n~t khac biet tuy vao d$c tinh cua chunq nhu: DQ c(rng cao, tronq ILfQ'ng nho, DQ Dan hei cao.

Thong thLfang chunq dLfQ'c phan biet a

nhCPng tinh chat v<;it Iy, conq nghe co khi, conq ngh$ h6a hQC va ky thuat
che tao. Ngoai ra, tinh than thien voi mol trLfcmg va tinh kinh te cOng d6ng mot vai tro quan tronq.

5.2.1 Tinh chat v~t Iy

Cac tlnh chat vat Iy di~n ta tranq thai vat Iy cua m(>t vat li$u.

Khoi 1U'Q'ng rh~ng cho biet kh6i ILfQ'ng cua mot vat lieu (rng voi mot don vi the tich, dLfQ'C tinh b~ng cong thLPC
p = mN voi don vi la kg/dm3. 86 la m(>t yeu t6 de so sanh quan tronq,

Tinh d~n di~n di~n ta kha nang mot vat li$u De cho
dong dien truyen qua. Ch~t d~n dien t6t gem co dong,
bac, nhorn va sat, chat d~n oien kern hoac chat kh6ng
dan oien 18 chat deo va thuy tinh.

Tinh dan nhi~t tuonq tl)' nhu tinh dlm dien, di~n ta
kha nang truyen nhiet cua mot vat lieu. Lap nhua deo
each nhie!
86i voi chat d~n nhiet tot, thi du nhu khi ta sa thanh
thep a nhiet 0(> 20°C, se c6 earn giac lanh vi nhiet d(> Hinh 1: Chat deo dung lam lop each nhi~t
tlJo CO' the OLfQ'Ctruyen tiep rat nhanh sang vat lieu.
Trong trU'ang hop chat truyen nhiet kern nhu go thi
oi~u 06 khong xay ra, do do rnoi c6 earn qiac chu quan
v€! mot vat lieu "am" (Hlnh 1).

Hau het cac vat lieu oeu gian na dU'oi tac dl,mg cua
nhie!' do d6 c6 the tro thanh van de lon, thi du 06i voi
dunq cu do lU'ang. Khuon thuoc de chi kha nang gian
na chinh la 51!' gian dai do nhi~t.

80 gian no thuc cua mot vat the tuy thuoc vao chieu
dai ban oau 1o, vao each biet nhiet 0(> (.92 - .91) va vao
h$ 56 gian dai riemg do nhiet a cua vat li$u va duoc
tinh b~ng conq thuc:

Hinh 2: Kim IOiilin6ng chay trong khi han

£){I n6ng chay cua mot vat lieu cho biet diem nhiet
d(> khi vat li$u bat dau n6ng chay, N6 c6 vai tro quan
tronq d6i voi kim loai (Hlnh 2). Trai l<;Iid6i voi hau het
cac vat li$u phi kim thi nhiet 0(> n6ng chay khong the
xac djnh dU'Q'C, bai vi chunq c6 the bat dau chay ngay
khi can a
the ran.

Tinh tLv h6a cOng la mot d~c diem rieng chi c6 a kim
loai. vat lieu c6 kha nang tlJo h6a la khi anh hU'ang
ban nqoai khien n6 c6 diroc kha nang khuech dai m(>t
tlJotrU'Crng oi qua (NO: do Sl)' sap xep dinh hU'ong lai
cua cac nam cham nho ben trang vat lieu) (xem trang
298). Trang nh6m kim 10<;1i chi c6 v$t lieu sat, cOng nhu
nickel va cobalt 18 c6 the tlJoh6a du'Q'C (Hinh 3).
Hinh 3: Phan lI'ng l.:r trong dQng coo
 107

VO hop biing nhorn c(rng cao Lo xo b~ng thep 10xo de

Tat ca cau kien va chi ti~t cua cac thi~1 b] va may m6c
cap co lap trang c(rng b~ mat giD' vD'ng sue narn/kep
ve CO' ai$n IlY deu duoc che tao tlY nhCPngvat li$u v6n
duoc chon h,J'ade c6 the dap LPnga~y au cac chLPC
nang doi hoi. Vi v$y chunq can phai hoi au nhfrng dac
tinh nhat djnh.

Thi du, ban tay g~p cua mot may thu thuat (tay may)
(Hinh 1) co lap vo h<)p bang nh6m co du dQ ben va
aQ cLPngnhunq lai tuonq d6i nhe. BQ phan chLPCnang
la hai canq kep va xi lanh van hanh tjnh ti~n duoc
lam b<!ingthep co toi be mat, co tinh ch6ng mal rnon
cao. Cac 16xo keo tro ve (hei vi) cua canq kep d6i h6i
phai co dQ can hei cao. Do d6 chUng duoc cuon b<!ing
thep 16xo. Cac v6ng nen kin va cac chi tiet giam chan

•
(xung Il,J'c)thi nquoc IQi, can c6 kha nang nep/ap sat
van vat lieu khac, do d6 phai dl1'Q'Cche tao b<!ingvat
lieu nhua deo, Ham kep biing
thep toi cung. Chi liel chuc n<3ng
ki~u "nqon lay" dU'qc toi cung be mi;l!

Hinh 1: Tay may dillng gac

5.1 Phan lo~i v~t Ii~u

Da s6 vat li$u dang duoc SlY dl,mg trang thuc tilln duoc phan chia thanh ba nh6m tuy theo thanh phan h6a hoc
(Hinh 2).

r Kimloill' I I[ Phi kim I

r V~lt li$u g6c sill I !Fim loal phi satl rVat li~u hCl'u cc I r V?t lieu vo co I Thi du:
Ch§! ceo
V\llli$u If Thap Kim loai n~ng. Ii<im loa! nhe. Chaldeo ChalCo Chat duoc Khoanq v;1I! dU'Q'c gia
gang due HC < 2,2% KhOi IU'O'ng Kh6i [Link]'ng !rong che theo co trong wang biing
C > 2,2% riang > 5.0 rieng < 5,0 II thien each nhan thien nhien soi thuy linh
kgldm3 kgldm3 nhien 1<;10
Hop kim cung
Thi du: Thi du: Thi du: Thi du: Thi du: Thi du: Thi du: Thi du:
Gang xarn, Thep xay £)ong Nhorn PVC, Go, thuy tinh, da c~m Be long
gang d~O, d1,l'ng, Chi Titani poly-ethylen, da, g6m so thach, cOt thep
gang cau thep dunq Kem Magnesi nh1,l'a cao su be t6ng grafit,
C\l polyester thien nhien corund Cuc da rnai

Hinh 2: Phan loai cac vat lieU

V~t li~u g6c s~t bao gem tat ca nhfrng vat li$u c6 thanh phan chinh la sat, d6 la tat ca cac loai thep va vat li$u
gang ouc.

Cac kim loal phi sat bao gem tat ca cac vat li$u kim loai khong chtra sat. Neu kh6i 111'Q'ng
rieng cua n6 Ian hon
5 kg/dm3 thi gQi la kim loai n~ng, va neu kh6i 111'Q'ng
rieng nho hon 5 kg/dm3 thi gQi la kim loai nhe.

Nh6m phi kim dl1'Q'cphan chia thanh vat li$u hfru CO' va vo CO'. Vi;lt li$u hfru co gem chat deo hoac vat li$u tlY
thien nhien; vat Ii$u vo co gem cac chat Ol1'Q'cche tao theo phuono phap nhan t,;10va tlY cac khoanq vat c6
trang thien nhien.

V~t Ii~u tang hop la loai vat li$u duoc che tao tlY hai hay nhieu chat li$U don Ie va dU'Q'cling dl)ng rat nhieu
hi$n nay.
110 5 Ky thuat v~t li~u

DO ben cua mot vat lieu la SLPCde khang tOi da cua v$t li$u do chong 19i cac luc tLFben nqoal lam n6 bi~n
danq cho d~n khi b] pha huy,

Cac ll,J'c nay c6 the t90 nen nhCPng hinh thLPCchiu tai khac nhau (Bang 1, trang 109). Do do, n~u ll,J'c tac dong
len vat lieu la luc keo thl do la tai tronq doi voi d(> ben keo cua vat lieu. Day ta tnJ'ang hop khi tat ca cac chi ti~t
dU'Q'c dung de treo cac bO phan nhat dinh. Cac ll,J'c de nen len vat lieu, thi du mot bO may d~t tren be ~ay, t,hi
d6 la tai tronq doi vai d(> ben nen. Va cac ll,J'c tac d(>ng xoan len vat lieu chinh la tai tronq doi voi do ben xoan
cua n6. Cac lhanh dam chju k~t cau kep mot d~u hoac tua tren hai be, chju luc tai d5i vol do ben uon. Cac tr] so
du'Q'c sCf dl,Jng thU'cYng xuyen nhat la d9 ben keo Rm va
gioi han chay Re (Hinh 1).

Trong do Fm la ll,J'c keo toi da, S la tiet dien cua mau

thCf va via h$ so an toano

Tri so do ben keo cua da so vat lieu deu da dU'O'c do

t
v~ ghi tronq cac sach bang ve' so 'Iieu, chu yllu duoc
dung de xac djnh tai tronq toi da hoac de tinh tiet dien
Rm
can thi~t cua mot cau ki$n. Cac cau kien thong thuonq
V$t Ii$u rnem (Th[
kh6ng duoc phep chiu tai tai giai han t5i da vi c6 the
du: hop kim nhOm)
xay ra SI)' co b] pha huy, nen phai tinh toan them mot
h$ so an toan V. He
so an toan nay bao dam, thi du
cho thep mot Sl,J'an toan trang pharn vi dU'oi rrurc gioi Pham vi
han chay va tuy thuoc vao tnJ'cYng hop chiu tai va VaG dan hOi
pharn vi LPngdl,Jng (xem sach Carn nang).
DO gian dili e
Mot thanh thep tron co giai han chay Re =
Hinh 1: Gian db (mg su~t - dQ gian dai
300 N/mm2 phai chiu mot tai trono 1135000 N.
£JU'cyngkinh cua thanh thep phai 113bao nhleu
de c6 do an toan g;§p hai liln tai tronq.

IMM@ Re = azzul . v
FZUI Fzul·4
Guul=S= d2·TC
r-----:-
= Re = 300 N =150-N- d= 5000 N·mm2
azzul 2 2 2
/----- = 6,5mm
V mm· mm 150N 1t

M(>t tay may dU'Q'c gan chat len mot tam noi bang thep ban dep. Tam thep nOi can c6 do ben keo bao nhieu
de c6 the chlu duoc tai tronq cua bO tay may c6 tronq 1U'Q'ngla 2000 N va tam noi c6 tillt dien 5 mm x 40 mm
voi dieu kien do an toan it nhat la hai Ifin?

Ngoai d(> ben thl trang nhieu tnJ'ang hop, dQ cLPng cua vat lieu cOng rat quan tronq.

D(> cunq cua mot vat lieu la kha nang cua mot vat the chong 19i Sl,J'tharn nhap cua mot vat the khac,

Nh6m, dong va hau het cac chat deo deu la nhCPng vat lieu mem, ngU'Q'c 19i, thep va kim 109i (hop kim) cLPng c6
d(> cLPng Ian. N~u mot vat lieu sau khi b] lam bi~n danq c6 the tro 19i hinh the ban dau cua n6 thi vat lieu do co
tinh dim h6i, nhu tnJ'ang hop cua cac lU'ai CU'a rna ta deu biet, N~u Sl,J'bien d9ng d6 van giCPnguyen thi dU'Q'C
gai la 51,1' bi~n d~ng deo, Ca hai deu ta nhCPng tinh chat rat quan tronq khi can chon lua vat lieu sac cho phu
hop vot chLPC nang can thiet, M(>t vat lieu gi6n S8 kh6ng chju dU'Q'c gia conq bien danq va S9 b] va neu b] tac
d(>ng ll,J'cva d$p. M(>t dal dien tleu bieu cua nhCPng vat lieu nay la thuy tinh. Cac vat lieu deo thi du nhu cac thep
khong rl, 19i c6 tinh de khanq rnanh liet chong 19i SI,/' biEln d9ng deo, do d6 nflt kh6 b] pha huy,
 5.2 Cac dac tinh cua vat lieu 109

5.2.2 Cac tinh chat cong ngh~ h6a hoc

Cac tinh chat conq ngh$ h6a hoc rno til thanh phan
cau tao cua vat lii;lu cOng nhu SI! bi€Jndoi ve chat cua
vat lii;lu qua tac dong cua cac vat chat quanh n6 va cua
di§u ki$n rnoi trLl'6'ng ben nqoai.

Cac qua trinh bi~n doi cua vat li$u trang di§u ki$n rnol
trLl'6'ng binh thu6'ng dien ra tuonq doi cham. Tac dong
cua nhiet ho~c/va cua h6a chat an men nhu acid S8
khi~n cho thol gian pha nuy bi~n doi rat nhanh.

Ham IUQ'ngcua m6i mot nquyen to chtra trang vat lii;lu

ouoc xac dinh boi thanh phan h6a hoc, dUQ'c tinh
theo phan tram.
Hinh 1: 51! an rnon v~1 li~u IMp

Qua SI,I' an rnon, be m$t cua vat lii;lu b] pha huy theo •
phuO'ng each hoa hoc hoac di$n-h6a hoc (Hinh 1). SI! chong 11;Ii
an rnon cua vat li$u cuoc gOi la tinh b~n ch6ng
an mon.

8ieu quan tronq doi vai nhieu loal vat li~u la tinh b~n 6' nhi$t do cao. B€m canh Kim 101;li,cOng co nhieu vat lii;lu
nhan tao tinh ben nhi~t de;, cao duoc phat trilln rnanh me de ling dunq cho cac dU'6'ng 6ng va vat lieu truot.

80i voi Kim loai thi di;ie tinh hoa hOCv§ kha nang chay h~u nhu khong quan tronq. Tuy nhien khi ehe tao va gia
cong cac loai vat li$u chat ceo can phai chu y rang cac vat li$u nay de chay.

5.2.3 Cac tinh chat cong ngh~ co hoc

Tinh chat cong ngh$ CO'hoc dU'Q'cdung de rno til cac tinh nang cua vat Ii$u khi chju tac dong cua cac h,J'C
CO'hoc.
Mot trang nhCrngdac tinh conq nghe co hoc quan tronq nhat cua vat Ii$u la dQ ben (Bang 1).

Ben canh do ben, con co de) cLPng, tlnh dan hai, tinh gi6n va de;, deo dai, deu la nhCrngtinh chat d$e
trunq cua vat lieu.

Bang 1: Cae 10\1ilife tai tren cac chi ti~t thiflt k~

L09i ittC lai Nen Win xoiln Be ap

Tacdong Keo dai Thu ngiln cM dIYI Cong Xoiln Gap (run)

Thi du: Day cap, Chan d~, Oc vit, True, LU'ai khoan, Cot
gia treo, khung, [Link], true quay true quay,
6c vit 16ng b~ may dinh tan cot

Yeu cau do 80 ben keo 80 ben nen 80 bEm cilt 8';' b~nbe cong 80 ben xoan
b€.n
112 5 Ky thu~t v~t li~u

5.3 Cau tao cua v~t Ii~u kim loal

Nho cac tinh chat da danq neln vat li$u kim loai rat
thU'ong dU'Q'cs0>dung trong cac h$ th6ng ky thuat C(j
di$n to>,nhat la trong cac tmong hop can co gia tri ve
do ben cao, cQng voi d~c tinh tot can thiet ve ky thuat
che tao,

5.3.1 C€tu tao ben trong cua kim IOCi'i

Cac tinh chat cua kim loai dU'Q'cxac dinh boi cau tao
ben trong cua no (Hinh 1). Neu quan sat be mat cua
mot kim loai bang mot kinh hi€in vi di$n to>c6 dQ phan
giai cao, ngU'oi ta c6 th~ nhan ra cau true, Cac ion
kim loai, nhCi'ngphan to>nho nhat cua kim 10Qi,duoc Hinh 1: Cau true t~ vi cua nh6m
bao quanh bai dam may electron co lien h$ voi nhau.
Qua d6 cac phan t& kim leal duoc giCrchat voi nhau
va d9 ben cua vat lieu c6 duoc cOng chfnh nho 51)' M6 hinh tinh thl! vO-i eae khoi cAu M6 hinh v6>i eac
lien k~t d6. dll'cmg ke noi nhau
(tll'cmg tll'9'ng)

Boi vi electron cua cac dam may electron di chuy€in

tl)' do nen kim loai co tinh dan dien va nhiet tot. Neu ta
noi cac tam cua nhCrng ion kim loai lai voi nhau bang
nhCi'ngdU'ong ke (tU'ang tuonq) thi cac vach ke noi
ket do se hi€in th] mot rnanq lU'ai kh6ng gian ba chieu
rna ta gQi ta m\!ng tinh th€!o

5.3.2 Cac IOCi'imCi'ng tinh th~

Hinh 2: M,mg tinh tho!! l\ip phU'O'ng tam khoi

Cac m<;lng tinh the hinh thanh trong qua trinh lam
nguQi tiY the nong chay, a
tranq thai long, cac ion kim
M6 hinh tinh thl! VO-icac khoi cau M6 hinh v6>i cac
loai di chuyen tl)' do va kh6ng co ket noi, chi den khi dlJ'o>ng ke n5i nhau
nguQi chunq moi vao vi tri co dinh va bat dau k~t thanh (tlJ'ang tlJ'9'ng)
tinh the. Cac tinh the phat trien tiY tiY d~n khi kim loai
hoan toan dong cling. NhCmgtinh the dU'Q'Ctao thanh
con duoc qoi la hat, cac hat nay cham nhau tal nhCi'ng
bien hat. Ve co ban co ba loai rnanq tinh the.

M<;Ing tinh the I~p phU'O'ng tam kh6i (tam th€!)

(Hinh 2) co cac ion kim loai xep voi nhau sao cho cac
tam diem cua chunq tao thanh mot khoi I$p phuonq
(khoi vuonq). Trong trung tam cua khoi tap phuonq
con co them mot ion nua. Cac kim loai co loai rnanq Hinh 3: M{lng tinh th~ l\ip phU'O'ng tam m\'it
a
tinh the nay, thi du: sat nhiet dQdU'ai 911°C, chromi,
vanadi va wolfram.
M6 hinh tinh thl! vo-i cac khoi cau M6 hinh vO-i cac
Truonq hop rnanq tinh the I~p phU'O'ng tam m~t (tam dlJ'ang ke n5i nhau
di~n) (Hinh 3) thi khoi co ban, co nghTa la cac dU'ong (tll'ang tll'9'ng)
noi tU'ang tuonq tiY tam diem cua cac ion, cOng la
mot khoi I$p phuonq, Them vao cac ion narn vi tri a
trung tam cua cac m~t tiep giap. Cac kim loai nhu sat
a nhiet dQ tren 911°C, nhorn, nickel va d6ng co lU'ai
rnanq tinh the loai nay.
Mc;mgtinh the kh6i h:IC giac (Hinh 4) co nghTa ta cac
a
ion kim loai narn vi trl sau goc cua mot lang tru co
5aU goc. Magnesi, kern va titani ta nhCi'ngkim loai co
lU'ai m<;lngtinh the nhu' the. Hinh 4: M{lng tinh thl! khoi h,IC giae
 5.2 Cac d~c tinh cua vat li$u 111

5.2.4 Cac d~e tinh ve ky thu~t ehe tao

Cac d~c tinh v~ ky thuat che tao co tarn quan tronq lon
trong viec chon phuonq phap chll tao. Trong d6 can t
't-i
.•• II ~
0
~.
.
phan biet giCra cac qua trinh nhu che tao ban thanh
pharn (di~u nay khonq lien quan den cong nhan ky
thuat co di$n tLv)voi qua trlnh che t<;JO cac cau ki$n va
chi tiet thu¢c pharn vi cua nganh ky thuat co di$n tLv
(cnuyen vien co di$n tLf phai truro hlen). Do d6 can luu
y dEmcac tinh chat v~ ky thuat ch€i tao sau day:

Tinh de c~t gQt cho ta biet thong tin v~ kha nang de Hinh 1: ellt gQtbang phLPO'ng
phap phay
cat got c6 phoi (rnanh vun, dam) cua mot vi;lt lieu, thi
du nhu khoan, tien hoac phay (Hinh 1). Thong thU'ITng
tat ca kim loai, tuy thuoc VaGthanh phan h6a hoc cua
chunq, d~u de cat got. Bang each chon hinh danq dao
cat ve di€!u ki$n cat, ngU'ITita can c6 the cai thi$n tinh
cat got. £)i~u ki$n cat got chju anh hU'cYngchu y€iu bcYi
van toe cat, g6c va d¢ sau cua dao va bU'cYC dan tien
cua phoi (xem trang 177 ve tiep theo), cOng nhu dung
dlch boi tron lam ngu(li khi cat. Cac vat Ii$u qua rnern
nhU' cao su hoac vat li$u gion nhu thuy tinh d~u khong
the cat got c6 phoi dU'Q'c.

Tinh ren la mot d~c tinh rieng rna chi c6 thep va mot Hinh 2: Him nhorn
vai leal hop kim nhorn, hop kim dong moi c6. Tuy
nhien dh~unay khonq quan tronq doi voi cong nhan ky
thuat co di$n tLvtrang thuc te hanh nghe.

Tinh him cua vat li$u lai la di~u rat thiet yeu, nhat 103
khi cac chi tiet can dU'Q'Chan n6ng chay d€llien ket ben vCrng
voi nhau (xem trang 222 va tiep theo). Cac loai thep kh6ng hop kim va c6 pha hop kim vo'i ham 1U'Q'ngcarbon
thap, cac hop kim nhorn, hop kim dong va mot vai loai chat deo c6 tinh han (Hinh 2).

Neu d¢ clfng CO' ban cua mot vat li$u khong du clfng d6i voi mot conq dl,lng d~c biet nao d6, c6 the ap dl,Jng
phuonq phap nhiet luyen (toi) de nang cao do clfng CO' ban. Bi$n phap nay doi hoi tinh toi (tinh cunq) cua vat
li$u. Tinh toi lai tuy thuoc vao thanh phan carbon. Mot s6 loai thep nhat dinh cOng nhu hop kim nhorn d~u co
the toi duoc,

5.2.5 Cac tinh chat ve mol tnJ'c)'ng

Ben canh cac tinh chat co dien cua vat lieu thi cac
quan diem v~ rnoi trU'ITng d6ng vai tro quan tronq va
nqay canq ton khi danh gia v~ vat li$u. Thi du viec SLv
dl,Jngvat li$u nhorn de 6p lat mat ti€!n cac tea nha da
tro thanh van d~ tranh cai lon, beYinang 1U'Q'ngcan
thiet de sari xuat nhorn la rat lon va d6 la dieu kh6
c6 the bien ho dU'Q'[Link] canh nang 11I'Q'ngtieu thu
de che tao vat li$u can c6 van d~ quan tronq nCra 103
o nhh~m moi trll'Oong do cac chat nhir khi thai va bui
trang qua trinh che tao, nhCrng yeu to nay din phai
dU'Q'cluu tam de danh qia. Hien tal, ngay eYgiai dean
thiet ke san pharn, ngU'ITita da phai d~t n~ng tam quan
tronq cua viec XLP Iy thili (Hinh 3) hoac tili chll cac vat
li$u da SLfdunq.

Hinh 3: V~nd~ 9iai quyt.t pht. Ii~u/rilc di~n tw

114 5 Ky thu~t v~t Ii~u

5.4.2 Phan loai thep theo hc~mg chat h.l'Q'ng

Vi Iy do bao dam nhCPng d~c tinh v~ conq dung cOng nhu v~ 51,1' chinh xac cua thanh phan hoa hOC nen thep
ouoc phan loai thanh thep co ban (kh6ng hO'P kim), thep chat 1I.I'9'ng(khong hop kim va co hoop kim) va thep quy
chat 1U'Q'ngcao (khong hoop kim va c6 hop kim).

Thep thU'o>ng (co ban) la nhCPng loai thep khonq chiu rang buoc b6'i nhCPng dol h6i d;?c bi$t v~ chat lU'oong.
Thanh phan hoa hoc va cac d~c tinh cua chunq nam trang pharn vi gi6'i han tU'O'ng d6i r¢ng. ChOng duoc SLP
dl,mg chu yeu trong nqanh xay dl,mg dU'ai d<;lng thep profin dU'O'c gia cong can n6ng cOng nhu thep Ihanh tron
duoc gia conq keo n6ng.

Thep ch~t 1U'Q'ng co cac d~c tinh SLPdl,mg dU'ooc dam bao, Chung chju nhCPng doi h6i cao non so vai IMp
thuonq, thich hop co gioi han cho nhiet luyen va gia cong bien danq theo phuonq phap nhat dinh. ChOng dU'ooc
SLPdung cho nhCPng doi h6i cao hon v~ dQ b~n, thi ou nhu: che 190 cac binh chlu ap suat (chua khi nen) hoac
de che t90 cac 10<;1i
thep tam cho than xe bang gia cong dap sau,

Thep quy la nhCPng 109i thep d~c biet linh khiet va thanh ph~n cue n6 phai duoc X8C djnh chinh xac, Neu la thep
khOng hoop kim thi phai d~ gia cong bien danq va de nan. Neu la thep hoop kim thl chunq dU'OOcsll' dl,mg lam thep
dl,mg Cl,J,thep gi6 (gia conq cat got toc dQ cao) va SLPdl.,lng cho nhCPng b¢ phan dol h6i do b~n cao nhu cac vien
bi cua vonq bi. La tnsp hop kim cao nen chunq la nhCPng toai thep khong rl. Tuy nhien, tat ca cac thep quy van
thLl'6'ng b] goi sai la thep kh6ng rl,

5.4.3 Chuan h6a cac v~t li~u sat thep

Vat lieu nao duoc SLPdl.,lng trong trU'6'ng hoop nao, thong thU'6'ng 113do quyet dlnh cua ngU'6'i thiel ke. Ky thuat
vien CO' dii.\n lLP chi can doc trong bang li$t ke cac chi liel thiet ke hoac doc phan ghi chu tren ban ve. Trang mot
vai trU'6'ng hop don Ie va it quan tronq, ky thuat vien CO' di$n tll' cOng c6 the tl,l' quyet dinh, voi di~u kii.\n phai c6
du kien thO>c ve tinh chat cac v~t lii.\u thep khac nhau va nh~t la c6 kha nanq hieu dU'ooc cac rna so cua vat lii.\u
(giai mal.

Cac ten thOng dunq cua thep deu hU'ang vao rnuc dlch sll' dl.,lng va nhCPng di;lc tinh lien he voi rnuc dich d6.
Chung duo-c d~t ten theo d9 b~n keo hoac theo thann phan h6a hoc.

Thi du:
Theo do ben keo: St 37: Thep xay dl,J'ng co d¢ ben keo toi thieu la 370 N/mm2

Theo thanh phan h6a hoc: 20CrMo4: TMp xay dl,J'ng co 0,2% C, 1% Cr va mot lu'oong
molybden khong xac djnh,

Cach gOi ten nhu the van can diro'c dung 6' nhieu XU'ang may, tuy nhlen, sau giai dean chuyen tiep cho toi narn
1992, each gOi nay khong can phu hoop voi ten chuan nCPa(xem sach Carn nang).

Ten gOi theo chuan EN 10027 (xem sach Carn nang).

Chuan Au chau 10027 ve co ban cho phep di;lt ten theo hai kha nang:

1. Dat ten bang ten tat voi hai bien the:

a) Ten tat chi dan conq dl.,lng va cac tinh chat CO' hoc hoac vat Iy cua thep (Nhorn 1)

b) Ten tat chi dan thanh phan h6a hoc cua thep (Nh6m 2)

2. Di;lt ten theo s6 v~t Ii~u.

£)~t ten theo ten tat: Bang 1: Cae thi dl,l v~ ky hi~u ehinh

Cac ten t<flt cua nh6m 1 g6m c6 mot ky hii.\u chinh va 5 Thep dung cho k~t cau thep ph6 thong
mot ky hi$u phu. Ky hi$u chinh baa ham thong tin ve
Thep ch~ (\10 co khi
nh6m thep (Bang 1) va mot chCPs6 xac dinh tinh chat
Thep ch~ tao binh chju ap suat
dac trU'ng cua nh6m thep nay.
Thep ch~ tao 6ng
 5.4 V~t lieu sat va thsp 113

5.4 V~t Ii~u sat va thep

Tren thi tm6'ng hien nay c6 rat nhieu vat lieu sat va thep, tll' thep xay dl,l'ng don giim d~n thep d~c biet hoop kim
cao. £)i~m khac biet giQ>a vat li$u thep va vat lieu sat la 6' thanh ph~n carbon cua n6.

Thep g6m tat ca nhQ>ng vat Ii$u gac sat co ham lu'oong carbon thtlp hon 2,06 %, co the gia conq bi~n danq
6' tranq thai nonq hoac ngu9i ma khong can phai xU>Iy lai,

Vat li$u gang-sat dU'ooc chetao tll' qui:\ng sat trong 16 cao, gang tll' 16 cao c6 chua carbon voi ham lU'oong tuonq
doi cao (khoanq 4 - 5 % - NO) cung voi nhiYng tap ch~t di kern nhu silic, photpho, lU'u huynh. Vi;lt li$u
mangan,
thep duoc chll tao bang each khli carbon va cac tap chat neu tren qua nhieu buoc khac nhau. Thep deo va de
gia cong bien dl;lng hoac cl1'ng, de ren va c6 th€! toi duoc hay khong, tuy thuoc VaG thanh phan carbon con lai
trong thep. Ham lU'oong carbon d6ng vai tro quan trong ve m~t sli dunq dung voi cong dunq va de cnuen hoa
thep.

Thep duoc cung dip dU'6'i dl;lng "ban thanh pharn" v6'i du loai kich ca, hinh danq khac nhau (xem sach C;;1m •
nang). Vi)t li$u thsp va sat dU'OOC
phan loai theo conq dl,mg, theo thanh phan h6a hoc va theo chat lU'oong.

5.4.1 Phan loc;ti theo cong dunq

Tuy theo ITnh vue SlY dl,lng thich hoop, ngU'oi ta phan chia thep thanh cac loai gbm thep xay dl,mg (thep ket caul,
thep dunq cu va vat lieu gang due (Hinh 1).

Hinh 1: Philn lo"i v(it li(m gang va thep

Kim loai goc cho tat ca cac vat lieu thep va vat li$u sat chinh la nguyen t6 sat (Fe). N~u vat li$u nay chi chua
them carbon (e) voi cac ham lU'oong khac nhau, co anh hU'6'ng len tfnh chat cua vat li$u, thi dU'OOcgQi 103thep
khong hop kim. TMp xay dl,l'ng co ham 1U'Q'ngcarbon tll' 0,1 % den 0,6%, thep cong cl,l co tll' 0,35% den 1,5%
va cac vi)t li$u gang due co tll' 2,8% deln 3,6%. N~u pha them cac nquyen t6 hoop kim khac nhau voi nhQ>ng ham
lU'oong khac biet, thi du chromi, mangan, molypden, vanadi, ngU'6'i ta co th~ lam thay doi nhQ>ng tfnh chat rat co
ban cua thep (Hinh 2). Trong trU'cYng hop nay, thep duoc gQi la thep hQ'p kim. N~u thanh phan cua cac nquyen
t6 hoop kim nhleu hon 5%, nhu trU'6'ng hop cua cac thep khong rl, thi dU'Q'c gQi 113thep hop kim cao.

~::!~~ fr
Tinh gia cong
bitm d,!ng,
"an hoi
tinh J} Tinh thich ling
han, tinh gia
cong cat gQt
J} Tinh b6n Ch6n9fr
inmon

£>l1Q'Cgia tang Bi kim ham boi Bi kim ham b&i £>l1Q'Ccai thien
[Link] cac nguyen cac nguyen t6 cac nguyen t6 bai cac nguyen
to hop kirn. hop kim hqp kim t6 hop kim

Hinh 2: Anh huang cua cac nguyen t6 hQ'p kim h~n d(ic tinh cua thep
116 5 Ky thuat v~t Ii~u

Nh6m vat li$u chinh dU'Q'cbi~u hi$n bang mot con s6 dLl'ng dau, kern theo ta mot d~u cham. Hai con s6 k€!ti€!p
chi nh6m thep. Hai chfY so cuoi cung, la s6 d~m, duoc dung de goi loai thep CI,I the. Hai s6 d~m do co quan
"Dang ky thep chau Au" cap.

DB 1.8550 la thep 34 Cr AI Ni 7. mot IQ~ithep de che tao true xoan DC di~u khien cua may cong CI,J.
1.0038 la thep S235JRG2 (RSt 37-2). mot IQ~ithep xay dl,mg dU'Q'cdue, eo lam lang, thuoc nhorn chat 1U'Q'ng
2 va co do ben keo t6i thieu khoanq 360 N/mm2.
1.45411a thep X6CrNiTi18-10, mot 101;lithep 6stenit khong rl, co d¢ b~n keo tCP520 den 720 N/mm2.

5.4.4 Nhwng loal thep va v~t Ii~u gac sat quan trQng (trich)

Thep xay dV'ng kh6ng hQ'p kim:

Day la nhfYng loai thep c6 dQ ben va giai han chay
trung binh. Phan Ian duoc cung cap duoi d<;lngprofin
nhu la thep cruu Il,I'C , ang, hoac thep profin tron va
profin chCl'nhat, Thep xay dunq khOng hoopkim khonq
thich hop de gia cong nhiet luyen. Vi c6 tinh han nen
chunq duoc SlY dl,lng cho nhfYng bQ phan cap thap
(kh6ng quan tronq lam) trong k~t cau thep va che tao
may.

Thep xay dl,l'ng hat rnln him dU'Q'c:

Thep xay dl,mg hat rnin han diroc c6 de'?ben va giai
han chay cao, cOng nhu c6 tinh han rat tot. Vi the
chunq dU'oocU'Utien SlY dunq trong nqanh che tao may,
thi~t k~ k~t cau thep va ch~ tao thiet b], D¢ b€Jncao dat
dU'oocla nho cac thanh phan hop kim nhu mangan,
nickel, chromi. Thep xay dl,l'ng hat min co cau true t~
vi rnin nen phai dU'OOcgia ccnq can than.

Thep nhi~t luy~n h6a tot (hay con gOi la thep toi cai
thien):
Nhi$t luy$n nang pharn la qua trinh toi va ram ngay
sau d6. Thep nhiet luyen nang pharn thich hop cho
qua trinh nay la nho vao thanh phan h6a hoc cua
chunq, c6 th~ la loai khong pha hop kim hoac c6 pha
hop kim. Trong tinh tranq da duoc nhiet luyen nang
pharn, chunq c6 dQ ben cao va du dQ deo dai de dU'ooc
dung nhu banh rang xe, vlt DC, dai oc, true quay.

Thep tV' d(lng:

Thep tl,l' dQng la loai thep thich hoopcho san xuat dai
tra (so 1U'Q'ngIan) cac chi tiet bang gia cong cat got.
Do c6 pha tron vo'i luu huynh hoac chi nen n6 c6 tinh
cat got tot. Cac rnanh dam (phoi) vi the gay ngan. Du
pha vai luu huynh nhU'ng dQ ben b] anh hU'cYngkhonq
dang ke. Ham lU'oongcarbon vao khoanq 0,09% den
0,45%. Thep tl,l'dQng voi thanh phan carbon tren 0,3%
c6 the toi cai thien dU'ooc.
 5.4 V$t li$u s~t va thep 115

Chi 56 dijc trlJ'ng Cac nquyen t6 Chi 56 d(lc tflJ'ng cua

~ hQ'Plkim 7nt6hQ'Pkim
TEm t<flt cua thep xay dl,l'ng khong hop kim, theo
cnuan Au chau DIN EN 1002718: S235JR
S: thep xay dl,l'ng khonq hop kim Thi d•••
: 34 Cr Ni Mo 6

LSr
235: gi&i han chi3y Re = 235 N/mm2
JR: Gong va d(ip c6 kmra 27 J a 20 ·G

cac ten t~t cua nhorn 2 duoc thillt tap tU'O'ng 11,1' nhu Thep hop 1!. ~ 0 34% C 2..~ 1,5% Cr Ham 1lJ'Q'ngNi
cac chuan d1i c6. Ky hi$u chinh gem c6 thong tin v~ kim th~p 100' 4 va Mo thap

thanh phan carbon va d6i v&i thep hop kim, c6 them

Hinh 1: Ten t~t v60i thong tin ve thanh phAn hoa hoc cua thep
thong tin v~ nquysn t6 hop kim. £)i kern voi s6 d~c hQ'p kim thap
trunq cua cac nguyen t6 hop kim 113cac hI;! so rieng
biet (Bang 1). Kem theo ky hieu chinh, ngoai ra c6 the Cac nguyen t6 Ham 1lJ'Q'ngcac
Chi 56 cua
con co them ky hi~u phu gom mau tV' va chCVso. Ky hieu carbon hqp kim nquyen t6 hQ'p kim

TMp khong hop kim luon dlJ'Q'C bat dau bang ky

hieu chO>C cua carbon va s6 d~c tmng chi thanh phan
~1
Thi d•••:
Z_~/"'-_
X 5 Cr Ni Mo 17-12-2

•
carbon. Cac ky hieu phu sau day, nhu R hoac E de chi
ham 1U'Q'ngluu huynh tOi da.
--,--~rTT~ II
Thep hoop _5_ ;; 0,05 % C; 17 % Cr; 12 % Ni; 2 % Mo
kim cao 100
Ten t<flt cua mot thep khonq hop kim, nhiet luyen
Hinh 2: Ten tM Ihong lin ve thanh phan h6a nee cua thep
nang ph~m (h6a tot): C45E
hQ'p kim cao
G45: ham IlJ'O'ng carbon 45/100 = 0,45%
E: ham IU'O'ngluu huynh toi da
Bang 2: Mau tl,l' d~c trU'ng cua v~t li~u gang due

Thep hQ'p kim thap c6 cmra cac hop kim co thanh G V~t lieu due
phan dU'&i 5% m6i loai. Thanh ohan carbon duoc ghi GG Gang due c6 grafit tarn (Gang xarn)
tnrc tiep voi h~ so 1/100 % va khong c6 ky hieu C GGG Gang due c6 grafit cau
GGL Gang due ostenit c6 grafit tflm
dling truoc (Hinh 1). Ke tiep la thong tin (chi so) ve
GGK Gang due trong khuon roi (Kokill)
cac thanh ph€ln hop kim vot rna s6 chi ham 1U'Q'ng GH V.;it Ii$u due e(rng
phan tram tlJ'O'ng ling. GS Thep due
GSZ Thep due Iy tam
TMp hop kim eao la cac loai thep c6 chva thanh GTS Gang deo due khong u khiY carbon (gang deo den)
phan hop kim tren 5%. C6 the nhan ra & mau tV' X
dling truoc ky hi~u (Hinh 2). £)oi v&i thep hop kim cao GTW Gang deo due c6 u khiY carbon (gang deo trang)

thi ham 1U'Q'ngphan tram cua nquyen to hop kim duoc

ghi true tiep, khong c6 h~ sO. Bang 3: se nhem cua thep Iheo chuan DiPc I Au chau
DIN EN 10027 (trich)
Ten 99i cua vat li~u gang due cOng theo hI;! thong nay, ss nh6m Nh6m thep khong hop kim
gem ky hi~u chinh cho vat li~u gang due (Bang 2) va co
thong tin ve d$c tinh SlY dunq.
00, 90 Thep
----
ban
Thep chat ILPoo....,n"",g
__

Ky hi~u dung so v~t li~u:

01, 91
06. 96
Thep xay dl,l'ng thong dunq, voi Rm < 500 N/mm2
Thep c6 tri 56 trung binh . 0.55% C hoac Rm < 700
£)oi vO'i trU'O'ng hop quan Iy bang h~ thong vi tinh thi N/mm2
each dung ky hieu bang so de lam ten 99i vat li$u rat Thep quy _
thich hop, Trang tmO'ng hop nay, m6i vat li~u se duoc
10 Thep c6 nhCYngtinh chat vat Iy dac blet
mang 5 chO>SO, va khi can thiet c6 the tang len 7 chO>
so (Bang 3). 12 Thep ch~ tao may c6 0,50% carbon

s6 nh6m
Bang 1: H~ s6 d~ tinh ham hfQ'ng cua nguyen
t6 hQ'p kim
08, 98 Thep c6 nhCYngtinh chat v~t Iy d~c biet
He 564 Cr Ni Mn Co Si w

H$ 5610 AI Cu Mo Ta Ti v 20 28 Thep d~ng cu

40 46 Thep khong gi
He 56 100 C p S N Ce
50 84 Thep xay dl,l'ng, IMp che tao may, thsp b6n ap suat
118

Gang due grafit t~m:

V6 may born Anh cau true te vi
Cac chi ti~t thi~t k€l c6 hinh danq phuc tap va do d6 rfit (ph6ng Ian 200 Ian)

kh6 che tao bang cac phU'O'ng phap gia cong cat gQt
thi hau h€!t duoc due. Gang due grafit tarn 113vat li~u
s~t voi thanh phan carbon tli' 2,6% d~n 3,6% nhunq
carbon tach ra dU'ai danq grafit tarn rnonq xep canh
nhau. Bai vi gang grafit c6 tac dunq nhu V<;Itli$u tnrot
nen thich hop de che t90 kh6i b$ (may) ben dU'ai.

Gang due grafit cau:

Grafit tach ra va nam trang nen vat li$u sat dU'ai
danq cau. Nha d6 gang grafit cau c6 dO ben CO' ban
cao hon. Grafit danq cau hinh thanh nho cuoc cho
magnesi VaG trong gang long. V~t li$u gang cau duoc
dung che tao cac chi ti€lt due emu dl)'ng duoc cac tai
tronq va d<;ip rnanh nhu vo hOp dong CO', banh rang.

Gang deo (gang u deo):

Gang deo duoc dung de due cac chi tiet rap noi
dU'ang ong, con dOi, thanh truyen v.v ... can c6 dO dai
deo dc;ic bi$t. Do dai deo dat duoc nho VaG Sl)' gia
cang nhi$t luyen u sau khi due. Trong qua trinh U, cac
vat due dtroc nung u
trong mai tmong khi oxy (gang
deo tranq) hoac mai trU'cyng khi tro (gang deo den).

Thep due:

Thep due la thep duoc due trang khuon. Cach lam

nay luon dU'Q'c thuc hi$n de che tao cac chi ti€!t can
c6 cac di;ic tinh cua thep, nhunq lai can phal ket hop
voi nhiYng dieu ki$n che tao thuan lQ'i cua phironq
phap due, thi du nhu cac than may (lot may), vo hop
cua may nen khi, canh quat tuabin. Sau khi duc, cac
san pharn se dU'Q'c nung va se c6 duoc dQ ben tuonq
dU'O'ng voi do ben cua thep can.

Cac loai vat li$u thep va V<;Itli$u gang due duoc neu tren moi chi 113mot vai tuyen chon tieu bieu cho cac vat li$u
g6c sat kha dT. Tren thi truonq ngay nay con cung lrng rtJt nhieu cac loai V<;ItIi$u thep va gang due. Kien thuc
toan dien ve cac vat li$u gang thep that ra kh6ng can thiet doi voi ky thuat vien co di$n hi va vuot qua khuon
kh6 cua quyen sach.

Hay dinh nghTa cac ky hieu cua vat li$u thep va vat Ii$u goc sa! sau day va hay sap xep chunq theo thLr tl,!'
cac loai thep da duoc d€: cap atren:

1. S420N 2. 9S20 3. C10E 4. 31CrMo12

5. C22 6. C75E 7. C55U 8. 120WV4
9. HS12-1-4-5 10. GS-70 11. GTW-40-5 12. GS-17CrMo 5 5
 5.4 V~t li$u sat va thep 117

Thep 16 xo:

Cac chi tiet thi~t ke, sau khi dU'Q'c tai nang pharn rna
van can co kha nang dan hoi khi b] tai tronq lam bi€ln
danq, phai duoc ch€l t;;1Obang thep 16 XO. V~ co ban,
d6 la t§t ca cac 10;;1i16 XO, nhu 16 xo vlt, 16 xo dia, 16
xo tarn. Thep 16 xo khang hop kim c6 chua carbon Ili
0,5% den 0,8%. Thep 16 xo hop kim phan Ian co chua
silic, cunq vai chromi va vanadi.

Thep toi th~m than:

Thep tai tharn than la loai thep c6 thanh phan carbon
thap diroi 0,22%. Be tang wong dO ben va do cll'ng
be mat, chunq dU'Q'c Xli' Iy lam tang carbon len lap va
be m;ilt va qua do c6 th€! toi h6a cll'ng 0 vunq nay. Vi
trong ruot cua chi tiet (phoi) khang bi anh hU'ong nen
van deo, cho nen loai thep nay thich hop cho cac bo
pnan nhu' banh rang, tn,lc quay, dia cam.

Toi tham nitrogen:

MOt hieu lI'ng tuonq tl! nhu d6i voi thep tai tharn than
dU'Q'c ap dl,mg de toi tharn nitrogen len lap be mat.
Qua d6, thep tai tharn nitrogen c6 duoc mot lap nitrit
ben nhlet dO va bao dam mot d(> cll'ng cao. Thep toi
tharn nitrogen 18 loai thep co pha cac nquyen t6 hop
kim nhU' nhorn, chromi, molybden, vanadi, niob hoac
titani.

Thep khong ri:

Bay la nhCrng loai thep hop kim cao voi thanh phan
chromi it nh§t la 13% va thanh phan nickel khoanq
10%. thanh phan carbon thuonq r§t thap (duoi 0,1%).
Cac thep nay dai-dan hoi va c6 do ben trung binh. Bi;ic
trunq cua 10;;1ithep nay la c6 tinh ben ch6ng an m6n
lau dai, Trong thuc t~, chunq dU'Q'c biet den voi ten gQi
la "thep khang rl".

Thep dl,lng cu:

Thep dunq cu duoc dung de che tao nhieu 10;;1idl,lng

cu. conq cu r§t khac biet de gia conq che tao nhu:
u6n, dap sau, cat gQt cOng nhU' dung trong ky thuat thu
thuat (ky thuat tay may) va ky thuat do d;;[Link] thuoc
vao thanh phan h6a hoc, chung dU'Q'c phan chia thanh
thep dung cu khang hop kim, hop kim thap va hop kim
cao. Tuy theo muc dich SlY dunq, chunq duoc phan
loai thanh thep gia conq nguoi, thep gia cOng n6ng va
thep gia cOng t6c do cao (thep gi6).
120 5 Ky thu~t v~t li~u

HQ'p Kim d6ng-thiec

HQ'p Kim dong thiec duoc bi~t nhieu hon dU'ai ten
"thau", d6ng dieu, d6ng do. Ham 1U'Q'ngthiec (Sn) VaG
khoanq 2% den 15%. Cac thanh phan khac nhu chi,
kem hoac nickel duoc cho VaG rat it. 80 ben cua hop
Kim d6ng-thiec (CuSn) cao hon cua hop Kim d6ng-
kern (CuZn) va f:j VaG khoanq 350 N!mm2 tai 410 N!
mrrr', HQ'p Kim nay d~ due, ben ch6ng an rnon va nho
tinh chat truot tot nen duoc dung che tao bac tnrot (;
true va bac 16t 6 true (Hinh 1).
Hinh 1: Cae ehi tiet bc;»true, vang d~m bang hc;»p kim CuSn

5.5.2 Nhom va cac hop kim nhorn Bang 1: Cac chi s6 cua nhorn
Kh6i lU'Q'ng rien 2,7 kg/dm3
Nhorn la mot Kim loai nhe, c6 khoi 1U'Q'ngrieng 2,7 kg! £)~ n6n9 chay 658°C
dm3 (Bang 1). Nho co b~ nqoai ann bac va lap oxide £)~ ~n keo v~t li('!u duc 90 ... 120 N/mm2
sang loanq nen n6 c6 d~c diem cua v$t li$u trang trl, U m~m 65 N/mm2
can cling 150 ... 230 N/mm2
======-'
£)6 dan khi dll'l 25 ... 3%
(y the nquyen chill, nhorn khong thich hop cho cac
ll'ng dl,mg ky thuat, Nho VaG tinh khong d(>c hai doi voi
SLrC khoe nen nhorn cuoc Slf dunq rong kh~p de lam
bao bl va hop dl,J'ng thuc pharn, Nang 1U'Q'ngcan thiet
de che tao nhom tU'O'ng doi cao, do d6 gia tnanh cao
va anh hU'ang 0 nhi~m mol trU'ang cOng lon, nhU'ng
bu lai kha nang tal che nhorn phe thai dat dU'Q'C gan
100%.

HQ'p kim nhom

Voi viec pha them mot phan nho chat hop kim, hop
Kim nhorn trey nen thich Lrng vai nhieu Lrng dl,mg trong
ky thuat. Mot 1U'Q'ngnho magnesi va silic giOp lam tang
dO b~n cua vat lleu mot each dang ke.

Sl,J'ket hop nhCmg di;ic tinh tich eve cua hop Kim nhorn
nhu' khoi 1U'Q'ngrieng nhe, tinh ben chong an rnon, d(>
ben cao, tinh trang tri b~ ngoai va tinh gia cong tot da
khien cho nhorn tro thanh vat li$u rat gia tr] trong nhieu
ITnh Vl,J'C(Hinh 2).

HQ'p Kim nhorn dU'Q'c phan 10<;1ithanh hop kim due

va hop kim deo. Nguyen to chinh cua hop Kim due la
silic (Si). HQ'p Kim nay duoc dung de che t<;10cac bo
phan hoan chinh, chi can gia cong them rat it, thi du:
hOp vo (may), dau xi lanh (n~p cu lat) v.v ...

HQ'p Kim nhorn dew c6 thanh phan chinh la mangan,

d6ng, magnesi va kem, dU'Q'Cche tao thanh ban thanh
pham nho tam rnonq, ong va chu yeu la cac thanh
Hinh 2: Cac thanh profin nhorn
profin (Hinh 2). HQ'p Kim deo thong thuonq d~ gia
conq cat gQt (c6 phoi). Nhunq cOng can luu i; la nen
Slf dunq cac dunq cu de gia cong c6 danq hinh hoc
thich hop (xem trang 174). Van toc cat gQt nhorn cao hon han van toc cat thep. Viec ket noi cac phan l<;1ivoi
nhau bang each han n6ng chay hay han vay bang nhCmg phuonq phap 1l1'O'ng Lrng cOng deu thuan tlen (xem
trang 223 va tiep theo).
 5.5 Kim loai phi sat 119

5.5 Kim loai phi sat

Ben canh cac vat li!\,!ugoc sat, cac kim 10<;liphi sat (kim
loai maul cOng dU'qc Sll>dung rat nhi~u trong cac thi~t
b] va may m6c trong nganh co di~n tll>. Thi du cac vat
Ii$u profin nnorn thU'cYng duoc Sll> dl,mg nhieu trong
nhCrng phan xU'ang tl,J' dQng h6a (Hinh 1), cac 6 bac
dan hU'ang cua thanh noi (true vit) b~ng hop kim d6ng
thiec va cac dU'cYng ong b~ng d6ng.

Kim loai phi sat la tat ca cac kim loai ronq khong
phai la sat va cOng la tat ca hop kim cua cac
kim loai ma trong do thanh phan sat khong duoc
nhieu non cac thanh phan khac,

Kim loai phi sat dU'qc phan chia thanh kim loai nhe va Hinh 1: Thiet b] xily dl,l'ng v60i cac profin nhom
kim loai n~ng, Sl,l' phan chia nay chu y~u can Clf tren
khoi 1U'Q'ngrieng cua vat li$u d6.
Bang 1: Cae chi 56 cua dong

Kim loai nhe c6 khoi 1U'Q'ngrieng nho hon 5 kgl ===~~~ 8,9 kg/dm
3

drn", kim leal n~ng c6 kh6i 1U'Q'ngrieng Ian hon

5 kg/dm3.
=~~==:::
1083°C
can n6ng: 200 ... 300 N/mm2;
h6a cLrng ngu¢i: den 600 N/mm2
===-=:
DO dBn khi dlrt 50 ... 35%; h6a cLrng ngu¢i 2%
£)oi vo'i nqanh co di$n tll> thi nhCrng kim loai phi sat
quan tronq nhat la d6ng va nhorn cunq vai cac hop
kim cua m6i loai. Trong thuc hanh, cac kim loai phi sat
rat it khi duoc Sll> dung a oanq nguyen chat rna hau
hi!t la hop kim, bo'i vi cac d~e tinh cue vat lii;lu dU'qc
thay doi co chu dich bang hop kim nhat djnh d~ thlch
lfng voi nhCrng Lrng dung rieng bi$t.

5.5.1 Dong va hQ'p kim dong

£)6ng la mot kim loai n~ng c6 kh6i 1U'Q'ng rieng 8,92

kg/dm3 (Bang 1). £>6ng nguyen chat chu yeu dU'Q'c
lam ngu¢i
Sll> dung khi co yeu cau cao ve tinh dan nhiet va tinh bling d6ng
d~n dien (Hinh 2), nhu' trU'cyng hop cua thii!t b] trao
doi nhiet va dU'cYng day truyen dii;ln. Do c6 tinh hen Hinh 2: lrng [Link] cua dong nguyen chat
vay tot nen d6ng cOng thich hop dll Sll> dung lam vat
lii;lu dU'CYngong. Vi c6 do deo dai cao nen d6ng khong
thich hop de gia conq cat got c6 phoi.

HQ'p kim d6ng-kem

HQ'p kim d6ng-kem (Ten gOi truoc kia la Messing =

d6ng thau) dU'Q'c Sll>dung cho nhieu chi tii!t CO' khi nho
trong nqanh CO' khi chinh xac va trong cong nghii;lp
dii;ln (Hinh 3). Hop kim nay c6 tinh due tot va vo'i ham
1U'Q'ng kern (Zn) khoanq 30% thi de gia cong bien
danq, voi ham 1U'Q'ngkern tren 37% thi de gia cong cat
got. Nllu pha them nhorn, sat, nickel va mangan thi dQ
ben keo se tang.

Hinh 3: lrng [Link] cua hop kirn [Link]

122 5 Ky thu~t v~t Ii~u

5.7 V~t li~u thieu ket

Kim loai ronq va cac hop kim cua no khong phai luc
nao cOng c6 cac tinh chat tot mong mu6n. Thi du cac
bO loc (Hinh 1) d€lloc phan cau trang khong khi thoat
ra tlf thi~t b] khi nen can c6 dO ben co hoc cao va
d6ng thoi phai xop (c6 nhieu khe ho) d€l khi nen co
th€l thoat ra ducc, Sl,J' viec nay co th€l dat dlJ'Q'Cbang
thieu k~t vat li$u.

Thieu k~t la qua trinh nung cac chi ti~t tlf bot kim
loai da dlJ'Q'cnen, tao thanh mOt ket cau dinh
chat lai voi nhau do qua trinh khuech tan va ket
tinh.

Qua trinh thieu k~t duoc thuc hi$n qua ba c6ng doan Hinh 1: cac chi ti~t biing v~t lii!u thieu ket
(Hinh 2):

BlI'<YC 1: Che tao va tron deu bOt kim loai

Kim loal n6ng chay duoc phun rnu (phun soonq) hoac
M?t d9 khOi < 50% (do
phun toe bang mOt voi phun (dlJ'oi ap suat va van toe Che tao bot kim loai
dit'ln dfly the tlch < 50%)
rat cao) tao nen nh[fng vi hat kim loal. Chung S8 duo'c
pha tron de co thanh phan h6a hoc mong muon.

BlI'<YC2: Ep bOt kim loai

Cac vi hat kim loai duoc ep trang mot khu6n tao danq
dlJ'oi mot ap suat rat Ion den dO cac hat vat chat barn ~
chat VaG nhau tai nh[fng di€lm tiep giap ngay trang
tranq thai nguOi. Nho Sl,J' barn chat VaG nhau va Ii,J'C
ap dinh nen phoi tho c6 duoc Sl,J' lien ket ben chat Miit do kh6i 50% - 70%,
voi nhau. khue~h tan qua rnanq
(tinh the)
BlI'cYC 3: Thieu k~t
Ph6i nen c6 duoc dO ben cao cuoi cunq ta nho VaG
khau nhiet luyen tiep theo, khau thieu ket, trang do xay
ra cac qua trinh khuech tan tai bien hat va Sl,J' tai ket
tinh tai nh[fng diem tiep giap duoc nen cling nquoi,
Nhiet dO thieu k~t VaG khoanq 20% thap hon nhi$t dO
n6ng chay cua bot kim loai.

80 ben ve kich thuoc cua cac chi tiet thieu k~t rat
cao. Tuy nhien tuy tlfng truonq hop, chunq van co the
M?t do kh6i den
dlJ'Q'Cchinh lai (ep dieu chinh lai) d€l co dlJ'Q'ckich co 98%, knuech tan
theo yeu cau va d€l c6 duoc chat 11I'Q'ngbe mat nhu qua rnanp tinh the
mong mu6n.

5.7.2 Pharn vi (Png dl,lng cua kim loai

thleu k~t

Kim loai thieu ket duoc SLrdl,Jnglam bO IQc, b(i ham

thanh, 0 true can chat b6i tron thll'ong xuyen, chi ti~U Bang chuyen Phoi (chi tiet gia cong)

ph6i tao hinh v.v... Hinh 2: Che tao v~t lii!u thieu ket
 5.6 Cac kim loai quan tronq khac 121

5.6 Cac kim loai quan trQng khac

Ngoai cac kim loai di=idU'ooc trinh bay la dong, nh6m va cac hoop kim cua chunq, con co mot loat kim loai va hoop
kim khac dU'ooc (rng [Link] hG>uich trong ky thuat. Do cac tinh chat di;lc biet cua chunq, cac kim loa: nay, du (y
tranq thai nguyen chat hoac 113thanh phan cua hop kim, d~u dap lmg dU'ooc nhG>ng yeu cau (ky thuat) di;lc blet,

Bang 1: £)~c tinh vii SlYdl,lng cua cac kim loal quan trQng trong ky thuat
Khbi
Kimlo"i llJ'Q'ng Nhi(!t dg
D~c tinh
Ky hi$u
riing nong chay ·c
kg/dm3
--~--'-'-"
Kim loti cO dl) n6n9 chiy th'p
Thiec 7,3 232 De due Lap trang thep tam (ton trang thi~c)
Sn De bien danq Nguyen t6 hop kim cno hop kim CuSn
HQ'p kim thi{)c: gia phu him vay, Thi du: L-Sn 60 Pb

Chi
11.3 327 B';'n dOi voi acid sulfuric, Bao v~ ch6ng boc X:;J, phu lap kim loai, ac quy chi,
Pb hap thu tia Rontgen (tia X) Nguyen t6 hop kim cho thep tl,J'dong
Hop kim chi: Thi du: LgPbSn9Cd (hop kim lam 0 true)

Kem 7,1 419 Ben ch6ng an men ngmii troi Bao va ch6ng an rnon (tranq kern),
Zn Nguyen to hop kim cho cac hop kim AI
HQ'p kim kern: Due ap II,J'C,Thi du: GD-ZnAI4Cu1

Magnesi 1,8 650 Kim loai dung trong ky thuat, Nguyen t6 hop kim cho cac hop kim AI
Mg nhe, a danq bot dii boc chay HQ'p kim Mg: Chi ti{)t nhe cho cac nqanh che tao may,
xe c(l va may bay

Titan 4,5 1727 80 ben cao, deo, ben chOng Cac co phan, chi ti.§t nhe chiu tal cao nhu' canh tua-
11 an man va ben nhiet d(> cao, bin may bay phan Il,J'c,thi{)t bi hoa h9C,
gia dat HQ'p kim titan: Chi tiElt nhe nang suat cao

Kim lo"i hQ1l kim

Mangan 7,3 1250 CLrng, gion Kim loai hop kim cno thep ctYng dai/deo
Mn

Nickel 8,9 1455 Sang, b6ng kim loai, Lap phu bao ve (rna nickel), nguyen t6 hop kim cho
Ni ben chOng an man thep ben chOng an man

Cobalt 8,8 1490 Dai/deo, ben chOng an rnon Nguyen t6 hop kim cho thep gi6 (gia cong t6c d(»,
Co Kim loai lien k.§t cho hop kim ctYng

Vanadi 6,0 1720 CtYng, gion Nguyen to hop kim cho thep ctYng ceo va thep gi6
V
Chromi 7,1 1900 Sang, b6ng kim loai, Lap phu bao v$ (rna chromi), nguyen to hop kim cho
Cr ben chOng an man thep khong rl

Kim lo"i co dl) n6ng chay cao

Molybden 10,2 2600 Ben ch6ng an rnon Day dien tro, nquyen t6 hop kirn cho thep b';'n nhiet
Mo d(l cao va thep gi6

Tantal 16,6 3000 CLrng dai/deo, b';'n ch6ng an Thi.§t b] may h6a hoc dac biet
Ta man cua acid Nguyen t6 hop kim cho thep ben nhiet

Wolfram 19,3 3380 CtYng deo, ben chOng acid an ThiElt bj may m6c h6a hoc di;jc biet, day t6c b6ng den,
W man a nhiet do cao, nguyen to hop kim cho thep b';'n nhi$t va thep gi6
d(l n6ng chay cao nhat

Kim lo"i~uy

B\lc 10,5 960 Tinh dlin di$n cao nhat Day dlin dien va cong tac
Ag Phan Quang sang b6ng, lap trang gLYong

Yang 19,3 1063 Trang tri be nqoai, 86 trang sire, kim hoan, lap bao ve thiet b] h6a hoc,
Au ben chOng an man cong t~c di$n, di$n tli

Plalini 21,5 1773 Ben chong acid an man CI,J'C Chen nung va vat dunq nh6 cho phonq thi nghiem
Pt tot h6a hoc. 86 trang see, cao nhi~t dien
 5.8 Sl,I' an man 123

5.8 SI! an men

MQi vat li$u kim loai di'!u chiu bien dei danq be ngoai
Giot nuoc
khi dU'Q'c Slf dunq nqoai troi. 80i voi mot vai toal vat
lieu thl SU' bien doi do co the duoc xem 18 dieu tot
(thuan 10'1), thi du nhu nhorn, tuy nhlen doi voi hau
het cac v$t li$u khac thi do la hi~n tU'Q'ng xau (bat IQ'i),
thi du: vat li$u sat. Hien tU'Q'ng nay dU'Q'c gQi ta Sl,I' an
man.

Khu VI,l'C gitlU Khu VI,l'C ngheo Khu Vl,J'C giau

oxy (khu VI,l'C oxy (khu VI,l'C oxy (khu VI,l'C
Sl,I' pha huy cac vat lieu kim loai bol cac phan
cue am) CI,l'C dl1O'ng) cue am)
Lrng hoa hoc hoac dien hoa hoc duoc gQi ta Sl,l'
an man.
Hinh 1: Cac qua trinh di~n hoa tren be m~t thep am U'61

Sl,I' an men gay nen thiet hai hang narn vo cunq Ian
trong nhieu ITnh Vl,l'C khac nhau. Nhfrng n6 luc nharn
nqan chan Sl,I' an man doi hoi ton kern Ian ve chi phi.

5.8.1 Nguyen nhan cua 51! an man

Sl,I' an man co the xuat phat tiY hai nquyen nhan khac
nhau co ban va ten gQi cua chunq cOng xuat phat tLr
do:
•
• Sl,I'an man dien hoa

• Sl,I'an man hoa hoc

Hinh 2: Be mat thep bj an man

Trong qua trinh an men di~n h6a tren be mat am uot

cua thep thi Sl,I'an man (tren be mat) xuat phat tLr trong
lap chat long co tinh dan dien (thi du: nuoc rnua, m6 8inh tan ri ve
hoi tay), do chinh la mot chat dien giai (Hinh 1). Trong nhorn

do cac ion sat ket hoop voi cac ion cua oxy trong nuoc
va tao thanh mot lap rl, lap bi an men nqoai mong
muon (Hinh 2).

Neu tal cho tiep giap cua hai kim loai khac nhau, thi
du: lap vo thep tiep xuc voi profin nhorn (Hinh 3), co
Thep tam
chat dien giai thi S9 xay ra hien tU'Q'ng di$n phan (pin
galvanic). Va chieu theo day dien hoa cac nquyen to Vonq d~m
thi hau qua la kim loai kern quy hon S9 b] phan huy Ch<'it di~n giai bang nhom
(xem sach Carn nang).
Hinh 3: cac yflu t6 lam an man

[Link] an man nay thU'ang xay ra tal nhieu vi tri trong

cac co may hoac thiet b] co dien. Thi du, khi chon sai
cac chi tiet ket noi (nho dinh vit, vonq dem, dinh tan
v.v ... ) cho cac bac lot cua bo vo may hoac chon sai
phu lieu trong trU'ang hoop han nonq chay

80i vai trU'cmg hop han nonq chay thl xay ra hien
tU'Q'ng an men h6a hoc, an man a
nhiet dO cao. Qua
do vat lieu ket hoop (phan Lrng) true tiep voi oxy trong
kh6ng khi bao quanh, gi6ng nhir trong truonq hoop tao
vay ri khi thsp duoc can nong (Hinh 4). Hinh 4: Lap yay oxide s~t tren ph6i rim
124 5 Ky thuat v~t li~u

5.8.2 Cac d~ng thLPCan man

SI,I' an man 10m va an
SI,I' an man d€!u b€! mat
man 10 cho
NhiYng nquyen nhan khac v~ 51)' an man se dira tai
Lap bi an man
nhCPngd9ng thuc an man khac nhau (Hinh 1).

Ngoai st,J'an man deu be mat rna ta thU'ang thay (y

'J..
,
nhiYng bfl mat thep ri set do phai chiu rnua n~ng nqoai V~t lieu
troi, can phai k§ alln st,J'an man do tiep giap be m~t v
N6 xuat hi$n moi noi khi hai kim 109i khac biet tiflp
giap v6'i nhau va co kha nang b] chat long (nuoc) len Isl,l' an man qua ti~p giapl I SI,I' an mon h;;lt linh Ihll I
VaG [Link] cac dau hi$u ri set khong dep mat Hat tinh th~
Dinh vit thep
can phai n6i d€!n Sl,l'thay d6i dang k€! cua cac mat d€!.

•
Duoc 99i la an man trling hoac an man 10 cho la khi
xay ra hi$n tU'Q'ngan man S8U tren bt§ m~t cua ph6i
bang thep hop kim. N6 c6 tarn nguy hiem d.;lc biet doi
voi bQ phan chju tai ton, beYivi qua d6 tiet dien chju tai
tronq b] nho di. Hinh 1: cac d~ng thLPe an man

Trong trU'6'ng hop an man hat tinh the thi xay ra

nhCPngdU'6'ng mrt sieu nho rna ben nqoai kh6ng trong
thay, nhunq 19ilam giam nqhiem tronq dQ ben cua vat each Iy 8inh vlt thep,
dai 6c va vonq
li$u va thuonq aU'a tai gay, hong chi ti€!t ket c8U.
dem

Profin
nhorn Thanh thep
5.8.3 NhCPngbi~n phap chong an man (qian IMp)

SI,l'an man cac chi ti€!tk€!tcau co the ngan chan dU'Q'C

bang nhieu bi$n phap khac biet.

Ngay khi phac hoa phuonq an ch€!tao chi ti€!t k€!tc8U

Hinh 2: Thi dl,l vl! thiet ke e6111'u y dim ehbng an man hi~u qua
va thiet b], da c6 the dl,l' tinh nhCl'ng bi~n phap phu
hQ'p chong an man, thi du nhu de nqan can SI,l'an
man do tiep giap thi phai tranh kflt hop cac kim 109i
knac nhau (y nhCmg noi rna chat dien giai (nuoc) c6
the tham len vao ouoc. Tranh cac cho giap moi khong
can thi€!t hoac cac Ian ranh, vi chat long co the tu tai
nhCPngnoi do (Hinh 2).

N€!u earn thay c6 nguy CO' xay ra SI,l'an man dien h6a
dU'ai bat ky danq nao, thi thong thU'6'ng, bQ phan c6
kha nang b] nguy hai do phai duo'c bao v~ bfing l60p
phu be m~t. Lap phu nay c6 th€! chi don gian la boi
m6' len cac bQ phan co the ti€!p xuc voi mo hoi tay,
hoac phet mot lap bao ve chong an man, hoac phu lap
bot len thanh gia d6' hoac vo thi€!t b].

Cac bo phan c6 nguy CO' b] an man cOng thU'6'ng duoc

tranq rna, nhu' ma ken, rna chromi hoac trang kern
n6ng chay a§ tach Iy voi chat dien phan (Hinh 3). Neu
cac eho da duo'c phu, tranq b] tray, troc, hU' hai thi
nhat thiet phai duoc tu sLPanoac phu lap moi.

Hinh 3: Trang kem bao v~ ehbng an m6n

 5.9 Chat deo 125

5.9 Ch~t deo

Trong cac h$ thong thlet b] va may rnoc CO' di$n tLP,co nhieu b9 pharr, chi tiet lam bang chat ceo. Hien nay chat
deo co vo so Ll'ng dl,mg voi nhieu d~c tinh ril§ng biet va dLPQ'Cche t90 bang nhi~u phuonq phap khac nhau.

Teflt ca nhO'ng vat lieu h[fu co dLPQ'cche t90 bang cac phuonq phap tong hop dLPQ'cgOi ta chat deo.

Nguyen li$u dung de che t90 chat deo la d~u tho hoac khi tnien nhien, Cac chat lieu mot dLPQ'chinh thanh do bien
doi h6a hoc (tong hop) va c6 nhO'ng d~c tinh hoan toan khac vai cac nguyen li$u ban dau. Do chunq dLPQ'chinh
thanh t(P cac hop chat carbon hay hop chat silic dLPQ'cbien doi t(P thien nhien, nen dLPQ'cxem la cac chat hCru CO'.

5.9.1 Cac d~c tinh cua chat deo va cac kha nang lI'ng dl,lng cua chunq

Khong nhLPvat lieu khac, cac loai chat deo v~ tinh chat co the thich nghi dLPQ'cvoi cac dit§u ki$n dol hoi, Do v~y,
mot chat deo co the tro nen rnern, cLrng hoac dan hOi khi dLPO'cXLr Iy hoa hoc thich hop .

Cac di;lc tinh quan trona nhat:

•
•
•

•
Khong d~m dien
Khoi ILPQ'ngriEmg thap va do do trono ILPQ'ngnho
Bt§n chong an men

De lam bien dang

Gia tLPO'ngdoi re
•

•
Tinh dan nhiet thap

Co tinh each nhiet nonq va lanh

Co the nhuorn rnau

B~n doi voi nhieu h6a chat

•
Do nhO'ng dac tinh nay nen chat deo dLPQ'cSLPdunq rat da dc;Jng (Bang 1)

Bang 1: Cac d~c tinh dilln hinh vii (Png dl,lng cua chat deo
Khoi 1U'Q'ng riimg th§p: 0,9 kg/dm3 dl!n
2,2 kg/dm3

lrng dl,lng diEm hinh:

Thunq chua v?n chuyen. binh cnoa, can xanq,

cac b¢ phan 0 10 va may bay, cac chi ti~t k~t
cau nhe, foli (rnanq rnonq)
Thunq dl,mg dung cu Can xang Mang, l<~mmong

D~c tinh co hoc da dillng:

Tif c(vng d~n r<1nchac, tif deo dai diin mern,

gi5ng da dong vat hay dim h5i cao su

oll tao hinh va dll gia cong

lrng dl,lng di~n hinh: Chi tiiit may, vo bee, lap

d~m, vo banh xe 0 to Banh xe rang Vo may Bot x6p

each di~n (khong dan di~n), each Iy nong

valillnh

lrng dl,lng di~n hinh:

Cach Iy cho d~ng cu, cac cau kien di~n, vat

Ii~u each nhiel

Lap tra can earn lay C~u kien each di~n Tarn each nhiet

SlIn chong an men doi v6>i nhillu loai hoa

chat va doi v6>i iinh hU'o>ng an men ~ua moi
trll6>ng xung quanh

cac ling dl,mg dien hinh:

Bao tay bao ho, giay ung, b5n chua, dU'ong
5ng, thunq clura h6a chat, lap son bao ve, lap
trang phu Bao lay bao ho Thunq chua nnien lieu Lap tranq phu
126 5 Ky thuat v~t Ii~u

Tuy nhien, kha nang sli dunq cua chat deo cOng c6 gi&i han. £)~c bii;lt h~u h€lt cac chat deo co tinh ben nhiet
thap, kh6ng ben doi voi cac dung mol hQ>uCO' va khong ben (nhay earn) doi voi tia cue tirn nen viec l.i'ng dunq
rQng rili non nQ>ag~p tra nqai.

5.9.2 Phan loai cac chat deo

chM deo dLl'Q'c phan loai thanh ba nh6m theo tinh nang khi dLl'Q'c nung n6ng. £)~c bi(lt Sl,l' thay doi dQ ben dong
vai tro quyet djnh:

Nhlfa nhi~t rAn, cunq a nhiet dQ phonq va d~c tinh cua chunq chi thay doi r~t it boi tac dunq nhiet. Nguyen do
ta vi cau true phan tli lien ket rnanq chat che. Chung kh6ng tro nen rnern bCri tac dunq nhiet, song se tl,l' phan
huy neu nhiet (do) qua Ian.

Nhlfa nhi~t deo dLl'Q'c hinh thanh tlf cac dai (macro) phan lli khong k€lt rnanq, cac dai phan tli nay dLl'Q'Csap
xep theo dang soi dai. Chung luon ran cunq a
nhiet dQ phonq, nhunq c6 the b] bi€ln dang nhii;lt dQ tren 100 a
°C do Sl,l' ket rnanq qiarn di, va c6 the h6a long khi nhiet cao hon nCJ'[Link] khi lam nquoi, chunq l<;Iioat dO ben
nhu truoc do.

Nhlfa dim h6i la chat deo c6 tinh dan h6i nhu cao SU, chiu thay doi hinh d<;lng dLl'oi tac dunq Il,l'c va se tro lai
hinh dang ban oau sau khi tac dunq cua luc cham dfrt.

Bang 1: Nhlfa nhi~t ran

Ten
Ky hi~u v,c tinh lrng dl,lng di/m hinh

Ten thU'O'ng rnai

Nhl,l'3 phenol, HI' khong mau den nau vane, hlnh a the nguyen eMt:
PF thann b~ mat nhlln eli'ng va qion Chat dim cho g6
laminate va son.
Nhl,l'3 ure, UF Khoi 1U'Q'ngri€mg: khoanq 1,5 kg/dm3
Gia cU'&ng voi cMt
Nhl,l'3 melamin, B~n doi voi nuoc soi va dung moi. phV gia:
MF Khong b~n doi voi dung dich rnanh chi tiet, b¢ phan nho
cho xe 0 to,
(Nhira nay eOng cua acid va ki~m.
cac linh kien dien
dU'O'e gOi 1i3nhl,l'a
formaldehyd) Phu lap go laminate
Cac chi tiet nho cho 0 to va dien

N h "a polyester Khong rnau, trong suot, tinh barn a th{, nguyen cnet:
khong bao hoa, dinh tot, de due nhua dan va nhua
UP tll' dan hoi·eli'ng den dim hei-mem, sO'n
tuy theo Sl)' che tao Nhl,J'8 keo cho ch~t
Palatal daD gia wong b~ng
Khbi 1U'Q'ngriling 1,2 kg/dm3
Vestopal soi thUy tinh, d~ng
Legural B~n dbi vai dung dich loang acid, sot: vai d~t, day
Polyleit kiem, mubi va dung rnoi bucc, day thlrng ben,
Trevira, Diolen
Cac chi tiet trong <">
to

Nhl,l'3 epoxy, EP Tll' khong rnau den vang mat ong, a the nguyen chat:
trong mo. Nhua keo dim va
Epoxin nhua son
Kha niing barn dinh tot dbi vai h~u
Araldit Nhl,J'8 lien k6t cho
het cac vat lieu, de due
Lekutherm eh~t dao gia cU'&ng
Cli'ng, dai, kno va
Epikote b~ng so! thUy tinn
Khbi 1U'Q'ngrieng: 1,2 kg/dm3 chju tai cao:
Ben doi voi cac dung dich acid, ki~m, Lap boc Mn trang
dung dich mubi va dung rnoi khung vo 0 to. Chi
tiiit trong may bay
Tll' kh<">ngrnau den vang mat ong, o th{, nguyen chat:
trong rno sanh xe nho, con chay,
Barn dinh tot d~m can s6c, thanh can
Moltopren Khbi 1U'Q'ngrieng: 1,26 kg/dm3 cua xe, keo dim, son
Vulkollan Ben dbi voi acid yeu, kiem, dung S(r dung nmr bot xap:
Bayflex djch mubi va nhieu dung moi. Lap xop dem, bot xop
Desmodur Tuy theo m6i do ket manq: each Iy
Lyera Cli'ng va dan hei dai den mem va S(r dung nhU' SQ'i: vai
dan hei cao su d~t dan hoi va day
C6 the xe thanh sot dan hei VO bee tay lai Chi tiet djnh hlnh each Iy thlPng.
 5.9 Chat deo 127

Bang 1: Nhl!a nhi~t deo

nn

Ky hi.u (fng dl,lng di6n hinh

. nn thU'oong mai

Polyethylen, PE TUokh6ng rnau den trang nrur sCl'a, PE m€!m:

Polypropylen, be m?t tron (tnrot) lanq. Chai dV'ng h6a

Khoi IU'Q'ngrieng: khcanq 0,92 kg/dm3 chat, 6ng rnern deo
PP
de uon, manq
PE mem; rnern va ceo de uon
Lupolen PE clPng:
PE clPng: cu>ng nhunq de uon
Hostalen Ong thoat nuoc
Vestolen Sen doi voi chat tay nra, dau, mo, thai, thung chua,
Supralen acid va kiem fali rnonq, db dung
trong nha.

Polyvlnylchlorid, KhOng rnau, trong suot, PVC cil'ng: cau

PVC Khoi IU'O'ng rieng: 1,35 kg/dm3 ki~n may m6c, ong
diin, thUng crura.
PVC clPng: cunq, khOng va
Vinoflex PVC m~m: mem nhU' cao su
tam ton nhua,
prafin
5
Hostalil
Vestolit Ben doi vai dau, rno, acid va kiem. pvc m€!m: da
Vinnol Hoa tan trong dung dich tay (ngu¢i) nhan tao, ong
trichlorethylen va Tetrachlormethan mem, vong d$m
kin.
Ong thoat nuoc thai Profin khung cLra 56

Polystyren, PS Khong rnau, trong suet, trong nhu Ly nhua, bao bi,
thuy tinh, bo!. vang rnanh nho. lop vo (chi tiet).

Polystyrol Khoi IU'Q'ng rieng: 1,05 kg/dm3

Bot xop po/ystyren:
Hostyren Sen doi vai acid loang, kiem va dung bao bi, each Iy
Vestyren dich rnuoi. n6ng va tanh (each
Slyropor
Khong ben doi voi dung moi nhi$t)
C6 thll tao nen bot xop cu>ng vOoi
khoi IU'Q'ng rieng 20 kg/dm3
=~=~
Polyamid, PA Trang cue nnu' sira, bil mat lang
VO boc thillt b] Baa bi

Banh xe rang, bac 6

nhi§n, ben chong rnai rnon, each am trui, dU'ang ray tnrot.
va gi<!lm chan dong cam (cfia earn), banh
Durethan
Khoi IU'Q'ng rieng: 1,14 kg/dm3 xe (con Ian) dan
Ultramid
hU'Oong,v6 bee may
Vestamid 8Q ben cao: dlln 70 N/mm2 rnoc, thung choa
Degamid
Sen d6i vOoiacid yeu va kiern, dung nhten lieu
Trogamid
dich rnuol, dau, dung moi, xang, c6 SQ1po/yamid: Day
Perlon, Nylon
tho!. keo thanh soi thLPngben kh6 dLP!,
Vo may m6c Banh xe rang day bUQC, vai d",t
Thuy tinh nhlin Trong nhU' thuy tinh, anh sang trung Thuy tinh bao ve,
t,o (Polymethy- thl,J'c (khong dbi maul, dll cho tia CI,J'C kinh bao v$, kinh
Imethacrylatl tlrn xuyen qua, bil mat b6ng loanq. chong rnanh vang
Cu>ng, dai, kh6 va, biln voi thai till!. cua may cong CI,J,
Plexiglas vo boc trong suet,
Khoi 1U'Q'ngrieng: 1,18 kg/dm3 kinh an toan, dl,Jng
Plexidur
Re5artgla5 Sen doi voi acid yllu, kiem cOng nhU' CI,Jph6ng tam,
dung dich muoi, d§u va xang phong v~ sinh.

Nap che den 0 to Kinh baa hQ

Polytetra- Trang due nhu siYa, be mat tron nho vo ao va 6 bac

fluorethylen, sap, linh hoat va dai, biln mat m6n cua b true kh6ng
PTFE can bao tri, vo may
Khoi 1U'Q'ngrieng: 2,2 kg/dm3 born, vong bac
Teflon Sen h6a chat cao ch6ng lai acid, van, vong d$m, lop
Hostafion TF phu.
kiem, dung moi, dung dich rnuoi
Fluon Siln nhiet dQ tUo-150'C dlln +280'C Chat bOi tron dU'ai
Lap chong dinh Lap 16t mat trong may d;;mg bQt
tren mat chao boom h6a chat
128 5 Ky thuat v~t lil?u

Bang 1: Nhl,l'a dim hOi (Cao SU, chat dim hOi)

Ten
Ky hi,u £)~ctinh ling dl,mg dltn hinh
Tsn IhlfO'ng mGli

Cao su t ng Vang dlin nau d<\'lm,thlJ'ong duoc Lop xe a la, vang

hQ'p trQn mau vai b6 h6ng (den). dem kin Iron,
manq-set, ong
Thi du: Cao su Tuy theo ham luonq luu huynh, Ill' rnem, ntlp dijy
styren-butadien cao su dan hOi cLPng dlln cao su dan bao ve, 10 xo cao
(SSR) hOi rnern SU, chan de may
Suna moc, hOp xep,
Perbunan vang dem kin.
Cariflex
Lop xe a 10 Sua cao su

Cao su silicon, Tr<1ng soa, khong barn nuoc, khong V~t lieu each Iy
SIR barn keo. b';n nuoc, khu6n
S';n nhie! d¢ diin +180·C
due, vonq dem kin
Silicone Khoi llJ'qng rieng: 1,2 kg/dm3dlin ben dau, v~1 lieu
Silopren 2,3 kg/dm3 nhao tram khe ha,
Silaslic S';n doi voi dau, khong ben doi voi son each Iy, lop
acid, kiem, dung rnoi
son phu khOng
Tuy thuoc each che 1<10:Ill' cLPng deo
dlln rnsrn va can hOi cao su Vang dern tharn nuoc.

1. Nhfrng vat li$u nao duoc gOi la chat deo?

2. Hay ke nhfrng dac tfnh dien hlnh cua chat deo,

3. Chat deo thU'ang duoc phan loai theo nhfrng dac tinh nao?

4. Hay ke ten ba nh6m chinh cua chat deo?

5. Dien ta cac tfnh chat diEmhlnh va ITnhvue LPngdunq cho nhua nhiet r~n, nhua nhlet ceo va nhu'a dan hoi.
6. Hay tlrn va xac djnh cac loai chat deo tai noi lam viec cua ban,

7. Hay trinh bay Iy do ve SI,J'Il,J'achon cac chat deo nay.

8. Hay thll' tlrn vat lieu khac thich hop c6 the thay the cho chat deo rna ban da tlrn thay.

9. Khao sat SI,J'khac biet trong gia conq cat got cua chat deo so vai kim loai, can CLPvao g6c do dunq CI,.Iva
cac dai IU'O'nghi$u chfnh (do dan tien, toc do cat, do djch chfnh ngang).

5.10 V~t Ii~u lien kat

(v~t Ii~u compozit)

V$t Ii$u lien ket la vat lieu bao gem it nhat la hai vat
li$u c6 di;ic tinh khac biet (Hlnh 1). SI,J'tong hop s8 cho
ra nhQongdi;ic tlnh khac. 8;;1idien tieu bieu lau dai cua
vat lieu lien ket la be tong cot thep (thep c6 dO ben keo
cao, be tong co the de dang tao dang vo'i IU'O'ngIon
va c6 dO ben nen cao) hoac chat deo duoc gia cU'ang
bang soi thuy tinh cOng da duoc Sll' dunq tll' lau nay
trong ngc'mhche tao bon chua, Muc dich cua vat li$u
compozit la tong hop nhfrng d$c tinh tot cua cac vat
li$u rieng Ie. cac di;ic tinh bat IO'i (nhuoc c!18m)cua
cac vat lieu co ban nau nhu c6 the duoc bu di!Ip. Hinh 1: cac tam chat deo bot xop
 5.11 Chcf!tpnu tro 129

Ket cau cua v~t Ii~u lien ket (compozit)

Trong cac hop kim thi cac hop chat cua chunq hoa tan
vao nhau. NgU'Q'clai, doi voi cac vat lieu lien k€lt thi
cac thanh ph~n v~t chcf!tcua chunq khOng bi thay d6i,
rna thong thU'Crngvan giCrnguyen danq ban dciiu. vat
li$u lien k~t duoc phan 109i tuy theo each thuc phoi
hop (gia conq) cua chunq trang sV' lien k~t:

• V$t lieu lien k€lt duoc gi8 wang bang SQ'i

• V<jItli$u lien k€lt duoc gia wang b~lng hat nh6
• vat li$u lien k~t theo cau true va lien k~t theo lap

Vai vat lieu lien k€lt gia wang bc'lngsoi, dQ ben duoc
gia tang do SV'lien ket vai cac soi co dQ b~n cao ben
trong chat deo. V<jItlieu sQ'1thvonq SlI' dl)ng ta soi thuy
tinh hoac g~n day nnat la soi carbon, ngay canq duoc
Hinh 1: Than xe tCPv~t li~u chat deo co sQ'i gia cll'cYng

•
dung nhi~u. Ngoai dQ ben cao, d~c biet tronq 1U'Q'ng
tuonq doi thap cOng 113 Iy do chinh de SlI' dl)ng vat li$u
nay (Hinh 1).

vat lieu lien ket gia wang vai cac hat nho bao gom
mQt vat lieu chinh va cac thanh phan phu co danq hat
nho duoc pha tron vao, Qua do, cac dac tinh CO' hoc
duoc cai thien, thi du: do ben, dQ cLmg hoac do ben
hinh d<;[Link] deo dU'Q'cSlI' dl,Jng lam vat li$u CO'
ban, thi cu de che t90 banh xe rang, cong t~c dien,
vo may (Hinh 2). Doi voi cac kim 10<;3i cLrng va vat
lieu gom SLrde cat got, cOng nhu doi voi cac chi tiet
bang ceramic (Hinh 3) thi nquoc lai, cac phan tll' bang
Hinh 2: Cac chi tiet bang chat deo Oll'Q'c gia Cll'Oongbang hat
carbide CLPnggi6n dU'9'c k~t h9'P voi chat k~t dinh de
nhe
tro thanh vat lieu lien k~t.

Vat lieu lien ket xep lap bao gom nhieu tflng lap cac
vat lieu khac nhau, duoc lien k~t bang cac ky thuat lien
k€lt thich Lrng (thi du: dan keo hoac can voi true Ian).
Qua do cac tinh chat khonq giong nhau cua nhCmg
vat lieu co ban cOng co the dU'Q'Ctan dunq, thi du cho
trU'ang hop nay 113cac lU'iYngkim (hai kim 10<;3i) hoac
trU'ong hop cac tam thep dU'Q'cqhep lap trang nqanh
che t<;10bon chua,

5.11 Ch§t phu tro

Chat phu gia c6 tham dV' va qop phan thanh cong
trang cac qua trinh (che tao, gia conq), dU'Q'cgoi la
cac chat phu tro. TUy theo loai qua trinh, cac chat phu
tro nay co the la:
• Chat boi tron lam nguQi khi gia cong cat got co phoi
• Phu lieu han vay va day han trang ky thuat ghep noi
• Phu li$u rnai khi Xli' Iy be mat
• Chat boi tron khi van chuyen Hinh 3: Cac chi ti"t bang ceramic (g6m sUo)

• Khi nen va dau thuy luc trang cac thiet b] tV' dQng
hoa

Khi Sll' dl,Jngcac chat phu tro thi dieu quan tron.g la phal lV'a chon va Lrng dl,Jngdung chuyen man. De lV'a chon
dung, thong thU'ang can tham khao cac bang so lieu va cac to ghi thong so ky thuat cua nha san xuat hoac nha
cung cap, .
130 5 Ky thuat v~t Ii~u

5.12 V~t Ii~u va SI:I' bao v~ moi trU'cYng Bang 1: Nang 11I'Q'ngtieu thl.l (kWh) de che tao
1 tfin v~t Ii~u
TCf khau che t<;10cho den khau xtY Iy vat li$u, trong mot V,t litu
s6 chCfng muc d~u kern theo 0 nhiem dang k~ d6i voi
mol truonq. Hau het cac qua trinh che tao kim loai va Sat I thep 4300 1670
phi kim d~u can mot 1U'Q'ngnang 1U'Q'ngkhong 10. Khi Nhom 18000 2000
che tao cac vat lieu sat va chat deo, nhu c8U nang
f)ong 13600 1730
1U'Q'ng v~n thap hon nhieu so voi qua trinh ch€l t90
Polyethylen (PE) 3500
nhom va d6ng (Bang 1).
Polyvinylchlorid 4000
Nqoal nhu cau lieu thu nang IU'O'ng cao, di~u quan
tronq dang d~ cap chinh Ia 51)' 0 nhiem moi tmang rat
n~ng bc'Yikhi thai va cac loai bui. Nho cac he th6ng lee chi Ii va cac luat 1$ rang buoc d6i voi ky thuat moi trU'Q>ng
a
nen trong nhO>ng narn gan day, mire dQ nhiem v~ bui va khi thai da dU'Q'c giam xu6ng rrurc dQ thap, Viec tan
dunq tal che cac vat lieu vun vat, s6t thua va vat lieu phe thai de giam a
nhiem moi trU'{Yng la di€!u khonq the bo
qua. £)i€!u nay doi hoi phan loai rac thai theo tung loai ou la 56 1U'Q'ngnho. £)6i voi cac loai rac phe thai khonq the
tal che dU'Q'c nO>a,phai tieu huy theo dung quy djnh v~ moi truonq. Do d6, phuonq cham chu yeu la:

Trann khong SLPounq (cac loai vat lieu gay 0 nhiem nc';ingcho mol truonq) thi U'U tlen non la tal SLPdl,Jng (tai
che), va tai stY dunq thi U'U tien hon la thai boo

Qua trinh xU> Iy v~t lieu S8 gaP phai nhieu 109i vat lieu khac biet, co khi c6 tac dl,Jng nguy hai den SLrC khoe va
rnoi tmQ>ng. Thi du trong qua trinh cat got mal giOa S8 thai ra bui, vun kim loai nc';ing gay nguy hai SlPCkh6e, dU'a
den cac chlPng benh ngoai da hoac cac benh tU'O'ng tl)'. Trong mot nuoc cong nghieP tan tien, moi narn co nhieu
nqan tan chat boi tron va lam nguQi boc hO'i (trong khi gia cong cat got) difm den 0 nhiem rnol trU'ang.

Vi the, muon to chuc thuc hien cac qua trinh ehe tao va gia cong c6 tinh than thien nhat doi voi rnoi truonq thi
nhat thiet phai tuan thu quy tac sau day:

Het SlPCco gang chi SLPdung cac vat lieu va chat phu gia ma trong qua trinh che tao, gia conq va phe thai,
chunq it gay hai den SLrCkhoe cOng nhu it gay 0 nhiern rnoi truonq.

Nguyen lieu,
thi du:
quanq, than cacdluki$n

c:==~> kh6ng thll tillp

tuc Sll' dung,
phll Ii$u
Thi du:
chat boi o<liu
tron oil may
Nguyen
qua Sll'
lieu, thi du:
oau tho dUrngL-~ ~--,
Ch~~,h~~~;~~~~
th~
(can Ihu h6i va tal che)

Hinh 1: Hanh trinh cua v~t Ii~u va qua trinh tai che trong cong nghi~p kim loai

Cac cau hoi sau day co lien quan den tay gap (tay may) trong hinh (Hinh 1) & trang 107.

1. VO va ham kep duoc che t90 tCf cac vat lieu khac nhau. Hay neu Iy do v~ SI)' Il)'a chon cac vat lieu khac
nhau.
2. Cac ham kep phai c6 SLrCb~n chong mai rnon dac biet. Lam the nao de dat dU'Q'c di~u nay?
3. t.o xo keo v~ (h6i vi) dU'Q'c che tao bang loal thep nao?
4. T<;Ii nho>ng vi tri nao trong bQ phan tay may c6 the SLPdunq chat dEW?
 131

6 H~ thong co

Trong pharn vi CO' di$n tCY ta thuonq dlJ'Q'Ctiflp xuc voi nhCPng dan may, ga lap va may m6c du loai. Chung co
th€l dap LPng nhleu nhlem VI,J hoan toan khac bi~t va co nhCPng cau true khong giong nhau. Ele co the cunq xem
xet chunq doc I~p doi voi nhiern VI,J va thiet ke ta gQi chUng 113h~ thong ky thuat. CO' sa cho nhCPng h$ thong
ky thuat thong thLl'ang 113nhCPng h~ thong co khi. Ngay nay, trong nhieu tmang hop, nhCPng h~ thong nay can
phai dLl'Q'Cbe sung them h$ thong di~n, khi nen hay thuy luc.

6.1 CO' 50> cua suy nghi V€! h~ th6ng

Nho khai niern h$ thong nen nhiYng h$ thong ky thuat duoc dien ta bang nhCPng tinh chat cua chunq.

Mot h$ thong ky thuat ta mot cau true dLl'Q'c djnh ranh gi&i, va co the dap LJ'ng mot chuc nang da cuoc dat
ra truce.

H$ thong ky thuat cuoc xac dlnh voi nhCrng phan tLPsau day:

• 8L1'ang bien h$ thong

• 8<;1iILI'Q'ng dau vao v&i nhCPng d$c tinh cua no

• 8<;li ILI'Q'ng dau ra voi nhCrng di;)c tinh cua no 6

• NhiYng h$ thong can narn trong du'ang bien h$ thong vo'i nhCrng di;)c tinh

• Moi tmang cua h$ thong

Thi du: Dung mot robot don gian de dien ta nhiYng diem ben tren:

£)l!'cyng bien he th6ng

r--------------------~
I PC dl. lap trlnh so dltJu khll.n I
I cho robot dim tay

'. Q (j) I
ICJI

I
robot

Tay g~p b~ng

khinen

Giao dien cung Giao di$n cung

cap khi nen cap di$n ",Pc

Hinh 1: H~ th6ng robot

132 6 H~ thbng co

6.1.1 DU'ang bien h~ thong

H$ thong luon luon duoc ngan each voi rnoi trlJ'ang

ben nqoai qua nhO'ng dlfang bien he thong. NhO'ng
dU'ang bien nay thU'ang cOng duoc gQi la giao di~n.
Thi du robot (Hinh 1) duoc ket nOi voi bO phan cung
cap nang 1U'Q'ngbang day di$n tal dau vao cua robot.
Trong trU'ang hop tay gap cua robot duoc tac dong
bang khi nen, ngU'ai ta con phai thiet I$p them mot
giao di$n cho SI,!' cung cap khi nen nua, H$ th6ng
can dieu khlen cong viec sap x~p nhfrng cU>dong cua
Giao dien robot!
robot. NhU' v~y h$ th6ng con nay co mot thanh phan
oillu khien
chuc nang hoan toan doc I$p narn trong h$ thong toan
bo.

Mot h$ thong toan bO thU'ang gem c6 nhieu h$ thong Hinh 1: NhCPng giao di~n eua robot
can (thi du nhU' h$ thong dan dong, di€!u khi~n va thiet
b] do lU'ang). Phan Ian nhO'ng h$ thong con d€!u co
quan hi.i voi nhau vfl chirc nang va voi hi.i thong to Em
Tin hii)u t,y Chuyen dOng
bo. Chung dflu c6 nhO'ng rno: trU'O'ng xung quanh
earn bi~n cua robot
rieng va nhCmg dU'ong bien rieng. Thi du trong m¢t Elillu khien
robot, giao dien dan den nhfrng thiet b] dau vao va
giao [Link] dan den thiet bi diflu khi~n dong co dan
d9n9 la nhO'ng dU'ang bien doi voi rnoi truonq ben
nqoai cua he thong. Hinh 2: 51,1'dieu khilm robot dien til b~ng h9P den

6.1.2 D~i 1U'Q'ngvao va d~i 1U'Q'ngra

He thong ky thuat kiern tra va di€!u hanh nhO'ng dai 1U'Q'ngdau vao va nhO'ng dai 1U'Q'ngdau ra thong qua SI,!' giao
tiep voi rnoi tnro'nq ben nqoai cua h$ thong. NhO'ng d<,li1U'Q'ngvao va dai 1U'Q'ngra co the c6 nhCPng danq
• Nang 1U'(;mg Thi du nhu di$n nang cho mot may cong Cl,J,Il,l'c co cho mot con d9i xe dieu khien bang tay,
ap sua! kh6ng khi (y thiet bi (qa) nanq bang khi nen

• Ch~t li~u Thi du nhu' nquyen li$u cho nhCPngquy trinh ky thuat h6a hoc, ban thanh pnarn cho nhfrng quy
trinh gia cong

• Thong tin Thi du nhU' tin hieu hi earn bien, dO' lieu tli thiet bi nhap li$u, menh lenh hieu chinh hi nhan
vien dieu khien may

Neu khong de cap den each cau tao ben trong cua mot hi.i th6ng ky thuat thi h$ thong nay co the duoc coi nhu
la mot hop den (black box). Djnh nghTa hOp den nhu v$y rat quan tronq trong cong trinh thiet ke mol mot h$
thong co', vi trong thai diem nay crura can phai de y den cau true ben trong h$ th6ng. Dinh nghTa he thong chi
gem nhCPng dai 1U'Q'ngdau vao va nhO>ng dai 1U'Q'ngdau ra rna thoi (Hinh 2).

Qua SI,!' so sanh va nhan xet nhO'ng d<;li 1U'Q'ngdau vao va d<,li 1U'Q'ngdau ra ngU'CYita dil c6 the xac dinh duoc
chuc nang cua mot he thong ky thuat.

6.1.3 ChLPCnang chinh va chLPCnang con cua h~ thong ky thu~t

Chuc nang chinh cua mot hi.i thong ky thuat la tronq tam cho moi khi xem xet h$ thong, n6 co the thuoc cac
lanh VI,l'C

• chuyen doi
• v~n chuYEm hay
• lU'u trCP
nhO'ng dai 1U'Q'ngdau vao va dap li'ng duoc rnuc dich da djnh truoc cua he thong k9 thuat,

Thong thU'cyng moi h$ th6ng ky thu$t chi dap li'ng mot chuc nang chinh. De hoan t~t dU'Q'c chirc nang chinh nay,
mot Ioat chirc nang con trong h$ thong phai dU'Q'c dap li'ng.
 6.1 CO' sa cua suy nghT h$ thong 133

Bang 1: ChLPCnang cua h~ thong ky thui}t

Chuyfm dOi V~n chuylm LU'u tru

Nang IU'Q'ng Mi;lt 10<1inang IU'O'ngdU'O'c billn Nang luonq dU'qc van chuyen Nang IU'qng duoc lU'u trQ>de
dOi sang mot loai nang IU'Q'ng tu. noi nay sang noi khac. duoc sUodunq tiep tuc.
khac.

Thi du: Di~n nang dU'qc bi~n Thi d\l: Mot chat du'6'i mot ap Thi du: Trang mot binh ap suat,
dlii sang CO' nang thong qua suat, thi ou nrur khi nen hose kh i nen duoc cnoa va cnuan bi
dong CO' dien dllu thuy Il,I'c dU'Q'c v~n chuyen san sang de dung cho nhung
den noi Uongdung bilng 6ng thiet b] dung khi nen
diin ap suat.

Nguyen Ii~u Chat lieu duoc bien dOi do Sl,l' Ch~t lieu diroc van chuyen Chat lieu dU'Q'CIU'u trQ>trang he
thay dbi than'h phan hose hinh tu. dia diem nay qua dla diem thOng kho de sUodunq ve sau.
danq ben nqoai. khac.

Thi du: Trong nha may toe dau, Thi du: Robot van chuyen linh Thi du: Nhung linh ki",n dU'Q'C
xang dU'Q'c san xuat hi dau mo. kien tu. ch6 nay den chO khac cat trii' tren ke cao trong kho,
cho khi dung toi,

ThOng tin Thong tin duoc bien dlii va Thong tin dU'qc van chuyen tu. Nhii'ng thong tin dU'Q'c giO>trong
danq. ch6 nay den ch6 khac, mot phuonq tien IU'u trii'

Thi du: B9 earn bien cua mot Thi du: CD-ROM dung de IU'u
6
Thi du: mot te baa quang nhan bang cnuyen nhan thay mot trii nhiing dO>lieu
mot tin hieu quang va bien dlii ki$n hang di qua. Tin hieu nay
n6 thanh tin hi~u di~n. duoc thay dlii sang mot danq c6
the chuyen van duoc va bao tin
den h$ thOng dieu khien.

Robot (Hinh 2) dap LPng duoc chLPCnang chinh trong

cong viec chuyen dol nguyen li~u b~ng tay giflp, vot
Sl,l' thay doi g6c nhin va vi trl cua nhOong linh kii;!n.

Sl,I' dap LPng chLPC nang chinh phai di qua nhieu qua
trinh lam viec cua nhCPng chLPC nang con khac nhau.
Thong thU'cmg nhOong chLPC nang con nay dU'Q'c dam
nhan bai nhieu h$ thong phu rieng biet, Trong d6,
chLPC nang cua tLPng h$ thong phu rtJt khac nhau va
cOng khac ca vO'i tinh chat cua chLPCnang chinh.

Thi du di$n nang duoc bien deSithanh dong nang qua

nhCPng dong CO' lam chuyen dong canh tay cua robot
(Hinh 1). Thee tinh chat cua n6, chLPCnang nay dU'Q'c
x€lp vao nh6m chuyen doi nanq 1U'Q'ng.

£long CO' robot

Dong nang :>

Hinh 1: 50' d6 h~ thong con (ph\l) "dQng co robot" Hinh 2: H~ thong con (phu) "dQng co robot"
134 6 H~ thong co

Trong qua trinh dieu khil!n, tfit ca cac rnenh I$nh nhan each dien la bang hqp den
dU'Q'c qua don vi xli' Iy trung tam (CPU) duoc Xli' Iy
va dU'Q'c chuyen doi thanh nhCrng It;mh dieu chinh
(Hinh 1). NhU' v<%lyla chuc nang can cua h$ thong phu
Tin hii)u
cam bi~n :> Eli€'u khi{,n
Chuy~n dong
cua robot :>
dieu khien nay la Sl)' chuyen doi cua thong tin.
Nhii'ng Ihong lin Iii' bQ Nhii'ng I~nh hi~u
earn billn, Ihi dl,l nhU'; chinh, Ihi d.., dlln
Sau cunq don vi Xli' Iy trung tam CPU thau nhan thong
Vi Iri b9 kep
tin, xli' Iy nhCrng thong tin nay voi mot phan rnern va
cua lay g~p
r6i chuyen tiep den h$ th6ng dieu khien. Tuy theo rnuc
dO I~p rap hi$n tal cua robot, con co nhieu h$ th6ng
I
G6c xoay
:> [long CO' cua
nhiing tr\lc robot
cua tay g~p
phu khac, thi du nhu h$ th6ng do lU'cyng, h$ th6ng
chuyen dong tuyen tinh (dU'cyng thang), h$ th6ng tay
I
Vi tri tay gap
.:> co
•• H~ th6ng khi nen
gap (Hinh 2). Chirc nang chinh cua robot chi co the trang kh6ng gian • cua lay g~p
dU'Q'C hoan thanh khi c6 Sl)' phoi hop nhjp nhanq dinh I :> j.
san cua tfit ca cac h$ thong phu, Ky thu~t h~ thong B9 phan an toan ~
co d6ng g6p mot vai tro nOi bat trang lanh Vl)'C CO' khi I :>
khi can bien dOi, van chuyen hoac hru trCr n;::lng 1U'Q'ng
hay nquyen lieu. Hinh 1: H~ th6ng phu di{,u khi{,n

6.2 CO' ban v~t Iy cua h~ thong co

MOi trU'cyng hop chuyen doi nguyen li$u deu can thuc
hien congo Thi du nhu tay gap robot duoc kich heat
bol mot xi lanh khi nen, 6 d6 pittong tac dong mot Il)'c
doc theo quang dU'cyng trang xi lanh. Pittonq da thuc
hien congo

6.2.1 Cong co hoc

Khi hU'ong cua Il)'C va cua Quang dU'CYng trunq nhau,
thi:

• Cong = tuc . Quang dU'ong

W = F . 5 [W] = Nm =J

Ll)'C 6 day la tich s6 giCra khoi 1U'Q'ngm va gia toe a:

F = m· a [N] = kg ~
S2
Hinh 2; H~ thong con tay gap

Vi don vi cua luc la Newton 1) (N) va don vi cua quang

dU'ong la met (m) nen ta co don vi kep Newton met
(Nm) cho congo Don vi 1 Nm nay con duoc gOi la
Joule. Conq chi co the thuc hi$n dU'Q'c neu duoc cung
cap du nang 1U'Q'ngcan thiet. NhU' v~y tay gap robot
chi co thl! giCr chac mot vat gi neu dU'Q'c cung cap khi
nen, cOng nhu nhCrng dong co chi co th~ heat dong
neu duoc cung cap di$n nang (Hinh 3).

NgU'oi ta gOI nang 1U'Q'ng la kha nang rna conq

cuoc thuc hien

1l Goi theo nna oac hoc ngU'cYiAnh Sir Isaac Newton (1643 - 1727) Hinh 3; Tay g~p robot nhU' la mQt dO'n vi lam vi~c/v~n hanh
 6.2 Coo ban vat Iy cua hi;! thong 135

Nang 1ll'Q'ng duoc phan biet ra nhi~u loal nhll' CO'

nanq, di$n nang, hoa nang va nhiet nang. Tuy nhien
trong ph~m nay d$c biet chi CO' nang duoc d~ cap den.

Co' nang dll'Q'c phan biet voi hai danq knac nhau:
• Nang 1ll'Q'ng do vi tri (the nanq) (Hinh 1) va
• Nang 1ll'Q'ng do chuyen dOng (dOng nang) (Hinh 2) Phoi (chi tiet
gia conq) co
Nang 1ll'Q'ng cung Ll'ng cho chunq ta dung dU'oi nhi~u thJ. nling
d;;lng khac nhau. Chung khong the dll'Q'C sinh ra va
cOng kh6ng b] pha huy. Chung chi c6 the dll'Q'c bien
doi tlP danq nay sang danq khac trong nhCPng LPng Wpot= m· g. h
dl,mg ky tnuat khac nhau. Trong tat ca cac qua trinh
bien dang nang 1U'Q'ngd~u xay ra Sl,J'"that thoat nang Hinh 1; The nang
1ll'Q'ng". Cach gOi nay that ra khong dll'Q'c chlnh X8C.
Phan that thoat nang 1ll'Q'ng tren thuc te chi la phan bi
thieu hut di sau khi nang 1ll'Q'ng di qua mot qua trinh
bien d6i thanh d;;lng moi va dang duoc cho doi d§
SLP dl,lng. Thi du trong tat ca cac qua trinh bien d6i
Co' hoc, CO' nang bi bien doi mot phan nao sang nhiet
nang nqoai mong muon do ma sat. Phan nhiet nang
nay duo'c gOi la phan tnat thoat (tleu hao) cua nang
1ll'Q'ng (Hinh 3).
Ph6i c6
Co' nang co mat trong t!it ca cac lanh Vl,J'CCo' khi, thi du dong nang 6
nhu' the nang khi nanq vat hoac trong mot 16 xo duoc
keo hay nen, hay dOng nang trong nhCPng chuyen
dOng co gia toe, [Link] = 1m.
2 v2

6.2.2 Cong su~t co va hi~u su~t Hinh 1; DOng nang

Khi xem xet dfty du thai gian can thiet d.§ gia conq thi
ta rnoi danh gia duoc loi ich kinh te cOng nhu' nang
Nang IlPQ'nghiPu ich
suat lam viec cua he thong Co'.

Cong suat la thll'O'ng so giCPaconq va thai gian.

Conq
Cong suat =
Thai gian Hao hut cua
may pnat di$n
p=W=Fs [W]=~= Nm
t t s s
Hao hut cua
Don vi cua conq suat 113Watt (W)1).
dong co
Nhu da d~ cap a
tren, cac he thong CO' khong th§ tan
dunq duoc het t!it ca nang 1lJ'Q'ngcOng ntur t!it ca cong
suat rna no da nhan duoc tlP dflu vao. MLPC dO tan
dunq cong suat tlP dflu vao duoc dinh nghia bai hieu Hinh 3; 51,1' chuylm dbi nang IlPQ'ng
suat cua he thong.

Hieu suat cua mot he thong cho ta biet Ii Ie giCPacong suat phat ra va cong suat nhan vao.

Cong suat ra
Hieu suat =
Conq suat vao

Vi hieu suat la mot tl so khOng co don vi, ngll'oi ta thll'ong dien ta hi$u suat b~ng phan tram.

') James Watt (1736 - 1819)

136 6 H~ thong co

Voi phuonq tien van chuy~n nhu trong Hinh 1,

nhting kien hang vO'i tronq 1U'Q'ng250 N phai Ian
1U'Q'tduoc dem len do cao 2,5 m.
a) Phai dung d~n bao nhieu conq?
a
b) Cong suat dau VaG day la bao nhieu, n€!u
thai gian c~n thiet d~ nang chuyen la 5 gi€!y?
c) V~n toc nang len cao trung binh la bao nhieu?
d) Cong suat dau ra cua dong CO' diiiJn phai la
bao nhleu, neu he thong co nay c6 hi$u suat
O,78?
e) Tr] so cua conq va cong suat co thay dbi hay
kh6ng, neu phuonq lien nang ChUYE!nnay duoc
thay the b~ng mot he thong keo nghieng (Hinh 2)
lam viec voi cunq mot van toe nhU' tren?
Hinh 1; Keo thtlng dLPng

13.,.·6
Thong s6 ail cho: F = 250 N, S = 2,5 m, t = 5 S, IJ = 0,78

a) W = F· 5 = 250 N . 2,5 m = 625 Nm

b) P = W = 625 Nm = 125 Nm = 125 W

t 5s s

c) v =~ = 2,5 m = 0, 5~
t 55 5

d) IJ = Pab Pzu = Pab = 125 W = 160,26 W

P,u IJ 0,78

e) Tri so cong trong dong tac nang lem khonq !hay dOi, vi Iy
do khoi IlJ'O'ngkien hang va do cao OlJ'Q'cnang len khong
thay dbi (nhu vay luc keo elm thill! cOng kh6ng d6i). Tr]
56 cong suat nh6 di vi Iy do quang dlJ'ang Van chuyen dai
han trong khi van toc van OlJ'Q'cgiO>nguyen nhu truoc, va Hinh 1; Keo nghieng
do d6 thai gian nanq chuyen tau han.

1. Hay dinh nghTa mot h$ thong ky thuat?

2. H$ thong ky thuat dU'Q'c dien ta qua nhting gi?

Hay mo ta nhting d.;lc dillm nay b~ng each cho
moi d~c dillm mot thi du trong rnoi trU'cYng lam
viec cua ban,

3. H$ thong ky thuat c6 th~ dap Lrng duoc nhting

chuc nang nao? Ban hay neu ra day nhting thi oo li~u ky thu~t:
£)0 nang cao I&n nhat: 2000 mm
cu. Tai lon nh~t: 4000 kg

4. Hay giai thich khai niern conq, conq suat va hi$u

sua!.

5. Tri so hieu suat c6 th~ dat duoc la bao nhieu

qua cong thuc tinh hi$u S~8t. h~y giai thich ket
qua nay.

6. Hay tinh nhCrng thong s6 sau day cho mot h$

thong duoc ve ben canh:
a) Cong can thiet
b) Cong suat cua h$ thong
vai thai gian nang I€ln cao 18 20 giay.
 6.3 Dan vi chuc nang cua h$ thong co 137

6.3 Don vi chLPCnang cua h~ thtmg co

NhU' da dU'Q'cdien til trong phan dau cua chuonq nay, ngU'O'ita dua VaGdjnh nghia chung ve h$ thong dfl tim
hiflu va khao sat nhiern VI,.Icua h$ thong ky thuat chu khong can Cll' VaGmot k~t C8Urieng bi$t nao cua no. Sau
khi bi~t r5 nhCmg nhlern vu nay qua Sl)' so sanh giO>anhO>ngd<;ii1U'Q'ngdau vao va dai 1U'Q'ngd§u ra d~ roi di den
conq viec ky thuat hoa, ngU'ai ta phai thay the "hop den" bllng nhO>ngthiet bi ky thuat. Ht\lThong Ky Thuat bay
gia co ten CI,.Ithe, thi du nhu may cong cu, tram lap rap, thiflt b] nang v.v... va dong thai nhO>ngh$ thong con can
thiet bay gia duoc 99i 18nhO>ngdon vi chuc nang (Hinh 1). 80'n vi chuc nang nharn dap ll'ng nhO>ngnhiem
VI,.Isau day:

• Dan dQng: Qua su dan dong nang 1U'Q'ngdU'a vao diro'c bien doi sang mot danq can thiet va san sang dfl SLr
dunq (thi du dong CO' di$n, dong co thuy Il,.I'c)

• Truyen nang IU'(>'ng: Nang 1U'Q'ngdang co san dU'Q'Cpnan phoi ve lam cho thich lmg voi viec sCP dl,.lng(thi
du bo truyen dong, b¢ phan k~t n6i)
• V~n hanh: Nang 1U'Q'ngdang co san dU'Q'Ctan dunq de thuc hi$n conq vi$c (thi du dl,.lngCI,.I,may nilng)

• £lieu khi~n va dieu chinh : Luong nang 1U'Q'ng,luong v~t li$u, luong thOng tin duoc kiem scat (thi du nhu
di9U khifln logic lap trinh dU'Q'CPLC, may tinh PC cong nghit\lp, thiet b] chuyen rnach)
• Mang va nang do: NhO>ngthiet b] chtrc nang khac duoc thu nhan, mang va dU'a VaGvi tri Van hanh (thi du
nhu dan khung da, bo true, bo phan dan hu'onq)

Nhieu don vi chirc nanq noi tren duoc cung ll'ng boi nhO>ngnha cung cap ben nqoai de phan bi$t voi chi ti~t 6
tl! lam trang xU'[Link] tmong hop nay nhiern VI,.Icua chuyen vien CO' di$n tCP thU'ang gom vi$c dinh co. Il)'a
chon, lap rap dung theo tieu chuan va ket noi voi nhO>ngdon vi chuc nang khac. NhO>ngdon vi chuc nang cOng
duoc 99i la nhO>ngnhom lap rap. NhO>ngdon vi chirc nang hoac nh6m (cum) lap rap thong thuonq deu dU'gc
bao gom nhieu linh ki~n khac nhau.

Hinh 1: Nhiing don vi cturc nang cua mQt h9 thong eo di~n taP
138 6 H~ thong co

6.3.1 Dan v] chLPC nang dan dQng

NhCfng don vi chirc nang dan dong cOng thuonq qoi
t~t 103nhCfng don vi dan dong co nhiern VI,I cung c~p
nang 1U'Q'ng dm thillt cho su hoat dong cua mot hi;l
thong. Cong vi(lc nay thU'ang 103su bien dOi mot nang
1U'Q'ngco san sang mot danq nang 1U'Q'ngkhac. Trong
mot dong co dii;ln (Hinh 1), di$n nang dU'Q'c billn dbi
sang dong nang (xem chuonq 9.2).

Trong nhfrng bO phan dan dong khi nen, thi du nhu

trong nhO>ng dong co khi nen (Hinh 2) hay dong CO'
quay va xi lanh khi nen, nanq 1U'Q'ng cua khang khl
nen dang luu trCf duoc bi€!n dlli sang dong nang val Hinh 1: Doon vi choc nling dqng co di~n
danq chuyen dong tjnh ti€!n (th~ng) hay chuyen dong
quay (xem chuonq [Link]).

NhCmg don vi d~m dong thuy Il,I'c cOng lam viec voi
cunq mot nquyen tac nhu tren. NO'i day chuyen dong
thang hay chuyen dong vonq tron d~u duoc tao ra qua
Sl,J' bie!n doi til' nang 1U'Q'ngdang co san trong chat 16ng
thuy luc (xem chuonq 10.6.3).

NhCfng don vi dan dong voi su bi€!n dlli hoa nang sang
dong nanq, thi du trong trU'ong hop nhO>ng dong CO'd6t
trong, rat hl€!m dung trong ITnh Vl,J'CCO'di$n tll>.

6.3.2 Dan v] chuc nang truYE!n nang 1U'(;mg Hinh 2: DQng co khi nen

£)ong nang duoc cung cap boi nhO>ng don vi dan dong
duoc trinh bay a
phan tren thU'ang dU'Q'C truyen ti€!p
tuc tai nhCmg h$ tnonq ky tnuat ouoi d,;lng chuyen
dong quay. Vai nhO>ng true truyen dong hoac nhCfng
khop noi, chuyen dong quay dU'Q'c thu nhan voi ty I~
1:1. NgU'ol ta phan biet gifra true truyen va true tam,
trong khi true tam chi co nhiern vu chiu dl,l'ng nhCmg
luc hU'ang tam, true truyen can co them nruem VI,I
truyen rnornen quay (Hinh 3).

Tich s6 cua Il,J'Cva canh tay don 103rnornen quay

Mornen quay = [Link] . Don bfly

M= F . I [Nm]

Don bfly duoc dinh nghTa la khoanq each thang goc tll'
dU'ong tac dl,lng cua ll,J'c toi tam quay (Hinh 4). Hinh 3: True tam va true truytm

-SF,
a) Don [Link] mQt b) Don bfty hai phia voi c) Don [Link] hai phia voi d) Don khuyu
phia nhung h,l'C thling gee nhlPng h,l'C th~ng nghieng
Hinh 4: Cac lo~i don bay
 6.3 80'n vi chuc nang cua h$ thong co 139

[Link] Trl,lctruy~n

NhCfng true truyen duoc phan bi~t ra nhii'lu loal: true

cLPng, true mem va true cac dang. B&i true truyen
khang nhO>ng truyen ll,J'c rna ca rnomen xoan nen
chunq phai chju d6ng thai tai xoan va tai uon (xem
trang 109).

True cling deu co mat oau dan dong va mot dau phat
dong vol cung mot vi tri va goc do gi6ng nhau. Tral lal,
true cac dang cho phep hai dau true thay doi goc dO
ngay ca trang khi heat dong. Hinh 1: True b~c

True cling duoc phan bi$t voi nhleu danq khac nhau:

True tron co mot tiet dien tli dau den cuoi giong nhau
va duoc dung de truyen rnomen xoan tren mot khoanq
each Ian.

True bac (Hinh 1) co nhieu dU'ang kinh khac nhau.

NhCfng bac true thuonq dU'Q'c sO>dl,lng cho viec lap
rap 6 true, banh rang v.v. vi vai nhO>ng dU'ang kinh
khac nhau, ngu'ai ta kho co the nharn I~n trong cang
vi$c lap rap.
6
True khuyu cho phep bien doi nhCfng chuyen dong
quay sang nhCfng chuyen dong thang hay ngU'Q'c lai.
Hinh 2: True khuyu
Thi du cac true khuyu trang may born plttonq (Hinh 2).

True dinh hinh (true then hoa) (Hinh 3) co net dien

dac biet, thi du ntur hinh rang CU'a hay hinh nhieu canh
theo chu vi cua no. NhO>ng phan nay cua true co kha
nanq tiep nhan true tiep nhCfng banh rang hay tuonq
tl,J'va rat thich hop de truyen nhO>ng rnornan quay Ian ..

True mem dung de truyen nhO>ng rnornen nho (Hinh 4)

Chung dU'O'c cau tao b&i nhieu lap day kim loai cuon
vai nhau, thi du dU'Q'c dung de lam true cua nhO>ng
dong ho toc dO (tacho).

True cac dang co kha nang diau chinh Sl,J'I$ch tam va

lech goc giO>a dau d~n dong va dau phat dong trang
khi lam viec (Hinh 5). Hinh 3: True djnh hinh (true then hoa)

Gia wang b~ng

lap thep det

Nhieu 16p va nhieu mOi day Ong bao v~ b~ng

kim loai cuon vao nhau kim 10(1i

Hinh 4: TrI,lC mem Hinh 5: True cac dang

140 6 H~ thong co

[Link] BQ Iy hop (khap nOi true)

8au nhCmg true tiflp xuc vci nhau dlJ'Q'c lien k€!t bang khop not. Chung dung de truyen rnomen quay tLFtrue nay
qua true kia. TUy theo tLFng loai chunq cCing co kha nang giam chan cCing nhu II)' can b1'ing nhD'ng I$ch tam va
I$ch qoc nho giD'a hai true.

TUy theo tinh chat va chuc nang cua khcp n6i true nglJ'ai ta phan loai nhu sau:

Ly hQ'p kh6ng ngiit dlJ'Q'c 113 nhCPng khop n6i

true, n6i lien true dEln d('>ng va true phat d(>ng chat
voi nhau.

Vo'i khop nOi clPng (thi du khop n6i dia, Hinh 1) hai
true co tam thang hang dlJ'Q'c n6i chat voi nhau. Viec
dieu chlnh I$ch tam giD'a hai true kh6ng th€l thuc hi$n
duoc. Hinh 1: Khop ly h9'P dla

Khop n6i quay ClPng co kha nang tl)' dieu chlnh

nhCPng I$ch lam va I$ch goc nho, co the do Sl)' cong
cua true gay ra. Thi du voi n5i true rang danq vorn
cung, hai dau true dlJ'Q'c thiet k€! voi nhD'ng rang
danq vorn cung nqoai, an khop voi nhD'ng rang trang
cua phan vo n6i true (Hinh 2). True cac dang (xem
trang 139) cOng thuoc VaG nhom n5i true cLPng xoay.

Nqoai kha nanq hieu chlnh nhD'ng sai I$ch hlJ'ong tam
va doc true, khop noi true dim hoi con co co the giam
x6c va qiam rung. Tinh chat nay c6 duoc nho nhD'ng Hinh 2: Khop n6i true rang yang cung
vat lieu dan hoi tal phan truyen ti€!p. Trang ITnh vue co
di$n tll' nglJ'ai ta rat hay dung khop n6i true dan h6i
bang loai n6i true 6ng x€!p kim loai (Hinh 3). Rat thong
thuonq, thl du nhu b('>truyen vlt-dai 6c bi trang nhD'ng
ban toa d('>hay trang may CNC duoc k€!t n6i voi d('>ng
CO' tro d('>ng (servo) bang nhCPng n6i true 6ng xep kim
loai, Do d6 nglJ'oi ta c6 the dat dlJ'Q'Cchuyen d('>ng deu
va khOng b! gic;it xoc ngay ca khi van toe xoay nho,
Momen xoay dlJ'Q'c truyen bai nhD'ng lap 6ng x€!p kim
loai c6 danq d~c biet, Nho SLPCben xoan rat Ian va do
d6 co the truyen duoc nhCPng rnornen quay tll' 0,1 Nm
dfln 4000 Nm.
Hinh 3: Ly hop 6n9 xep kim loai
 6.3 DO'n vi chirc nang cua h$ th6ng CO' 141

Ly hop co the ngat dU'Q'C(khop n6i true chuyen doi)

cho phep tach rai hai true trong mot thai gian nhat
dinh va nhu v~y ngU'ng truyen rnornen xoan trong khi
true dang dling yen hay dang heat dong.

Ly hop co th~ lam vi$c theo nquyen tac kllt noi bang
khop hoac kllt n6i bang luc ma sat (xem trang 205 va
nhO>ng trang tillp theo). Hinh 1: Ly hop dia V3U

Ly hop bang khop (Iy hop V3U) (Hinh 1) truyen

momen xoan bang nhO>ng co cau an khop voi nhau
(vau hay rang). Ly hop bang khop chi co th~ kllt n6i V6 bo Iy hop
hoac tach rai trang khi dlmg yen.

N€lu muon truyen rnornen xoan theo nguyen tac kilt

ndi h,PCma sat, ma sat giu'a hai mat tiep xuc voi nhau
phai dU'Q'c tang len qua mot ll,J'c ben nqoai. Dieu nay
co the thoc hien duoc vei ll,J'c 16 xo, tay don kep, tac
dong thuy ll,J'c hoac di$n tll'.

Nho>ng be mat voi lap co xat dac biet con co th€! lam
tang them ll,J'c ma sat. Ngoai ra nllu thillt kll sac cho
s6 1U'Q'ng be mat ma sat dU'Q'c tang them, k~t n6i co Hinh 2: Ly hQ'p nhillu tam dong mOo
6
the truyen duoc nhO>ng mom en quay Ian non nO>a
(Hinh 2).

B<;lct6i
Trong nhorn Iy hop dung cho nhO>ng ling dunq dc;ic cLPng
bi$t, Iy hop an toan c6 tarn quan tronq hon tat ca.
Chung co nhiern vu gian doan truyen momen quay khi
vuot qua m6men quay cho phep, Trang kllt noi b~ng
khop, dong tac nay dU'Q'c thuc hien don qian bang
mot cnot gay (Hinh 3). Nhi$m vu cua ch6t gay la gay
tai mot ranh khac tao truce, khi VU'Q'tqua rnornen xoan
toi da. Hinh 3: Ly hop chat gay

Ly hop truot duoc thillt kll giong nhu Iy hop nhieu dTa
(Hinh 4). Mornen xoan duoc hieu chinh qua ll,J'c nen
cua nhO>ng dTa ma sat. Tarn dern
ma sa!

ThU'ang nhli'ng dong CO' truyen dong phai duoc cho

Banh xich
chay khong tai truoc cho d~n khi chunq dat duoc mot
van t6c quay thich ling, r5i luc do rnoi duoc k€lt n6i
VaG vai nhO>ng nhorn chtrc nang khac. Rat thich hop
True truyen
d~ dung cho nhO>ng trU'ang hop nay la Iy hop khoi dong
dong va Iy hop mot chieu (Hinh 5). So Iy hop nay
duoc thi€lt kll, thi du theo nquyen tac ll,J'c Iy tam. Voi Hinh 4: Ly hop trU'Q'I

van t6c quay tang dan len, phan tli ma sat b] Il,J'CIy
tam day ra ngoai va r5i dU'Q'C nen ep VaG vach thanh
vo cua bo Iy hop, vo nay S8 bat dau quay khi Ii,l'c nen
True phat V6ng each
dat dU'Q'c dO Ian can thi~t.
dong (16ng s6c)

Ly hop mot chieu c6n duoc sli dunq trang nhli'ng dum
mot chieu, duoc bi€lt trang xe dap, Khi van toe quay
Con Ian
cua true nqoai va true trang khac nhau thi nhO>ng con (bi)
Ian b] ep vao vacn thanh cua hai nlia Iy hop, va nhu
v<;ly Iy hop truyen rnomen quay (Hinh 5). ChilY tron (ChilY Bikeotheo
kh6ng tail (truYEIn d{>ng)
Hinh 5: Ly hQ'p mot chieu
142 6 H(! thong co

[Link] HQp so (bQ truyfm d9n9)

Trong trlJ'ang hop chuyen dong quay xuat phat tCPtrue truyen dong khonq the dung true tiep duoc, thi du vi tan
s6 quay hay rnomen quay chua duoc thich lI'ng, chuyen dong quay nay phai duoc bien dOi b~ng each di qua
mot bO truyen dOng.

BO truyen dong co chuc nang truyen nang IlJ'Q'ng va dong thai co the bien doi Ian so quay, chieu quay va
mornen quay.

NhCmg bO hop so dlJ'Q'c xep loai theo nhieu d<;jc diem khac nhau:

Dua VaG thiet ke ket cau nglJ'ai ta phan biet be;;trUYEln banh xe, bQ trUYEm earn, be) truyen khuyu, theo each
truyen Il,I'c nglJ'ai ta phan biet bQ k~t nOi cLPng luc rna sat va be) ket nOi qua dl,mg khop, qua tl so truyen dong
va qua kha nang thay d6i van toc nglJ'ai ta phan biet be;;truYEln ngat dU'Q'c (gian doan), be) truyen khong ngih
dU'Q'c va be) truY(ln dieu chinh vo cap.
B9 truy€m d(mg qua h,Pc rna sat va be) truyen de)ng
qua d~ng kh6'p
Lai quay dia
ma sat
Trong tat ca moi noi va ngay ca doi voi nhCmg bO
truyen dong, Sl,l' truyen dan Il,I'C va rnornen deu phai True d(lng
ap dunq mot trong hai nquyen tac, nquyen tac ma sat cO'

hoac an khop.

Vai truyen dong ma sat nglJ'ai ta tan dunq Il,I'Cma sat

giCra hai bo phan tiep xuc voi nhau. [Link] truyen dong
phu tnuoc VaG Il,I'Cnen (ll,I'c th~ng g6c) va h$ s6 ma sat
(xem trang 150). Khi Il,I'c nen tang len thi tai tronq cua
nhCrng 6 true va ngay ca cua true cOng tang len. Thi du
bo truven dai thang va bo truyen dia ma sat la nhCrng Hinh 1: 5Q truyim dia ma sat
bo truyen dong ma sat (Hinh 1).

Trong nhCrng truonq hop vi$c truyen rnornen quay

bling Il,I'c ma sat kh6ng khOng duoc bao dam, nquoi ta
sCr dl,Jng nguyen tac truyen dong an khop (xem trang
205). Nguyen tac nay ap dl,Jng tal nhO>ng dlJ'ang cong
cua hai chi tiet an kh6'p voi nhau (Hinh 2). Mamen t6i
da co the truven duoc voi nquyen tac an khop khonq
phu thuoc vao Il,I'c ma sat rna chi VaG sue ben cua
nhCrng chi tiet chju tai rna thai.

Bo truyen dong qua danq khop gom tat ca nhCrng loai

truyen banh rang, ngay ca nhCrng bo truyen dai rang
va bo truyen xich cOng lam viec theo nquyen tac nay.

Be) truYEm de)ng banh quay Hinh 2: 5Q truytm banh riing

NhCrng bO truyen dong thuonq dung trong lanh vue

CO' di$n tCr deu la nhCrng bO truyen banh quay. Ngoai
nhCrng bO truyen banh rang, tal day c6 ca bo truyen
banh quay ma sat va bo truyen b~ng phuonq tien keo
(Hinh 3). Thucc VaG nh6m bo truyen day keo la tat
ca nhCrng bO truyen banh quay v6'i nhCrng cap banh
khonq tiep xuc true tiep voi nhau. Sl,I' truyen Il,I'c duoc
B(l truyen dia
giitn tiep thonq qua mot phuonq ti$n keo, Phuonq ma sat
B(l truyen dai
ti$n keo thuonq dung la nhCrng dai det, dai thang, dai
rang, xich hoac nhCrng dai tU'O'ng 11,1'.

Be) truY€ln de)ng banh rang

~
Vai hai banh rang an khop VaG nhau, nhCrng rang va B(l truyen
B(l truyen xich
khe ha cua rang phai ton b~ng nhau. NhO>ng thong so banf rang
quan tronq nhat cua banh rang la buoc rang p, Hinh 3: 5Q truyen dQng banh quay
 6.3 !JO'n vi chLPCnang cua h~ th6ng co 143

mOdun m, va so rang z. Buoc rang c6 don vi radian,

cho ta biet khoanq each tCPgiCi'a tam rang no den giCi'a
tam rang kia narn tren vang chia cua banh rang. Nhan
buoc rang vai 56 rang z ta dU'qc chu vi U cua vang
chiao Mu6n biet dU'&ng kinh cua vonq chia d ngU'&i ta
phai chia 56 nay cho n. t:\
U Z·p
d=-=-
11: 11:
V
Vi n 113mot con 56 dai vo tan sau d<flu ph§y, khi chia U
Hinh 1: Billn d6i qua SI,I' thay d6i cua modun m
cho nde tinh dU'&ng kinh d cua vonq chia thl d cOng se
co 56 Ie vo tan va lam cho suo san xuat chinh xac banh
rang khong ihe thuc hi~n d~Q'c Vi Iy do nay ngU'oi ta b B.§ day rang Hong (suon) Hong (suon)
p Buoc riing rang trai rang phai
dung mot 56 chan de dinh nghia cho thuonq s6 otnv«
ha Chi.§u cao dinh
gOi d6 la mOdun m. NhU' v~y ta nhan cuoc dU'6'ng kinh hf Chi.§u cae day
vonq chia tren thuc te voi cong thuc: h Chi€.u cao rang

d = z· m
Hong dlnh
Modun da duoc tieu chuan hoa va co don vi mm. SI,l'
thay deSi cua mOdun co anh hU'ang den do Ian cua Hong day
banh rang (Hinh 1).
t/Jd. Dlfong kinh
6
Be giam bat ma sat giCi'a dinh rang cua mot banh rang vong dinh riing
va day rang cua banh rang d6i dien, m¢t cap banh rpd f)U'cYng kinh
rang phai c6 mot khe ho hU'ang kinh C. Vol s6 rang, vong chia
mOdun va khe h& hU'ang kinh ngU'&i ta c6 the tinh ra .r-----='-----.:.~~
rpdf f)U'ang kinh
v6ng day
dU'Q'C t<flt ca cac kich thuoc can thiet cua banh rang
(xem sach Carn nang, bang tra CLPUva Hinh 2). Hinh 2: Thong s6 hinh hoc (Kich thuoc) cua banh rang

mImI B(l truyen d(lng banh rang tru ve ben canh co

nhiing kich thuoc da ghi vao tren hinh ve: Hay Modun m = 2,5 mm
tinh kich thuoc banh rang con thieu cua Z2 de
d;;it mua banh rang thay the,
Z, = 24

Z2 =~-Z, 2·75 mm 24
m 2,5mm

Z2 =36

C6 nhieu each phan loai cho nhCi'ng bo truyen dong

banh rang. Khi dua theo vi tri rang ta co nhCi'ng banh
rang trong va banh rang nqoai, khi dua theo hlnh
danq dU'&ng rang ta co nhCi'ng banh rang thang, rang
nghieng va rang cong, khi dua theo hU'ang cua nhiing
true d6i voi nhau ta c6 truyen dong banh rang tru, banh
rang con, banh vit, va true vit (Hinh 3). Bo truyen dong Cap banh rang Cap banh rang tru, Cap banh rang tru,
thanh rang c6 danq d~c biet, qua thanh rang chuyen tru, rang th~ng rang cat nghieng rang hinh V
dong quay dU'Q'c bien deSira chuyen dong thang hoac
ngU'Q'c 19i.

So truyen dong banh rang e6 nhCi'ng U'U diem nhu:

Cap banh rang can Bo truyen dong BO truyen dong
• Cau true qon
voi rang cia th~ng banh vit true vit
• C6 the truyen nhiing ll,J'c Ian
Hinh 3: NhiPng d{mg co ban cua bO truYE!n dong banh rang
144 6 H~ thong co

NhCrng nhuoc dillm nhu:

• San xu at phLPCtap va ton kern

• Ton nhieu thai gian bao dU'ang

• Phat nhleu nniet va nhieu ti{)ng 6n

BQ truy~n dQng bang phll'O'ng Mn kilo

B('> truyen d('>ng bang phuonq ti$n keo duoc dung

nhieu noi trang nhCrng h$ thong CO' dien tLP,thi ou voi
d9ng truyen dai thang hay dai rang (Hinh 1), it duoc
dung hon la truyen dong bang xich.
Hinh 1: Truyen do;;ngdai rang

U'u dillm cua bo truyen dong bang phuonq tien keo:

• Hai true vai khoanq each Ian c6 the kat nOi duo'c

• Gia re hon b(> truyen banh rang

• It ti{)ng 6n

• Kh6ng b] truot (nqoai tnr bo truyen dai)

NhU'Q'c diEilm:
• Truyen Il,I'c kh6ng dU'Q'c Ian lam
£lU'o-ngray
• 8(J hao rnon Ian non canq vai 10 dai

• Can nhieu kh6ng gian hon

• Tai tronq cua {; true Ian do Il,l'c cang ban dau

Truyen d(Jng dai thang ap dunq luc ma sat giCra dai

va banh dai de truyen rnornen quay (kat nOi bang luc).
86 lon hrc ma sat co th€! dU'9'c thay dbi b&i h,l'c nen
(Il,l'c phap tuyen) va he so ma sat giQoadai va banh dai.
[Link] nen duoc lam tang len do do cang truoc cua dai
(Hinh 2).

V$t lieu dai thU'&ng dU'Q'CSLPdunq nqay nay la nhCrng

lU'ai d$t bang chat deo hay nhQong lap 16i cao su duoc
Hinh 2: NhiJongb';; ph~n cang dai
bao phu lU'ai oet bang bo. NhCrng vat li$u nay bao
dam tOi da cho mot heat dong it tiang 6n. Dai thang
duoc duoc SLP dunq dU'ai nhleu dr:mg khac nhau
(xem sach Carn nang), nhCl'ng dai thang hep c6 nanq
suat cao thU'ang dU'Q'c dung nhieu nhat. 8e truyen
nhCrng rnomen quay lon ngU'&i ta cOng c6 the SLPdunq
cunq luc nhieu dai thang hay dai thang c6 nhieu gan Dai thang
Dal thang hep Dal thang r(lng
(Hinh 3). thU'6'ng

Hinh 3: Cac loai dai thang

Trang truyen d('>ng bang dai rang, nqoai viec truyen
m6men quay qua kat noi luc ma sat ngU'ai ta con co
them su kat noi bang khop bo'i nhCrng rang cua dai.
Do d6 phuonq phap truyen dai nay van c6 the truyen
nhCl'ng m6men Ian hon dang ke, ma kh6ng phai bo di
nhCl'ng uu diem neu tren.

Truyen d(>ng bang xich (Hinh 4) duoc dung de truyen

nhCl'ng m6men quay Ian vci khoanq each xa giQoa hai
true truyen. ThU'ang ngU'ai ta SLPdl,lng xich nOi khop
(xich chot mat cet, xich ban Ie), giong nhu nhCl'ng xich
xe dap. Bang each dung xich con lan, d('> ma sat con
c6 the dU'Q'Cgiam bot. Hinh 4: Bo;;truyen xich
 6.3 Don vi chvc nang cua h~ thong CO' 145

Truyen dOng xich noat dong c6 nhieu ti§ng 6n hon so

voi nhCmg truyen dai. NhU'ng thay VaG d6 truyen bang
xich lam viec khong b] truot va do d6 bao dam chac
chan tl s6 truyen dOng. Banh xich phai co nhung kich
thuoc thich hop voi xich.

Be;; truYEIn true earn va bQ trUYfln true khuyu

Qua b(> truyen true earn nhung chuyen dong quay dflu
dU'Q'c billn d6i thanh nhO'ng chuyen d(>ng khong d~u
qua lai hay chuyen dOng theo chu ky (Hinh 1). Chung
dU'Q'c dung tal nhO>ng noi can chuyen dong I~p di l.;ip
lal nhiflu Ian. Thi du lrng dl,lng CI,Ith~ nhat cua truyen ~
true earn dU'Q'c thay tal bO phan diflu khien xu pap . .
(van) hut va xu pap (van) xa cua nhO>ng dong co dot
trong thong qua cot earn. COng nhU' ngay trong pharn
vi gia cong co khi, thi du trong cong vi~c ep theo ehu
ky cho nho>ng ong 16t, bO truyen true earn co the dU'Q'C
SLYdyng (Hinh 2). U'u diem cua true cam la do lam vi~c Hinh 1; ae truyen eam
chinh xac cao va do chinh xac l.;ip lai nho>ng chuyan
dong khong deu, NhU'Q'c di€!m cua chunq la chi phi san
xu at cao va tU'O'ng doi kern linh heat trong li'ng dl,lng.

BO truyen true khuy bi§n d6i chuyen dong quay tron 6

dflu thanh nhO'ng chuyen dong qua 1<;[Link] pharn vi
CO'di~n tLY,thi du thU'ang thay la may nen pittonq trong
nqanh khi lY'c (xem trang 422).

Be;; truYEIn de;;ng khong ngat dU',?,c, be;;truyen de;;ng

gian doan va be;; truyen de;;ng vo cap co the chinh
dU',?,c.

NhU'da nsu trsn, nhi$m Vl,J chinh cua nhung bO truyen

dOng 113truyen rnornen quay va lam thay d6i van toe
quay. Trong mot vai tmang hop diflu nay co the tnuc
hien qua nhung cap banh rang hoac cap banh dai Hinh 2; Bt) truyen eam trong vi~e I~p rap dung nhip
thang eo dinh (Hinh 3). Nhung thay d6i van toe truysn
dong (hay la van toc ra) doi h6i diflu chinh van toc dan
dong (van toc vao). Khong the thuc hien dieu chinh
ngay trong bO truyen duoc, Trong trU'ang hop nay
ngU'ai ta 99i la bO truyen khong ng&t duoc,

Thong thuonq non tuy theo dit§u klen van hanh, van
toc quay va rnornen quay can phai co the thay d6i
dU'Q'[Link] du mot may khoan voi van toc dan dOng co
dlnh, nhunq phai can nhung van tee ra tai true khoan
khac nhau, tuy theo dU'ang kinh IU'Crikhoan va vat lieU.

Yeu du nay chi co th~ dap li'ng qua nhung bO truyen

(hay hop giam toe) co kha nang thay doi van toe, d6 la
nhung bO truyen diflu chinh phan cap hoac diflu chinh
vo cap. SY' thay doi van toc va rnornen quay chiu anh
hU'&ng b&i dU'ang kinh cOng nho so rang cua nhung
banh quay tiep xuc va an khop v&i nhau. BO truyen
eo the thay doi van toe phan nhiflu la bO truyen banh Hinh 3; BQ truyen dQng kh6ng gian doan
rang. Nhung cap banh rang c6 the dU'Q'Cthay doi theo
SY' phan cap co djnh tLr truoc, SO truyen dit§u chinh
phan cap thuonq la bO truyen banh rang truot hay bO
truyen Iy hop,
146 6 H~ thong co

Tai bO truyen banh rang truot, toan b(> nhung cum

banh rang duoc di chuyen an khop voi nhung banh
rang doi dien khac nhau (Hinh 1).

Tai bO truyen Iy hop (hQp so Iy hop) (Hinh 2) t~t ca

cac cap banh rang luon luon dLmg trong tranq thai an
khop voi nhau. Mornen quay va hrc chi dU'Q'ctruysn Truyen
qua mot cap banh rang, noi rna b(>phan Iy hop dU'Q'c ==g~~~...':dQng
ket nOi vao, Ca hai loai b(>truyen d(>ng nay chi co the
Dong h,l'e
thay dbi dU'Q'Cvan toe trong tranq thai dLmg yen. Neu
b(>truyen muon thay dbi van toc trong khi dang heat
d(>ng. thi du trong xe 0 to, nhung banh rang va dong
thoi nhung vonq truot Iy hop (b(>Iy hop) truoc d6 phai
duoc dua vao tranq thai c6 toc d(>giong nhau bang Hinh 1: HQp so vai banh rang tnJ'Q'\
nhung thiet b] d~c biet (su' dong bo h6a).

BO truyen dieu chlnh vo cap c6 th~ thay dbi van toc

ngay trong khi noat d(>ng. T:;Ii day Sl)' truyen mornen
duoc dua tren nguyen tac IIfC ma sat bang nhung
phuonq tien keo hoac phan tiJoma sat. T:;Ii bo truyen
bang phuonq tien keo dieu chinh vo cap, nhung
khoanq each giua hai niJoabanh dai dU'Q'cthay dbi
bang II)'CCO'. Qua d6 dU'erngkinh hieu hrc dung de tinh
tl so truyen d(>ng cua b(>truyen thay doi (xem trang
147). Mornen quay va tan so quay cOng duoc thay ;~~~~~~iii1i;ii;t+~ Dong
doi (Hinh 3). Phuonq tien keo thuonq dung tal day h,J'c
la nhung dai thang r(>nghoac xich nhieu 113 d<1icblet,

Voi b(>truyen dTa ma sat. mornen quay diro'c truyen

b~ng nhung vat th~ IEmCQxat VaGnhau. B(>phan Ian Hinh 2: HQp so Iy hop
tai day c6 th~ la nhung dTadon gian. hoac nhung vat
the hinh cau hay hinh con. Vo'i nhung dTama sat don
gian. thi du ngU'erita thuonq dung tal mot vai 10C;':li
may
khoan tru dLmg (Hinh 4), khoanq each giua dTatruyen
d(>ngva true cua dTadan d(>ngkhong co dinh, Nho v$y
dU'erngkinh va tl so truyen d(>ngc6 th~ thay dbi duo'c.

[Link] £><;Ii1U'(;mg d~c trU'ng cua b9 truyen

d9n9 (h9P so)

Trong tat ca cac b(>truyen bang banh ma sat, bang

banh rang, va b~ng phuonq ti~n keo, van toe bien
a) Ti 1E;ltruyen b) TlIE;l truyen
(tinh theo chu vi) cua nhung banh lien ket vci nhau
dong nhanh non dong cham tai
deu bang nhau. Ngay ca nhung Il)'c truyen tai day
Hinh 3: H(ip so nhieu xieh la
cOng giong nhau khi chunq dU'Q'cchuyen tll' banh no
qua banh Kia. TlI' nguyen tac nay hinh thanh nhung
cong thuc sau day:
n, _ d2
n2 - d,
(v,. V2 van toe bien (tinh theo ehu vi); n,. n2 so vonq quay; d, d2
dlJ'ong kinh)

Ty I~ giua n1 va n2 tai nhung noi ChUYEJndoi mot cap

duoc gQi la ti so truyem d9n9 i. DOi voi nhQongbanh
rang, dU'erng kinh d c6 the thay the dU'Q'Cbang m.z
(xem trang 143). Ta nhan dU'Q'cphuonq trinh nhu' sau:
n, . z, . m = n2 • Z2 • m
NhU' vi;ly m co the bo di (y hai ve. Hinh 4: BQ truYEm dia ma sat
 6.3 80'n vi chLYCnang cua h$ th6ng co 147

NhU' v$y Ii s6 truyen dQng ; du'oc dinh nghTa nhu sau:

Bang 1: Nhl"Pngthong 56 cua bQ truyim dQng

BO rruyen bann rang BO truyen dai

each tinh tl s6 truyen dOng:

. d2 . Z2
1=- 1=-
d, Z,

So truyen di)ng da cap thU'ang dung de oat dU'Q'c

nhCPng tl s6 truyen d¢ng nhir y mu6n (Hinh 1). 8e tinh
toan ngU'ai ta di;it ten theo thLY tl)' cho nhCPng banh
quay b~ng nhCPng chi s6. Cho moi cap cua mot bO
truy~n d(>ng ngU'ai ta c6 th€l tl nh tl s6 truyen d¢ng tCPng Dai IlJ'O'ng d~u vao d~u ra d~u vao dau ra
phan rieng biet: so vonq quay n n, n2 n, n2
. Z2 n, z, d Z, Z2 d, d2
1,=-=- M,P
z, n2 M"P, M" P2 M" P2 M2• P2

Tich so cua nhCPng tl s6 truyen dQng tCrng phan ta Ii so

tl so truyen d(>ng chunq .
Banh dan dong cua mot bo truyen banh rang
; = ;, .;2 =~ . Z4 n,. !2 mot cap co s6 rang z,
= 32 va van t6c quay n,
Z, Z3 n2 n4 = 440'/min. Banh truyen dOng c6 z2 = 80 rang.

Vi Iy do banh quay 2 va 3 va nhieu khi c6 ca 4 va 5

Hay tinh van toe ra n2 va tl s6 truyen dong i. 6
hoac 7 va 8 v.v ... luon luon chi narn chac tren mot true,
nen t€Jt ca cac van toe quay cho nhCPng banh nay d~u
Ian bang nhau. NhCPng van toc quay c6 cunq dQ Ian
narn ca tren tCPso cOng nhU' dU'oi mau s6 nen ta c6 th€l
rut gon diroc. Con lai trang conq thLPCcho 32.440-'-
n2 =z,·n, = min ='76_'_
80 min
na = van t6e quay dilu vao (dong 00)
Tl so truyen dong chung: ne = V~n tbe quay d~u fa (c6ng tac) ~=80=~
z, 32
i=~ i = i, . i2 ...
ne

NhU' da n6i a
tren, kh6ng nhCPng van toe bien (tlnh
theo chu vi) ma ca luc tai diem tiep xuc truyen giCPa
hai banh quay cOng bang nhau (xem trang 146). Tuy
nhien, vi nhCPng luc nay lai tac dunq tren cap banh
quay voi hai dU'ang kinh khac nhau nen chunq tao ra
hai rnornen quay khac nhau. NhU' v$y:

B(> truy~n d(>ng cOng la b(> bien d6i mamen xoan

Vi rnornen xoan c6 di;ic tinh giong nhir dU'ang kinh

hoac so rang cua banh quay, ta c6 the tinh tl s6 truyen 2. Cap chuyen doi thlr hai
d(>ng nhU' sau:

. M2 va tCPday ta c6 th€l tinh dU'Q'c rnornen Hinh 1: Be;, truYE!nda cap

1=-
M, truyen d(>ng

M2 = M, . i Tuy nhlen M2 day chi la mot tr] so Iy

thuyet, vi chua xet toi ma S8t luon sinh ra
iiDI!1I MOt bo truyen banh rang hai cap c6 nhCPngs6
rang z, = 25, z2 = 50, z3 = 42 va Z4 = 63. Hay
trang bO truyen d(>ng.
tinh tl s6 truY€ln dong trong trLfang hop banh

SI)' hao hut gay ra bai ma sat S8 dU'Q'c ghi nhan

rang z, gan chat VaG true cua dong ca.

qua djnh nghTa cua hi$u suat 1"/. Cunq voi hieu suat,
mornen dan dong that su S8 la:

M2 = M, . t . rJ
148 6 H~ th6ng co

[Link] Thiel bj dan d(>ng dll'cmg thang

(tUYE!ntinh)

Trong nhQ>ng h$ thong CO' di$n tu> co nhieu cnuyen

dong tuyen tinh duoc thuc hi$n, c6 nghTa la di theo
mot dU'cl'ng th~ng. Thong thU'cYng d6 la nhfrng chuyen
dong nang, ha va van chuyen, cOng nhu cac dong tac
can thi~t trong nhfrng thi~t b] xU>Iy thao tac hoac trong
nhfrng tram gia conq (Hinh 1).

Ngoai tnr nhfrng thi~t bi truyen Il!c th~ng bang xi lanh

khi nen hoac xi lanh thuy Il!c, trong phan Ian cac
tnronq hop cua chuyen dong thang n6i tren deu duoc
Hinh 1: Tram gia cong v6>ithi~t b] dan dQng th~ng
tao ra bai SI! bien danq tu>mot chuyen d(>ng quay.

True ren

Thi~t bi truyen dong voi true ren 103 ren chuyen d(>ng.
Tal day mot dai oc duoc chuyen o(>ng chay theo
oU'6'ng th~ng boi chuyen o(>ng quay cua true ren. Khi
dung true ren hinh thang, a oay sEl nay sinh ra mot do
ma sat tuonq 06i Ian.

Vi true ren hinh thang phai co m(>t 0(> ha nh~t dinh nen
khi chuyen d(>ng 06i chieu, trong b(> truyen nay sinh ra
mot SI,I' h& dao chi~u (00 ro) nqoai y mu6n. Do sl!
kern chinh xac nay nen ren hinh thang chi dU'Q'c SU>
dunq c6 gi6'i han.

Truyen dong bang ren cau voi nhQ>ng vien bi hoat

d(,>ng khit, khong c6 0('>ha. a
day nhfrng vien bi duoc
Hinh 2: Truylln dQng bang vit me dai be bi
d~m va Ian doc theo mot ranh chay narn giQ>atrue ren
va dai oc va sau d6 quay tro tal vi tri ban d13u nho mot
6ng d~n nquoc lai (Hinh 2). Nho d(> chinh xac cao,
truyen o(>ng bang vlt me dai oc bi duoc SU>dunq, thi
du cho nhQ>ng bo den d(>ng buoc ti€!n trong nhQ>ng
may NC hay ban tea do.

Truyim dQng b:lng thanh rang

B('> truyen oong thanh rang thuonq duoc dung oe

truyen nhQ>ng Il!c Ian hon la dung cho rnuc dich djnh Thanh
rang
vi chinh xac, Tal day thanh rang oU'Q'c di chuyen boi
chuyen o(>ng quay cua banh rang (Hinh 3).
Hinh 3: Truylln dQng bang thanh rang
BQ truy~n dQng b:lng bang keo (day tdln)

Chuyen d(>ng oU'6'ng thang cua mot day bang hay

day xich trong bo truyen o(>ng bang bang keo hoan
toan giong nhu chuyen dQng cua mot dai det trong bQ
truyen d(,>ng dai. M(>t true cua bo truyen o(>ng oU'Q'C
Van hanh boi o(>ng CO' oi$n va lam chuyen d(>ng bang
narn tren true, Bang chay qua mot true thlf hai va sau
06 oU'Q'c chuysn hU'6'ng ngU'Q'c lai (Hinh 4).

Trong vi$c bo tri luong vat li$u a

quy trinh gia conq,
b(> truyen bang bang keo oU'Q'c SU>dunq chu y€!u lam
bang Van chuysn. 8(> dinh vi chinh xac tuy thuoc vao
thi€!t ke cua bang Van cnuyen, o('>ng CO' di$n cOng nhu
vao bQ truyen dQng ti.§p theo sau dQng CO'. B(> truyen
bang tai cOng co the chuyen hU'6'ng qua mot g6c nho
nhQ>ng bi$n phap thiet ke phu hop. Hinh 4: BQ truylln dQng bang keo
 6.3 Don vi chuc nang cua h$ thong CO' 149

6.3.3 DO'n V! chuc nang d~ lam vi~c

(v~n hanh]

Don vi chuc nanq gia cong la nhCmg h$ thong con cua

mot h$ thong ky thuat, chunq bat buoc phai c6 de co
the thuc hi$n dU'Q'C chuc nanq chinh. Thi du xi lanh
lam vlec (Hinh 1) cunq voi mot dunq Cl,J uon thich hop
trong mot thiet b] uon thuy Il,l'C, hay la canh tay cunq
voi tay gap tU'O'ng ling trong robot dung de lap d~t linh
ki$n cho nhCmg ban rnach in di$n tCP, hay 113ga giO>va
ga kep cho dl,mg Cl,J phay trong may phay CNC. Hinh 1: Xi lanh c6ng tac la thanh phan sinh c6ng (phan tIP
v~n hanh)

6.3.4 DO'n V! chtrc nang dO> va mang

Don vi chuc nang do va mang co nhiern vu thu nhan

va giO>vO>ng nhO>ng h$ thong con dung vi trl de thuc
hien chuc nang cua n6 trong mot he thong ky thuat.
Nhi$m vu nay ouoc cap ung phan Ian nho nhCPng
khung do, than may. cOng nhu ca true, a true va bo 6
phan dan hU'6'ng.

[Link] Than may va khung dO>

Than may va khung do c6 bon phan mang nhCPng Hinh 2: D~ dO>may

nh6m lap rap cOng nhu cau kien rieng Ie, trong mot h$
thong ky thuat va qanh tai trong tll' day gay ra, bat ke
nhCPng nh6m lap rap nay dU'Q'C lap chat vao h$ thong
hay d~t di chuyen dU'Q'c tren 0 do. Tuy theo tll'ng
tm6'ng hop ung dl,Jng, c6 the do 113nhCPng Il,l'Ctinh lon
do trong 1U'Q'ng hay nhCPng tai tronq phat sinh tll' Sl,l'
dao dong. Thi du than may va khung do cua nhCPng
may conq Cl,J (Hinh 2) hay nhCPng khung do cua mot
thiet b] lap rap (Hinh 3) deu phai chiu dl!ng tai c6 danq
tU'O'ng tl! nhU' nhau.

£le chiu dU'Q'c nhCPng tai tronq nay, nhCPng khung do

phai c6 du do cling vCPng. Dol hoi nay c6 the dap ling
duoc qua 51! Il!a chon vat li~u thich hop hay qua
nhCPng bi~n phap thiet ke thich hop (thi du thanh giang
cheo trong Hinh 3).

Khung do cho nhCPng may conq cu thU'6'ng duoc xay

dl,l'ng bang nhCPng ket cau duc hay ket cau han. £l0
cling can thiet cua khung do co dU'Q'c nho vao viec
them nhCPng gan trong thiet ke due va voi nhCPng tam
ton co profin trong ket cau han.

Khung do cua nhCPng thiet bi lap rap hay tuonq tu.

nqay nay thU'6'ng duoc xay dl,l'ng bang nhCPng profin
nh6m. NhCPng thanh giang cheo va Sl,l' tinh toan kich
thuoc profin tuonq xung bao dam cho su vQ>ng cnac
do 6n djnh cua khung.
Hinh 3: Khung dO>cua mQt don vi I~p rap
150 6 H~ thong co

[Link] CO' cau dan hU'cYng Thi nghi,m 1:

Mot kh6i g6 vot mot h,J'cke dU'Q'c keo tren mot mat ph!ing.
Trang nhleu h$ thong CO' di$n t!y, nhiYng h$ thong
con d6i hoi phai chuyen 09n9 theo mot oU'ang th&ng.
Thong thU'ang nhiYng chuyen d9n9 nay dien ra tren
l j F
nhiYng oU'ang bien hep da oU'OOcdinh truoc va vai
09 chinh xac cao. Be
dat dU'ooc di€lu ki$n nay cac he
thong phai c6 nhiYng CO' cau dan hU'ang thich (mg.
Quan saf:
i
Luc din thiet dung de kh6'i d9n9 kh6i g6 luc ban d~u Ian hon
CO' cau dan hU'ang dam nhan nhiern vu truyen nhiYng II,J'Ckeo kh6i g6 khi dang chuyen dong
li,J'c phat sinh tLr nhiYng b9 phan chuyen dong vao
than may va khung d6' cOng nhu' hU'ang dan chinh Tranq thai tTnh
xac nhiYng bQ phan nay di theo mot dU'6'ng th&ng. F F

Ma sat

Bao gi6' cOng v.;ty, ma sat phat sinh ra khi hai b9 phan
chuyen 09n9 C9 xat len nhau. Hi$n tU'oong nay rat can
thi€!t trang nhleu trU'eYng hop (thi du t<;li b9 truyen dai Giei thictv:
thang, b(l phanh). Trong CO' cau dan hU'ang voi nhiYng
Trang tranq thai tTnh, nhCfng ""dlnh nhon'" cua mat ph~ng co the
chuyen dong giiYa hai bQ phan cua h$ thong, ma sat bj vU'&ng vao nhau.
lai Ia mot chuonq nqai, Voi nhi~u giai phap knac nhau
Trang tranq thai truot. nhCfng dlnh nhon cua mat ph~ng truot
ngU'6'i ta tlm each lam giam bot ma sat.
IEin nhau.

Ll,J'Cma sat phu thuoc VaG:

Thi nghi~m 2:
• Phoi hoop vat lieu cua hai bll mat co xat (xem sach
Kh6i g6 duoc thay th{) b6'i mot banh Ian voi cunq mot trQng
Carn nang)
1U'Q'ng.
• Tranq thal b~ mat C9 xat
• [Link] phap tuyen FN
• [Link] ma sat (xem thi nghi$m)
• Tlnh tranq boi tran (xem thi nghi$m) Quansal:

LI,I'c phap tuytm la lu'c c6 hU'ang th<flng g6c voi b~ LI,J'Cdin dung de banh Ian chuyen d9ng nh6 hon rat nhieu. Ma
sat Ian nh6 hon ma sat truot.
mat rna ll,J'c tac d9n9 len d6. Ll,J'c nay tuy tnuoc VaG
tronq lU'oong cua vat the va 09 nghieng cua b~ mat,

Ll,J'c ma sat giiYa hai vat the cCmg oU'OOctinh voi conq
thtrc sau day (cOng xem chuonq 14.1.2):

.-------------: [Link] Ma sat tTnh

Nhen bief:
FR = FN . J.L ~ [Link] Ma sat truot
Vi;it the trong tranq thai tTnh chju anh hU'ong ma sat tinh. Vi;it
[Link] Ma sat Ian the dang chuyen 09n9 chiu ma sat trlJ'qt. Vi;it the Ian chju ma
sat Ian.

&mIl!I Hai thanh dU'Q'Cqhep vao nhau boi mot k~t n6i Thi nghi,m 3:

bu long. Tren kh6i g6 dU'Q'Cdi;it them nhiiiu tai co trong 1U'Q'ngkhac nhau.
LI,J'Ckeo din thi{)t duoc do.
Ll,J'c ep FN nao phai duoc thuc hien boi bu
long, neu h$ s6 ma sat la Jl = 0.2, oe C8U true
nay c6 the truyen m(>t IllC keo FR b,jjng 4 kN
giCfa hai thanh? F

is·,,·. FR = FN . !1-

F = FR = 4 kN = 20 kN
Quan sat:
LI,J'Ckeo can thiet khi kh6i g6 chuyen d9ng Ion dan, va tile voi
Il,J'cphap tuy{)n (trong trU'ong hop nay biing cac trong 1U'Q'ng)
N JL 0,2
 6.3 Don vi chuc nang cua h$ thong co 151

Nhifng loai dan hU'cYng

CO'c8U dan hU'ang dU'Q'cphan teal chu yeu qua hinh
d",ng dU'cYngdan hU'cYngva qua loai ma sat.

Trang pharn vi ky thuat che tao may co dilm ngU'ai

ta thU'ang g$p dan hU'6'ng phang, dan hU'6'ng hinh V,
dan hU'6'ng hinh thang (duoi en hay mang ca) va dan
hU'6'ng hinh tron (Hinh 1).
D~n hlfong ph~ng

Dan hU'cYng ph~ng dU'Q'Cche tao don gian nhat, Dan hlfong ph~ng Dan hlfCyng V

nhunq co yeu diem la chi liep nhan dU'Q'cnhCmg Il!C

lac dong thang g6c vai dU'ang den hU'ang. Sl! tach
r6'i cua vat the truot khoi mat phang truot dU'Q'Cngan
chan b.§ng each lap them nhCrng thanh ch<;in.·£)Oha
trong den hU'ang thay d6i dU'Q'Cnho Sl! chuyen dich
cua nhifng thanh chinh.

Dan hU'cYnghinh V thU'ang dU'Q'cdung chung voi dan

hU'ang phang trang mot dan hU'ang ket hop, Chung co Thanh chinh them
the tiep nhan dU'Q'CnhCrng Il!c ngang nho, Khi co Sl,J'
hao man dan hU'ang hinh V co the tl)' hieu chinh duoc.

Dan hU'cYnghinh thang (duoi en) ket hop nhifng U'U

diem cua cua hai dan hU'ang phang va hinh V. Tuy
6
theo kich thuoc dan hU'6'ng nay co the tiep nhan dU'Q'C
nhifng Il}'c phap tuyen va Il}'C ngang lon. Nho danq
hinh thang nen Sl}'tach roi cua bO phan truot kh6i mat Diln hlf&ng duoi en
phang truot khonq the xay ra va do d6 khong can phai
co thanh giCr.£)0 ho cua dan hU'6'ng dU'Q'cdieu chinh
nho nhCrngthanh chinh. Mot yeu diem cua den hU'6'ng
hinh thang la chi phi che tao cao.

Dan hU'cYng tron gian di nhat trong cang trinh san

xuat khi so sanh voi nhifng loai dan hU'ang khac. Trai
vai nhifng dan hU'6'ngkhac n6 can cho phep c6 nhCrng
chuyen dong vonq quanh phan t& dan hU'6'ng, thi du
iYng dl,mg trong may khoan true diYng. Trong trU'6'ng
hop khonq muon co chuyen dong quay nay, thi thiet
ke them nhCrngdU'6'ng ranh,
Dan hlfong tron

Thong thuonq nhCrng dan hU'ang duoc diEm ta tren Hinh 1: NhCPng loal dan hll'ong
day deu co danq la dan hU'cYngtrU'c;>1.C6 nghTa la
nhCrng vat the truot chuyen dong true tiep ngay tren
dU'ang dan hU'ang. £)e giam bat ma sat phat sinh
trang qua trinh lam viec, chunq phai duoc boi tron vol
nhCrngchat boi tron thich lmg. Nhieu khi dU'6'ng truot
duoc tranq nhifng lap 16t chat deo (Hinh 2). NhCrng
lap 16tnay co dac tinh truot va giam chan tot. Ngoai ra
nhCrnglap 16tchat deo nay co h$ so ma sat tTnhva h$
so ma sat truot gan b.§ng nhau. Nho vi;ly tranh diroc
hien tU'Q'ng truot b] gii;lt x6c (hi$u lmg dinh truot)
nqoal y muon, thU'ang xay ra vol nhCrngvan toc thap,

Mot kha nang khac de c6 the giam bat ma sat narn

trang nhCmg dan hU'ang truot la Sl}' bei tron bang Lop 16t
phuonq phap tMy tTnh. T<;Iiday dau voi ap suat cao ch§t deo
dU'Q'cchuyen toi nhCrng be mat truot bang mot he
th6ng 6ng dan.
Hinh 2: Dll'cl'ng diin hll'ong dll'c;>'Cphil lop 16t
152 6 H~ thong co

8iflu nay c6 tac d9n9 la nhO>ngphtm lli truot cua

dan hU'ang duoc giO>"n6i" tren mot rnanq d~u nhot
meng va nhu vf)y chi con chlu mot sv ma sat rat nho
(Hinh 1).

Ma sa! con co thll nho hon nCl'adoi voi nhO>ngdan

hU'ang truot khi tTnh hoc, ngU'ai ta dung kheng khi
Ihay vi d£lU.86i voi nhlYng dan hU'ang thuy tinh va khi
tinh hi$n tU'Q'ngtruot b] gi~t x6c khonq Ih~ xay ra. Nho
mang dau meng hoac lap goi d$m khong khi nhO>ng
b€Jm;;\ttnrot kheng ti~p xuc true tiep vai nhau ngay ca
khi dan hU'ang dLmg yen.

T<;IinhCmg dan hlJ'ong Ian ma sat cOng it non r~t

nhiflu so voi nhO>ngdan hU'ang tnrot. NO'i day vi$c
truyen Il,!'cdi~n ra qua nhiYng con Ian. Chung c6 the
c6 danq dOa tru ngan hay hinh duo Thay VI ma sat
truot la ma sat IfIn nho hon (Hinh 2). NhiYng con Ian Hinh 1: B6i tron thuy tinh
duoc dan tro vfl vi tri ban dau b~ng mot he thong xich
hay bang nhO>ngkE!nhdan h6i tiep tich hop giong nhu
trang bi? truyen d9ng bang vit me dai oc bi.

Nh[Png doi h6i cho bQ dan hlJ'ong

813dap Cmg cho nhO>ngchuc nang duoc d~t ra nhO>ng
bi? dan hU'ang phat c6 nhiYng dc;ictinh sau day:

• 89 ha nhe
• 89 chinh xac cao

• Ma sat it
• £)~c tinh giam cnan tot
• £)0 ben uon va d9 ben xoan cao
• Kha nang bao dU'ong va boi tron don gian
• 8U'Q'cbit kin chong l<;IiSl)'xarn nhaP cua nhO>ngvat 1<;1 Hinh 2: Dan hll'Oong liin

1. NhCfngdon vi chirc nang dam nhan nhO>ngnhlem vu gl trang he thong CO'?

2. Hay neu len nhiYng don vi chuc nang dung de d~md9n9.

3. SI,!'khac biet giO>acot (true tam) va true (true truyen) la gl?

4. Ta c6 nhiYng IO<;1i
true nao? Hay neu ra cho moi loai true mot thi du CPngdung.
5. NgU'ai ta phan loai nhO>ngkhop nOi true qua nhCl'ngdac diem nao? Hay neu ra cho moi loai khop noi true
mot thi du.

6. Hay tlm trang wang dao tao cua ban nhO>ngkhop noi true khac nhau va thuyet minh tuonq CPngcho tlfng
CPngdung nay.

7. Hay giai thich Sl,!'khac biet giCl'ab9 truyen di?ng ma sat va bo truyen dong an khop.
8. Khi nao ngU'ai ta sli dung bO truyen dong (h9P qiarn toc) c6 the thay doi van toc, khong thay doi van toc
va bo truyen di~u chinh va cap?

9. Barth truyen d9ng (dau ra) cua mot b9 truyen dai rang c6 dU'ang kinh 80 mm. 8U'ang kinh cua banh dan
d9n9 (dau vao) phai la bao nhieu, neu f so truyen d9ng phai dat dU'Q'cla 2.5/1?
10. NhiYng b9 dan hU'ang dam nhan nhO>ngnhiern vu gi trang he thong CO'?
 6.3 Don vi cturc nang cua h$ thOng CO' 153

[Link] BQ' true (6 true)

6 true c6 nhiern vu dan hU'&ng va mang nhung chi tiet may c6 chuyen dong quay. Trang ITnh VI,!'Cco di$n tfr
nhung chi tiet nay h~u nhu chi 113nhung cOt (true tam) va true truyen dU'Q'c quay vonq quanh. Chung duoc phan
loai nhu sau:
• Theo loai ma sat: 6 truot va 6 Ian (Hinh 1a)
• Theo Il)'C tac dl,lng van 6 true: 6 diY va 6 chan (Hinh 1 b)

• Thee kha nanq di dong doc true: 6 co dlnh va 0 di dong (Hinh 1c)

. Fa = Ll,I'e doc true

V6ng cnan
(circlip)
Dia tua
(d$m chiu)
Con Ian
eo th~ eo
chuy~n v] doc
true qua SI,I' eo
giiin cua true ~'+-'~'4
a) (y bi truot va 0 bi Ian b ) 6 bi ee va (, bi chan e) 6 true co djnh va (, true di dong
Hinh 1: Cac loai bo truc

6 dO>vii 0 chan (0 true hU'&ng tam va hU'ang kinh)

6 diY ta 6 true truyen nhung Il)'c co hU'&ng th2lng g6c
6
voi chieu dai cua true (11,!'chU'&ng tam). Nhung II,!'Cc6
cunq hironq voi chieu dai true 113luc doc true. 6 chan
1130 truyen c6 the chju nhung Il,!'c doc true (Hinh 1 b).

a) Ma sat kh6 b) Ma sat chat 16ng e) Ma sat hon hop

6 trU'Q'\
6 truot la nhCvng b ti~p nhan ngong (can, chu6i) cua Hinh 2: NhiPng tr"ng thai ma silt
cot hoac cua true van nhung bac 16t 6 true. Ma sat
phat sinh dU'Q'c giam di neu bei tron d€ty du va nho
V$y giam hao man.
Dau thuy Ii)'e ::::::>
Qua Sl)' bei tron ngU'Ooita phan biet ba tranq thai ma
sat khac nhau:

• Ma sat khe

• Ma sat hon hop va

• Ma sat chat long (Hinh 2)

Ma sat kh6 xuat hien tal nhung 6 tnrot don gian, trang Hinh 3: 0 de;. hlJ'ang tam vai boi tron thuy tinh
thoi gian 6 truot bat dau chuyen dong hay chuyen
dong voi mot van toe nho, vi rnanq boi tron luc nay b]
d.§y ra nqoai bOoitai tronq lon cua 6.

V&i van tOc quay cao hon rnanq bei tron se dU'Q'c
ng5ng true keo chay theo, luc nay kheng can Sl,!' tiep
xuc true tiep giua hai vat li$u cLrng voi nhau nua. Bay
gi& 6 heat d(>ng v&i tranq thai ma sat hon hop hay 113
ma sat chat long (bol tron danq thUy dc;,ng).
Ranh
B~ng nhung bien phap thich Lrng, thi du nhu' born dftu D~u v6ng

thuy Il,!'c nen van 6 true, tranq thai ma sat chat 16ng thuy::::::;::>I.W
Ii)'c
cOng c6 the dat dU'Q'C ngay ca trang khi 6 true dLl'ng
yen. TrU'Oong hop nay ngU'&i ta qoi 113boi tron bang
thuy tinh (Hinh 3 va 4).
Hinh 4: 0 chan doc true vai bo; tron thuy tinh
154 6 H~ thong co

Ngoai ra ma sat cua 6 true cOng co the dU'Q'Cthay doi

Loai va d6' b~ng IMp
t6t tuy theo vii;!c hra chon v$t lieu phu hop, Ng6ng cua
Lop chiu tai
Cua giCf
cct hay ng6ng cua true thong thU'cmg duoc lam bang Lop ken
cho lop
thep toi cLPng co SLPCch6ng hao man cao. NhCfng kim loai Lop trLPO'I
phan tlY chju tai cua 0 truot thuonq duoc che tao
bang vat li$u voi do b€ln nen cao nhU' gang due hoac
thep (Hinh 1). £)~ bat SI,I' hao man, ong 16t cOng nhu'
bac lot nen dU'Q'c ch~ t<;10bang nhli'ng vat li$u co tinh
chlit truot t6t de khi can thay the ong va bac 16t thi
nhanh chOng va it phi ton hon, Nhli'ng viilt li$u d$c biet
thich hop la nhli'ng kim loai thieu ket, cOng nhu nhCmg
hop kim cua dong, thiec, kem, chi va nhorn.
Hinh 1: 6 true vai nhieu v~t li~u ghep (6 true ph(rc hQ'p)

6 truot thU'O'ng duoc SlY dl,mg tal nhCfng bo true

• VO'i tai tronq bo true cao va thoi gian van hanh dai,
thi du nhu trong may born va tua bin

• VO'i s6 vonq quay nho va tai va d$p lon, thi du nhu

trong nhli'ng may ep
I~
So voi 0 lan, 0 truot c6 chi phi san xuat va bao dU'6'ng
thap. Trong dieu ki$n SlY dung t6t tuoi tho cua 0 tnrot
I"
•
co the dat dU'Q'Crlit cao.

alan
••
-- ,.
Sl,J'truyen Il)'c tal 0 Ian dU'Q'c thuc hien qua nhli'ng con
Ian c6 hinh danq khac nhau. NhCfng con Ian chuyen Hinh 2: Con Ian
dong giCra hai vonq cua 0 d6' hoac giCra hai dla cua
.5 chan, va nhu' v$y 1<;\0ra ma sat lan, t6t hon ma sat
truot, TUy trU'O'ng hop (mg dung va tuy yeu cau cong
viec, con Ian duoc dung c6 the la bi, dOa tru ngan (Ian
hinh tru), dOa can (Ian hinh con), dOa 16ng diu (Ian
hinh thunq), dOa kim (Ian hinh kim) (Hinh 2).

6 Ian duoc phan biet theo hinh danq con Ian va tai
Obi d6'
tronq tac dunq tren 0 (Hinh 3). Obido- Obi hai day Obi chan
(ranh sau, chan tl!' chinh (v6ng bi, bac

• a bi de;. ranh sau vo'i 10<;1imot day hay loai hai

bac dan sau) (v6ng bi nhao) dan cha)

day. Chung thich hop cho nhCrng van toe quay cao
cunq voi nhCrng Il)'c hU'ang tam trung binh va Il)'c
doc true nho

• a bi chan (vang bi, bac dan chit) dung de tiep

nhan nhCfng II,I'Cdoc true
o dua o dua con o dOa 0 dOa hai
• a bi de;.·ch~n (nghieng) co the tiep nhan dU'Q'CIl)'c tru ngan hinh Irang day (v6ng bi
doc true Ian non 0 bi ranh sau mot it nho mot bac tru nhao)
ben canh (vai d6')

• a bi hai day tl! chinh (6 bi nhBo) c6 the tl)' dieu

chinh mot sai I$ch g6c nho

• a dOa hinh tru, 6 dOa chan (vang bi tru chit), 6

dOa con, 0 dOa hinh trong, 6 dOa hai day, 6 dOa
o dOa kim
chan (hinh trong), tlit ca deu c6 be mat tiep xuc o dOa chan 6 dOa chan do (v6ng 0 do kim chan
Ian cho nhCfng con Ian va do do c6 the tiep nhan (v6ng bi tru hinh trang bi, bac dan (v6ng bi, bac
dU'Q'C nhCrng ll,J'ccao cha) hLPong lam) dan hLPong true)
Hinh 3: NhfJ>ng loal 6 Ian
 6.3 Don v] chuc nang cua h~ th5ng CO' 155

• 0 dCia kim dO>(hU'cYngtam) va 0 dCia kim chan

(hU'cYng true). Nhfrng 6 nay chi can kh6ng gian
I~p rap nho va cung c6 thfl dU'Q'cI~p rap vol danq
khonq c6 vonq Ian

Colu true cua nhCPng0 Uin

Ng01;1itni>mot vai 6 dOa kim, nhfrng 6 d5' d~u luon luon
duoc cau t1;10boi hai vonq lan, d6 la vonq nqoai va
a
vonq lan, gifra la nhfrng can Ian chay vonq quanh.
T1;1inhfrng 0 chan hai v6ng Ian dU'Q'cthay the boi hai
dia Ian. Nhfrng can Ian duoc lam b~ng thep toi cling,
sau d6 duoc mai va danh bang. Chung duoc d;:m
trong mot vonq each (vonq re) voi nhfrng khoanq each
Con Ian
b~ng nhau (Hinh 1).
Hinh 1: K61 c~u eua 6 Ian
o true eo djnh va {, true di d(>ng

NhCl'Og6 true cunq voi nhfrng cot hoac true can dU'Q'C
d5', rat thU'ong phai heat dong trong nhiYng moi trU'ang
e6 nhiet do cao. Neu trong cac thiet bi chi ouoc dung
duy nhat nhfrng 6 true c6 dlnh, Sl,l'co gian nhiet cua
true co th~ gay ra CJ>ng suat ben trong cau true, Vi Iy do
nay phan nhieu true dU'Q'cd5' bang mot 6 co dinh va
mot 0 di dong (Hinh 2). Ca hai 6 true nay deu c6 th~ 6
tiep nhan Il,I'ChU'ong tam. 6 co djnh tiep nhan them
nhfrng Il,I'cdoc true, trong khi 6 di dong co kha nang
truyen di nhfrng co gi3n phat sinh doc theo hU'ong
true. V6ng nqoai cua nhfrng 6 di dong thU'ang co mot
dO ho nh6 hU'ong tam. 6 dOa tru ngan khonq rnep o di d¢ng o c6 dinh
chan va 6 dOa kim co the truyen di nhfrng chuyen dong
co gian ta: giCl'avonq Ian va can Ian.
Hinh 2: 6 c6 dinh vii (; ChUYEln d';>ng

Ll,I'a chon va tieu chuan h6a nhiPng 0 Ian

6 Ian thuoc vao loai chi tiet may duoc sari xuat hang
loat voi do chinh xac cao. Khi lua chon mot 6 Ian thich
hop nhie~ lieu chi phai ducc de y d~n. £)~u tien 6 Ian
o bi da-eh~n
Ten lieu chuan DIN __
DINI628
..........l.
-J7 2f
phai co du sue chju dl,l'ng tai tronq, nghTa 113 pMi dap
ung voi d9 Ian va chieu huonq cua Il,I'ccOng nhu kich
toat 6 7
Nh6m dU'cmg kinh 2
J
thuoc de lap rap. Sau d6 113 phai bao dam duoc thai Ma s6 10 khoan 05 = 05 . 5 = 25
gian heat d9ng. NhiYng d<i\ctinh khac nhu' it tiemg 5n,
co kha nang tl,l'dieu chlnh sai lech g6c va sai I.;'!chtam
[Link] quan tronq.

£)e thay the 6 Ian de dang, chunq phai dam baa nhfrng
tieu chuan chat che, Nhfrng kich thuoc ben nqoai, 16
khoan 6 true, dU'ang kinh ngoai va b~ day 6 deu duoc
quy djnh qua tleu chuan DIN 616 (Hinh 3). Nho v$y Hinh 3: Thi du cho lieu chuan (; true
ngU'ai ta co the thay the de dang mot 6 bi ranh sau,
thi du bang mot 6 dOa tru ngan. Ma s6 (Ky hieu) ngan
dung cho 6 Ian g5m ba phan:

• Mii so dCrng dau rno ta nhfrng thanh phan cua toan the 6 true, thi du nhu vonq R voi bo con Ian

• Ma so ehinh chua dl,l'ng ky tl,l' va rna so cho leal 0 true va 16 khoan 6 true

• Mii so dCrng sau co the chtra dl,l'Ogthem nhfrng thong tin v~ hinh danq osn nqoai cua 0 true. phuonq phap
bit kin, dung sai, v.v. (xem sach earn nang)
156 6 H~ th6ng coo

BaD quan 6 Ian

6 Ian duoc nhung van dau chong an man truoc khi d6ng g6L Loai d~u dac biet nay c6 tinh chat kh6ng bien cunq
va khonq bien thanh nhua trong thai gian bao quan, Ngoai ra n6 trung tinh dOi vO'i rno boi tron 6 true va vi v$y
dap ting dU'Q'C SI)' bao v$ toi U'U cho 6 Ian. Do do nhfrng 6 Ian phai duoc cat giQ>trong bao bl d6ng g6i nquyen
thuy cho den khi dU'Q'c I~p rap (Hinh 1).

Neu di~u ki$n cho phep, nhQ>ng 0 Ian nen dU'Q'C bao quan trong the nam, de c6 the tranh dU'Q'C ngay ca nhQ>ng
voi nhQ>ng 0 Ian c6 dU'ang kinh Ian va tronq 1U'Q'ng
51)' mat can b~ng nho nhtlt trong khi chay sau nay, nhat la doi
cao.

Trong thot gian bao quan, 6 Ian khOng dlJ'Q'c tiep xuc voi nhQ>ng chat c6 tinh an man nhu axit hay chat kiern.
f)6ng theri phai nen tranh true tiep n~ng mat troi va SI,!' ngU'ng tu hai nuoc, Theo huonq dan cua nha san xuat
nhQ>ng dieu kien sau day phai duoc nhat thiet tuan theo:

• Nhiet do tli' +7 den +25 °c (tOi da 30 DC)

• Nhi$t do chenh I$ch ngay/dem < 8 °c

• 80 am tuonq doi < 65 %
Neu tuan theo nhQ>ng dieu ki$n tren, da so cac nha
sari xuat bao dam theri gian lU'u trQ>0 Ian 5 narn neu
bao bl khong hU' hai.

Bol tron 6 Ian

Chat boi tron c6 nhiern VI,J tao ra mot 1O'p each biet
giQ>a nhfrng phan tiY Ian va phan tiY truot cua 0 Ian.
Nho v~y ma sat va 51,!' hao rnon co the dLfQ'C qiarn di
to'i rnuc toi thieu. Ngoai ra 0 Ian cOng phai duoc chong
rl set qua rnoi truonq boi tron, Neu boi tron b~ng dau
tuan hoan, nhiet dO phat sinh ra trong 6 Ian con co the
dU'Q'C truyen ra nqoai (Hinh 2). Hinh 1: NO'i bao quan b Ian

Boi qua trlnh lac h6a va phai chju tai nen d;llc tinh su>
dl,Jng cua chat boi trori mat d<ttndi voi theYi gian. Do do
ngU'eYi ta phai boi tron them hay thay rnoi hoan toan
chat b6i tron khi 0 Ian dat den djnh ky bao dU'5'ng. Va
a day chi dLfQ'C phep dung dung nhQ>ng loai rno hoac
dau do nha san xuat chi dinh rieng cho 6 Ian (Hinh 3).

MOo boi tron dLfQ'C san xuat tll' g6c xa bong (xa
phonq). Chung duoc che tao tli' dau khoanq hay dau
tong hop va dLfQ'C lam d~c lai voi xa bong nhcflt djnh,

ociu bol tron thOng thLfeYng la d<ttukhoanq va chi trong

mot vai truonq hop la dau nhan tao vi 19 do gia tien
dau khoanq cao hon rat nhieu. O<ttukhoanq duoc sari Hinh 2: Boi tron v6>i d&u tu&n hoan
xuat tli' dau mo. Nher nhQ>ng chat phu gia khac nhau
(chat them vao) mot vai d$c tinh ca biet cua dau c6 the
tot hon, thi du nhu' chong 1130 h6a, chong an men v.v ...

Vl~c h,l'a chon chat bel tron cho 0 Ian dLfQ'C dua theo
nhieu lieu chi khac nhau. Qua d6 nhiet dO trong luc
van hanh, tai tronq va van toe quay, dO Ian cua 0 tan,
do am va dO chiu ban giQ>vai tro r~t quan tronq, U'u
diem chinh cua m5' boi tron la giup bao dU'5'ng de
dang cOng nhu phuonq phap bit kin don gian. Boi
tron b~ng d~u c6 LfU diem la tcflt ca rnoi noi trong 6 Ian
deu dU'Q'c boi dau dong deu. Tuy nhien 51)' bit kin kh6
xlv 1'1hon,
Hinh 3: Chdt boi tron
 6.3 BO'n vi chuc nang cua h$ th6ng CO' 157

Lap rap {) Ian

O Ian c6 th~ co rat nhi€lu teal k~t cau va kich co

khac nhau. Do d6 chunq cOng khong th~ dlJ'9'C
lap rap gi6ng nhau voi cunq mot phuonq phap.
V~ co ban nhCmg each lap 6 Ian vao va thao 6
Ian ra OlJ'9'Cphan biet nhir sau:

• Lap rap voi phuonq phap CO'khi

Hinh 1: L~p nip 0 Ian
• L~p rap voi phuonq phap tbuy Il)'c

• Lap rap voi phuonq phap nhiet

Lap (, Ian vao

O Ian voi nho>ng thanh phan rai nhau, duoc

I~p rap tCJ>ngvonq mot. Qua Clf dQng giong nhu
van 6c, nglJ'ai ta I~p cac thanh phan tCJ>tCJ>va
clm than vao vai nhau (Hinh 1 b). Vo'i nho>ng 6 Hinh 2: L~p rap 6 Illn v6>iong 16t
Ian khOng tach roi ra dlJ'9'C thi vonq chat IUDn
IUDn dlJ'9'C lap d~t VaG truoc, vonq co khe ho
dlJ'9'C lap sau (Hinh 1a). 6

Trang khi lap rap 6 Ian tnroc h~1 phai can de 'f, Il)'C ep
phai duoc phan b6 d6ng d~u de tranh cho 6 khong
b] I$ch. Ngoai ra luc ep cOng khonq duoc truyen d~n
nho>ng con Ian. C6 nhieu thiet b] va dl,mg cu c6 san de
dap (Png nhCPng yeu cau nay. V6ng 6 voi di~u ki$n lap
cang diro'c I~p vao b~ng each dung ong 16t dt§ g6 hay Hinh 3: May ep thuy h,l'c
bang dia lap dat (Hinh 2), voi may ep CO' hay may ep
thuy ll,J'c (Hinh 3) hay sau khi nong rQng vonq 6 bang
each lam n6ng.

Khi nong rQng ra vonq 6 bang each lam n6ng, nhiet

dQ kh6ng ouoc len qua 100 DC. De lam tarn nglJ'ai ta
cOng co th~ dung mot bep di$n c6 dieu chinh nhiet dO.
Va nhu vay 6 Ian phai dlJ'9'C quay tro nhi€lu Ian de dat
dlJ'Q'CdQ n6ng d6ng deu.

Cach lam n6ng thich h9'P non la lam n6ng trang b6n
dau, trang 16 khong khi n6ng, hay trang thiet b] earn Hinh 4: Thi~t b! ham n6ng
ling ham n6ng (Hinh 4). N~u 6 Ian c6 mot 10 khoan
hinh can, n6 duoc ep tnrc tiep VaG be mat con cua dau
true bang mot dai oc xe.

Neu ng6ng true khong c6 danq con (dO doc 1:12), 6

Ian phai nho mot v6ng cao (day) de dlJ'9'C ep vao. Do
sue ep vao b~ mat can, vonq trang cua 6 n& rQng ra va
dQ long cua 6 giam bat di. Khe h& cua 6 Ian phai duoc
do b~ng dlJ'cyng va chinh lai cho dung voi thOng s6 ky
thuat cua nna san xuat (Hinh 5). Hinh 5: 6 tan hinh con
158 6 H~ thong co

Thilo {) Ian

Khi thao 6 Ian nglJ'ai ta phai rtIt than tronq vi ca

vonq 6 va b{) m~t cua d~u true d{)u khonq duoc
phep b] hlJ' hal. D6ng thai phai tranh khonq d~
tuc tac dong truyen qua nhCmg con Ian. Doi voi
nhCl'ng 6 Ian khOng g5' roi ra dlJ'Q'c cong viec
thao 6 Ian dien ra theo thu tl,l' nglJ'Q'c lai cac
buoc d~ lap 6 vao.

NhCmg 6 Ian nho thong thlJ'ang OlJ'Q'c keo ra

khoi o~u true voi thiet bi cao (ga thao) b~ng co Hinh 1: NhLPng thi~t b] thao
(Hinh 1). Nho nhO'ng bien phap thi€lt k€l (mot
Sl,I' sai biet olJ'ang kinh nho hay mot ranh keo
nhe trsn true) giup cho dunq cu keo OlJ'Q'c Sll
dunq de dang. Doi voi nhCmg 6 Ian nho doi khi
nglJ'ai ta cOng c6 th~ dung mot cai due oau
phanq b~ng kim loai rnern va go bua nhe tay
o~ thao 6 Ian ra.

Cong viec thao 6 Ian c6 th~ thuc hien dlJ'Q'Cde

dang va chinh xac non rtIt nhieu, n€lu Sll dunq
may ep co hay may ep thuy luc (Hinh 3). Tal
day cao b~ng true ren ducc thay th€l bai thiet
b] thao voi sue ep thuy Il,I'c c6 chuyen dong
deu. Hinh 2: Nhfrng thi~t b] nung n6ng

Trang trlJ'ang hop vang trang cua 6 narn sat bac true
va dong thai true kh6ng c6 ranh keo, 6 Ian phai diroc
thao ra voi mQt loai cao d~c bii;lt (Hinh 1). Vai phuonq
phap nay, mot vonq kep OlJ'Q'cb~t chat VaG vonq trong
cua 6 lan, va sau 06 vonq kep lien voi 61an cunq cuoc
keo ra.

Tuonq tl,l' nhu lap 6 Ian vao nglJ'ai ta cOng c6 th~ dung
nhCl'ng phuonq phap nhii;lt khac nhau d~ thao 6 Ian ra.
Vonq trang alJ'Q'c lam n6ng toi 100 DC b~ng mot vonq
thich ling oil duoc nung n6ng truoc, hay lam n6ng
bang earn ling (Hinh 2). Nho Sl,I'gian rong 6 Ian c6 th~ Hinh 3: May ep thuy lV'c
duo'c thao ra mot each de dang non.

Voi phuonq phap thuy Il,I'c (Hinh 4) dau OlJ'Q'cnen VaG

giO'a hai be mat an khop cua true va 6 Ian. NhlJ' v$y
hai phan tll nay kh6ng can tiep xuc true tiep voi nhau
nO'a. Chi can tac oong Il,I'c nhe la ItIy OlJ'Q'C6 Ian ra.
Tuy v$y oieu kien o~ ap dt,lng phuonq phap thuy Il,I'C
la tnroc do true ail phai c6 san nhCl'ng giai phap thi€lt
kll phu hop, Phai c6 nhO'ng 10 khoan dan dau nen alln
hai be mat an knop.

NhCl'ng phironq phap I~p va thao 6 Ian cho tiYng

trlJ'ang hop duoc t6m tat trong Bang 1, trang 159.
Hinh 4: PhlJ'O'np phap thuy lV'c
 D:I
Ill-
:::l
..•.
(Q

_.

,
C
tru -c
o bi d6'-chi;\n Odua :::l
~ (Q
(nghieng) hinh tr6ng
t:=J'
L.....J
B~p di~n n
-e
~
Obi b6n di~m
ti~p xuc
~ Odua hai
daytl,l'
chinh (0 bi
rn I TU khong khi nonq
TU lam nonq
<
Ill'
"C
Obi long diu (0 bi =s-
gj _nhBo. 6 crOa hinh trll)
nhiio) c;
~I Q

,
6 dua hinh trv Hinh nh6 :::0- B6n dau nong :::l
~ tru to en
"C W
I~ I Th;~t bi earn (Png
=s-
Ill, C!J
"C Q
~ Oduakim ~. :J
':::0-1 Vonq nung n6ng "C .s.
.., (1
Ill' zr
"C t;,
"""1iI1 Bua va ong lot de g6 0-- (1
:J
;g
~~~rn
nh6
6 bi ranh Hinh
sau cnan (6 bi chan)
trv """rn~ s~ ~ May ep CO' va may ep
jij;
:::l
OJ,
:J
co
~ 0 bi d6'-chi;\n (nghieng) (6 bi can) §J thuy h,fc o
c-
OJ

±l 0 dua tru ngim chan

rJ>=J Chia kh6a hai m6c
:r
.cp>
:T
~ 0 dua tru long cau chan
~I Dai 6e va ehia kh6a
0"
:J
co
""'= rnoc (1

,-
Obi long cau nh6 Q

,
~ O bi long cau vai 6ng kep chat
hinh """~ Dai 6c va bu long

~
o dua tru n~an lon~ cau 0 dua tru
ngan long cau vai ong kep chat
can

trung
~~I
I lE1 I I lE1 lap rap

~
o qua trv nqan lon~ diu
ngan long cau vai ong kep chat
0 dua tru binh
b;J1 II I I~ I Nap d~y cot

o dua tru ngan long cau va; 6ng cao --

lS! I May ep pittong vanh
FI=1Ong kep ch~t..-=9 Ong cao khan
L-
~ o dua hinh tru, hai day hinh nh6
s """II Bu~ va due nh6 dau
~ II I! ~ phang
can

trung
c<Fl=, a II
binh .aQ.
s ~cao

Phuonq phap thuy

~ Il,l'c

..•.
tn
CJ) co
160 6 H~ thong co

Vi$c xay dl,mg nhO>ng dan may tl,J' dong h6a thU'ang
doi h6i nhlau phan mornen quay khac nhau phai duoc
cung cap ILY m¢1 b¢ true chinh. Cho nhiern Vl,J nay,
ngU'ai ta dl,J' kifm Sll' dunq m¢1 b¢ truyen d¢ng (hop
giam toe) voi banh rang con nhu' (Hinh 1) cunq vai
nho>ng phan tll' (bo phan) khac. Ban hay hoan chinh
nhCPng vlec sau day:
1. Hay rno ta r5 rang chi tiet chLPC nang cua bO
truyen dong.
2. Hay tlrn ra ten theo tieu chuan cho nhCmg phan
tll' (bO pharr) e6 so thLP tl,J'lrang (Hinh 2).
3. Hay neu Iy do cho Sl,J'll,J'a chon nhO>ng 6 Ian tai
day.
4. Danq lap ghep nao nen dung cho nci I~p rap
nhO>ng 6 Ian?
5. B('>phan so 4 trong hlnh ve dap LPngchLPCnang gl?
6. Hay thao luan each thuc giO>chat cua banh rang Hinh 1: B¢ truy~n d¢ng (h¢p giam tbe) banh rang con
con 10 tren true 12.
7. Hay thiet laP mot ke hoach de thao go bo truyen
dong.

1 10 9 8 1 7

Hinh 2: BQ truyAn dQng banh rang con trong ban vi! tiel di~n
 161

7 Che tao nhCPngh~ thong co khi (Ky thuat gia c6ng)

CaC cau ki~n va cum lc1p rap stY dl,lng trong CCJ di$n tCY duoc ch€1 tao cOng nhU' gia conq theo nhCmg each thuc
khac nhau. Pharn vi ky thuat giai quyet nhG>ng viec d6 dU'Q'c gQi la ky thuat gia congo

Ky thuat gia cong hoat dOng vO'i nhCl'ng each thuc, phU'CJng phap va thiet bi cho vi~c che tao cac san ph am
ky thuat.

7.1 CO' ban cua ky thuat gia eong

De gia conq mot san pharn co hieu qua kinh t€1thi phai
tra l6'i duoc nhG>ng C8U hoi sau day:

• PhU'O'ng phap gia cong nao phu hop de che tao

mot chi tiet nhM djnh tLv mot vat li$u pnu hop cho
tnroc?
• Thiet b] gia cong nao co siin de sCYdunq cOng
nhu c6 loi?

• PhU'O'ng ti~n gia eong nao buc thiet?

• PhU'O'ng ti~n phu tro nao la can thiet cho gia

cong?

CCJ sa de tra IcYi cac cau hol nay la viec xac dinh
mot phu'onq phap gia cong cu the. Thi du ben canh
(Hinh 1) chi mot SI,J'Il,J'a chon pnuonc phap gia cong
va c6 tam quan tronq Ian cho ngU'cYi lam CCJ dien ttY. Hinh 1: Cau ki~n Iii kat qua cua quy trinh gia c6ng

7.2 Cae nhom gia cong san xuat ehinh

Cac phuonq phap gia cong c6 the stY dunq theo lieu chuan DIN 8580 diroc t~p hop l<;Iithanh 6 nhorn chinh
(Bang 1).

Bang 1: Cac nhorn gia cong chinh theo tieu ehwln DIN 8580

D\lng
T<;lOra Thay dbi ------------~~-- GiG>nquyen

Nh6m chfnh 1 Nh6m chfnh 2 Nh6m chfnh 3 Nh6m chfnh 4 Nh6m chinh 5 Nh6m chfnh 6
Tao d~ng Biim d~ng Tach Ghep nof Phu lap Thay doi d~e
nguyen mau tinh v~t li~u

T<;IOra GiG>nquyen Lam giam Tang them GiG>nquyen

Lam giam
Tang them

Theo do, cac nh6m chlnh dU'Q'c phan biet tuy theo:

• Viec gi!!n ket b] huy b6 hoac duoc tao ra.

• Danq hinh hac cua v~t rtm oU'Q'c tao ra nhtr the nao.

• D~c tinh v~t li$u cua san pham c6 thay dbi hay kh6ng va thay dlli nhU' the nao,
162 7 Che tao nhLi'ng h~ th6ng co khi (Ky thuat gia eong)

Cae nhorn gia eong chinh Loal gia eong PhU'O'ng phap rifmg IE!

_ Tao ra d;;lng cua vat th~ ran _ tt:f tranq thai ran (danq bot): • thieu ket bot kim loai, ep tt:f
nhua tong hop:

_ Tao ra Sl,l' gcfm k~t cua hat v$t lieu • tt:f tranq thai long hoac set: _ due, phun (tiern) va tao bot;

• tll' tranq thai khi: • ket tua tll' hoi;

• tll' tranq thai ion h6a: • due dien.

£lue nguysn kh6i
(Elue day)
K~I tua IIi hoi

HO'i kim loai

Khu6n Khu6n

• Danq cua v<;itthe ran b] billn _ qua Il,I'c keo: • Chinh thang qua keo gian,
thanh danq deo lam rong, lam sau:

• 81,1' gan kllt cua hat vat lieu va • qua Il)'c nen: • Can, rem, d$p noi (d$p khuon):
khoi IU'O'ng duoc gili' nquyen • Vu6t sau, can keo;
• qua Il)'c keo va Il)'c nen:
• V~n u6n (xoan), qhep chen
• qua Il,I'c dlly (II,I'Ccat): (tan di~n day);
Can 6ng
• qua mot momen u6n: • u6n, Ian tron, quan.

3 Tach rCri

• Dang cua chi tillt dU'O'c thay d6i, • qua chia nho (tach ra): • Cat, X€!, be;
dang cuoi cling c6 chua dang ban
_ qua cat qot c6 phoi: • Khoan, XQC, dlly, cua, mal:
dau
• qua lam x6i men: • Cat bang hot dot, an man
• Gan ket cua hat vat lieu b] pha va
(khac man), x6i man;
• qua thao roi:
• Thao bulong ra (van vit ra),
• qua lam sach:
thao m6c ra;
Mal ph~ng
• Chai, phun sach, nra:
CU'a
 7.2 Cac nh6m gia cong chinh 163

4Ghl! n61

• MQt danq th~ ran moi dU'Q'c tao ra • qua chong len nhau: • Di;lt vao, day long VaG
bc)ng each hop nhat nhieu chi tiet nhau;
• qua dien day:
hoac vai chat kh6ng djnh danq
• qua nen rnanh va ep VaG: • Do vao, ngam (tam);
• SI,l' g~n ket cua hat vat li$u duoc • Ket noi b~ng 6c vit, kep;
• qua tao danq nquyen m~u:
tao tang them tren tong the hoac
• qua bien danq: • Due ghep long, due bao;
t<;licuc b(l
• qua ket noi b~ng vat li$u: • Gap mep, tan dinh (tan ri-
ve), cuon chong mi;

• Him, him vay, dan,

Han voi khi bao v~

(khi trO')

5PhU lap

• SI,l' gan ket moi cua hat v<\lt liE;!u • tiY tranq thai d<;lng khi hay d<;lng • Ket tua tLr hoi:
duoc tao ra hO'i nuoc:
• H<;II vat li$u duoc phu len tren • tLr d<;lng chat long, set hay nhao: • Ouet son. phun son, han
mot vat the ran dap cLmg be mat;

•
• tLr tranq thai ion h6a: • Xi rna;
• ILr tranq tha: ran (hat hay bot): • Phun bQI, rna lap kim loai
e 86t n6ng chay len tren b~ng each d<\lp bua.

6 Thay dOi tinh chit v,t 1i9U

• Danq ran cua chi liel giO>nguyen • bc)ng viec chuyen vi tri cua hat • Nung, tel, U, h6a t6t, ILr h6a;
vat li$u:

• Vi tri cua hat v$t li$u thay doi va • b~ng vi$c phan tach hat vat li$u: • Khlt' carbon, u deo;
vi v$y tinh chat cua vat li$u thay
• bang vi$c du'a hat vat li$u VaG: • Tharn than (lam c(mg be
doi
mat), tharn nlto.

Tei bilng Tll' h6a

ngQnllJoa

Tharn nlto
164 7 Che tao nhCrng h~ thong co khi (Ky thuat gia eong)

7.3 Tao dc;\ng nguyen mau (due)

Hai phuonq phap tao danq nquyen rnau quan tronq
nhat la due (kim leal 16ng) va thleu ket (kim loai bot).
a tao d~ng nguyen rnau, mot vat lieu khonq dinh hinh
dU'Q'cdua vao mot hinh danq nhat dinh. Nh6>do su
gctm ket va hinh danq duoc tao ra.

7.3.1Tao d~ng qua due

vat li$u ban dau cho phuonq phap gia cong due luon
luon la kim loai a danq long. Kim loai 16ng nay dll'Q'c
rot vao khuon rang phu hop va duoc dong clmg & d6.
Ket qua co dll'Q'Cla phol tho voi d<;lngva kich thuoc da
it nhieu chinh xac, thong thll'ong phai dU'Q'cgia cong
tiep mot co the Sll' dl,mg duoc (Hinh 1). Hinh 1: Chi ti~t due biing thep due

Ton phi Ian nhat trong qua trinh due la vlec tao ra G6i dlliai
khuon due am (khu6n cat). Khu6n due co the duoc
che tao b~ng cat hay bang thep chiu nhiet. De che tao
khu6n cat can thiet phai c6 mau due bo sung de the
hi$n hinh danq can duoc tao ra. Vi kim loal trong luc
ngu(>ico rut lai, mau due va khuon phai cong them do Mau
co rut (d(>co ng6t). £)(>co rut tuy thuoc VaGkim loal va
dll'O'c xac djnh bai ngll'oi tho lam rnau due,

[Link] khu6n m€iu chi co thi: SLr dunq due mot Ifln dll'O'c
99i la mau eMy (mau tit huy). [Link] c6 the luon dll'O'c
Sll' dunq lai la khu6n vinh CLPU,thi du nhu san xuat
chi tiet nhorn, due xit (due phun tlern),
Mau khu6n dlfOi da n$n

Ngay ca trong mau ngll'oi ta cOng phan biet mau tit 8(lu ng61 8(lu r6t Lai CO>cnan
huy va mau vmh [Link] vTnh cuu thll'ong lam
bang go. No duoc thuc hi$n boi tho khu6n rnau va
duoc Sll' dunq de san xuat khuon cat. De tao ra khuon
rong con pha: d;;it 16i VaG trong khuon truoc khi do
khuon (Hinh 2). Mau tl)' huy lam bang sap hay loal a
rnau rat Ian thi bang xop (styropor) hoac chat tuonq
tu. No tan chay ra khoi khuon sau khi nen cat thanh
khuon.

U'u diem cua due so v6'i cac phuonq phap khac chu
a
yeu la tiet kiern vat li$u, d;;ic biet la so 1ll'O'ngchi
Khu6n rilng voi lai duoc d$1 vao

tiet lon va chi tiet co tronq 1ll'O'ngIan. Vi qua nhO>ng

phuonq phap due moi ngll'oi ta cOng c6 the dat dU'O'C
do chinh xac cao nen duc thll'ong dll'O'c Sll' dunq nhu
mot phuonq phap san xuat co hi$u qua kinh te cao.

Nhuo'c diem cua due la khonq phai tat ca cac vat li$u
deu phu hop de due.
Chi tiet duc thanh hinh

Hinh 2: Nguyen tae due qua thi dl,l lam khuon tay
 7.3 T<;Iodanq nguyen mau 165

7.3.2 T<;Iodanq nguyen mau qua

thieu ket

o thieu kilt (nung kilt), kim loai bet trong mot khu6n
nhat dinh duoc ep voi ap suat cao. Qua do cac chi tiet
danq phuc tap c6 the oU'Q'Cche tao voi so 1U'Q'ngIan
va d(l chinh xac cao (Hinh 1).

Thieu ket duoc thuc hien qua cac giai dean khac nhau:

a) Che tao bQt kim loal: B(lt kim loai duoc tao ra
qua phU'O'ngphap phun kim loai n6ng chay (phun
rnu, phun SU'O'ng).

b) Tn;,n bQt kim loai: TCrng loai bot rieng le oU'Q'C

tron VaGnhau va ngU'ai ta them VaGmot chat boi
tron de cac hat bot truot len nhau de dang trang Hinh 1: Chi ti~t thiau k~t
qua trinh ep tiep theo.

c) Ep khuon: DU'ai ap suat rt!t cao hon hop bet

oU'Q'cep trang khu6n.

d) Thieu kilt: (y 50% - 90% nhiet d(l n6ng chay cua

kim loai ban d§u, phoi ep phai trai qua quy trinh
Xli' Iy nhiet. Qua d6 cac b(l phan dat oU'Q'cdQ ben
cuoi nho viec khuech tan tai cac v] tri tiep xuc.

e) Hi~u chuan: Thong thU'ang thi chi tiet thieu ket

c6 d(l chinh xac cao. Trang tru>ang hop d~c biet,
neu vi$c nay kh6ng dat duoc thi sau do cac chi
ti~t duoc ep be, sung (hieu chuan) de dat dU'Q'C
kich thuoc chinh xac nhu mong muon (Hinh 2).
•
Tinh chat cua chi tiet thieu ket tuy tnuoc VaG nhCi'ng
yeu to khac nhau. £>i;icbiet la vat li$u SLr dunq cOng
nhu tuc ep va nhiet d(l thieu ket giCi'vai tro quan tronq. c) Thieu ket d) Chi tiet hoan tM
Ll,l'c ep thap cho ra vat li$u xop va voi Il,l'c ep cao vat
Hinh 2: Quy trinh ch~ tao 6>thieu k~t
li$u 58 r~t di;ic.

Viilt Ii$u xop rat thich hop de SLr dunq lam vat li$u loc
va vat li$u cho bo true (bac xop), Vat Ii$u cho bo true
duoc nhunq VaGdau truce khi lap di;it. D§u chua trang
10xop thoat ra luc bo true b] nung n6ng va dU'Q'CSLr
dl,lng nhu la chat boi tron (Hinh 3).

NgU'Q'clal vai cac chi tiet due, U'Udiem cua vat li$u
thieu ket chu yeu ta cac cau kien san sang de lap
qhep, c6 the san xuat voi d(l chinh xac cao, kich thuoc
duoc giCi'dung cOng nhir hieu qua kinh te voi so 1U'Q'ng
Ian. Viec Cfngdunq thieu ket doi vai chi tiet nh6 b] giai
nan bO'i II,l'Cep cao. NhU'Q'cdiem cua phuonq phap
thieu ket narn (y chi phi cao cho khuon ep va viec tao
danq b] giai han do 10<;lib6 Sl,J' cat mc;itsau trang khi
lam khu6n due,

Hinh 3: Loi IQC va bQ' true biing v~t Ii~u nung ket
166 7 Ch~ tao nhCPngh~ thong cookhi (Ky thuat gia cong)

7.4 Bitm danq

Phuonq phap gia conq qua bien danq cOng thU'ang duoc gQi 18gia conq
dinh hinh khonq phoi, vi n6 khong co vat li$u thua. The tich phoi gifr
nquyen 0 chi tiet hoan t~t. SI,l' gia cong dinh hinh dU'Q'cthuc hien bai
tac dong cua cac II,l'Cnqoal, trang d6 d<;lngcua chi tiet duoc tao ra do
hinh the cua dl,mg CI,lhay khuon, BiEiU ki$n tien quyet cho viec lfng dl,lng
phvonq phap bien danq la tinh chat bien d<;lngdeo dU'Q'c(tao hinh dU'Q'C)
cua da s6 kim loai.

Hinh 1: lrng suat cua ti~t di~n chi ti~t

Bien danq la tao danq nhfrng vat the r~n trong tinh tranq deo dU'oi
tac de)ng cua cac II,l'Cnqoal.

Nhfrng d~c diem quan trono ve cong ngh¢ cua phuonq phap bien danq:

• S6 1U'Q'ngqua trinh gia cong it hon so voi phU'O'ngphap ghep noi.

• V~t Ii¢u duoc tan dunq t6t non so v6'i phU'O'ngphap loai bo phoi. Vi¢c
nay c(>ngvoi chi phi hop Iy non 0 san xuat loat Ion lam cho phuonq Hinh 2: Bi~n d~ng keo: Chinhthtmg qua
phap bien danq co hi$u qua kinh te hon, keo gian

• M(>ts6 phu'O'ng phap bien d<:lngtao ra SLPC

ben chi tiet cao non so voi
bat ky phuonq phap nao khac.

7.4.1 Phan loat cac phuonq phap biEmd~ng

Yeu to quan tronq nhat anh hU'ong den bien d<;lngla nhi~t de} (bien danq
nguQi, bi~n danq n6ng), hinh d~ng cua chi ti~t (bien danq nquyen khOi,
bien d<;lngtam kim toai (tam ton» va loai LPngsuat trang cau true cua vat Hinh 3: Bi~nd"mg nen: Canton
li$u.

Vi¢c phan loal nhfrng phuonq phap bien danq dU'Q'Cchuan h6a trong DIN
8582 cua vao (Png suat cua tillt di~n chi ti~t.

Xem xet tiet di$n tU'ong tU'Q'ngcua mot thanh thep, ta co the tnay hat vat
li$u di cnuyen nquoc voi nhau tuy theo chieu cua II,l'Cap dl,mg (Hinh 1):

• Bi~n d~ng keo xay ra khi toan be) chi tiet duoc gian theo chieu
keo. Trang cnleu nay hat vat li$u di chuyen nquoc hU'6'ng v6'i nhau Hinh 4: Bi~nd\lng keo nen: Canren
(Hinh 2).

• Billn d~ng nsn xay ra khi toan be)chi tiet duoc run (chon rnep, ep)
theo chieu cua II,l'[Link] phan nho (hat vat Ii¢u) cua chi tiet truot ngU'Q'c
chieu voi nhau nen be ngang lon hon (Hinh 3).

• Biim d~ng keo nen la mot qua trinh phLPCtap, do Sl,l'dan hU'ong cua
vat li¢u trang dunq CI,Jrna mot phan cua chi tiet b] run va phan kia gian
ra (Hinh 4). Hinh 5: Bi~nd~ng u6n: Be canh (gap)
• Bien d~ng uon xay ra khi bien danq chu yeu dU'Q'ctac de)ng boi mot
LPngsuat uon. Me)t true tU'ong tU'Q'ngcua chi tiet duoc uon cong voi
mot goc duoc xac djnh truoc (Hinh 5).

• Bi€!n d~ng xoan day xay ra khi hai tiet dien ke nhau cua chi tiet duoc
day doi nghjch nhau dU'oi tfng suat xoan day (cat). Hai tiet di$n nay
co the narn song song voi nhau (day) hay narn nghieng vot nhau tao
thanh mot g6c (xoan, Hinh 6).
Hinh 6: Bi~n d\lng xoan d~y: Xoan (v~n)
 7.4 Bie!n d;;tng 167

7.4.2 Uon Chi€lu dai u6n

i
.":
r . r .
Phuonq phap can thiet va phISbien nh~t cua gia cong
khong cat got trang CO' di~n tli la biim danq u6n. B6n, -... c-. . I-- ~
'r-- - ,...... f--r- I-- .~ .t::
nap d$y, cac bo phan thiet ke va nhi€!u th(Pkhac duoc
che tao tiJothep tarn (tam kim loai), ong va thep hlnh.
'/ '/
.QI N Tilltdi(ln
SO'i keo gian kh6ng bi~n d(mg
(keo dai)
[Link] Khiii ni~m co ban v~ cong ngh~

Trang khi bie!n danq keo hay bien danq nen tao hinh
toan bo chi tiet, phuonq phap uon chi thay doi mot
phan cua chi tiet !;;Iivung uon.
trung
Vungtinh

SO'i trung tinh

ii .

Ti€:t dien
Trang mot thLYnghi~m, thanh kim loai rnarn vol tiet da billn d(lng
dien vuonq OlJ'Q'ckep chat va OlJ'Q'Cuon 90° vai mot
hrc tang [Link] tren gian ra khong d(Pt. Phia
a
dlJ'ai b] nen lai (Hinh 1). S6> vunq nqoal cua vat lieu
dal ra, So' (y vunq trong ngan 1;;[Link](Pa hai vung nay la
vunq trung tinh c6 so kh6ng thay doi gOi la "soi trung
tlnh". SO'i bi run
(bj ngan lai)

Hinh 1: tJng suat eua v~t li~u trong qua trinh u6n

Trang phuonq phap uon, mot phan cua chi tiet

chiu (Pngsuat keo, phan kia chlu (Pngsua! nen,

Mot bang kim loai (tarn) duoc kep va uon hol cong
b(Yi mot luc, n6 59 dan h6i tro lai vi tri ban d~u sau
khi xa tai (Hinh 2). Chi sau khi hrc uon manh hon va
tarn kim loai OlJ'Q'ctiep tuc uon thi 00 cong gi(Pnquyen
(Hinh 3). Trong truonq hop nay sau khi xa tal, hlnh
thanh de? h6i phuc dim h6i nho. Hinh 2: £>.;.
doi dim hOi trong Hinh 3: Siim d"ng con lai
pharn vi dim hOi trong pharn vi deo

De c6 the uon dlJ'Q'cmot chi tlet, phai VlJ'Q'tqua giai

han dan h6i cua vat nhunq khonq OlJ'Q'cphep dat den
giai han gay cua n6 va vat lieu phal dat au do dai. V~t
lieu thich hop de uon la thep rnern, 06ng, kem, nhom,
magnesi va hop kim cua n6.

Mot bang kim Ioai dlJ'Q'Cbe cong xung quanh mot canh
sac, dlJ'(Yng uon (y nqoai c6 the xay ra Ian not nho
(Hinh 4). Cunq mot mieng kim loai duoc kep dll'ng «(y
canh cao), ta can mot II)'Cuon Ian hon so voi truoc. a Hinh 4: Ubn vcYi ban kinh Hinh 5: U6n vcYi chi tiet co tiet
day dlJ'(Ynguon cOng c6 the n(Pt(Hinh 5).
ubn nhe di~n cao (Ubn d(Png)

a bien danq uon, ban kinh uon khong dlJ'Q'cnho

hon ban kinh ubn tbi thi~u da duoc xac djnh.

Ban kinh uon tai thieu dU'Q'cgiu nguyen qua thi nghi$m
(Bang iY trang 169). N6 tuy tnuoc vao loai vat lieu va
chieu cao cua tiM dien, Trang nhung thiet ke de chong
d6' va chju II,l'C, nglJ'ai ta SLYdl,mg nhCYngtiet di(ln dl.:l'ng
theo chieu cao de tranh b] uon cong (Hinh 6).
Hinh 6: Tiet di~n co do;,ubn c(Png
168 7 Che tao nhCPngh~ th6ng co khi (Ky thu~it gia cong)

[Link] Uon ong

Trang khi uon ong cOng nhu u6n nhO>ngchi tiet co tiet dien rang,
vunq keo gian voi Lmg suat keo va vunq run (vung chon b] nen)
voi Ll'ngsuat nen narn gan nhau trang thanh ong tU'oongd6i mongo
Vi v~y oi~u nay c6 the lam qiarn tiet dii;ln 6ng va dan den tinh Hinh 1: Tiel di~n ong bien d\lng nhieu
tranq b] mop (rneo) (Hinh 1).

Bit!n d~ng l6'n khong cho phep cua tiet di~n 6ng xay ra khi:

• £)U'ong kinh ong qua lon,

• Thanh ong qua rnonq,

• £)U'ong kinh uon qua nho,
• Tinh gian no cua vat lii;lu qua thap.

Viec giam tiet dien ong lam can tr6>dong chay cua chat long va
giam sue b~n cua ong.
Hinh 2: Uon tI,I' do on9 voi v~t li~u dQn

LIfC tac dl,mg u6n dQC va ep VaG tiet dien uon cua 6ng c6 the
oU'qc ngan ngtYa bang:

• GiO>ban kinh uon tOi thieu, tuy thuoc VaGvat lieu va oU'ong
kinh 6ng.

• £)0 VaGkhoang rang loai v~t lieu kh6ng the nen lai duoc nhu
cat, mot 16 xo keo hay mot true tam (Hinh 2 va 4).
Ti~t dii;in bien d(lng qua nhieu
• Uon ong trong mot khu6n tU'oongtYng voi dU'cmg kinh ong Hinh 3: Vi tri moi him khi uon
(Hinh 4 va 5).

Ngoai ra iY 6ng dU'Q'c han phai luu y sac cho m6i han narn trong
vunq trung tinh. Nha v~y co the ngan chan duoc Lmg sullt keo
hoac tYng suat nen co the pha huy m6i han it dan h6i (Hinh 3).

Ban kinh uon chinh xac nho nhat phat cuoc Illy theo chi dan
cua nha san xuat. Ban kinh u6n 6>6ng thsp oat t&i khoang 10 Ian
va 6>ong oong gap 3 Ian oll'ong kinh nqoai, Trong uon n6ng ban
kinh uon toi thieu c6 the thap hon, Qua viec nung n6ng ong bcfjng
mot rno him hoi, dO gian n6>cua vat lieu tang len. £>9 dai vung
lam n6ng tll'oongLmg voi vunq uon.
Hinh 4: Ga uon on9

Ga u6n
Uon tl! do bcfjngtay hay trang ban kep (eto) duoc thuc hien chi de
a
tro giup tam thai hoac doi v&i ong mongo phan xU'6>nghoac noi
liip rap ngU'ai ta Slf dl,lng ga uon con gian (Hinh 4 va 5). Momen
u6n dll'qc tao ra qua mot ga u6n don gian (don b~y tay). G6c uon
c6 the di~u chinh chinh xac dU'qc. Con Ian c6 the thay the dll'qc
de nqan chan vii;lc thay doi tiet dien 6ng.

May uon 6ng

May uon ong thuy life hoat dong v&i mot boomthuy luc di~u
khien bcfjngtay. Piston cua n6 dlly phan u6n voi 6ng 6>vi tri d6i
lai (Hinh 5).

May uon vang voi con Ian dinh hinh du'o'c d~n d9n9 cung cap
il!C u6n cao hon cho 6ng co be day thanh va dll'ang kinh ton hon
(Hinh 4, trang 169). Hinh 5: May uon on9 thuy Iorc voi chac u9n co th~
thay the dU'Q'C
 7.4 Bi~n danq 169

Uon Ulm kim loal (tam thep, tam ton)

Tuyet d<;lida so cac tam kim loai duoc gia conq voi
phuonq phap uon. La ban thanh pham duoc dinh
danq truoc, tam kim loai (tam ton) dat oU'Q'cnhQong
tinh chat oi;lc bi$t qua qua trinh can, nhQongtinh chat
nay luon phai duoc luu y.

Anh hlJ'o>ngcua chieu can

Hinh 1: [Link] y d~n chieu can cua tam kim 10<;li
Can nguf)i tam kim loai cho ra mot cau true vat li$u
th£mg hang voi chi~u can. NgU'oi ta thCrnghi$m voi ba
hinh chQonhat duoc cat ra tLPmQttam kim loai (Hinh 1)
va u6n chunq qua lai 0 tren ban kep (eto) (Hinh 2).
Tnroc tien tam CDcho thay v€!t rurt nho (Hinh 3). Tam
Q) chju dU'Q'ctai lau nhat. Khi uon, tam kim loai nsn
duo'c uon thang g6c voi chieu can. N~u chi ti€!t phai
uon nhieu chieu, ngU'oi ta de canh uon nghieng voi
chieu can.

Khi u6n tam kim loal ooi h6i goc u6n chinh xac,
df) h6i phuc dan hoi phai duoc can b;jjng qua
each uon doi (uon 10 qua). Hinh 2: ThiP nghi~m uon Hinh 3: Nlrt (y canh uon do
chieu uon sai hoac
ban kinh ubn qua
nhe
G6c dan hoi E la 1% d~n 3% cua g6c uon a. f)Q Ian

•
cua n6 tuy thuoc VaGbe day tam, g6c uon, ban kinh
uon (xem trang ti~p theo) va tinh dan hoi cua vat Ii$u.

Ban kinh u6n

Khi uon tam kim loai tao thanh met canh sac, luon luon
c6 nguy CO' la canh uon b] xe do keo gian qua rnuc
(Hinh 3). Vi v~y can hru y:
£ + a= G6e u6n co doi them a = Goc uon

Hinh 4: SI! b~t tr60 lai do dim hoi

Khi uon tam kim loai, phai giQodung ban kinh uon
tOi thieu, f)o Ian cua n6 tuy thuoc VaG vat li$u,
sue ben va do gi8n cua vat li$u cOng nhu chieu
can va be day tam kim loai.

Ban kinh tOi thieu cua cac loai tam kim loai quan tronq
d~u dU'Q'ctieu chuan h6a (Bang 1 va earn nang tra
cuu).
Hinh 5: Ban kinh ubn tbi thieu va chieu can
PhU'O'ng phap bi~n dc;tng u6n
Bon crura, thep hinh, nap d~y va cac C8U ki$n khac tCr Bang 1: Ban kinh ubn tbi thieu 60uen nguQi thep tam,
tam kim loai c6 dU'Q'chinh d;;lng qua cac phuonq phap thi dl.J (trich tiP DIN 6935)
bien danq uon khac nhau. Be day tam kim 10<;lis (mm)
Sue ben
U6n bang tay toithieu ~1 > 1 ... 1,5 > 1,5 ... 2,5 > 2,5 ... 3 > 3 ... 4
N/mm2
f)U'Q'C thuc hi$n trang phan xU'ang va tren conq
tmong xay dl,l'ng cho gia cong don hay cong vi$c sCra
chira. Kim loai 113 rnonq va vat rnern de uon (thi du 2,5 3 5
nhU' dong) ouoc gia conq voi bua 96 hay bua nhue 1,2 2 3 4 6
(Hinh 1, trang 170).
170 7 Che tao nhCPng h~ thong co khi (Ky thu~t gia cong)

Thanh ray kep cho phep c6 duoc mQt dU'ang uon

chinh xac ngay ca (y kim loai tarn rQng (Hinh 2). Dunq
cu 16t de uon can thiet cho vi$c uon hinh danq chinh
xac va bao v$ tflm kim 101;1ikhoi bi hU' hong (Hinh 3).

Uon bang may

NgU'ai ta phan biet uon tl,J' do va ucn voi khuon d~p

(Hinh 4 va 5). a
uon tl,J'do, danq chi tiet dU'O'c tao hinh
Hinh 2: Thanh ray kep
tl,J'do. 8e co dU'O'c hinh danq phuc tap phal qua nhieu Hinh 1: U6n vai Il!c tay
conq dean, thl du nhu vonq kep a hinh 4. a u5n voi
khuon d~p, chi tiet dU'O'c tao danq a giCi>achay uon va
cOi di;lp (Hinh 5). NhU' v~y chi can mot cong doan tho!

[Link] Chieu dili cat (Chieu dal khai

trien cat)

Truoc khi uon chi tiet, ngU'ai ta phai tinh toan chleu dai
cat cOng can goi la chieu dai khai trien. Trong nhCi>ng
dieu can nhac CO' ban (y trang 167 ta nhan ra la (y
Hinh 3: Mieng 16t (don) chju de uon
u6n chi c6 mot soi trung tinh hoac mot vunq trung tinh
khong thay doi. Do d6 c6 nghTa la:
~Khuond~p
trim(chay)

Chieu dai khai trien ccflt b~ng chieu dai cua sol ~Chitiet
trung tinh.

8e siet mot ong can den bon dean chieu dai

4J
~Khuondi;lp
dlJ'6oi(c6i)

nhu & ban ve ke

ben. Tinh chieu dai cat cho
Hinh 4: U6n 1\1' do mQI vang Hinh 5: Uon vang sial bolng
mOi vang siet.
sial (vang k~p) khucn d(ip

it.;;'ii4i 1 = 2 I, + 2 12 + 2 13 + I.
I, =40mm-R=40mm-6mm~34mm
12 = It· 2 r2 . 0,25 = It· 2 . 9 mm . 0,25 ~ 14,1 mm
'3 ~ 20 mm - R = 20 mm - 6 mm = 14 mm
I. = It· 2 r.· 0,5 ~ It· 2 . 33 mm ·0,5 = 103,7 mm
L = 2·34 mm + 2·14,1 mm + 2 ·14 mm + 103,7 mm
~
11
L = 227,9 mrn, chon: 228 mm OJ

r. ~ 30 mm + 3 mm = 33 mm
r2 = 6 mm + 3 mm ~ 9 mm

1. T~m kim loai phai c6 di;ic tinh nao de c6 the bien danq t6t?
2. Gi&i han keo va gi&i han gay c6 y nghTa gi cho viec uon tarn kim leal?
3. Giai thich Sl,J'hinh thanh cau true so trong khi can va y nghTa cua n6 cho vi$c uon.
4. 80 hoi phuc dan h6i uon cua tarn kim loai duoc uon c6 y nghTa gi?
5. Lam the nao de u6n g6c chfnh xac mac du c6 Sl,J'dan hoi?
6. Hay cat nghTa Sl,J'hinh thanh cua dU'ang nl.i't nho nhu soi t6c (y ben nqoai va xep mi (y ben trong tflm kim
loai khi uon sai.

7. T<;Iisac khcnq dU'O'c pnep chon ban kfnh uon nno non ban kfnh uon toi thieu?
8. £)0 Ian d~c tmng cua vat li$u va cua chi tiel anh hU'ang nhu the nao den ban kinh uon toi thieu?
9. uon voi khuon dap co uu diem ky thuat nao so voi uon tt)' do?
10. T<;Iisac u6n It)' do thU'ang duoc ua chuQng hon u6n voi khuon dap?
11. [Link] ga nao duoc stY dunq cho vi$c u6n ong?
 7.5 Teich 171

7.5 Tach
Trong t~t ca cac chi ti~t dLfQ'C tao ra qua tach (phLfO'ng phap gia cong 6 nh6m chinh thtY 3), danq cua chi ti~t
hoan tat narn trong phoi. C6 nghTa la vai phuonq phap nay cac phan du khong can thi~t dLfQ'C I~y ra cho d~n
khi hinh d<;lng cUDi cunq dLfQ'C hinh thanh nhu mong muon. Tuy theo each thuc cac nquyen li$u dLfQ'C tach lay
ra, ngLf6'i ta phan biet cac nh6m sau day cua phU'O'ng phap tach:

Bang 1: Tach
Chia nM X6i mon Lam sach Thao xa
- Cat - £)I,lC - GiOa - An man - Wn ra bang vit -Chili - Barn ra
- Due 16 - CU'a - C<;lO - Gia cong bang tia dai6c - Ph un sach - Thao ra hel
- Be gay - Khoan - Ti~n Ilra di~n (gia conq - RLPa (rut cnan
- Xe -sac - 811y (xoc) di~n h6a) khOng)
- Chubt - Mai - ciit bang hai han
- Mili kh6n -Miel - X6i men b,!mg tia
dien tlr

7_5.1 Nguyen tac co ban cua phU'O'ng

phap tach bang co hoc

Khi chia nho, vat Ii$u con l<;IidLfQ'C hinh thanh 6 hinh
danq da dLfQ'C xac dinh tnroc. NgU'Q'c lai, voi c~t gQt
co phoi, hinh danq con l<;Iicua vat lieu phoi khong xac
djnh dLfQ'C. Cac vat li$u khong can thiet dLfQ'C tach r6'i

•
bang phuonq phap co hoc. NhCmg phuonq phap c6
vat li$u b] tach ra khonq bang CO' hoc thuoc VaG nh6m
xol mono

a nhCrng phu onq phap chia nho cOng nhtr 6 cat got Hinh 1: Tach ra vo-i nem c;\m tay

co phoi d€!u can d~n mot [Link] cu rna lU'oi c~t cua
n6 tach vat li$u va do d6 pha huy SI! gan ket ban dau
cua cac phan tLY. M.;ic dau c6 SI! da danq v€! thiet ke
va cnoc nang, cac dl,lng cu nay c6 chung mot dac tinh
hinh hoc:

Nem la danq co ban cua mOi dunq cu tach bang

phuonq phap CO' hoc.

Dl,lng cu nhan tao dau tien dil dLfQ'C stY dunq tCPluc llch
SLYcua n€!n van minh con ngLf6'i bat dau c6 hinh danq
cai nern (Hinh 1). Theo nquyen tac cua mat phang Hinh 2: C~t dlP! vai kiem cat ngang
nghieng thi Ii/C tay hay Il!c may dLfQ'C chuyen hLfang
va khuech dai (dLfQ'C trinh bay 6 cac trang tiep theo).
Ngoai ra phai c6 dLfQ'C hai di€!u kien sau day truoc khi
ILfoi cat danq nern tham nhap (cat) VaG vat li$u.

• Dunq Cl,l ILfOi cat phai ctYng non vat lieu cua chi tiet,

• Cac luc cat dtYt tac di,ing qua dunq Cl) phai Ian hon
luc gan k€lt cua phan tLYtrong vat Ii$u.

NhCmg ai dil thLY dOng dao cat go hoac da se hieu quy

tac nay.
Hinh 3: CAt co phoi v6>idao ti~n
172 7 Che tao nhCPngh~ thong co khi (Ky thu~t gia eong)

7.5.2 Cat 9Qt co phoi O,i cll'O'ng: Cat gQt co phoi, cac phll'O'ng
trQng nhat
phap quan

V&i IIfCi'i cat co d,lng hinh hoc

PhU'O'ng phap dU'O'cdung nhieu nhat trong linh VI)'C dU'Q'c xac dinh
gia conq cua tho CO'di$n ti'Y18 cat got c6 phoi.
• f)\lC • Cnuot • Mai
• CU'a • Tien • Mai khan (mai doa)
Khi gia cong cat got, cac hat nquyen li$u tLPphoi duoc • Mi~t (mal nghi€!n,rnai
• GiOa • Khoan
l<fIyra bang mot lU'ai cat. Qua trinh cat got c6 th~ duoc ra)
• C<;IO • Ui
thuc hien bang d~ng h1'o>icat (mOi dao) vai d~ng (khoet • C~t bilng tia hoi nuoc
• Bao
hinh hoc dll'Q'c xac dinh. Dc;lng lU'ai cat dU'O'cxac loe)
• f)~y (XQC)
djnh ro rang. NhU' th€l nhQongbuoc don Ie cua qua • Phay
trinh cat got loai be phoi c6 th~ duoc dinh ro mot each
chinh xac,

a phuonq phap cat got c6 phoi, lU'o>icat vai d~ng a G6c tho at

hinh hoc kh6ng xac dlnh cOng c6 th~ b] thay dbi hinh f3G6c nem
dang trong qua trinh gia cong. T coc tao phoi

Goc va m~t cat (y canh cat (lU'o>icat)

Hinh dc;lng CO'ban cua moi dunq cu cat la cal

nem.

Goc nem (gae mOi dao) f3 (beta) quyet dinh each Hinh 1: Goc (y Ill'o>i dt cua d\Jng cu
tharn nhap vao vat li$u va tinh bn djnh cua lU'ai c~t
(Hinh 1). Dunq Cl,lvoi g6c nem Ian tharn nh~p khong
t6t vao chi tiet, nhU'ng tuoi tho lai cao. Tu6i tho la thai
gian Slf dl,lng dunq cu gia cong vat li$u diln khi phai M~t tnroc dao
rnai lai, Dunq cu voi g6c nern lon phu hop cho vat lieu M.;itt<,o phoi
CLIng.

Ngoai vi tri cua lU'ai c~t dc;lngnern v6'i chi ti~t con c6
them cac g6c khac, G6c 6' giQoanern va m~t cat (b~
mat gia cong moi) goi la gae thoat a (alpha). G6e
nay lam giam bot SI,J' co xat giQoadl,mg cu va chi tiet.
vat li$u nho (ph6ng) ra qua qua trinh gia conq va dan
hoi sau d6, vat li$u cli'ng bi dan hoi nhi~u hon vat lieu
rnern. Vi th~ vat li$u cli'ng chiu ma sat it non, g6c thoat
(y day c6 the nho, Be m~t IT nern c~t dU'O'cgi6>ihan Hinh 2: Cac m~t (y Ill'o>i dt cua dl,lng cu
bITi g6c thoat gOi la be mat thoat hay m~t sau dao
(Hinh 2).

Be mat dunq cu nern, noi ma phoi truot doc theo, qoi la m~t tao phoi (m~t tnroc dao). GiQoamat tao phoi va
mot mat phang tU'(YngtU'Q'ngthang g6c voi be mat cat la gae tao phoi T (gamma). G6c nay anh hU'(Yngd~n viec
tao thanh phoi va dan phoi thoat di. Tat ca ba g6c (y lU'ai cat d~u phu thuoc vao nhau. Mot g6c tao phoi lon cho
ra mot g6c nern nhe tuonq (mg. T6ng ba g6c (y dunq cu nern la 900.

Tac dl,lng cua nern cat

Tac dl,lng cua lU'ai c~t nern (mOi dao) ducc xac dinh qua dO Ian cua g6c tao phoi. G6c tao phoi dU'Q'cnhap lal
voi g6c nern va b6 sung them g6c thoat de thanh mot g6c vuonq (thang g6c), gc;>ila g6c tao phoi duonq. Gae
cat {j (delta) = a + {3trong tmang hop nay nho hon 90° (Hinh 1, trang 173). Trong di€!u ki$n nay mOi cat tharn
nhap vao chi tiet de dang va cat dlit phoi theo chieu len tren. Dunq cu nay c6 tac dl,mg cat.
 7.5 Tach 173

NglfQ'C lai khi g6c cat (5 Ian non 90° va nhu the phu ca
g6c tao phoi, ta qci la g6c tao phoi am (Hinh 1): dunq
Cl,Jcat tao phoi nhuyen tren b~ mat cua chi tiet. Nhu
v$y dl,mg Cl,Jc6 tac dl,mg cao. Dl,Jng Cl,Jvoi tac dunq
cat c6 the cat leal be nhieu v$t lieu, dunq Cl,Jcao thich
hop cho gia cong tinh.

T~o phoi
Tacdl,mg ~o Tae dunq tach
Trong qua trinh cat got c6 phoi, dau lien 103 Ilfai cat §n
VaG vat lieu va d~n den bien danq oeo. Dunq Cl,Jtiep
I a + f3 + y = 90 0
I I a + f3 + y = 90· I
tuc dlfQ'c §n VaG v$t lieu va tao ngay truce mOi Ilfai T dU'O'ng
cat mot Ian nut. Vao luc nay, nh[Yng phan phoi va vun Hinh 1: Tac dyng (y nem dt (mui dao)
hinh thanh duoc cat tLP dunq Cl,Jva cu6i cunq duoc
dlly len cao. Nh[Yng phan phoi va vun tiep n6i va hinh
thann phoi (Hinh 2).

cac lo~i phoi

Tuy theo loai vat lieu cua chi tiilt va dO Ian cac g6c An vao Liin nut truce
tao phoi rna cho ra cac loai phoi khac nhau (Hinh 3).
Voi g6c
viec nay
nut sau.
vun), N6
tao phoi nho Ilfai dao
doi hei mot Il!c rnanh
Phoi phat sinh duoc
de va va tao thanh be
an rnanh VaG chi tiet,
va tao thanh mot Ian
gOi la phoi gay (phoi
mat nharn. Dac biet iY
vat Iieu cung va qion tao thanh loai phoi kh6ng mong
@r-----""

Cilt
C?; ~ Dayl~ncao •
muon nay.
Hinh 2: Qua trinh cat eo phoi

a qoc tao phoi tCY5° den 25° va vat lieu dai S8 hinh
thanh loai phoi xep. Thlfang d6 la loai phoi nh6, nhiin,
b] cat dift. Vi nguy CO' gay tai nan thap nen phoi nay
dlfQ'C ua chuOng. Voi t6c do cat tang phoi xeo bat
dllU cuon thanh day (chay), qua d6 chat IlfQ'ng be mat
diro'c cai thien.

Vat lieu rnern nhu d6ng, nhorn hay chi duoc gia conq
~~Jg
Hinh 3:
Phoiv~n

cac loai phoi

Phoi x~p Phoi day

voi mot g6c nern nho, g6c tao phoi Ion va thlfang cOng
voi t6c do cat cao. Qua d6, hinh thanh loai phoi day.
Chi tiet chi b] an nhe khi doi hei II!C it va n6 chi hinh
thann mot Ian nut nh6. B~ mat gia cong nhan. Phoi
day nay dai, kh6ng bi dut doan vi the khong tnuan loi
do kha nang lam hlf hai may va dai dao, d6ng thai
nguy CO' gay thuonq tich thap, Phoi vit van gay Phoi bang

Hinh danq phoi

Dac biet phoi day 1<;10 thanh nh[Yng danq khac nhau
(Hinh 4). Phoi bang va phoi r6i khonq thuan lQ'i vi
Phoi xoan 6c gay Phoi day r6i
chiern nhieu cho, Phoi van (danq vit xoan) rat nguy
hiem cho nglfiYi dung gan. Danq phoi thuan lo'i la phoi Hinh 4: D<;Ingphoi
van gay (phoi gay danq vit xoan) va phoi xoan gay.
8c;lC biet dl,lng cu dinh hinh, t6c dQ cat thap hay hop
kim de gia conq tren may tl! dong (thep da lanq, thep
chuan h6a) d~n den be gay phoi.
174 7 Chi! tao nh(Png h~ thong coo khi (Ky thuat gia conq)

7.5.3 CU'a

CU'a ta cat got c6 phoi bang mot dl,lng cu nhi~u rang c6 b~ rong cat nho va 1U'lYicat c6 dc;mg hinh hoc nhM
dinh voi chuyen dOng cat tron hoac thang.

CU'a duoc ap dl,lng cho cat dLPt cOng nhir che tao cac ranh then va cat dU'ang khe ranh. CU'a gom mot lU'ai cua
vo'l cac rang dU'Q'C sap xep n5i ti€Jp nhau (Hinh 1). Trong khi lU'ai due chi lam viec vai mot 1U'lYicat, thi & cua
nhieu rang tac dong eung mot luc, Do do trong khi cat vai cua, phoi khong thoat ra duoc. N6 phai c6 mot buong
(khoanq trang giCra nai rang) chtra phoi Ian tU'O'ng dU'O'ng (Hinh 3).

D~ng rang

Danq co ban cua rang cua tuonq (mg vai danq nern cua 1U'lYidue, G6c cua 1U'lYidt tuy thuoc theo vat lieu gia
congo f)ai vai vat lieu c(rng can phai c6 mot g6c nsrn Ian (50°). Vi the g6c thoat va buong chua phoi tro nen
nho hon. Cac 1U'lYicua may phan lon c6 g6c tao phoi
duonq, Cac 1U'lYicua tay c6 nguy co m6c dinh vao chi
tiet do SI,l' thay doi II,l'C cat. Do do g6c tao phoi duoc
chon la 0°.

V~ CO' ban ngU'ai ta phan bi$t hai d(;lng rang: Rang

gae (rang thang nquoc) v6>i bfl mat rang phang va
rang hinh cung voi bfl mat rang cong (Hinh 2). Hai a; 35° ... 40°
f3 ~ 50°
danq rang ay dU'Q'c sU>dl,mg cho lu'ai cua tay va lU'ai y;0° ...5°
cua may. Tuy tnuoc van vat lieu gia cong rna chon
danq rang. Rang hinh cung dat nang suat cat cao va Hinh 1: G6c 61 rang CLPa
c6 the ti€Jp nhan II,l'C lon hon rang g6c.

BU'6>e rang

f)9 ton cua buong chua phoi tuy thuoc van danq rang,
g6c amOi cat va khoanq each giCPahai rang kfl nhau.
Cac rang canq gan vo'i nhau thi bu6ng chua phoi cang Rang hinh cung Rang g6c (Rang th~ng nglJ'(1c)
nho. Khoanq each giCra hai dinh rang goi la buoc rang
Hinh 2: D\lng rang
va duoc tinh nhu sau:

Chieu dal chu~n

BU'cYC rang = ---:----
So rang
Chieu dai chuan acua phan Ian la 1 inch 25,4mm. =
85i voi v~t Il~u mem ngU'ai ta sU>dl,lng cua voi buoc
rang lon vi can thi€Jt phai c6 buong chua phoi Ian de
cho phoi thoat ra.
Hinh 3: BLPO>c rang

V~t li~u cLPng duoc gia conq voi cua c6 buoc rang
nho (Bang 1). Bang 1: Phan loai cua

Phan 10<;li Lrng dl,lng

Ben canh do c(rng cua vat li$u c6n phai chu y dEm
viec chon 1U'lYicua phu hop voi be day cua chi tiet. ThO 25mm
16 -1-6 - = 1,56 mm 86ng. nhOm
Neu c6 it non ba rang tiep xuc thi cua de dang b] m6c
a
dinh, nhat la CU'a tay. LU'lYi cua ket hop (1U'lYiCU'a voi Trung
22
25mm
~ = 1,14mm Thep
buoc rang tang dan) qiup ngan ngll'a hi$n tU'Q'ng nay binh
luc bat dau cat. Thtro'nq buoc rang bat dau 32 rang a Nhuyen
25 mm Ong mongo
32 ~ ; 0,78 mm gang due
va tang dan d€Jn euoi lU'ai cua voi 20 rang trEm m6i
inch cua chi~u dai lU'ai cua. Cling
 7.5 Tach 175

Cat tl,l' do
B~ rong dlfong cua
Trang tuc CU'a. CU'a n6ng len do ma sat. N4u dU'ang -I B~ rong IlfQoicua
CU'a c6 chieu rong chinh xac nhu IU'oi CU'a, sau mot
thai gian ngan qua Sl,/' gian no do nhi$t va qua phoi
phat sinh. CU'a se b] dinh cunq. Do v$y IU'oi CU'a phai
c6 mat cat tnoat, nghTa la dU'ang CU'a phai rong hon
IU'oi CU'a (Hinh 1). LU'oi CU'a tay dung cho vat li$u clmg
thU'ang don s6ng: LU'oi CU'a dU'9'C be don s6ng tai mat
rang. a IU'oi CU'a vonq (IU'oi CU'a ban) rang CU'a oU'Q'c Rang cua duoc mOo LlfOi cua don s6ng
rno (re luan phlen qua hai ben), Mot rang duoc u6n
qua ben trai IU'oi CU'a. rang k4 tiep qua phai. LU'oi CU'a
vonq han ch4 chi dung cho vat li$u rnern. N6 thU'ang
duoc mai phia sau hoac duoc thap rang bang hop
kim cunq, voi b€l ngang rong non IU'oi CU'a.
Rang mai phia sau (Rang th~ng) Thap rang

Hinh 1: Cat thoat

CU'a tay

Nganh co' khi thU'ang dung CU'a tay, CU'a g6m can Khung cua
(khung CU'a). IU'oi CU'a duoc kep giCPacan CU'a voi ch6t (can kep)
dinh vi si4t chat IU'oi CU'a va chot djnh v] si€!t dIng IU'oi
cua va can cua (Hinh 2).

Thay IU'oi CU'a rtJt don gian. Mot s6 toai IU'oi cua c6 Can cua vai ch6t
rang 0 hai ben dll tro dau SLr dunq tiep, dinh vi siat chat Ilf6'i cua
Hinh 2: CU'a can (cua cam tay)
CU'a may

Ti4t dien, ong va thanh v$t lieu dU'Q'C cat theo chi€lu
dai tuonq lmg voi may cua dm va may cua dla,
Loai nay thich hop voi san xuat don Ie va san xuat
hang 10<;lt.

CU'a dia (Hinh 3) c6 kha nanq tao ra toe do chu vi cao.

N6 khonq can hanh trinh chay khong tai va do d6 dat
dU'Q'C nang suat cat cao. Tuy nhien nhCmg chi ti4t Ian
non chi co the dU'Q'Cgia conq voi dU'ang kinh IU'oi CU'a
Ian va may tU'O'ng (mg. citlt hinh danq va gia conq don
Ie dU'Q'C thuc hien vai cua day yang. Mot IU'oi CU'a
vonq vo tan dU'Q'c han VaG cho phep cat lien tuc nhu
voi cac cua dTa.

Hinh 3: CU'a d1a

1. Kich thuoc nao phai thay doi oe cho bu6ng chira

phoi duoc Ian hon?
Phang nglJ'a tai nan

2. T<;Iisac ngU'ai ta can bu6ng chua phoi Ian?

• LU'oi cua luon dU'Q'c kep siet cunq.
3. NgU'ai ta xac dlnh buoc rang cua mot IU'oi CU'a
• Truoc khi lap IU'oi CU'a may VaG phai kiem tra
nhu th€! nao?
v.§t nut, Dac biet khi dung CU'a vonq cac phan
rai ra co the vang di rtJt manh.
4. Lam th4 nao de phang ngLYa IU'oi CU'a rnac dinh
(b6)? • Khong duoc b6 nap d$y may.

5. a loaiCU'a nao hanh trinh chet (IU'oi CU'a khong • Giarn ap II,/'c 0 cuoi dU'ang cat cua CU'a tay de
tranh b! truot.
an VaG chi li.§l) kh6ng xay ra?
176 7 Che tao nhCI'ng h~ thong co khi (Ky thu~t gia cong)

7.5.4 GiUa Ban giOa Vong kep Chuoi giOa

(M",;O,) ~

GiOa la cat got co phoi, pnan Ian 18 chuy~n dong

cat thang l<;ip di I$p lai, Dunq Cl,JgiOa co nhieu
rang nam lien ke va sat canh nhau, rang cat c6 Ch'"d!9;0'~~ Can giOa
danq hinh hoc nhat dinh.
Hinh 1; Giila ban (giOa det, giOa phang)

GiOa g6m can giOa, chuoi giCia va ban giOa (than giOa)
(Hinh 1). Gai giOa (rang giOa) c6 th~ duoc phay hoac
barn. Gai giOa dll'Q'c phay c6 g6c tao pnol dU'O'ng va
do do c6 tac dunq cat (Hinh 2). N6 dLl'Q'CsUodl,lng chu
yeu cho vat li$u rnem vi bu6ng chua phoi Ian va g6c
nern nho. a vat lieu cQ>ng phat sinh phoi nho (nhuyen)
han, ngLl'ai ta dung giOa voi g6c nem Ian va bu6ng Hinh 2: Rang chat (rang cat) vii rang phay

chua phoi nno. GiOa gai chat (rang duoc cat) dap
Q>ng duoc nhQ>ng d$c tinh nay (Hinh 2). N6 c6 qoc
nern am va qua do co tac dunq cao. Trang thuc tien
ngU'&i ta kh6ng gOi 113rang giOa rna la gai giOa.

S~p xep gai giOa va cac IOlili gai giUa

Phoi thoat ra Phoi tnoat ra Phoi gay va
GiOa mot hang gai (Hinh 3) c6 gai nghieng (xien) d~ & mot ben & hai ben thoat ra & hai
cho phoi thoat ra, nghTa la tat ca hang rang cua giOa ben
dQ>ng nghieng mot g6c doi voi true giOa. a
gai xien,
Hinh 3: S~p xl!p gai
giOa co xu hU'ang chay I$ch sang ben a
gai giOa
cong phoi dU'Q'c tnoat ra hai ben, COng tai day c6 ranh
cat be phoi dU'Q'c phay.

GiOa gai chat c6 mot gai cheo hay gai kep (Hinh 1).
a day gai tren (gai thir hail voi khoanq chia gai (buoc
gai) nho han hoac Ian han gai dU'ai va dU'Q'C bo tri
xep cheo dlJ'ai mot g6c khac de khong hinh thanh khia
(ranh nho). GiOa gai cheo barn van chi tiet gia cong d~
dang han giOa mot hang gai.

BlI'cYc chia gai giOa va danq giUa

Khoanq chia gai (d(> tho cua giOa) la kich cEr cho
khoanq each cua moi gai. N6 bang s6 gai a moi chieu Hinh 4; O(lng giila (Trich)
dai chuan. Chieu dai chuan thong thuonq la 10 mm.
GiCia nhuyen dU'Q'c sUo dunq de tao ra cac chi tiet c6 Bang 1: Khoang chia gai

kich thuoc chinh xac vo'i be mat lang. N6 c6 so gai Thong s6 b€l GiOa tho GiOa tinh Giila nhuyen
Ian han doi vol giOa tho. GiOa tho (giOa pha) d<;ic bi$t mat & ban ve (Phil)
thich hop cho viec cat phoi nhieu va doi hoi it hon ve theo DIN 3141 \1
'TV \lVV
chat 1lJ'Q'ngbe mat. Theo DIN
ISO 1302 W ... WW ... o/W ... o/
TUy theo khoanq chia gai a
be dai cua ban, giOa duoc se gai 2 3 4
chia theo so gai. Bang 1 cho biet Sl,J'lien quan giQ>a Kho<'mg chia
gai & b€l dai 17 23 28
chat 1lJ'Q'ngbe mat, khoanq chia gai va be dai giOa. 34
giOa 100 mm
Khoanq chia
Co mot loat danq giOa khac nhau. Ph6 bien nhat ta sUo gai & b€l dal 8 13 17 21
dunq giOa phang dtlU bang cho phan XU'ang. £)~ san giOa 250 mm
xuat cac dang chi tiet d.;ic bi~t, giOa dLl'Q'c sUodunq c6
tiet dien phu hop. Hinh 4 trinh bay t6ng quat mot vai
loai giOa phan xLl'ang. Chung dlJ'Q'c sUodunq truoc het
de gia cong cac ranh va cac cho 16m.
 7.5 Tach 177

7.5.5 Gia cong co phoi v&i may cong cu

Ngay nay hau nhu tat ca cac chi tiet deu duoc san Tang quan: PhU'O'ng phap gia cong co phoi bang
xu at bang may. NhU' v$y, do chinh xac trang che tao may
va an toan lao dong tang len so voi gia cong c6 phoi Val mOl cAt c6 d~ng hlnh Val mOl cAt c6 d~ng hinh hOC
hOC X8C djnh kh6ng xac djnh
bang tay, cunq vai chi phi giam dang k~ qua viec rut
ng~n thai gian. Phan Ian cac d<;lng chi tiet va cac loai
vat liE;lu khac nhau doi hei nhieu phuonq phap gia
• Khoan • Phay • Mal

cong khac nhau voi cac may (thiet bi) tuonq (mg.
• Khoel,l1l • Sao • Mili khan
£),!jy
Sang t6ng quan ben canh li$t ke cac phuonq phap • Doa
• • Mlel

quan tronq nhat. • Ti~n • Chub! • T 1;10 phoi bilng pnuonq

phap tao phoi mrot

Chuy€m dQng a may cong cu

GOng nhU' gia conq c6 phoi bang tay, & phuonq phap
gia conq c6 phoi bang may cOng can nhQ>ng ChUYE!n
Chuyen dong cal
dOng khac nhau (Hinh 1).

NgLl'6'i ta ph an bi$t bon loai chuysn dong cua

may cong cu: Chuyan dong c~t hay chuyen dong
chinh, chuyen dong dan tien, cnuyen dong buoc
tien ngang va chuyen dong djnh vi (khong cat 99t)
dan den noi qua trlnh c<'ilt99t bat d~u. Chuyen dong ngang
(d~n lien ngang)
Ti$n doc Khoan
Chuy~n dQng cat (Chuy~n dQng chin h)
Chuyen dong cat
ViE;lc loai be phoi dLl'Q'c thoc hi$n qua chuyen dong

•
cat, N6 c6 the la chuyen d(>ng trim nhu ti$n va chuyen
dong thang nhu bao (day). Chuyen dong cat dLl'Q'C
thuc hien tt'.Pdunq cu cat nhu bao hoac tt'.Pchi tiet nhu
ti$n. £)0 Ian cua chuyen dong cat dLl'Q'c xac dlnh qua
tOc dQ cat vc.

Toc do cho biet hanh trinh di qua trang mot thoi gian cnuyen dong chinh
(ngang) Bao
nhat djnh.

Hanh trinh s
T6c dQ = v=- [v J= m
Thai gian t s
rec dO 6' chuyen d(>ng quay la:
Toc d(> = Chu vi x Tan so quay

v=d·rr·n

Tttn so quay la so vonq quay trang mot phut (t/phut) Phay m~H d{lU Phaylan

ree d(> cat la t6c dO tach roi phoi cua chi tiet. N6
Chuyen dong dan tien ngang
thuonq duoc do vot don vi m/min, trong phuonq phap
Chuyen dong cat
gia conq 6' may rnai la mIs, vi & day toe dO cat phai
Chuyen
dat duoc rAt Ian. Sl,l' Il,l'a chon do Ian cua toc do cat
dong
tuy thuoc vao may cong cu, chi tiet, chat lam nguoi, buoc lien
conq suat va cau tao cua may cong cu. Tr] so tuonq ngang
li>ng c6 the d9C duoc tt'.Pbang tra cuu ky thuat (earn
nang ky thuat),

Neu chi qua chuyen d(>ng cat thi vi$c loai be phoi se Mai ph~ng Chuyen dong
Mai tron
xay ra mot Ittn. £)oi vai gia conq cat phoi lien tuc thi d~n tien doc

phai them mot chuyen dong gia cong thli> hai ta chuyen
dong dan tien.
Hlnh 1; Chuyen dQng (y may cong C\I
178 7 Che tao nhiPng h~ th6ng co khi (Ky thu~t gia cong)

Chuy~n dqng dan tiEm

Chuyen dong dan tiEmphuc VI,Jcho viec lay phoi lien tuc hoac tling buoc. N6 c6 the thuc hi$n lien tuc nhu' trong
phuonq phap ti$n, phay, khoan noac tling buoc nhu bao va day. Chuyen dong dan tien duoc thuc hi$n th~ng
g6c voi chuyen dong cat qua dl,lng cu (thi du nhu' & ti$n) hoac qua chi tiet (thi du nhu phay). N6 quyet dinh b~
rQng cua phoi.

be
DQ Io-n cua bU'o-c dan tien ftuy thuoc vao yeu C8Uva chat 1U'Q'ng m~t, 1U'Q'ngphoi dU'Q'Ctach ra va ding suat
cua may. N6 duoc do bang mm moi v6ng quay hay hanh trinh va toe dQ c~t Vf (mm/min).

Khi c6ng suat cua may duoc tang Ian hon, I••••
c cat tao phoi & mOi cat cua dunq cu de tach phoi cOng Ian non.
Sau d6 trang cunq dieu kien buoc dan tien cOng duoc tang len, tli d6 dan den mot 1U'Q'ngphoi Ian hon dU'Q'C
tach ra.

Chuyen dQng bU'o-c tien ngang

Chuyen dong buoc tien ngang quyet djnh chi~u sau cat c6 nghTa 113dunq cu xarn nhap sau VaGchi tiet bao
nhleu. N6 th~ng g6c voi chuyen dong dan tien. DQ chinh ngang (bU'O-ctien ngang) a, do bang mm, phu thuoc
VaGdl,lng CI,I,chi tiet, yeu C8U chat 1U'Q'ngb€! mat, loai kep va cong suat cua may (Hinh 1 trang 179).
J

Chuy6n dQng dinh vi (khong cat gQt)

La chuyen dong giCPadl,lng Cl,Iva chi tiet truoc qua trinh gia c6ng cat phoi. Thong thU'6'ng n6 dU'Q'cthuc hien
voi t6c dQ nhanh.

NhiPng dQ Io-n anh hU'o-ng den cat tach phoi

cau hei ve phU'O'ng phap gia cong va tr] so chinh (cai d~t) t6t nnat cho
Truoc moi qua trinh gia conq CO'khl 113
chieu sau cat (b€!day phoi), ouoc dan tien va t6c do cat, Do d6, di€!u quan tronq la biel dU'Q'ctat ca dO Ian anh
hU'ong den cat tach phoi (Bang tong quan).

Tong quan: NhiPng de? Io-n anh hU'o-ng den s ••••cat gQt

Qua trinh cat 9Qt b] anh hU'ong boi:

• Phay • Kich co • Vat Ii~u lU'oi cat • Vi;it lieu

• Bao • [Link] diin d9n9 • Danq • Kich tnuoc
• f)~y • Cong suat dan dong • Tu6i tho • Be mat
• Khoan • 80 clmg viYng chac
• Ti~n • 89 chinh xac cua kich
thU'IYC
• Tr] s6 cai di;it (chinh)
cua qua trinh cat tach
phoi

PhU'O'ng phap gia cong

Hinh d<;lngva vat li$u cua chi tiet cOng nrur thiet bi va may m6c hi$n c6 trang xi nghi$p xac dinh viec dung
phU'O'ngphap gia ,cong ,nao de hoan tat chi tiel. a
gia c6ng hoan tat thi do chinh xac yeu cau va chat 1U'Q'ngbe
mi;it cOng la yeu t6 quyet d!nh.

Mot yeu t6 quan trQng cho vi~c h,va chon may gia cong 113hi$u qua kinh te. NhU' vf)y mot chi tiet van c6 the
dU'Q'chOEIntal tren mot may bao cO ky va c6ng suat yeu non, neu mot trung tam gia c6ng CNC t6t hon b] qua tal,
 7.5 Tach 179

May cong CI,I

Qua cac dai 1U'Q'ng c6 dinh va c6 thll thay d6i duoc, may conq Cl,Jtac
dong VaG qua trinh gia congo Do lon, loai dBn donq, cong suat dBn dong,
Sl,J'cLrng vCrng cua cac bo phan mang va do chinh X3C kich thuoc co the
dat tai duoc va do d6 khong the thay dOi.

NhCrng dieu ki~n cat 103cac thong so chinh dU'Q'c nhU' chieu sau dt ap,
bU'Q>c d~n ti~n f va toc dQ cat vc. Chung quyet dinh truoc het den de?
b6ng b~ mat, conq suat cat va tuoi tho dunq Cl,J.

Tich so giCra chieu sau dt va buoc dBn tien chinh 103tiet di~n dt phoi
(tiet dien chiu lfng suat A=[Link]). Do Ian va hinh danq cua tiet di~n c~t anh
hU'ang truoc nhcf!t dEln tuoi tho. Tiet dien cM hep va dai la do buoc dBn
tien nh6 va chieu sau cat Ian. Danq nay thuan lQ'i hon mot tiet dien cat c6
be mat tU'O'ng dU'O'ng voi buoc dBn tien Ian non va chieu sau c~t ng~n
Hinh 1: Til!t di~n dt v6>ibli m~t tll'O'ng
hon (Hinh 1). a
d6 ap Il,J'Ccat lon non. Qua d6 phat sinh nhieu nhiet non
dll'O'ng
dBn den vi$c thoat nniet kern vi be m~t tiep xuc nh6 hon,

DO b6ng be mat tot dat dU'Q'Cdo ouoc dBn ti€m nho, chieu sau cat it va toc do c~t cao, hay n6i chung duoc gOi
la gia conq tinh. Buoc dBn tien ton, chieu sau dt Ian va toe do cat thap tao ra be mat tho, loai cat tach phoi nay
qol 103gia cong tho.

0l,ln9 cu

Nhieu v~t li~u cih khac nhau dU'Q'c SLPdunq lam dunq Cl,J:Thep dunq Cl,Jkhonq hop kim, thep gi6, hop kim cunq,
ox it gom va kim cuonq. Vat lieu cat cho toc do rat cao nhu ox it g6m thl dat tien, ngU'Q'c lai thep dunq Cl,JkhOng 7
hop kim re nhunq lai c6 tuoi tho thap. Di~u nay c6 nghTa 103Sl,J'll,J'a chon v$t li$u dunq Cl,Jt6i U'U thU'ang duoc
quyet djnh theo quan diem kinh te.

Vai viec SLPdunq dung dlch boi tron va lam nguQi, nang suat cat va tuoi tho cua dl,Jng Cl,JS8 tang. Khong chi
vat li~u dt ma hinh danq, kich thuoc, g6e & mOi cat, g6c chinh (qoc vao) va toe de?cat cOng anh hU'ong tai viec
cat got co phoi.

Chi ti~t

Yeu to quan tronq nhcf!t anh hU'ong den qua trinh dt got c6 phoi chinh 103tinh chat cua v~t Ii~u. V$t lieu clfng
va vat li~u c6 do ben Ian doi hoi chat Ii~u mOi cat rat clfng vai mot ll,J'c cat Ian. Vat li~u rnern, thi du nhu nhorn,
duo'c gia conq voi t6c do cao.

Cac kich thU'Q>c cua chi tiet cOng anh hU'ong den cat got c6 phoi: Chi tiet dal c6 d(> dan hOi nho va phai duoc
kep d$c biet, Khi gia conq thU'cyng xay ra rung, dan den b~ mat kern chat 1U'Q'ng,d~y 10i. Ngoai each kep thich
hop ngU'ai ta c6 the tranh Sl,J'co nay bang each chinh chieu sau c~t nh6, luc cat nh6 va toc d(> c~t cao.

1. Hay phan biet chuyen d(>ng chinh, chuyen dong dBn tien, chuyen d(>ng ngang va chuysn dong dinh vi
(khonq cat got) den diem bat d~u gia congo
2. BO phan nao (dunq Cl,Jhay chi tiet) thuc hi~n chuyen dong cat va b(> phan nao thuc hien chuyen dong dBn
tien trang tCfng phuonq phap gia cong tien, khoan, phay Ian hoac rnai tron?
3. T6c dO cat dU'Q'Cdo bang don vi nao?
4. Thong s6 nao anh hU'ong den qua trinh cat tach phoi?
5. Mo ta anh hU'ang cua ty I~ dO clfng cua vat li~u cat va vat lii,iu chi tiet den 1U'Q'ngcat tach phoi va kich co
phoi.

6. Dl,J'a VaG kien thLPCcua ban ve ma sat, hay giai thich chat lam nguoi boi tron c6 anh hU'ang nao den nanq
suat cat va tuoi tho cua dunq Cl,J.
7. Hay cat nghia thuat ngCr chuyen dong dinh vi (khong cat got) den diem bat d~u gia congo
8. B9n biat nhCmg loai vat lieu cat nao?
180 7 Che tao nhll'ng h~ thong co khi (Ky thu~t gia cong)

7.5.6 Khoan

Qua phuonq phap khoan, cac 10hinh tru (10 khoan)

duoc gia cong co phoi hay duo'c noi rong ra.

NgU'eri ta gQi SI,J'tao ra (gia cong) cac 10 la khoan toan

phan va SI,J'noi r¢ng nhCmg 10 khoan co san 113khoan
l6>n ra (khoan quet rQng). Ca 113(khoet) va doa (cha
xat) cOng duo'c xem la phLfO'ng phap khoan.

Qua trinh khoan

Hai chuyen dong tac dong den cat loai be phoi (y

khoan (Hinh 1). MOi khoan quay nho oOng CO' oien,
hOp s6 va true chinh khoan va k§t qua cua n6 la dgjn
d~n chuylln dQng cat hinh tron (chuyen d¢ng chinh).
De 1<;10 ra ap Il)'C cat, ma truce h€!t dfln den Sl)' hinh
tnann phoi, true khoan chinh duoc nhan xuong theo
chieu cua true khoan qua din lay, trong d6 true quay
cua may khoan va true cua b~ mat ben trong cua 10
khoan th~ng hang. Chuy(m d('>ng nay la chuyem dQng
dan ti€!n thang hang.
f = BU'<Yedan tieln (hanh
trinh) mmlvong quay
Khi ca hai ChUYElndong (gia cong) di~n ra cunq luc, hai
n = Tans6 quay
mOi cat nern cua lU'ai khoan xoan an VaG vat li$u va (s6 vonq quay I phut) Vc = T6e d¢ cat m/phut
cat lay phoi (Hinh 2).
Hinh 1: Qua trinh khoan

Khoan la cat tach phoi voi chuyen oong cat hinh

tron (d<;lng quay tron). Chuyen dong dgjn ti~n chay
th~ng theo chieu cua true 10 khoan.

Dl,!ng cu khoan

MOi khoan xoan, dung hon la mOi khoan xoan ac, la

dl,lng Cl,l khoan thU'erng duoc SLP dunq nnat, NgLferi ta
co the minh hoa ket cau cua no nhu' sau:

Trong mot phoi hinh tru bang thep gi6 hai ranh xoan
ac dU'Q'c phay. Buoc cua ranh xoan xac dinh bU'CYc
g6c xoan va do d6 g6c tao phoi T hCPu ich (Hinh 2
fJ = G6e nem y = G6e tao phoi
va 3). Lrng dt,mg vao dl,lng cu, n6 dLfQ'C qoi la g6c tao
phoi ngang Tf. Phoi duoc cat ranh c6 the S6 la nquyen Hinh 2: Hinh thanh rnfli nern dt (y miii khoan xoan
nhan tao ra ma sat rnanh do chuyen dong quay cua
n6 trang 10 khoan. Do do, ngU'eri ta tao ra mot dai dgjn
(mat vat dgjn hU'ang) tU'O'ng doi hE?Pvoi lU'ai cat phu
G6e nhon a (g6e dinh) G6e lU'ai cat (g6e dao)
qua vi$c phay phia sau theo chieu dai cua ranh phoi,
nho d6 lam giam ma sat. Ngoai ra, canh vat cua lU'ai
cat phu dan mOi khoan VaG trang 10 khoan. £)U'erng
kinh mOi khoan dLfQ'C do ta! dU'erng bien dan cua canh
vat (Hinh 1, trang 181).

MOi cat chinh & mOi khoan hinh thanh qua rnai danq
con cua phoi duoc cat ranh. G6c dinh khoan (g6c
nhon) a (sigma) dLfQ'c hinh thanh qua do xac dinh be
dai L cua mOi cat. MOi cat chinh duoc mal phia sau
Ch¢t Dili dlln M~tthoat
cunq mot iuc d~ n6 c6 the xarn nhap (an) vao vat li$u.
(Chubi) (MOi cat phu)
Tu do hinh thanh be m~t thoat (Hinh 3).
Hinh 3: Cau tao rnul khoan
 7.5 Tach 181

Gae thoat a xac djnh dQ nghiEmg cua b~ mat thoat,

gae nem {3 giai han dQ Ian cua g6c mOi cat. £)oi vai
dunq CI,In6 1£1
g6c thoat ben a1 va g6c nern thoat ben
Of (Hinh 1).

Gae dinh khoan (Goc nhcn)

a g6c dinh khoan a Ian hon cua mOi khoan, g6c mOi G6e thost oen (alpha)
cat (nern cat) on djnh hon, b&i vi lu>()'icat chinh ngan G6e nern ben (beta)
hon. Nguy co gay mOi khoan giam. £)(>Ian cua g6c G6e tao phoi ben (gamma)

dinh khoan tuy thuoc VaGdQ CLl'ngva d(>dan nhiet cua a G6e mOi khoan (sigma)
1/J G6c mCii cat ngang (psi)
vat li$u gia conq. Nhi$t phat sinh do luc tach phoi dlJ'Q'c
truyen trang cac phoi va dung dich lam nguQi, nhlJ'ng Hinh 1: Gae 6>mOi khoan xoiin
cOng truyen qua chi ti€lt va 11I'oicat chinh (Hinh 2).

LlI'oi cat chi ti€lt dai truyen nhi$t tot non. Nguy CO'
qua n6ng cua 11I'oicat chinh giam.

LU'o>icat ngang (me e~t ngang) va hfe dan tiE!n

B~ mat thoat tao vot llJ'oi cat chinh cho ra 11I'oiciilt
ngang, chieu dai cua n6 tuy thuoc VaGb~ day 16icua (sii dai cua ILP6'icat ehinh)
I, < 12
t
I
mOi khoan va g6c 'f'(psi = 55°) giCl'allJ'oi cat ngang va a, > 02 (Goc mOi khoan) Thoat nhil\\t
11I'oicat chinh (Hinh 1). a, = d2 (ElLP6'ng kinh cea ILPai khoan)

Hinh 2: Thoat nhiet 6>gae dinh khoan (gae nhon) khac nhau

£)lI'&ng kinh mOi khoan canq tang thi chieu dai

cua 11I'aicat ngang canq tang, Il,l'c dan tien can
thiet tang rnanh,

£)i~u nay la do g6c tao phoi cua 11I'oicat ngang am

chi sinh ra tac dQng cao 6 mOi cat. Ket qua 1£1
phai sli
dunq khoanq 60% luc dan tien tren d6 de mOi cat tharn
nhap VaG chi tiet.

Vi the de giam hfe dan tiE!n (y 10 khoan c6 dll'&ng Hinh 3: Lam nho IWOoicat ngang
kinh tren 10 mm, nglJ'&i ta khoan m6i truoc de mOi cat
ngang kh6ng con tiep xuc hoac dlnh mOi khoan duoc
rnai vat d.;ic bi$t (Hinh 3) de lam nho 11I'oicat ngang.

Cac loal mOi khoan

Thay doi g6c ranh xoan va g6c tao phoi 0 cOng lam
a
thay d6i g6c nern {3. vat lieu rnem can phai c6 g6c
I
nern nho (toai W), 6 vat lieu cling thl g6c nern Ian va ~f
g6c tao phoi nho (loai H trong Hinh 4). 190' •• 40 '-!l'f .
100 ••• 19,

Voi sl,l' gia tang dQ cLPng cua vat lieu khoan,

ngll'&i ta chon mOi khoan voi g6c ranh xoan nh6
va nho d6 g6e nern Ian hon,
Hinh 4: cac lo~i mOi khoan xoan, gae nhon va gee xo:1n
182 7 Che tao nhCPng h~ th6ng co khi (Ky thuat gla cong)

Bang 1: Cac loal mOi khoan

Kha nang (fng dvng Vat lieu

xac djnh tam 10 khoan voi MOl khoan HSS

dung sai vi tri
nho, I~y tam tam
cua trung tam true, tam m6i (DIN 333)
cua I$ch tam.

MOi khoan HSS

I~y d~u cho HM
mayNC

Khoan voi bac khac nhau MOl khoan HSS

trong mot cong dean (thl du co b~c HM
nhU' la, lay bavia). (DIN 8374)

MOl khoan HSS

d~ng phang HM

Khoan c6 hi$u qua kinh te MGi khoan HM

vO'i nang suat cat 99t cao, vai rnanh cat
tuoi tho cao va thay the tra be (tra
mOi cat don gian. Ngoai m~t)
ra kh6ng can khoan m6i vi
khonq c6 lU'oi cat ngang.

ree de> cat a khoan Mep mGi cat

Tan so quay a
may cong cI,Jkhong dU'Q'c phep tuy tien
chinh (cai d~t). Tan so quay tnuan lQ'i nhat tuy thuoc
vao dU'O'ng kinh, vat li$u cua dl,lng cu va cua chi tiel.
De tfnh tan so quay ngU'O'i ta can biet toc dQ quay cho
phep cua mOi khoan, bao dam mOi khoan khong man
IrU'O'c thO'i han va khoan van can hi$u qua kinh Ie.

ree dQ cua rnep mOi cat theo chieu cua chuyen dQng
cat goi la t6c de? cat Vc (Hinh 1).

Hanh trinh da thvc hien la:

VO'i 1 vonq quay s = n . d. 1 (m)
Hinh 1: Hanh trinh cua rnep miii eilt i:I mQt yang quay
VO'i n vonq quay s = tt . d. n (m)
Bang 2: T6c dQ cat va buoc dan tilln
Dua tren don vi thoi gian ngU'cYi ta tlnh dU'Q'c tan so
quay (so vonq quay n (1/min hay mln'). ree do cat
BU'O'c dan
Vat lieu v, (m/min)
tien f(mm)
HM
TLr tlch so n .d . n cho ra cong thirc toe dQ cat a St den
khoan:
Rm = 400 N/mm2 25 80 0,04 ... 0,8
= 600 22 60

1 m = 800 18 40 0,03 ... 0,6

vc=n·d.n (-)
~ ~m~in~ ~ GG, GT, GS*) 15 ... 25 40 ... 70 0,05 . .. 1,0
Thep d~ng cu 5 ... 10 20 ... 30 0,025 ... 0,5
cac toc do cat cho phep da dU'Q'Cxac dinh trong cac Hop kim Cu-Zn 30 ... 80 80 ... 125 0,05 ... 1,0
thi nghiem cho nhCmg vat li$u knac nhau (Banq 2). H9'P kim nhorn 35 ... 150 100 ... 200 0,05 ... 1,0
*) Gang xarn, gang ceo, gang cue
 7.5 Tach 183

Neu toe dQ cat cho phep dU'Q'c I§y ra tli' banq tra CLrU, Chon buoc dan tiEm cho mOi khoan c6 dU'ong
tan so quay thuan IQ'i nh§t c6 the dU'Q'C tlnh voi cOng kinh 10 mm. V.;it Ii$u Fe 360 B, cho ra toe dQ
thirc toe do cat: cat Vc = 25 m/min (Bang 2, trang 174) va bU'QoC
den tlen f = 0,04 mm - 0,8 mm; chon 0,4 mm.
Tel' bieu do co duoc v6ng quay n = 900 1/min.

I n=--
Vc
!r·d

60 50 40
__

3025
8U'cmg kinh mOi khoan d

20 15 12 10 8 7 mm 5
40
£)~ xac dinh tan so quay phu hop cua mOi khoan, m/min / / 1/1/ / 1/ vJl/ V/ LL
/ / / // /
ngU'&i ta luon can biet toe dO cat cho phep va + 25 i7 / 1/ l/ / V
// /
dU'cyng kinh mOi khoan. 20
c::
E / V V / / Vv '// V
E V 1/ V l/ v V 1/ 1/ v V/
~ 15
Neu tan so quay tlnh dU'Q'c kh6ng th~ chlnh b~ng hop .;;;j
1/ V V 1/ V V 1/
so, ta luon chon tan so khoan thap ke tiep.
o
'0
'0
/
V 1/V 1/ V tv tv 1/ v
/ / /
..f-8 10
Tuy nhlen thOng thU'cyng ngU'CYita xac djnh tEln so quay / / / / / /
tLr so do cua toe dO cat (Hinh 1). 8

6 VV V
200 300 400 500 700 1000 'l/rnin 2000

Tftn s6 quay 11 ---

T~n so quay ton duoc cai d~t (chlnh) cho mOi
khoan nho, Hinh 1: Bieu do toc di,>cat
TEln so quay nho duoc cai d$t (chlnh) cho mOi
khoan lon,

Chu6i kep cua mOi khoan xoan v&i olJ'cmg kinh rnui
khoan den khoanq 10 mm c6 danq hlnh tru. V&i
dU'ang kinh lon hon, dunq Cl,Jv&i chuoi kep hinh con
dU'ooc Slr dunq.
•
Hinh 2: £lliu khoan ba chau
[Link] truyen xay ra a
chuOi hlnh tru c6 duoc do ket noi
Il,l'c qua dau kep ba chau hoac mot dau kep nhanh.
L6 khoan chinh xac dat dU'O'c khi chuoi mOi khoan narn
sat trong cunq cua dau k~p va duoc siet chat dong
tam (Hinh 2).
Tai 16i chuoi con
(Tai thao con)
MOi khoan c6 chuoi hlnh con truyen momen quay v&i
ket noi bang Il,l'c. Con 16t giam dan voi cac true con
morse 2-6 (nghTa 13 g6c con tieu chuan) phu hop voi
mOi khoan tU'O'ng Lrng cua true may khoan. Khi kep voi
true con phai chu y d~ chuoi con khOng b] ket va khOng
c6 phoi gili'a duOi va mOi khoan (Hinh 3). C6 the kep Nem 16i
mOi khoan va true con morse tren may cOng cu voi con
doc b~ng each Slr dunq duOi trung gian.

Con morse

V&i dU'cyng kinh 16 khoan tli' 8 mm tro len, chi tiet pMi
a
diroc bao Vf; khOng b] xe vang ra. Vif;C nay xay ra chi
tiet nho hon voi eta
may. Neu din thiet n6 duoc kep
chat tren ban may khoan (Hinh 1, trang 184).
Hinh 3: MOi khoan v&i chuoi can va duoi con - Thao ra b~ng
cay 16i h'pOoikhoan
184 7 Chi! tao nhli'ng h~ thong coo khi (Ky thu~t gia con g)
Voi chi tiilt lon, can SLr dl,mg dai kep, bulong k'i!p va
de kep bat true tiep VaG ban may khoan.

Vai chi tiet tron, d<tlt len m¢t kh6i liing trl,l co ranh
hinh V va siet vai mot v6ng kep (Hinh 1).

Lai khi kep va h$u qua:

• Lo khoan suet kh6ng co cha cho lU'oi khoan thoat ra:

Ban may khoan S6 b] hu hai.

• Chi tiet bi cong v6ng do khoan: La khoan S6 kh6ng

tron (Hinh 2).
Hinh 1: Khoan trong eta may (ban klilP) va v6>ikhoi 13ng tru
• 89 thang g6c kh6ng dU'Q'c luu y: Tam la khoan eo ranh V
kh6ng thang g6c vai be mat (Loi dung sai vi tri,
Hinh 3).

Quy tac lam vi~c - Ph6ng ngll'a tai nan

La khoan chinh xac chi dat dtroc khi tuan thu nhO>ng
quy tac lam viec quan tronq:

• Lc~y muc chinh xac va d6ng d€!u tam (d6ng poin-tu)

• Chon dung mOi khoan (N, H hoac W)

• Kep an toan va chinh chinh xac dung cu va chi tiet

• Cai di:jt tan s6 quay va buoc dEIn tien can thiilt Hinh 2: LOi kep - Cong vang

• Khi can, SLr dung dung djch lam nquoi va b6i tron
thich hop

• Kiem tra chich 16sau khi khoan lay dau va sua neu
can

• Lay bavia (ba vo) a tat CEl 10 khoan

Ph6ng ngll'a tai nan

Ngay ca a
nhifng may khoan c6 do an toan cao nh~t,
tai nan nghiem tronq cOng co the xay ra do b~t din. Vi
v$y n€m luu y nhO>ng van de sau day:
Hinh 3: LOi dung sai vi tri
• Mi:ic quan ao vai tay ao hep, T6c dai phai d¢i mO.

• Cay 16i (y true chinh may khoan va kh6a van dau

khoan phai Ifly ra ngay sau khi SLr dung xong.

• Phai dam bao an toan de chi tiet phang va ngan

kh6ng b] vang ra. Khi mOi khoan c6 dU'cYng kinh tLr
8 mm tro len thi tat ca cac chi tiilt phai dU'Q'c kep
chat (Hinh 4).

• Cac trang b] bao v$ phai duoc lap VaG trong tuc lam
vtec. Chi thay doi day dai khi may ngLl'ng.

• Ouet sach bavia (lay phoi khoan ra) bang cay co.

• Khoan vai vat li$u gion phai mang kinh bao h9.

• Khi c6 SI,/'c6 (y cac trang thiet bi di$n phai bao ngay

(kh6ng tl,l' y sua chifa)! Hinh 4: Ph6ng ngll'a tai nan hie khoan
 7.5 Tach 185

7.5.7 Khoet (La, khoet mi~ng, khoet loe)

Khoet la phuonq phap khoan dac biet duoc phat trilln
cho vi$c I~y bavia, la djnh hlnh (hlnh con hay hlnh
tru) va lam ph~ng (khoet VaG trong, khoet mat d~1Uva
khoet mat, khoet loe mi$ng).

Khoet tuonq dlJ'O'ngvoi mot qua trlnh khoan de

t;;JOra b€! mat tru hay con theo chieu cua true 10
khoan (Hlnh 2 va 5) va tLr m~t phang th~ng g6c
vai true 10khoan (Hinh 3) vai cac dunq Cl,Jthich
hop.
Hinh 1: Giacong chi tiet banggang qua khoan va Iii
PMn loai va (Png dl,Jng phU'O'ng phap khoet (Ia)
Cac chi ti€!t dlJ'Q'ctrlnh bay trong thi du duo'c gia conq
sau khi da khoan 10 tnroc voi nhO>ngdao khoet khac
nhau (Hinh 1 dim 5). Dunq cu dlJ'Q'clam tLr thep gi6
HSS hay hop kim cLPng.
Khoet ph~ng (La ph~ng)
Voi llJ'oi la bang (mOi khoet ph~ng) chi tiilt dlJ'Q'C18be
mat phanq (Hinh 3). N6 dlJ'Q'cdung phan Ian la de tao
b~ mat tua cho bulonq va tan trong truonq hop b~ mat
a
chua xUoIy tranq thai tho,
C6 IlJ'CYila phang voi chuol dan hlJ'ang va khong c6 Hinh 2: Khoet mOo
r9ng vai mOikhoan xoan
chuoi dan hlJ'ang.

•
Khoan khoet (khoan lon ra)
Mot 10khoan c6 truce dlJ'Q'ckhoan rno rOng voi mot
llJ'oi khoet xoan (IlJ'CYiquet, ba hoac nhieu mOi cat)
(Hinh 2). Qua d6 do chinh xac v~ kich thU'cYCva hinh
danq cOng nhu do b6ng be mat cua 10 khoan dU'9'c
n<:lngcao.

La ph~ng sau (kh6a m~t tao ra vai vuong g6c v6>1

dU'6>ngtam 10)
Hinh J: Ui phang vai IlPOoi
Iii phang (tao b~ m~t vuong gec
La S8U hinh tru duoc thuc hi$n voi llJ'oi 18ph~ng (llJ'oi
vai tam 10)
la chot) (Hinh 4). C6 2 loai la phang voi chot dan
hlJ'ang co djnh va chot dan hlJ'ang thay dbi dlJ'9'C.
Khoet (Iii) djnh hinh
LU'c;.ikhoet con gia conq hoan tat la dinh hinh d<;lng
con (Hinh 5). G6c Iii cho dinh tan 113 750, 600 hoac 450,
cho vit dau la 113 900 va 1200 va de lay bavia vot 600.
TUy theo moi loai thi€!t ke, IlJ'CYi
18con c6 the c6 mot,
hai hay nhieu mOi cat.
Vi~c gia cong Iii co the thuc hien duoc tren tat ca
may khoan, may phay va may tien. Hinh 4: Ui phang sau voi IlPOoila phang (Kheam~t tao ra vai
vuong gee v6>idlPcl'ngtam 10)
Quy t~c lam vi~c
• Chinh tan so quay nh6 (toc do cat Vc = 0,2 . Vc cua
mOi khoan den 0,5 . Vc cua mOi khoan), allJ'oi la
xoan thi Vc = Vc cua mOi khoan.
• Phai kep IlJ'CYi
18voi chuoi tru den day cua rnarn kep.
• a
SUodunq dung dich lam nguoi giong nrur khoan,
tuy nhien chi lam nguOi a
khoan khoet Ian va Iii
mat dau.
• BlJ'cYcdan tien diroc chon Ian han doi vo'i khoan
a
(d~c bi$t khoan khoet mo r¢ng). Hinh 5: La dinh hinh v6>iIU'Ooi
Iii con
186 7 Chi! tao nhCPng h~ thc3ng co khi (Ky thuat gia cong)

7.5.8 Doa
Mot 10 khoan can phai dU'Q'c hoan t~t theo ban ve ke
ben voi cac yeu du v~ dung sai kich thuoc va dung fl';; bong b~ mat
sai hinh dang voi do
bong be met co chat 1U'Q'ngcao
khang th~ dat dU'Q'c chi vo'i phuonq phap khoan. La
khoan phai duoc gia cang tinh bang phuonq phap
doa.

Qua each gia cong tinh nay cac 10 khoan dat dU'Q'c
dung sai kich thU'cYC va dung sai hinh dillng nho
va mot dQ bong be mat c6 chat 1U'Q'ngcao (Hinh 2). Hinh 1: Lo dU'Q'c doa

Doa tuonq Lrng mot qua trinh khoan voi b~ day

phoi dlt nho nharn rnuc dich nang cao bong co PhlJ'O'ng =--.
rO nharn co the dat
2
cuoc R, (11m)
be met voi [Link] Cu phu hop. phap ch~ tao
(thee DIN
4766) &~~~~~~
~~ ~ow~oM8~~8gg
oOOOOOO~~NvW~~N~W~~N~ID_
0

Cat tach phoi cYdoa Khoan

I I
.lJ..l
1 J- ~~
Doa
Sl,J' cat tach phoi 0 doa xay ra nhu (y khoan va khoet
~
qua chuyen dQng quay (chuyen 09n9 cat) va chuy€m
Ui
1
J.
1~D
dQng doc true (chuyen 09n9 dan tien) cua dunq Cl,J. Mai J
~~
Vi$c tao ra dQ b6ng be mat cao b~ng phuonq phap Hinh 2: So sanh dQ nharn (dQ nhap nhe) co thi! d~t dU'Q'c
doa doi hoi toc dQ cat thap va bU'cYC dan tien nho
(chCrng % tri so cua khoan). Qua SLPdung dung dlch
boi tron, thi du nhu dau cat, oQ bong be mat tiep tuc
dll'Q'c cai thi$n va Sl,J'rnai man cua dung Cu duoc giam
Phlin mOi cat Chu6i
bat.

Dl,lng CI,I doa

Dunq Cl,Jdoa duo'c goi la mOi doa (llI'5'i doa). Phan

tach phoi cua mOi doa 113phan mOi cat. N6 g6m canh
vat (rnep vat) va phan dan hll'ang. Vi$c lay phoi xay ra
chi (y cann vat. phan dan hll'ong lam nh~n be mat va Hinh 3: Ket cau m.;;t miii doa (1U'<Yidoa) tay
dan hll'ang (Hinh 3).

89 b6ng be mat cao 5' doa cOng dat duoc qua tac
dQng cao cua mOi cat. Chi dU'Q'c phep lay ra 11I'Q'ng
phoi rnonq tCr vat li$u vi the g6c tao phoi la 00 hoac
am (Hinh 4).

Trong viec bo tri mOi cat (y chu vi thi bU'cYc rang khong
deu nhau (Hinh 4), qua d6 tranh duoc dau loi tren be
mat chi tiet vi may rung (mOi cat tiep theo khong tiep
xuc cunq vi tri). Dau v$y Clf hai mOi cat m9t dU'Q'c bo tri
doi nhau de c6 the do dll'Q'c dll'ong kinh cua mOi doa.

Chi nho>ng 10 khoan truc-e moi c6 the Oll'Q'Cdoa. a

do,
11I'Q'ngdll' gia cang va so 11I'Q'ngmOi cat luon luon tuy
thuoc vao dU'ong kinh cua mOi doa.
a = G6c thoat
fJ = Goc nern
y = G6e tao phoi
Cang c6 nhieu mOi cat, do chinh xac ve hinh G6c tao phoi = 0° noac am
danq canq cao.
Hinh 4: BU'Qocchia va g6e C:J mOi doa
 7.5 Tach 187

7.5.9 C~t ren

NgU'cYita din va gia conq ren cho cac chuc nang khac
nhau. Ren co tac dunq ket n6i cac chi tiet thi du cY
bulonq (ren nqoai) va dai 6c (tan) (ren trang, Hinh 1)
hoac tao chuyen dong cho cac chi tiet may voi nhau
thi du & true chinh (phan Ian la rang hinh thang).

NhCrng thong s6 sau day bi~u th] cho nhCrng d~c tinh
cua ren:

• Prafin ren (ren nhon, ren hinh thang ... )

• Buoc ren
• So day ren (mot hay nhi~u day)

• Chi~u ren (ren phai I trail Vc = Toe dO cat

= Buoc ren

Nqoai ra con nhCmg tieu chi khac hCru dunq de phan Hinh 1: Cat ren bang tay
loai ren cho viec h,l'a cnon nhU' vi tri cua ren (ren ngoai
hoac trang) va (Png d u ng cu the cua ren nhv ren co djnh (siet cLPng) hay chuyen dong.

Trong viec gia cong ren hau nhu khonq the co cal nhin r5 rang ve so 1U'Q'ngcac phuonq phap che 1<;10co pnol
va khong co phoi.

Trong che tao ren co phoi (c~t ren), rnoi ren tren bulonq hay & trang 10 khoan duoc hoan tat voi dunq cu
co mot hay nhieu mOi cat.

Cat ren (ven riing)

Chuylm
trong bang tay

dQng dt gC?t bao g6m mot chuyen di;Jng

quay cua taro (cay yen rang) (chuyen dong chinh) va
chuyen dQng doc di VaG trong 10 khoan (chuyen dong
diln lien). Phan vat con cua dl,mg cu va do doc cua
buoc ren tac d(>ng VaG cnieu sau dan dan cho den khi
V~t Ii~u bi dbn (nen) lai

•
prafin ren noan tat (Hinh 2).

Khi cat ren trang, phan Ian vi;ll li$u dU'Q'Ccat bang taro
thuonq la gia cong co phoi. Ph~n con l<;Iicua vat lieu
Hinh 2: Qua trinh cat 99t (y cat ren trong
dU'Q'Cday ep vao (khong phoi) va nen lai (Hinh 2). Vi
vi;ly dU'cYng kinh loi mOi khoan phai iuon Ian han mot
it (0,2 - 0,4 mm) d6i voi dU'cYng kinh 16i cua ren.

Vi;lt lieu canq deo (thi du: AI, Cu), cac 10 15i canq phai
Ian han.

Cay ven rang (taro)

BQ ven rang (3 hoac 2 cay cho ren nhuyen), taro dai

OC (cay yen rang cai) va cay ven rang may la nhCfng
loai cay yen rang thU'cYng dung nhat cho vi$c che tao )
ren. Phan Ian chunq bang thep gio HSS hoac bang :/,:
kim toal cunq (hop kim cunq). Cat truoc cM trung gian Cat hoan tat
(ven pha) (ven vua) (ven hoan tat)

Chuyen dong cat & b(> yen rang va ban ren (khuon cat 50% 30% 20%
ren) dU'Q'C thuc hien bang tay. BO yen rang cat danq Tbng cong suat dot phoi
rang trong hai noac ba cong doan (Hinh 3).
Hinh 3: Be') ven rang
188 7 Che tao nhCPngh~ thong co khi (Ky thu~t gia cong)

Cay ven rang cai dU'Q'Csli dunq cho rang c6 dO S8U th~p (den 1,5 dU'ang kinh rang). N6 c6 phan cann vat dai
va cat ren trang m¢t cong dean (Hinh 1).

G6c rnui cat

Danq hinh hoc mOi cat dU'Q'Cxac dinh bai vat Ii$u
gia congo a vat li$u mern cho day phoi dai (AI, Cu),
ranh cat be phoi phai Ian hon so voi vat lii;lu ciYng cho
phoi ngan. Do vaY g6c tao phoi I' thay doi dong thai
(Bang 1).

Quy tac lam vi~c (y cat ren trong bang tay

• La 10khoan vci lU'ai la con 90°.

• Dung cay ven rang s6 1 cho van 10khoan va cat
morn. A : L=1 :2

• Ki~m tra do th~ng g6c voi chi tiel. Hinh 1: Tarodai be (cay ven rang cat)
• De deu hai tay cay ven rang va quay voi tay quay.
• Sli dl,mg du dung dich bei tron va lam nquoi.
• Neu hoi ciYng thi van ngU'Q'cngiin cay ven rang de Bang 1: G6c (y cllY yen rang
cho phoi gay. vat lieu Fe 360 B ... Fe 690 GG AI
• Chu 'I den thiY tl! cua bO ven rang. r = G6e 190 phoi
• NgiYa phoi donq a cac 10 cut (10 co day) va than
tronq khi quay toi day 10.

chillu S3U ren tuy thuoc van chieu sau cua [Link]
khang c6 san s6 lleu cua chieu sau 1015i,thi 10khoan
sau c6 the duoc tinh nhu sau:

Chieu sau 16 khoan t6i thi~u '" Chieu sau ren + 0,7.
8lJ'ang kinh 1015icua mOi khoan

Iren + 0,7· dl615i

a = 0°
ChoIMp (51) ChonhOm(AI)
= 15mm + 0,7·6,8 mm
= 19,76 mm Hinh 2: G6c C:J cay ven rang

Quy tac lam vi~c (y cat ren trong bang may khoan

Ren trang c6 the cat vai cay ven rang may tren may khoan. Qua d6, nhli'ng nguyen tac lam vi~c sau day pMi
dlJ'Q'Cchu 'I:

• Khang cai d~t (chinh) buoc dan tien, tl! cay ven • LI!C cat phai c6 th~ chinh dlJ'Q'Cde ngan nglYa cay
rang duoc keo van chi tiet do buoc ren cua no. ven rang b] gay. Vai mot thiet b] cat ren giin van
true chinh cua may khoan, Il!c cat duoc chinh va
• May khoan phai chay hai chieu trai va phai de cay
ven rang chay nquoc tro 1<;Ii. tl! Van hanh viec chay ngLl'Q'c(luu 'I cac 10day).
• Chu 'I den toe do cat dung (Tr] s6 ChUEInSt'" 12 ml
• Sli dunq dung djch boi tron lam nguoi (dEIUcat).
a day phai chu 'I den dunq Cl,lva vat lii;lu (so sanh
min, GG '" 8 m/min)
voi khoan). • Chon dung cay ven rang.
 7.5 Tach 189

Cay ven rang may

Cay ven rang may duoc phan biet qua ranh phoi xoan trai va ranh phoi xoan phai (Hinh 1 va 2). Cay ven rang
xoan trai dan phoi xu6ng (thich hop cho 10 khoan su6t). Cay ven rang xoan phal keo phoi IEm kh6i 10 khoan
(thich hop cho 10 co day).

Chi~u dai ren t6i da la 1 x dU'ang kinh ren co the dU'Q'Cgia cong hleu qua voi mot cay ven rang may ket hQ'p
(Hinh 3).

T~t ca cac cay ven rang may c6 mot canh vat ng~n va phan 1O'ncat ren trang mot conq doan.

Phoi dan:
Phoi duoc ep
day ra phia
dU'ai

Cay yen rang Riinh xoan

cho 10 co day Ira; cho 10
va; ranh xoan suet
oe phili ng~n

Hinh 1: Cay yen rang may v&i xoan be Hinh 2: Cay yen rang may v&i xoiin be trai Hinh 3: Cay yen rang may k~t hop
phai

Trang mot thai gian dai viec che tao ren la phuonq
phap ton r~t nhi~u thai gian va dat tien. nhunq vo'i
nhfrng phat trien rnoi nhat trang ITnh vue cua cay ven
rang thi nhiYng v€.n d& nhu' v~y kh6ng con nfra. Cay
ven rang phu 1O'p, mot phan trang so d6 duoc trang
b] lam nguQi ban trang, cho phep toc d(> cat tuonq
doi cao (den khoanq 50 m/phut) dong thai tuoi tho
12000
Chitiet
10000 9000 •
cao (Hinh 4). Chat phu lop g6m Titan-Nitrid (TiN) nhU'
6' mOi khoan xoan, cac tinh chM rat tot cua n6 trong
pharn vi Ll'ng dunq nhat dinh con duoc cai thien hon
qua chat bo sung (TiCN. TiAIN).
Kh6ng phu lap TIN

Hinh 4: So sanh tub; thQ

Cat ren nqoai bang tay

8e cat ren nqoai bang tay ngU'ai ta SlY d~ng ban ren
va u ren (Hinh 5). Vc = Toe dO c~t
f
f = Buoc dan tien

NhU' trong cat ren, viec vat lieu b] nen cOng xay ra qua
viec tach phoi voi ban ren sau khi phan 1O'ntiet dien
ren dU'Q'Ccat, do vi;ly dU'ang kinh cua bulonq phai nh6
non mot it so voi dU'ang kinh ren can cat (0.1 - 0.3
mm). Ngoai ra bulong phai duoc vat (113)de c6 the d$t
thang voi ga cua ban ren (Hinh 1, trang 190).

Vi;lt li$u canq b] chon (chay) manh, dU'ang kinh

bulong cane phai nh6 hon trang ty 1$ doi vot
dU'ang kinh loi.
Hinh 5: Cat ren ngoal biing tay
190 7 Che tao nhfl'ng h~ thong co khi (Ky thu~t gia cong)

Dunq cu d€! cat ren ngoai

(y ban ren (Hinh 2) ren dU'Q'c cat hoan toan trong mot
cong dean. Loai thiet ke voi ranh cat (khe xe) (Hinh3)
co the dU'Q'C dieu chinh tam. Qua do ngU'ai ta co the
tac dong gay anh hU'ong vao dU'6'ng kinh ren trang
gi6'i han hep. Cac ban ren chi dU'Q'c SLr dl,mg cho
dU'6'ng kinh ren den 16 mm, vi phai co cong suat Ian
de thuc hi~n viec cat tach phoi.
Hinh 1: DLPo>ngkinh canh vat 60bul6ng

Thiet b] ven rang (Hinh 4) co rna cat chinh dU'Q'c. Sl,I'

cat lay phoi duoc thvc hi$n trang nhieu conq dean.
Cac dao cat duoc chinh de cat truoc va cat sau. Do
co the dieu chinh viec cat lay phoi nen thiet b] ven rang
duoc SLr dl,mg cho ren Ian (tli' dU'6'ng kinh 12 mm va 0
ren 6ng ton, thi du: R 1'14), cOng nhU' dU'6'ng kinh ren
khac nhau voi cung buoc ren.

V~t Il~u dao cat cho ban ren ngoai ph~ln Ian la thep
gi6 HSS hay hop kim cunq,

Quy tac lam vi~c cho cat ren ngoal

• Vat canh bulong de tua vao ban ren.

Hinh 2: Blm ren kin (Khu6n Hinh 3: Bfm ren chi! (h60)
• Ban ren di,lt thang qoc voi true chi tiet. c~t ren nguyen khOi) (Khuon cat ren di~u
chinh dll'Q'c)
• Cat voi hai tay de deu len u ren (ban ren) va quay
deu tay.

• Qua viec gian dean qua trinh cat va quay ngU'Q'c lai
rura vonq cac pnoi se bi gay.

• C~t cho den het chieu dai ren da dU'Q'c cno.

• Luc c~t boi tron voi dau dt (chu y den vat lieu cat).

• Cat ren Ian non voi thiet b] ven rang trong nhieu
cong dean.

Hinh 4: BQ ban ren thao va di~u chinh dLPQ'c

1. Tai sac khi cat ren trong vai mot cay ven rang lai xay ra bien dang nho ngoai su c~t phoi?

2. T<;1isac cay ven rang duoc che tao voi cac g6c lay phoi khac nhau?

3. T<;1isao 10 loi phai luon khoan sau hon chieu S:3U ren co the Sll' dl,mg duoc?

4. Hay ta cac loai cay ven rang khac nhau va giai thich pharn vi SLr dung?

5. Phai chu y cac diem nao trang vi$c che t<;10ren trang bang tay?

6. Tai sao dU'6'ng kinh bulonq {y cat ren ngoai phai luon nho hon dU'6'ng kinh ren?

7. Vai dunq cu nao ngU'ai ta co the cat ren ngoai bang tay?

8. Thiet b] cat ren c6 thuan loi gi khi so sanh voi ban ren?

9. Tal sac phai Sll' dunq chat bol tron khi ven rang?

10. NgU'ai ta kiem Ira ren cia ctlt xong nhu the nao?
 7.5 Tach 191

7.5.10 Ti~n

Qua ti$n ngU'ai ta co the che tao true, bulonq, dTa,true

chinh, ong 16t va ke ca ren. Chi tiet duoc che tao co
tiet dlen tron hoac hlnh vanh khan. Chung co d<;lngtru,
con hoac cau (Hlnh 1).

Qua trinh ti~n - PhU'O'ng phap ti~n

Tien la cat co phoi voi chuyen d(>ng cat tron

(di;mg tron) va chuyen d(>ngdan tien narn ngang
voi chieu cat. Hinh 1: Cacchi tiet dll'Q'cche tao b~ngphll'O'ngphilp ti~n
Qua d6 chuyen dQng cat (chuyen dQng chin h)
tiJochi tiet va chuyen d9n9 dan tiEln tiJodunq cu
duoc thuc hi$n (Hinh 2).

Chuyen dongcat
Theo chieu dan tien cua dunq cu, cua dao ti$n, dua
VaGtrue chi tiet ngU'ai ta phan biet ti~n dQC va ti~n
ngang, con dua VaGvi tri gia cong ngU'ai ta phan biet
ti~n trong va ti~n ngoai (Hlnh 3).

Ti~n dal (tien tron theo chieu dai (doc true) xay ra a
chleu cua true chi tiet. Chuyen d(>ng chinh (vao vi tri
ti$n) di theo chieu cua tam chi tiet (true x), buoc dan
ti~n di theo ehi€!u true z (Hinh 2).

Ti~n phang theo chillu ngang (tien vat mat, tlen mat
dau) diroc gia cong ngang voi true chi tiet bang buoc
dan tien ngang. Vi$c chinh xay ra theo chieu true Z,
buoc dan tien theo chieu true x (Hinh 2).

Cac chuyen d(>ng gia conq tU'O'ngtl,!' nhu a ti~n vat Hinh 2: Ti~n doc va ti~n phangngang(ti~n vat m~t)
m~t cOng dU'Q'cthuc hi$n a tlen chich ranh (tien ranh
danq vonq) va a tien cat dLrt (tach rai chi tiet).

Cac phuonq phap ti$n tiep theo la ti~n djnh hinh (thi
du nhu ti$n con), ti~n ren (cua oc vlt) va ti~n chep
hinh.

Theo viec loai be phoi va d(> b6ng be mat ngU'ai ta

phan bi$t ti~n pha, trong d6 voi buoc dan tien Ian
nhat va toc do cat cao rat nhieu vat lieu bi loai be
(rnuc dich: d<;lt'gtm hinh danq chi tiet' mot ca~h nhanh
ch6ng) va ti~n tinh. a ti$n tinh voi tan so quay cao va
buoc dan tien nho, chi cat 99t mot 1U'Q'ngvat li$u nhe
(rnuc dich: che tao voi kich thuoc chinh xac cua hinh
dang chi tiet). The tich lon cua phoi lay ra (] tien pha
S8 cho ra mot be mat tU'O'ngd6i tho, trong khi ti$n tinh
cho ra be mat nhan hon nhieu.
Hinh 3: Ti~ntrong va ti~n ngoili
192 7 Che tao nhCPngh~ thong co khi (Ky thuat gia cong)

Dunq CI,Iti~n

a phuong phap ti$n, mot dl,lng cu mQt 1U'c;.icat veri Goc tao phoi•
danq hinh hQC nhat dinh dLl'O'cSll' dl)ng, do la 1U'c;.i
Mi;it tao phoi
ti~n (dao ti~n).

LU'iYi cilt phu

MOi dt cua dao ti$n tLl'O'ngLrngvai d~u nhon cua nern
(dinh nern). Goc nem 13 dLl'O'cdIU tao tLPm~t thoat
ehinh va m~t tao phoi (m~t truce) (Hinh 1 va
2). £)(>
ton cua no tuy thuoc vao v$t Ii$u gia cong va yeu cau cee nern {3
cua 0(> b6ng be mat (Bang 1). LU'iYi cat ehinh
M~t thoat phu

G6c nern nho giup mOi cat an VaG vat li$u de Hinh 1: Goc va cac mat 0. dao ti~n (1II'o-i ti~n)
dang, nhunq it 6n djnh hon va tiem an nguy co
b] gay.

G6c thoat a lam qiarn ma sat giCrav~t li$u va chi ti~t,

Mi;\t tao phoi
dLl'O'cchon tLP5° den 12° (Bang 1).

Goe tao phoi T narn giCra be mat tao phoi (thLl'6'ng

narn song song voi mat phang chan de a
chieu cao
cua mOi cat chinh) va mat phang chuan dunq CI). Ngoai
ra n6 anh hLl'ang den dong phoi thoat ra. V6'i g6c tao
phoi !" nh6 va c6 tr] so
am phoi 58 gay dLrt (phoi vun).
G6c tao phoi trung binh cho ra phoi xep (phoi cat xep)
(T = 5° den 25°). G6c tao phoi ton (T> 25°) va toc do M~t thoat

cat cao tao ra phoi day do d6 nen tranh, Hinh 2: Cat phoi iJ ti~n

SI)' lien quan doi v6'i ba g6c nay duoc dien ta qua
c6ng trurc sau day:

•L a + ~~
{J + y = 90° ~

SI,l' lien quan nay cOng giai thich cno viec, a

mot vai
dao tien ngLl'ai ta 9Qi la "g6c tao phoi am" (trong
tmang hop nay g6c a + f3 ton non 90°; xem hinh 3,
trang 173).
A
BU'Qoc dan li€!n
cat chinh va ILl'cyicat
Goc mOi e hinh thanh giCra ILl'CYi
phu cua dao ti$n. a
dao ti$n pha, n6 la 90° va lon hon Hinh 3: Goc chinh 0. III'00i cat dao ti~n
(Hinh 3).
Bang 1: Tr] 56 chuan eho g6e tao phoi va g6e thoat
Goc chinh 'X (goc nghi€mg) (Hinh 3) giCra mOi cat iJ dao ti~n
chinh va true chi tiet anh hLl'ang den hinh danq cua V~t lieu
ti~t dien phoi cat cOng nhu dO lon cua h,l'.cdan ti~n va
chieu cua ap Il)'c cat. Stden 6° ... 8° 12° ... 14° HSS
Rm = 500 N/mm2 5° '" 8° 10° ... 15° HM
Goc trU'cYc I. xac dinh v! tri cua mOi cat chinh dua Stden 6° ... 8° 8° ... 10° HSS
tren chi tiet va anh hLl'ang den SI!' thoat phoi. V6'i g6c Rm = 900 N/mm2 5° ... 8° 6° ... 10° HM
truoc dtronq. canh vat bat dau a g6c mOi, 51)' thoat
HSS
phoi thuan IO'i. a viec cat gian dean ngLl'ai ta phai GG 6° '" 8° 0°
5° ... 8° 0° ... 5° HM
chap nhan 51)' thoat phoi khong thuan IO'i,g6c truoc
a
am mOi cat chinh. Tuy nhien trong truonq hop nay HQ'pkim Cu-Zn
6° ... 8° 0° HSS
g6e mOi tiep xuc voi chi tiet dll cat sau cung va vi th~ 5° ... 8° 0° ... 10° HM
b] mal rnon cham hon. 10° ... 12° 8° ... 12° HSS
Chatdeo
8° ... 10° 10° ... 12° HM
 7.5 Tach 193

Tong quan: Cae lo~i dao ti~n

Dao ti~n ben d~ng eong Dao ti~n m~t dau d~ng
cong
ISO 6 DIN 498
ISO 5 DIN 4977
SlI' dunq cho gia conq
tinh a tien doc va tien Dung de cM Ifly phoi thO
ngang a m$t d~u (tien ngang)

Dao ti~n thAng Dao ti~n cong

ISO 1 DIN 4971 ISO 2 DIN 4972

Thich hO'P cho gia cong SlI' dunq cho gia cong
tho ati$n doc pha thO a
tien doc va tien
ngang

Dao ti~n g6e d~ng cong Dao ti~n chich

(dao ti~n ranh)
ISO 3 DIN 4978
ISO 7 DIN 4981
SlI' dl,mg cho gia cong tinh
tll' trong ra nqoai, a
ti$n SlI' dl,mg lam dao tien chich
tron doc true va tien g6c. ranh achu vi, dao tien chich
dt d(Pt ch i tiet.

Dao ti~n g6e trong Dao ti~n trong

ISO 9 DIN 4974 ISO 8 DIN 4973

Su dunq cho ti$n 10 va tlen SlI' dunq de tien m6c 16

tinh cac 16 c6 g6' (16 bac) (tlen tho va tien tinh)
(mat phang va mat ben)

Chat Ii~u cat (y IU'CYiti~n

Chflt lieu lU'ai cat duoc Sll' dung a tien la thep gi6 nang suat cao (HSS). hO'P kim c(Png (HM) va chat lieu cat
oxit g~m.

Dao ti~n bang HSS deo va cunq, thich hO'P cho hau
het cac conq viec tien. Khi b] mal men nhanh n6 c6 the
dU'O'c rnai lai ma khonq can nhieu conq sue. Tuy nhien
chat lieu nay chi cho phep gia cong chi tiet vci van toc
cat tU'O'ng doi thap, vi nang suat cat a
nhiet do tren
600°C qiarn dang ke (do ben nhiet thap).

Dao ti~n thap hop kim c(Png cho phep tien voi toe do
cat cao hon, £)0 ben nhiet cua chat lieu nay khoanq a
900°C. Phan Ian n6 duoc kep vao than dao tien dU'ai
Hinh 1: Can dao ti~n v60i rnanh c~t tr6>bil
danq rnanh cat tro b~ hay han dinh vao can qua han
vay c(Png.

Chelt li~u c~t bang oxit gom (tll' oxit nhom) vo cunq c(Png va khOng b] rnai men nhunq rflt nhay voi va dap. (y
toc de) cat rflt cao nhiet do c6 the den 1300°C. Chat li$u cat nay cOng duoc Sll' dung lam rnanh cat tro be.
Dung djch b6i tron va lam ngu9i qiarn bot ma sat va qua d6 tUGi tho cua dung Cu co the tang lem voi cunq mot
t6c do cat. Tuy nhien & dung cu voi hO'P kim c(Png (neu thuc sl,l' duoc lam nguoi) phai duoc bao dam viec lam
nguOi kh6ng b] qian doan de tranh rurt do (Png suat lam nguOi.
194 7 chll tao nhCPng h~ thong coo khi (Ky thuat gia cong)

T6c de> cat 0>ti~n

Trang phuonq phap ti~n, phoi dU'Q'C tach roi voi toc
de> cat Vc' TlSc do c~t tU'O'ng LPng toc 00 chu vi cua chi
tiet (y diem cat cua 1). N6 tuy thuoc
dao ti~n (Hinh
VaG dU'o>ng kinh chi tillt d 6' vi trl tach phoi va tan
so quay cua true chinh gia cong n (xem thi du va
Hinh 2) va c6 the oU'Q'Ctinh nhU' sau:

Vc ~ TC· d· n
• v, = 1t. d- n m/min

Hinh 1: Thay dbi toe dQ cat (y tiin so quay dU'9'c giiP nguyen
kh6ng thay dbi trong tii)n ngang (tii)n vat m~t)
T6c d9 nay khong doi & ti$n doc true, tuy nhien 6' ti$n
vat mat (ti$n ngang) n6 thay doi den Vc m/min & =a
tam cua chi tiet (Hinh 1), khi tan s6 quay dU'Q'c giG>
khong thay dbi. ree dQ cat cho phep & cat lay phoi
cua chi tiet duoc lay ra tCf bang tra CLPU,dLYQ'c tlm ra
qua thLP nghi~m.
~
.;a)
o
'0-
ree de> cat tuy thuQc VaG cac thong so cho '0
o
truoc cua: <0
I-

• V~t Ii$u cua dunq cu,

• Tu6i tho mong muon cua dl,lng CI,J,
• BLY6'c dan tien,
• Chieu sau cat,
30 35 40 mm 50
• V~t li$u cua chi tiet, £)u'6'ng kinh d _
• £)9 b6ng be mat mong muon va
• Viec lam ngu9i. Hinh 2: Xac dinh t/in s6 quay n (y true chinh gia eong
(vang/ph.:.t)

Toc d9 cat qua cao lam dao tien b] qua tai. Qua nhiet
tCf ma sat, dl,lng cu b] mal men som. Tfln 56 quay cua true chinh gia cong (lam viec)
phai OlJ'Q'cchinh (cal o~t).
BU'o>c dan tilln va tiet di~n phoi cat Cho: Vc ~ 22 m/rnin, d ~ 35 mm
Tim: n =? 1/min
BlI'O>c dan tjt!n f anh hLY&ng dang ke den d9 b6ng
a) Tinh: b) Tra {y bang:
be mat cua be mat tien. Vi the cac buoc dan tien nho
(0,05 'mm/veng d~n 2,2 mrn/vonq) dLYQ'cchon de ti$n n=~
d·1t n = 200 min-t
tinh, bLY6'c dan tien lon hon de ti$n tho (tien pha). V6'i
bLY6'c dan tien lon hon de tien tho cOng lam tang the n ~ 22 m/min ~ 200,08 min-1
0,035 m· 1t
tich phoi.

Chu 'I: Khi tan s6 quay OLYQ'ctinh toan khonq

TCf bU'o>c dan tilln f va chieu sau cat ap cho ra tillt the chinh OLYQ'cthi S8 chon 86 nhe hon tiep. ke
di~n phoi cat A (Hinh 3), rna danq cua n6 cOng b] anh
hU'&ng qua g6c chinh X (Hinh 3, trang 192) .

• A = t . ap
ap: f
3: 1 d~n 8 : 1
Tiet dien phoi cat va the tich phoi tuy thuoc VaG hieu
suat va SI,J' 6n dinh cua may ti$n, nqoai ra chunq can
tuy thuoc VaG chat li~u mOi cat cua dao ti$n.

Tiet di$n phoi cat dat dLYQ'cthuan lQ'i qua chieu sau
cat lon cling luc voi ouoc dan tiEm nho (ty 1$ khoanq 8U'&c diin li{,n
3:1 dem 8:1). Hinh 3: Ti~t dii)n phoi dt
 7.5 Tach 195

May ti~n

TU'O'ng(rng voi nhCmg doi hoi khac nhau duoc d~t ra trong gia cong {y may tien nqay nay rna ngU'ai ta che ra
cac loai may tien co ket cau khac biet, thi du nhU' may tien co ch5ng tam, may ti$n tl! d9n9 dieu khi~n b~ng cam,
may ti$n tl! d9n9 dieu khien s5 CNC, te bao tien linh hoat, may tien d(rng (may ti$n revonve d(rng - may tii;ln
Carusen). Tuy theo pham vi (rng dunq, ngU'ai ta phan biet may tien van nanq va may tii;ln chuyen dung. M9t thi
du di~n hinh duoc rno ta {y day la may ti$n "cb di~n" vit me co true di?intien (Hinh 1) va dU'Q'Ctiep tuc phat tri~n
thanh may tien CNC (xem rnuc 7.7). Ca hai deu ta d<;lidien cho may tii;ln van nanq, co nghTa 113hau het cac cong
vi$c tii;ln co th~ duoc thuc hien tren cac may nhu v$y.

May ti~n true vit (vit me) co true d&n titm dU'Q'cstY dunq cho gia conq chi tiet don Ie va ca cho gia cong loat
nho, No chia ra thanh nhieu cum lap rap. V trLPIYcdam nhan truyen dQng chinh (d9n9 CO' di$n) va true chinh (true
lam viec}. Nqoai ra n6 c6 hQPs6 chinh d~ phuc vu vi$c chuyen dbi s6 vong quay. HQp s6 chinh di?indQng dong
thai voi h¢p s6 phu (hQPs6 dan tien), cho phep chinh buoc di?intien tU'O'ng(rng phu hop voi tlfng cong viec tien
(conq dean ti$n). Qua hQPs6 truyen d¢ng (buoc dan tien), true d&n tiEm truyen dQng Ian nCJ'athanh buoc tien
doc true va buoc tien ngang tl,l' dQng qua met hQp s6 vit vo tan.

True vit me phuc vu Dong GO' dien Tr~G chinh lam vi$c
lam ren. N6 an khop (gia GOng)

voi ban xa dao qua

mot dai 6c cua vit me
(dai 6c hai rnanh, dai
6c cua vit di?in).

c-,
HQp xa dao (Hinh 2)

•
""E
kep chat va di?in dao E
:$
tien. N6 duoc thiet o
ke dU'6'i danq ban '"
o
dao chCJ'thap va c6
th~ oU'Q'ccnuyen dlch
bcf3ngtay nho VaG pi
nhong (banh rang
nhe) va thanh rang
tren bang may ti$n
(theo chieu true z).

Trong nap d~y ban xa

Hop xa dao
dao c6 b¢ ph$n cua
(Ban dao)
thiet b] dQng Il,I'c d~
lam chuyen dQng h¢p
xa dao theo cnieu doc
va chieu ngang. . Hinh 1: Nhfrng cum lap rap chu y€lu cua may ti~n co vit me vii true dan ti€ln (so db)

Ban tru'ot dao ngang di chuyen qua mot true c6 rang

va dan chuyen dQng phi1lng(true x).

Ban trLPQ'tdao trim giCJ'I~y dunq cu va ket n6i voi xa

dao ngang qua mot dTa quay, do do n6 co th~ chinh
nghieng thi du nhu trong tien con.

V sau. (Hinh 1) nhu la bo true d6i co nhiern vu gia

ceing chi tiM dai hon va d~ giCJ'dl,lng cu, thi du nhu'
khoan, doa va la.
196 7 chA tao nhfrng h~ thf>ng co khi (Ky thuat gia cong)

Thi dl,l gia cong TI;N - Quy tik lam vi~c (gia can g)

VcYi quan diem gia conq hop Iy, ngU'cYita cOng can d~ 42
ra mot ke hoach gia conq cho san xuat chi tiet don Ie
Ra 0,8
va san xu at 10C;ltnho.

Qua do can lU'u y nhll'ng diem sau day: co

-'=
1--._.- .- .. - 0
rn
• SU>dl,mg canq it dunq cu canq tot Q

• Kt;lp chat va kep lC;lichi tiet canq it canq t6t

• Gia cong vcYi toc d(> quay va bU'cYCdan tien duoc
chinh toi uu 20
• Tang tulli tho cho dunq cu Hinh 1: Bulong

Bang 1: San xuat mQt bulong

3 4 5 6
Kep (y rnarn Tien sa cho nen tinh Tlen hoan Tien chich Tien ph~ng
Bwac gia cong ba chau, kich tnuoc cho kich tat (y kich dLPt bulonq mat dflu
tien mat dflu 031 mm thuoc 030 thucc 048 (y kich thuoc theo chieu
(tien tinh) (ti$n pha) mm (tien mm (tien 030mm dc'li 42 mm
tinh) tinh) (chich dLPt) (tien tinh)

Qua trinh gia

cong (Phac hoa)

J
Diiln9 dl,lng cl,I

~
Chat lieu dt HM HM HM HM HSS HM
BU'60c dAn tien f (mmlv6ng) 0,1 0,4 0,05 0,1 0,8 0,1
T6c de;, cat Vc
(rn/phut) 280 200 280 280 24 280
Tan s6 quay
n (v6ng/phut) 1600 1250 2500 1600 160 1600

Truoc khi thao ra cOng nhU' kep lai, phai kiem tra dU'cYng kinh hay chieu dai bang dunq cu do din thiet,

1. Goc nao thay dlli khi dao tien khong narn (y tam va gay ra hau qua gi doi v&i viec gia conq cat 99t?

2. Tr] so nao can thiet de xac dinh tfln s6 quay cua mot may tien?

3. NgU'&i ta chon toe do cat va bU'cYCdan tien nhtr the nao de co duoc bil mat nhan?

4. MOi cat hop kim cunq co thuan lQ'i gi so voi dao tien bang thep gio (HSS)?

5. Hay phac hoa mot dao tien va diiln goc thoat, goc nern va goc tao phoi (qoc tnroc) tren ban ve?

6. Cum cau kien nao cua may tien voi true vit me va true dan tien tham gia vao viec truyen nang 1U'Q'ngden
chi tiet?

7. Cum cau kien nao duoc gan them rnoi VaG mot may tlen CNC?

8. Hay so sanh Sl! chuyen doi thong tin (y may tien c6 dien voi may ti$n CNC?

9. Hay d~t ra mot ke hoach lam viec cho mot chi tiet tien tl! chon theo thi du nhu (y hU'&ng dan trsn.
 7.5 Tach 197

7.5.11 Phay
Vai phuonq phap phay ngU'cYi ta c6 the gia cong cac
LU'ai cat
be mat bang phang va b€l mat conq, profln, banh rang.
chu vi
ranh va ren.

ChuyEin
Phay la phuonq phap gia conq cat c6 phoi voi dong cat
mot dunq cu nhi€!u IU'Ooi cllt va chuy€m dQng
cat tron d§ che tao cac b~ mat chi ti~t b~1t ky.
LU'O'icat
rnat dau
Dl,Ing cu phay

Hinh 1: Dao phay Ian m~t dAu

Dunq cu phay (dao phay. IU'Ooiphay) c6 cac dU'cYng
vien (bien d<;ing) cua mot vat the dC;lngtrue Ian (Hinh 1).

LU'iYi cat chinh la IU'Ooi cat chu vi. nam tren b~ mat
xung quanh (be mat baa) cua hinh tru tU'ang tuonq.
Nh[Yng lU'iYi cat bsn, nh[Yng IU'Ooicat m~t dau, trena
be m~t vonq tron.

MOi cat dao phay c6 hinh d1;mg cua mot cai nern
(Hinh 2). atrang g6c vuonq 900 duoc tao bai b~ mat
chi tiet va true thtmg g6c voi true dao phay, ngU'cYita c6
the nhan thay mot each r6 rang goc nem P. goc thoat

•
a voi m~t thoat va goc tao phoi r voi mat tao phoi.

Goc truoc A (g6c xoan) chi dO doc cua canh cat so

vai true dao phay (Hinh 3). Khi A =
OD. mep cat (lU'iYi
cat) an VaG kh6ng dot ngOt. nhunq tCPtCPtharn nhap Hinh 2: G6c 6> lU'o>i cat dao phay
VaG b~ mat chi ti~t. 80 Ian cua g6c a. {3va r phu thuoc
VaG vat li$u duoc gia conq,

se IU'Ooicat cOng phu tnuoc VaG vat li$u cua chi ti~t.
Vat li$u rnern phat sinh 1U'Q'ngphoi Ian. Do v$y khoanq
trang gi[Ya hai rang rna trang d6 cac phoi duoc van
chuyen Ian han so voi vat lieu cLmg hon. Voi dU'cYng
kinh dao phay bang nhau ngU'cYita LPng dl,lng di~u sau
day:

V~t li~u m€!m: Khoang trang gi[Ya hai rang Ian

So rang nh6
V~t li~u cLPng: Khoanq trang gi[Ya hai rang nh6
So rang Ian
Hinh 3: Goc trU'o>c 0. dao phay rllng xoan

Vi the {y dunq cu phay, nha san xuat phan bi$t loai N

(binh thuonq), W (rnern) va H (cunq, Hinh 4).

Thong thU'cYng thep gio (thep cat nhanh HSS) duoc

SLr dl,lng lam chat liiju cat. Thep gi6 co tinh deo dai
can thi~t va co kha nang chiu thay dei nhiet do viec
cat gian doan. HQ'p kim cLPng (HM) duoc SLr dunq
lam rnanh cat a
dau dao cat (Trang 199, t6ng quan)
va rnanh ccf!t tro be a
cac dau phay (Trang 199, tbng
quan).
Hinh 4: Dao phay loal N. lo~i H va lo~i W
198 7 Che tao nhung h~ thong co khi (Ky thu~t gia eong)

Cac ehuylm dc)ng trong gia eong

Chuylm dong ~t
BU'&cdan ti§n m6i rang

a phay, dunq cu thuc hien chuyen dQng cat

tron. bli ngang c~t

Chi ti~t thuc hien ehuy€m dQng dan tiEm. va

Chuyen dc)ng bll'cYc tien ngang co thl! dLfOOC chiliu sau ctlt
thuc hien boi chi ti~t va (bai) dunq cu.

Viec lo~i be phoi qua sUo dl,lng canh cat lien tuc noi
ti~p nhau hau nhu kh6ng co gian dean (Hinh 1 va
Chuylin dong dim tilln
hinh 2).
Hinh 1: Chuy~n dong & phay chu vi (phay Ian)
Chuyen dQng dan tien thLfang duoc thuc hlen theo
mot hLfang nhLfng cOng co the OLfOOC
thuc hi$n cunq
a
luc nhi~u hU'ang.
Chuyen dong BU'&ctien ngang cua bli ngang cat
B~ day (chieu sau cat phoi) va b~ ngang (be rong dan tien
cua phoi) cua lap vat li$u cat It.y phoi OLfOOC
chon qua
bll'Ooetilm ngang (Hinh 1 va hinh 2), trang rnuc dQ
dl,lng cu cho phep,

PMn loai phll'O'ng phap phay

Sl,J'da danq cua phuonq phap phay oU'OOc

ehia theo
nhCPngquan oil!m khac nhau.

PMn biet theo each v~n hanh cua dao phay: BU'<Yc dan
tien moi rilng

Phay ehu vi (phay Ian): Cac lU'oi cat chinh narn chua Hinh 2: Chuyen dc;ing& phay m~t dau
vi tao ra be mat chi tiel. Cac phoi co tiet dien hinh dau
phay (Hinh 1). True cua dao phay nam song song voi
be mat gia congo

a
Phay Ian mat dau: LU'oi cat phu narn mat o~u (mi;it
rnut) cua dao phay tao ra be mat chi ti~t (Hinh 2). True
dao phay vuonq goc voi be mat.

Phay mat dau - Phay ehu vi (bao hinh): B~ mat chi

ti~t OLfOOC
tao ra cunq luc tlf ILf5'i cat chinh va lU'oi cat
phu (Hinh 3).

Phan biet theo ehieu dan tien: Hinh 3: Phay liin m~t dau - Phay chu vi

Phay thuan: Trang pharn vi tac oong cua lU'oi cat dao
phay, chieu quay cua dao phay cung chieu vai buoc
a
dan ti~n cua chi tiet (Hinh 4). Vi,it Ii$u oU'Q'Ccat vi tri
cua ti~t dien phoi Ian nhat. Vi dao phay co xe chi ti~t
a chieu buoc dan tiEm, nen trang thiet bi kh6ng oU'Q'C
tao ra buoc dan ti~n co do h6>(do ro).

Phay nghjch: Trong pharn vi tac oQng cua lU'oi dt

dao phay, chieu quay cua dao phay va buoc dan
ti~n cua chi ti~t nquoc chieu voi nhau. LU'oi cat truot
nhe tren chi ti~t truoc khi no tnarn nhap vao b~ m~lt
(Hinh 5). Hinh 4: Phay thu~n Hinh 5: Phay ngh!ch
 7.5 Tach 199

a phay nqhich ILP5'icat se mau man hon 6>phay thuan. Lt)'c cat l6>n nhat 6>cuoi qua trinh cat phoi va sau do dot
ngQt bang O. 8i€Ju nay co th~ den d~n rung, de nnan biet qua XQC (g6> nho). Phay nqhjch chi thuan loi khi gia
conq b€J mat clfng (chi tiet gang due va chi tiet ren).

Phan biet theo danq dt)' ki~n cua chi tiet nhu sau:

• Phay ph~ng d~ tao ra b€Jmat phang (thi du: Hinh 8)

• Dao phay bQ (dao phay t6 hop), (y do nhieu dTa phay (Hinh 6) dLPQ'ckep tren mot true ga (Hinh 2, trang 200)

• Phay chep hinh (thi du: Hinh 4 va Hinh 5)

• Phay dinh danq, (y do chuyen dQng den tifm dLPQ'cdi~u khi~n qua cac trang thiet b] di€lu khien (Hinh 12).

Cac loai dao phay

NgLP6'i ta co the phan biet dl,mg CI,Jphay theo ke! cau thiet ke nhu dao phay can lap (Hlnh 1, Hlnh 2 ... ), dao
phay ng6n (Hlnh 9, Hlnh 10 ... ) va dao phay ILPiYi chap (dau dao phay) (Hlnh 8) cOng ntur dau phay (Hlnh 7).
Theo loai che tao ngLP6'i ta phan bi$t dLPQ'c dao phay cat rang nhon (Hlnh 1, Hinh 2), dao phay xen llJ'ng
(Hinh 4) cOng nrur dao phay thap llJ'iYi cat (Hinh 7, Hinh 8).

Hinh 1: Oao phay Ian m~t dau Hinh 2: Oao phay Ian Hinh 3: Oao phay Ian v6>i Hinh 4: Oao phay d\lng ban
rang phay pha nguy~t

Hinh 5: Oao phay gec mat Hinh 6: Oao phay dia cat Hinh 7: Dau phay v6>i rnanh Hinh 8: Diiu dao phay
dau rang cheo hop kim dll'Q'c ghep
(thap)

Hinh 9, Dao phay ng6n (dao Hinh 10: Dao phay 10 dili Hinh 11: Phay ngon cho Hinh 12: Oao phay khoet
phay tru [Link]) ranh T (Oao phay khuon)
200 7 Chl! tao nhli'ng h~ thOng co khi (Ky thu~t gia cong)

Cong vi~c 6> may phay Chuoicon cua true

True phaychinh
narn ngang chinhthiingg6c
L09i ket cau may phay duoc pho bien rQng rai nhat
113may phay cong xon (may phay dl! chan quy)
(Hinh 1).

TUy theo vi tri cua true chinh den ban gia conq (ban
kep chi tiet) ngU'ai ta phan biet may phay ngang (de
phay bien chu vi, Hinh 2) va may phay d(Png (de
phay mat dau).
Ban
a may phay van nang (Hinh 1) co mot dau true chinh may
xoay oU'Q'Cva dU'Q'Ctrang b] vai hai true chinh va ban
co the xoay va chinh duoc nhieu canh, Ngoai ra may
phay dl)ng cu van nang con co the trang b] de khoan
va d~y (chot),
[Link]
biinglay
ree dQ dit
£)U'Q'Cthe hien bflng m/phut. Tuoi tho cua dl)ng cu
giam vai t6c do cat tang. £)(>bong be mat t6t hon &
toc do cat Ian non (Bang 1).
Hinh 1: Mayphayvan nang
Toc do cat tuy thuoc vao vat li$u gia cong, chat lii;!u
cat, 109idao phay duoc SLP dl)ng, thiet ke may va di~u
ki$n cat. Vi the phai chu y can than nhO>ngchi dan cua
nha sari xuat may va dl)ng cu. Bang 1: Giil tr] chuan Vc va fz cho cac diiu phay vai
hop kim clmg-manh hQ'pkim tr60b~ (Trich)
BU'c)ocdan til!n Lo••i Thep khong Thep hop kim
giading hQ'PkimRmd~n Rmd~n
£)U'Q'cthe hien b~ng mm cho moi rang dao phay hoac 700 N/mm2 1000 N/mm2
b~ng rn/phut cho van toe buoc dan tien. Viec chon 100 ... 200
Vo 60 ... 200 70 ... 140
buo c dan ti~n cOng nnu' cnieu sau cat cOng tuy thuoc Phaypha
vao chat li$u cat cua dao phay, v~t lii;!u gia conq, 109i f, 0,1 ... 0,4 0,1 ... 0,4 0,1 ... 0,5
dao phay va 109i may cOng nhu dieu ki$n cat. Chat v, 100 ... 300 80 ... 220 90 ... 300
1U'9'ng can thiet cua b~ m~t chi tiet la yeu to quyet Phaytinh
f, 0,1 ... 0,3 0,06 ... 0,3 0,1 ... 0,25
dinh.

a phay pha nen gia cong voi buoc dan tien Ian
nhat co the.

a phay tinh chon mot buoc dBn tien nho de co

the dat chat 1U'Q'ngbe mat yeu cau.

Phonq ng(Pa tai nan

• Khi can chinh, cai dat va lam sach may phai ngat
di$n & cong tac chinh.
• Khi do cOng nhu thay doi dunq Cl) va chi tiet phai
ngU'ng may. Hinh 2: Mayphay ngangv60ibQdao phayghep (daophay bQ)

• Truoc khi dU'a VaG SLP dung phai kiem tra chia kh6a
siet va tay quay da duoc thao ra chua, chi tiet va
cac bQphan siet co the va cham voi dunq cu khong. • Lam viae a may phay phai rnac do bao hQvCravan.
• Khi may chay, khonq bao gia de tay gan voi mOi • a phay voi vat Ii$u cho phoi ngan (thi du nhU' gang)
cat, kh6ng lay phoi (bavia) vo'i cay co noac voi pMi mang kinh bao v$ de ngCra phoi vang ra. T6t
nhO>ngphuonq tien tU'O'ngti! khac, Kh6ng 109i bo hon nen SLY dunq chup bao v$ va nh[fng phuonq
thiet b] bao vi;!. tii;!n tU'O'ngtu.
 7.5 Tach 201

Llfa chon phU'O'ng phap

Chuylm dong cat

Xet va hieu qua kinh t€! thi phay chu vi mat d~u
duoc L1'Utien h,l'a chon hon phay chu vi.

LLI'ai cat chinh a

chu vi dunq cu tach phoi ra, trang khi
lU'ai cat phu lam lang b~ mat chi tiet Tac dong phay
thuan va tac dong phay nqhjch xay ra cunq luc, qua
d6 may dU'Q'c chju tai deu (Hinh 1). Cong suat truyen
dQng c6 thil nho hon a
phay chu vi, vi dao phay co
thil chiu tai rnanh hon qua kep ngan. Dao phay Ian
mat dau khOng nhCl'ng co thil dU'Q'c kep ngang rna c6n Buoc d~n tit'ln
th~ng g6c. Hinh 1: Chuyen dong (y phay chu vi m~t dau

chon dao phay

DU'o>ng kinh ngoai cua dao phay canq nho thi momen
quay can thiet canq nho va nhu the tal cua true chinh
phay cOng nho theo. Ngoai ra phai chu 'I:

• Danq va dQ b6ng be mat cua chi tiet

• Chat li$u cat va 56 rang cua dao phay

• Phuonq phap phay va chteu buoc dan tien

Vit siet £)llU true Dao Bac 16t £)ai oe true •
ga phay
K~p dao phay phayehinh phaylan

Hinh 2: K~p cua dao phay Ian

De kep va lap di;it dao phay ngLl'ai ta SLr dung dl,lng cu
kep ch~t (sillt) di;ic biet. Dung CI,I nay g6m c6 true ga
dao phay vol cac vonq, true g8 dao phay can lap, true
qa quanq va khau bc kep (Hinh 2, 3 va 4). De ngan
Con dunq cu
ngll'a do vang cua true trang luc phay lan, true ga dao
Con
phay phai duoc da trang mot 6 trl,JCd6i dien (Hinh 2). morse

Dao phay rang xoan phai dLl'Q'c kep san cho Ii,l'c doc
true tac dQng theo chieu cua true chinh (Hinh 3, trang Be rnat bo
phan keo
197). Khi hai dao phay Ian dU'Q'Cket hop co chieu xoan
ngU'Q'c lai voi nhau, n6 phai dU'Q'c kep san cho li,J'cdoc
Ong kep
true triet tieu Ian nhau. dim hei

Quy tac lam vi~c V6ng d$m Khilu

trung gian oe kep
• Tnroc khi kep, chi tiet phai dLl'Q'Ccat bavia dil dam (dai 6e
Dao sit'll)
bao de tua dLl'Q'Cchac chan.
phay

• Cac phLl'O'ng ti$n kep pha: phu hop voi danq va dQ

Ian cua chi tiet. Hinh 3: True ga can I~p cho Hinh 4: Khiiu be kep cho dao
dao phay ng6n phay ng6n

• Cac chi tiet phai cll'ng (vfrng), duoc kep canq sau
canq t6t va gan ga diY.

• Chi tiet ngan va nh6 dLl'Q'Ckep van eto, neu Ian hon • Khi kep phai chu 'I den then bang (mang dao phay
thi kep van ban may. tren true ga dao phay) dU'Q'c bo chac chan.

• DU'ang kinh cua true ga kep dLl'Q'c chon cane Ian • Dao phay phal duoc rna: lai kip thai.
cang t6t de gifr dq vang it.
202 7 Ch~ tao nhli'ng h~ thong coo khi (Ky thuat gia cong)

7.5.12 Mai

Cac mat phang va mat cong cOng nhU' tiet di$n deu va khong deu dU'Q'c t90 ra va gia conq bang nhieu phuonq
phap mal knac nhau. Dunq CI,Jrnai bao g6m so 1U'Q'nglon nhfrng hat rnai nho, rat cunq, Chung c6 hinh danq
khcnq deu va dU'Q'Cgifr 19i voi nhau qua vat li$u nen (chat ket dinh).

Mai la mot phuonq phap gia conq 109i be phoi voi dunq CI,Jnhieu mOi cat va lU'ai cat voi danq hinh hoc
khong xac djnh de t90 ra be mat chi tiet da danq,

Thong thU'ong rnai la giai doan gia cong tinh tao ra be mat voi dQ nharn (be mat nhap nho) rat nho cOng nhu'
do chinh xac cao ve kich thuoc va hinh danq, sau khi danq hinh hoc cua chi tiet duoc t<;10ra qua cac phuonq
phap gia conq khac,

Mai cOng dU'Q'c su' dl,mg de rnai sac, phuc h6i 19i tinh Hat mai Chuy~n dQng cat Chat ket dinh
chat cat got cua cac dl,lng CI,J cat [Link] khi b] cun.

Mal la phU'O'ng phap quan tronq nhat de lAy bavia sau

nhieu phU'O'ng phap gia cong (thi du: lam sach gang,
cat tori).

Dl,Jng cu mal

NgU'oi ta xac dinh tinh chat cua mot dTa da mai

tlf chat li$u mal dU'Q'c ket dinh qua phlJ'O'ng ti~n
mai va de) hat cua n6 cOng nhu chAt kllt dinh
Bu6ng crura phoi La bong
va sue ben cua n6 (de? c(vng) va cau true tinh
the (Hinh 1). Hinh 1: Thanh phan tinh the cua dil mal

PhlJ'O'ng ti~n rnai (V~t li~u mail

V~t li~u cat thuc sv la nhfrng hat cua vat li$u rnai,
chunq tach phoi reri vat lieu.

(y mal viec lo~i b6 phoi xay ra do s6 1U'Q'nglon khong

xac dinh cua nhfrng mOi cat hinh d9ng kh6ng deu cua
nhfrng hat mai nay. V6>i d(> ph6ng du lon ngU'oi ta
cOng c6 the biet dU'Q'Cd9i khai di;lng cua m91 nem cat
(Hinh 2). ThOng thU'erng t6ng cua gac nem /3 va gac
thoat a ton hon g6c vuonq (f3 + a > 900) va gac tao
phoi r am d~ t<;10thanh tac dQng cao. B~t d~u loai bo phoi Ket tnuc IOai b6 phoi

Hinh 2: Gee hat mai khi loai be phoi

PhlJ'O'ng ti~n rnai chu yeu phai cunq hon vat Ii$u
can cat tach phoi.

Bang 1: Ma so kich cO>hat

NgU'eri ta St1 dunq khoanq san tl)' nhien hoac khoanq
san nhan t90. £)6 la bot rnai (coridon) (A), Carbon
£>0 h t lrng dl,mg
Silium (C), Bonitrit (B) va Kim CU'O'ng (D). Moi da ThO 4 6 8 1012 14 16 20 24 Mai tho
mal chi chira vat li$u rnai c6 kich ca
hat d6ng nhat ViJoa 30 36 46 54 60
(Bang 1). Mai tinh
Min 70 80 90 100 120 150 180 220

Kich cO> h~t anh hU'6>ng den cong suat cat got R§tmin
230 240 280 320 400 500 Mai tinh va
600 800 1000 1200 CI,J'C tinh
phoi va chat 1U'Q'ngbe mat.
 7.5 Tach 203

Bang 1: Chat ket dinh eho dia mal

Chat k€lt dinh gili' cac hat mal lai voi nhau (Bang 1). LOGli Ky hi$u Tinh chllt va (mg dunq
Khi da b] man, chunq can phai va ra. Khi va qua k~t dinh ngim
nhanh, dTa rnai man rtJt nhanh, can neu lien ket qua Ph6 bi~n nhat, tro (khong nhay) vai
clYng, cac hat S8 man qua nhieu va sinh nhlet dO qua G6m v nuoc, dau va nhlet, khong dim hoi
cao. va gi6n.
Caosu R
R~t dan h6i va dai, cho t6c de;>chu
Cao su vi cao, r§t nhay voi nhiet, thich hop
c6 soi 9ia RF
DQ cCPng cua mot dTa mal113thuoc do iI,l'c ket cho mal uot, cong suat thap.
wang
dinh cua cac hat rnai qua chat k€lt dinh.
B
Chat kat dinh dan hoi ph6 bien
nhat, do ben cao, do dai, cho Cia
soi gia BF mal mong va t6c do chu vi cao.
wang
Khi Ii,l'a chon vat li$u cho dTa mal, cap dQ cCPng phai
duoc thich IYng (phu hop) voi vat li$u chi tiet (Bang 2). Kirn loai Do blln co khi va de;> ben mal men
M
a vat Ii$u clYng va gion, da rnai mau man, vi the n6 cao, it nhay vai va di,ip manh.
phai co the va ra tLr chat k€lt dinh d~ dang non. a vat
lieu rnern va dai cac hat mal giCl' dlJ'OOCsac ben lau
hon, Vi v$y ll,J'a chon dTa mai hop Iy la: Bang 2: Ky hi~u biing eh[P eho de? ewng cua
dellmai
ABC D M N W X Y Z
Cl,J'Crnern Trung binh Cl,J'CclYng
vat li$u clYng - dTa mal rnern
Vc;it Ii$u rnern - dTa rnai cunq

•
Bang 3: Ky hi~u bang 56 eho cau true cua dil rnai
Cau true tinh the

o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Phan bo khong gian cua cac hat mal, chat ket dinh va
Cau true chat (dac) kin Cau true h&
la bong tao thanh c3U true cua dTa rnai (Bang 3). So
ky hieu chi dQ xop (d(> bong, dO rang), cOng co nghia La rang nho La rang lon
da mal co cau true kin hoac ho.

Ll,J'a chon cau true phai llJ'u y den llJ'oong phoi don nen
(Hinh 1, trang 202), phoi canq nhieu, cac la bong (Ia
rang) phai canq Ian.

~
a mai uot, dung dlch lam nguoi co the dlJ'OOCvan IF,!, 4J
chuyen t&i vi tri rnai (vi tri tiep xu c) qua la bong Ian.
8ieu nay tang cao cong suat loai be phoi.
rt\
8Ta rnai chat (kin) c6 d(> clYng cao va hao man khong
~
qua nhanh. Tuy nhien n6 co the bi phoi dinh vao de
dang hon va phai dlJ'OOC
thlJ'Crng xuyen liec lai, Hinh 1: 0"n9 co ban cua dia mid

Hinh d'llng cua dia rnai

.

8Ta mal phan leal theo d<;lng hinh hoc CO' ban va each .
kep chat (8Ta rnai -16 khoan; chot rnai - cot) (Hinh 1). ~

I
.
ThlJ'Crng SlY dl,mg nhieu nhat 113 dTa rnai thang, ben .
canh danq true Ian (con Ian) thOng thuonq can c6
d<;lng profin (Hinh 2).
Hinh 2: 0"n9 profin dia mai
204 7 Che t~o nhli'ng h~ thong cO' khi (Ky thu~t gia cong)

Ten 99i cua dl,lng CI,I mat Bang 1: SOldo ky hi~u cua dla rnai tieu chuan
(Thi du: d~ng rut 99n)
Phan loai va ten gOi cua ilia rnai de duoc

UJJ
Hinh dang Kich thuoc V~t li(iu
chuan h6a, c6 th~ tlrn thay tfit ca chi dan
din thi§t trsn nhan hi$u cua ilia rnai, 7 400 x 100 x 127 A60 K8 V 35
Danq CO' ban duoc chi dan truoc tien.
Tiep theo d6 la kich thuoc va sau nli'a la
chat lieu cat (Bang 1).
Danq co ban ISO
£)U'ong kinh ngoai d1 = 400 mm
T
B{) ngang da mal b = 100 mm
Cho bang mal, giay nharn va nhli'ng
ElU'ang kinh 10 d2 = 127mm
phuonq tii;ln rnai khac cOng ap dl,mg
V.;tt Ii$u mal A (Coridon) (Bot rnai g6c oxit nhorn) -
nhli'ng quy t~c tU'O'ng tu.
Hat (Ray VcYi60 mat lU'ai (10) mOi inch)
Qua trinh loal be phoi Cap 09 cLmg K = mern
Ky hieu k4t cau 8 (trung binh) -------------'
Chuy€m dQng cat dU'Q'C thuc hien qua K4t dinh V (g6m)
dunq cu, dU'Q'c gOi chung la ilia mal. reo dO cnu vi cho phep 35 m/s
Chuyen d(>ng buoc d;gjn tien va chuyen
dong chinh thU'cYng xay ra tren chi tiet
(Hlnh 1). Chh~u sau cat cOng nhU' be ngang cat dU'ooc xac dinh
Buoc tien ngang
qua blJ'ac tiEm ngang. N~u chi c6 be mat can duoc cai thien qua
mal, thl ilia mal chi can cham nhe vao be m~t cua chi tiet, Ii BU'CYcdan
II
tien ngang
II
'\)
Toc do cat cao non dang ke so voi nhli'ng phuonq phap cat got Chuyen
khac d;gjn den nhi~t di? qua cao trang viec lay phoi. Trang trU'ang dong cat

hop nay cac phoi c6 the n6ng chay hoac n6ng d6 rl)'C (tia ICra
mal).

Lam vi~c vai dl,lng cu mal

£>ia mal co d9 ben keo tU'O'ng 06i tnap do cau true cua no, NhU'
the de khong bi xe roi ra do IlfC Iy tam, tee dO chu vi phai dtroc
gi&i han. BU'CYcdan tien doc true

Hinh 1: Qua trinh IOill be, phoi 6< mal chu vl-
phang

Bang 2: ree di? chu vi cho phep cua dla mai

Uin rnau Xanh da troi Tronq IU'O'ng can bang (bu)

SQC vanq d6 Xanh la cay

50 63 80 100

Can bAng dla mal

Do phan b6 kh6i 1U'Q'ng khonq d6ng deu (khong can bang) &
ilia rnai phat sinh nhfrng luc Iy tam kh6ng d6ng deu. Chung ann
hU'&ng bfit Iooid§n cac bOOtrue cua may mal, chat 1U'Q'ngcua cong
viec rnai va dO mal m6n cua ilia rnai. Vi the vi tri khong can bang
duoc xac dinh tren thiet b] can bang. Sau d6 ngU'ai ta g~n tronq
1U'Q'ngcan bang vao ranh vonq cua mat bich de co sv can bang SI,J' mat can b!ing F
khonq on dinh (Hlnh 2) va ilia rnai chay em. Hinh 2: Ljjp d~t va can bang m¢t dia mal

Phong ngLPa tai nan

• Luon luon deo kinh khi rnai vai may mai kh6ng c6 nap day,

• Chi dU'Q'c phep chinh d4 tl)'a chi ti4t va chup bao v$ khi may d(mg.

• Phai kiem tra khe h& gili'a da rnai (ilia rnai), de tua chi tiet va chup bao v$ moi nqay (Hinh 1).

• 6 rnai kh6 thi bui tlch tu duoc hut ra tuy theo kh8 nang.
 7.6 Ghep noi 205

7.6 Ghep noi

V&i phuonq phap ghep noi, tLl'ng chi ti€lt hay cau ki$n rcYidU'OOc
hop thanh di;lng cu6i cunq nhu mong muon. Qua
do hinh thanh cac thi€lt bi, cum Iilp rap hay may c6 kha nang heat dOng duoc (Hinh 1).

Hinh 1: Tac d9n9 tong hop twng phU'O'ng phap ghep n6i d~ ch~ tao cum lap rap

7.6.1 PMn loal va tac dl,mg

Cac chi ti~t co the gan k~t di dong hay co djnh tuy

•
thuoc VaGloai k~t noi,

• K€lt n6i ghep di dQng, thi du nhu true ren, cac

chi ti~t roi hay cum chi ti~t co the chuyen dong doi
nqhich.

• Ket noi ghep co dinh (cl'Png) co the thao rai hay

Ren chuy~n dong th~ng Vlt Him
kh6ng thao rot. Trang ca hai truonq hop su' dlch Co cau di\n hlfong Chot Him vay
chuyen cac chi ti~t roi voi nhau b] ngan cnan. Kh&p noi Nern Tan ri va (Tim dinh)

Hinh 2: Phan 10<;lik~t noi ghep

• Ket n6i thao rai: cac chi tiet ket noi tach roi khong
can pna huy phuonq tien k€lt n6i.
Tac dunq v$t Iy cua ky thuat ghep noi
• Ket n6i khong thao rai: cac chi tiet ket noi chi co
the tach rai thong qua vi~c pha huy phuonq tien
k~t noi (Hinh 2).
Co the truy€m tai h,Pcgi(fa cac chi ti~t roi, vi dong [Link] cO k~tllI,l'Cbarn
luc khep kin bo-i k~t noi ghep.

NgU'ai ta phan biet gi(fa ket n6i bang v~t li~u, ket
n6i d~ng cl'Png va ket n6i IlfC (Hinh 3).

• Ket n6i bang v~t Ii~u: 0-day vat li$u cua chi ti€lt ket
n6ihQ'pl<;liv&i nhau.

• Ket n6i d'llng khop (cl'Png): £)ieu can thiet de co

k~t noi nay la nh(fng be m.;it tao danq cua cac cau Thi du:
kien va bo phan k€lt noi phai dU'Q'Clap rap VaGvoi vn
nhau. Tan ri va n6ng (Tim
dlnh n6ng)
Co 1,,1(Run)
Ep L\l'c rna sat
• Ket n6i IlfC (k~t noi qua ma sat): phat sinh qua cac
K~p
be mat ep l<;Iiv&i nhau.
Hinh 3: Phan chia phU'O'ng phap ghep n6i theo each tac d\lng
h,l'C
206 7 Che tao nh(Png h~ thong co khi (Ky thu~it gia eong)

7.6.2 Ket noi bulonq

8e chi tiet c6 the thao roi thi ket nai bang ac vit thlJ'ang la ky thuat ket nai tat nhat hay duy nhat rna nglJ'ai ta c6
the SlY dunq duoc.

CaC b(> phan (chi tiet) c6 the ket nai II,I'Cvci nhau va thao roi dlJ'Q'Cbang vlt,

SI,I' ket nai dat dlJ'Q'Cbang vi$c van chat bang vit cua mot ren nqoai vai mot ren trong phu hop. Ren c6 the dlJ'Q'C
lap vao chi tiet hay SlY dl,mg cac b(l phan ket nai nhu bulong vit, vang d$m va dai ac (Hinh 1). H§u nhu tta ca bo
phan ket noi deu duoc chuan h6a va san xu at hang loat voi gia reo

Tile dl,mg cua ket noi bul6ng fJai oe

Vong o$m

£)U'tYng xoan oe (dU'tYng ren)

8lJ'ang xoan ac cua ren tlJ'O'ng dU'O'ng voi dlJ'ang duo'c

hinh thanh khi mot hinh tam giac vuonq quan quanh
m(lt true xi lanh (Hinh 2). cann huyen cua n6 the hi$n
Hinh 1: Nguyen t;je ghep n6i ren
dlJ'ong xoan oc, Canh g6c vuong tlJ'O'ng dlJ'O'ng voi
chu vi cua true xi lanh U = tt , d. Canh ben thang g6c
gOi la bU'o>e ren P cua day ren. Gac bU'o>e ren a duoc M& ra
tao ra tCJ>chu vi va dU'ang xoan bc.

Ren dlJ'Q'Chinh thanh khi dt mot ranh doc theo dlJ'ang

xoan ac vao true xi lanh (Hinh 3). Danq tiet di$n cua
ranh phai tuonq Ll'ng vo'i danq ren mong muon. Sau
mot vonq quay profin, ren di chuyen mot buoc ren P.
TCY dlJ'ong ren (xoan DC) hinh thanh vonq ren (vonq
xoan), se 1lJ'Q'ngvonq ren phu thuoc vao chieu dai ren
Chu vi true xi lanh U= 1[ . d
mong muon.

Hinh 2: £)UOCl'ngxoiln OC (dU'Oong ren)

Tac dl,mg nern cua ren

Khi mot dai ac xoay tren mot bulong, n6 tnrot doc theo
dlJ'ang ren. 8e minh noa cho cac h,l'c tac d(>ng trong
luc van ren, ta quan sat mot rnanh nho cua dai ac va
bulonq. Khi vit quay, hai mat ph~ng nghieng truot voi
nhau (Hinh 4). Neu khong c6 luc ben nqoai, phan tren
S8 truot xuonq dlJ'ang ren (xoan ac) cua bulonq vi Il,I'c
lam 16ng ren. Tuy v$y Il,I'c ma sat giQoa cac be mat can Oao ti$n voi
tro SI,I'di chuyen xuang nay. profin ren

Hinh 3: Hinh thilnh ren

Ren siet eh~t tl,J' ham

(y gae bU'o>e ren a nho cua ren, dai ac khong tl,J'

tru-ot xuong mat ph~ng nghieng (dlJ'ang xoan oc).
G6c buoc ren nho tac d(>ng II,I'Cthang g6c Ian trang
rnoi lien he vai trQng 1U'Q'ngva do d6 II,I'C ma sat (11,I'c
phap tuyen) Ian. [Link] lam long ren (11,I'cthao ren) trong
di9U ki$n nay nho (Hinh 4). Khi Il,I'c ma sat FR Ian hon
ll,J'c lam 16ng ren FA, vi$c di chuyen xuong b] can tro.
Ren vi the tl,J' ham.
Hinh 4: Tile dunq nem 0. ren
 7.6 Ghep noi 207

Bulong (vit) siet chat la bul6ng tl,/' ham c6 g6c

buoc ren nh6.

G6c buoc ren cua bulong ghep chat khoanq tli' 3° den
1°.DU'Oi dieu ki$n binh thU'ong bulonq nay khonq th~
tl,/' thao roi duoc.

Ren di chuy~n

Khi g6c buoc ren cua dU'ong xoan oc (dU'ong ren)

Ion hon, do do ll,J'c ep (tuc thang g6c/ll,/'c phap tuyen)
cung vei ll,J'c ma sat giam. NgU'Q'C lai II,/'c thao ren S8
Ion hon (Hinh 1). Neu II,/'c thao ren FA Ion non II,/'c ma
sat FR, thi xay ra SI)' di chuyen xuong. Ren nay khong
tl,l'ham. FG Tronq luvng

I
FN Luc th~ng gac
(Luc ep)
FA L~'c lam 16ng 6c
Ren di cnuyen c6 g6c buoc ren Ion. (Lvc thao ren)
FR L\>c ma sat

Hinh 1: Phan b6 h,l'c

15' I~ truYEm Il,I'c (y bulong ghep ch~t

Bul6ng siet chat tao ra ghep n6i b~ng ll,J'c. Cac bO

phan phai duoc ep lai au rnanh voi nhau d~ chunq Ty Iii! truyen It,I'C
khong djch chuyen nquo'c nhau. [Link] thao ren Ion can
thiet aU'Q'c tao ra bang each SlY dt,mg ty 1$ truyen Il)'c
theo hai nquyen tik vat Iy: tac dl,lng don bay va mat

•
phllng nghi€mg (Hinh 2).

15' I~ truYEm Il,I'c qua tac dl,lng don bay

Tac dunq don b~y duoc tan dt,mg khi SlY dunq chia
khoa butonq. vo: lay don ca: tU'O'ng (rng co the dat II)'C
kep Ion bang ll,J'c siet nho.
Hinh 2: 51,1' tao ra Il,I'c ep

TV I~ truyen ",Pc qua m~t phllng nghiimg

Voi sl)' h6 tro cua mat phang nghieng cua dU'ong xoan
oc, tai tronq Ion co th~ di chuyen ve phia tren voi II,/'c
s=/t·2r_._
-.
tuonq doi nh6. Qua do mot cong CO' hoc duoc thuc
hien. Viec ap dt,mg kien thtrc nay VaG bul6ng dan den
each tinh Il,I'c siet F2 (Hinh 3).

1. Giai thich SI)' khac biet giCJ'aket noi ghep thao roi
duoc va kh6ng thao rot dU'Q'C! Sap xep vao moi
nhorn ba phuonq phap ghep noi!
2. Ket n6i bang vat li$u, danq va ma sat dU'Q'c hieu Cong chuyen o<)ng oi tai = Lu'c tay

nhU' the nao? Sap xep VaG moi nh6m ba phuonq

phap qhep noi! TCr conq chuyen o<)ng dl tai = Ll,J'c tay
3. Liet ke cac chi tiet roi cua mot ghep n6i bul6ng suy ra Ll,J'c tay = Cong tao ra biing bulong (vit)

(vit)!
LI,I'C tay . 8U'&ng tay don = Ll,I'c. BU'ac ren
4. f)U'ong xoan oc (dU'ang ren) hinh thanh nhU' the r'y 1 vong quay trong true bulonq (vlt]
nao?

5. Ren ghep chat va ren di chuyen co d~c diem nao F1 . 1t . 2r = Fz· P

khac nhau? F1 .1t . 2r
6. Hay neu cac nguyen tac v$t Iy rna nho do ty Ie
Fz = P
truyen II,/'c duoc thuc hien! Hinh 3: 5i€!t ch~t mc'?tbulong (vit)
208 7 Che tao nhiPng h~ thong co khi (Ky thuat gia cong)

1-------;;:;;;::=:;---1. Ren phan loai theo

!Vitri Chi.§u ren ·1

1
1 1
Ren nqoal Ren trang Ren phai (thuan) Ren trai (nghich)

Ren siet chat

• Ren di chuyen Ren thU'ang
BU'<Ycren

Ren nhuyen

,
~ r-l

c,
I

So dau moi I(55 day ren) TiEit dien ren (Profin ren)
1

Ren mot day Ren nhi~u day Ren hinh thang Ren danq Ren tron Ren nhon

~~~i~~
Hinh 1: T6n9 quan va phiin 10<,\;ren

Phan loai ren theo vi tri (Hinh 1) DU'ang kinh 16i

DU'ang kinh
Cac ren narn & v6ng bao hinh tru duoc goi 18 ren nqoai = Kich
thuoc danh
ngoai hoac ren bulonq, Ren & tnanh 10 khoan qoi 18 nghia
ren trong hoac ren dai oc (tan),
Hong ren
(Suon ren)
PMn loal ren theo chieu ren (Hinh 1)
BLfOC ren P
Thong thuonq chieu cua ren theo hU'ang phai. Ren
phal dU'Q'cvan van theo chieu phai (theo chieu kim
d6ng ho),

Ren trai van van theo chieu trai va chi dung trong
trU'ang hop d$c biet. Ren trai thuonq dU'Q'cSLrdunq Hinh 2: D~t ky hi~u i:1 ren
khi:

• 8U'Q'cYEWcau dich chuyen theo chieu doc voi mot

Ren pnai Ren trai
chieu quay cho truoc (BQ cang bang vit, tang do
hai dau, Hinh 3)

•
•
Ren phai S9 tl,!' dQng thao ra (si~t chat dTamail
C~n tranh nharn Ian (khop noi binh ga propan)
=~=
Hinh 3: Ren pha! va tra! i:1 bQ ciing boing vit (tiing dO' hai aau)
 7.6 Ghep noi 209

PMn lo~i ren theo each SlPdl,lng

Ren sillt ch~t co bulonq dung de ket noi cac b¢ phan

co the thao roi dU'Q'[Link] bulong nay phai siet chat
va khong dU'Q'cphep tl.,l'thao roi (long ra) & dieu kien
binh thU'ang.

Ren chuyfm dQng (ren di chuyen, ren truy€m dQng)

phuc VI,! cho vi~c cnuyen doi chuyen dong quay thanh
chuven dQng thang. Thi du nhU'chuyen dOng quay cua
Hinh 1: SI! phu thuQc cua chieu sau ren vao bu>o>cren
mot true duoc chuyen d6i tnanh chuyen dQng thang.

Phan loai ren theo btroc ren

T<;Iimot g6c profin ren (g6c hong) khong d6i, buoc ren
anh hU'ang true tiep den chieu sau ren (Hinh 1). Buoc
ren canq Ian thi chieu sau ren canq Ian va dU'ang kinh
16i d3 canq nho tuonq (mg. BU'ac ren tang lam giam
tiet dien chju tai va SLrCchiu tai cua vit (bulonq). 8ieu
nay co y nghTa voi ren tren 6ng c6 thanh mongo
Buoc chia P Buoc ren Ph = 2 x buoc chia P

Ren voi buoc ren nho non ren thU'ang dU'Q'c99i 113 ren Hinh 2: Ren 2 moi
nhuyen. G6c buoc ren nho non c6 tac dl,Jngla bulonq
khonq b] thao long khi b] rung. Do d6 ren nay phu hop
cho ren siet chat. Tuy nhien g6c buoc ren nno non lai Bang 1: Ky hi~u ren tieu cnuan

•
tao ra quanq dU'ang di chuyen doc true 1) ngan hon
moi vonq quay. Ky hi~u Ky hi~u ren
Ti~t di~n ren (Thi du)
ngan

Phan loai ren theo 56 m6i ren Ren nhen

H~ met M M 10 M 10
Ren nhuyi'in M M 10x1
Neu muon cat duoc quang dU'ang dai doc true voi it
Ren 6n9 - With worth R R 3/4 DIN 2999
vonq quay, ta nen dung ren nhieu mOi (nhieu day). N6
co nhieu ren phan bo I~ch deu & dau ren. MOi ren chay Ren hinh thang Tr Tr 20 x 4
song song ke nhau (Hinh 2). Canq nhieu mOi ren thi
Ren d\lng IlPo>i cua S S 20 x 2
ouoc ren canq IO'n, chieu sau ren khong bi thay d6i.
Ren nhieu m6i la ren chuyen dong, thi du nhu true Ren trim Rd
1
Rd 8 *To
chinh may ep va vit vo tan (true vit).
Ren trai LH21 M 20-LH

Phan loai ren theo theo tillt di~n (profin) Ren nhieu moi P Tr 30 x 16 P2

TU'O'ngLrng theo cac yeu cau khac nhau khi SlPdl,Jng

ren, cac tiet di~n ren dU'Q'Cphat trien va chuan h6a.
Cac ky hieu ren duo'c chuan h6a chua ky tl.,l'ngan cho tiet dlen va kich thuoc danh [Link] tmang hop can
thiet, buoc ren, hU'ang chay (hU'O'ngvan hanh), va & ren dc;icbiet la s6 tieu chuan (DIN), dU'Q'cghi them. ren a
tieu chuan, khi da biet profin ren, dU'ang kinh danh nghTa va buoc ren, ngU'ai ta tinh duoc cac kich thuoc ren
khac hay lay ra cac thong s6 nay tll' nhCfng bimg tra CLrU(Bang 1).

Ren hinh thang phan Ian sU>dl,Jngcho ren chuyen dong. Tiet dien ren cua ren hinh thang duoc tao danq hinh
thang va c6 mot g6c profin la 30°. Ren hinh thang chju tai doc true ca hai phia. Ren c6 khe ho dinh va dU'Q'C
dan a hong ren.

Thi du ky hi~u Tr 36 x 6 P3: Ren hinh thang voi nhieu mOi c6 dU'ang kinh nqoai la 36 mm, buoc ren
6 mm, buoc chia 103 3 mm va nnu vaY day la loai c6 2 m6i ren (day).

1) Doe true: theo hLP&ng true 21 LH: left hand (tay trail
210 7 Che tao nhCPng h~ thong co khi (Ky thu~it gia cong)

Ren danq 1U'c;.icua d~c biet thich hop cho tai tac dQng mot chieu. Canh hong chiu Il,J'Cnarn gan thang g6c voi
true bulonq.

Ren tron it nhay voi hU' honq va do ban. Vi v$y n6 duoc SLPdunq chu yeu cho trang bi phu (phu kien), Iy hop
cho xe ILPa,6 (chuol) earn b6ng den v.v ...

Tat ca ren nhon c6 g6c bU'cYC ren nno va duoc dung lam ren si~t chat, Ti~t dien ren cua n6 duoc tao thanh hinh
tam qiac. G6e profin (y ren he met la 60° va [y h~ Whitworth 18 55°.

Ren h~ met ISO (ISO = International Organization for Standardization = T6 chuc Tleu chuan Quoe te). 8U'Q'c
phan thanh ren thU'6'ng va ren nhuyen.

Ren thU'Oong dtro'c bi~u th] ra rang qua ky hi$u ngan chi profin vai dU'6'ng kinh danh nghia. Cac thong so ve dQ
Ian cua buoc ren phai lay ra tu> bang tra cuu hoac tinh voi cong thirc.

NgU'Q'c lai voi ren thU'6'ng, ren nhuyen c6 cunq dU'6'ng kinh danh nghia nhunq buoc ren nho. Buoc ren nay
dU'Q'e an djnh trong chuoi so d~ ll,J'a chon. Kich thuoc buoc ren trang ky hi$u ren duoc cho biet b6 sung theo
mm (thi du M 20 x 1,5).

Ren 6ng Whitworth cho ong co ren va phu tung llip rap theo DIN 2999. SLPdunq cho dU'ang ang cung cap
khi nen, co buoc ren nho va c6 the xem nhu 113ren nhuyen. Ket nOi ren gem ren trang danq tru va mot ren nqoat
hinh con (Con 1:16) (Hinh 1).

Qua ket hop cua ren trang hinh tru vai ren ngoai d9ng
Ren trang danq tru
hinh con dU'Q'c bao dam, phan Ian ket noi ang da duoc
lam kin qua vi$c ep kim loai vai kim loai. MQI chal lam
kin duoc lap VaG luc van, N6 can bang cho nhQ>ng bM
thU'<Yng nho tren be mat ren va lam kin b6 sung.

Cac kich thuoc cua ren nay phai dU'Q'c Ifly ItY bang tra
cuu, Kich thuoc (d6 Ian) danh nghia cua ren kh6ng
dua vao dU'6'ng kinh nqoai cua ren rna dua VaG dQ
rong danh nghTa DN cua ong. N6 chi gan bang dU'6'ng
kinh trang cua 6ng va dung lam tham so cho cac bQ
phan khop nhau.

1. Hay k~ 6 dc;ic di~m khac nhau duoc SLPdl,lng de

phan 109i ren.

2. Hay dien dat qua mot cau ghi nho v~ mai quan
Hinh 1: Ket n6i ren 6n9 - Whitworth
h$ giQ>a buoc ren va chieu sau ren.

3. Vi Iy do gi Sl)' tl)' ham 6 ren nhuyen Ian hon ren iiDI!I V~ bai tinh bulonq:
thuonq?
Momen siet cua bulonq M10 (buoc ren 1,5 mm) Ie 50
4. Ren nhieu moi duoc sUodunq d~ lam gi? Nm. Chi a kh6a mi$ng c6 chieu dai don bay tac dunq
150 mm. .
5. Hay ke ra chi dan phai c6 cua mot ky hieu ren.

6. Ke ten 3 tiet di$n ren, va cho biet cac d~c diem

LU'c tay F = M = 50 Nm
. , r 0,15 m
= 333 N
tU'O'ng U>ng.
LU'c (y true bulong F = F, . It . 2r
.. 2 P
7. Hay cat nghTa, tal sao rang ang Whitworth phu
hop cho ket nai kin. F - 333 N ·3,14·300 mm _ 209 2 N
2 - 1,5 mm - 1 4
 7.6 Ghep noi 211

Thanh phan cua ket noi ren

D.;mg bulong Hinh d,;ln9 vit

poujon (ViI chat)

CaC yeu cau cua kilt noi bul6ng rat khac nhau. Tuonq
Crng nhu vf:).y, mot s6 IlJQ'ng Ian bul6ng khac nhau
duoc phat trien. Chung khac nhau qua hinh danq dau,
kich thuoc than (chuoi), dau cuoi bul6ng, 10<;1iren va
danq ren (Hinh 1).

I
Dau bulong
Hinh 1: Phiin 10(li bulong theo hinh d,mg

Cac dau bulonq quan tronq nhat gom: bulonq sau canh
va buionq bon canh, bul6ng tru voi dau luc giac chirn,
bulong (vit) xe ranh va bul6ng (vit) xe ranh chO>thap. Daubulong
Than bulong .
Bulong dau sau canh la 10<;1idau bul6ng thuonq
duoc sU>dl,lng (Hinh 2 ben trai), DlJ'ang kinh "
danh nghTa .

Bulong dau b6n canh (Hinh 2 ben phili) can kich

thuoc d<';it chla van (be r(>ng mii;!ng chia kh6a) nho
hon so voi bul6ng sau canh, vi be mat tua cho mii;!ng
g>01~-W
.+
'e' :~, ""
~ E ~ .
Ren

M$lkhUm~
cua d~u ren/t
Mep vat dau ren
o
chla kh6a Ian hon, Tuy nhien g6c van tang tli 60° diln
90° khi van bang chia kh6a voi bulong dau bon canh Hinh 2: Bulong dau sau canh va bulong dau bon canh
Thi du vii ten d\\t cho mot bulonq S8U canh vai ren M12
thay vi sau canh. Do d6 & vi tri ti~p can kern, bulonq
Chieu d<ii than 80 mm, Cap d(> ben 8.8
dau bon canh rat kh6 quay vai mot chla kh6a (co le)
BuI6ng sau canh DIN 931- M12 x 80-8.8
mi$ng.

Bulong tru voi dau luc giac chim (Hinh 3 ben phai]
can it cho luc siilt va thao (rno). N6 c6 the thay the
bulonq dau sau canh & nhO>ng noi kh6 tiilp can.

Bulong nay cOng duoc sU>dunq khi c6 yeu cau khoang

each nho giO>a cac bulonq. N6 tao dieu kii;!n tiet kiern
trQng 1U'Q'ngthong qua cau true duoc thiilt kil thich hop
~~,.-""'-...i~""""/
:iij
'0

6
::J
-Q)
rt.o•• r.-..
.l.--...••••
•
cua cac cau ki$n. Dau vit dlJQ'c d<';itchim xuong de tao
d(> nhan cho be mat chi tiSt. a
cac chi tiet quay, nguy
co gay thuonq tlch qua d6 duoc qiarn di (Hinh 3). Hinh 3: Thiet ke cau true

Vit dau xi! ranh c6 nhieu danq dau khac nhau. N6

1IIIi
dlJQ'c siet voi mot cai van vit (tuoc no vit). Do tac d(>ng
cua don bay nho nen chi dat duoc Il)'c kep tuonq doi
nh6.

Vit dau xe ranh chCP thap siet chat non vi be m<';itde

vtt tru Vit dflu la Vit In) Vlt tru
siet Ian hon. Loai nay thich hop dung vol cay van vit (vit hat d~u) diiu la
do dan hlJang cua cay van vit tot hon, cOng phu hop
rat tot cho siet va thao biing may (Hinh 4). Voi diiu xe ranh Vai dau xe ranh
chCrthap
Dau bulong cho rnuc dich d~c bi~t
Hinh 4: Vii dau xe ranh

Vit siet ton (Hinh 5) dlJQ'c toi (trui) cCPng va II)' tao
danq ren dai oc luc siet vao. N6 phu hop kilt noi ton
(kim loai tam) den 2,5 mm day. DlJong kinh 10 phal
tlJO'ng CPngvai dlJong kinh loi.

Vit dt (Hinh 6) dlJQ'C toi tham than va tl,J' cat ren dai
oc. N6 c6 ranh tnoat phoi nhu cay ven rang,
Hinh 5: Vii silil ton Hinh 6: Vii ci\t
212 7 Che tao nhffng h~ thong co khi (Ky thu~t gia cong)

Vit c~y (goujon) (Hinh 1)

g
£)au cuoi [Link] chinh ChDt ren voi
Vit cfJy thlJ'ang dlJ'Q'c SLYdunq trong ket noi thao rai mOi nhon
duoc thay vi vai bulong c6 dau. 8au cuoi duo'c van
VaG cua vit cfJy van con trong cau ki~n khi thEIO rot ket
- daibe

Than
noi. Qua d6 ren (y dai OC duoc dung can than khong
b] anh hlJ'(Yng.
Q)

1 Oau viI
si~t vao
~

TfI,Jc
Chat ren (Hinh 2)
Hinh 1: Vit c~y Hinh 2: Chat ren
Ch6t ren c6 ren tren toan b(> chieu dai. Chat ren dlJ'Q'C
SLr dl,mg chu y€lu d§ giCP(d§ bao dam) vi tri cho vonq
chinh, bac 16t v.v.

£)au chuol vit (Hinh 3)

Thong IhlJ'ang dau chuol vit c6 mot m~1 khum hinh

con hay hat d$u. NEw dau chuoi vlt phai dap Cmg m¢1
chuc nang Cu Ihe, Ihi du giG>vi tri cua vonq chinh, n6 flau flau cnuot Oau Oau chuot flau cnuei
chuoi Iii ovan cnuet tru v6ng Iii nhon
se duoc thiet ke phu hop cho muc dich nay.
Hlnh 3: Dau chuoi vit

Bang 1: T6ng quan cac dai be thU'cmg dung

PhantLY Ph~n by
Mota Mola
ket noi ket n6i
Dai be eo mii baa v~ ren khoi hlJ' h<;liva
fJ$
Dai be 6 canh dlJ'Q'c sUo dung
lam giam nguy CO' chan thlJ'O'ng. thuonq xuyen nhat, Be cao thOng
~ IhlJ'ong cua n6 la 0,8 . dlJ'ong kinh
Dai DC co
mO Oai DC6 canh
DIN 1587 DIN 555 danh nghTa.

Dai be vuong co mat tua Ian hon cho Val be chuen va dal be co khia

flai DC vuonq
chia kh6a mieng, luy nhien n6 l<;Iic6 g6c
xo~n/v$n bfJI 19'ihon.
~!'!
ch~g~ e6 khia
van bllng lay. Chi phu hop cho ket
nOi voi Ii,l'c tai thap.
DIN 557 DIN315 DIN467

Dai be hoa cucc baa dam chong thay d6i Dai oe xi! ranh thuonq CO rang
vi tri vai cac chot che (gu pi) phu h9'P, thi nhuY€!n va d~c biet thich hop de
du 0 truc banh xe a
xe hoi. N6 cuoc SLY chinh d9 ro doc true cua bo true va
dunq d'i~u chinh 6 hay 10 khe, nghTa la true,
Oai DChoa flai be xe ranh
DIN 935 cho 60° hay 36°. DIN 1804

DQ bE!n cua bulong va dai be

Tuy theo rnuc dich SLYdung, nhCmg yeu cau khac nhau
duoc d~1 ra cho di,l ben, Vai ky hieu nhan danq, cac
thong tin ma h6a ve cap d¢ sue ben dlJ'Q'c the hien
tren bulonq va dai oc (Hinh 4).

Bulong (vit): Cap de? b€!n hien th] hai SO, each nhau
bang mot dau cham.

5(fe b€!n keo tbi thhflu Rm (N/mm2) c6 dlJ'Q'C bang

each nhan s6 Ihll' nhfJI voi 100. Hinh 4: Cap d(l SLPC blln cua bulonq

SlI'C ben keo toi Ihieu cho biet Ii!c t6i Ihieu tren mot
rnrn- dlen tich m~t cat vat li~u phai chiu rna khong b]
pha huy,
iiD Tim SLPC ben keo tOi thieu Rm va gi&i han keo
t6i thieu Re cua mot bulong v&i cap di,l ben 9.8.
GicYi han dan hei toi thieu Re (Nrrnrn") c6 duoc qua
vi~c nhan s6 thll' nhat voi 10 Ian s6 thll' hai. !y.,..1§j
, ••• _
Rm = 9· 100A
rnmz = 900~mm2
GicYi han dan hei toi thieu 113tri so d~c trunq co hoc
N N
quan tronq nhat cua bulonq, R. = 9·8· 10mm2 = 720 mm2
 7.6 Ghep noi 213

[~~r
(y tai narn dU'&i gi&i han dan hoi, xem nhu trang pharn
vi dan h6i, bulonq hoat dong nho mot 10 xo keo manh
(Hinh 1). (y Crng suat keo, 10 xo dal hon khonq dang
k~. Khi giam tai no tro v~ chieu dai ban dau. ~"8

a Crng suat keo VU'Q'tqua gi&i han dan hai, bulonq S8

dal ra r6 ret va b] bien danq. Ll,J'Cep giO>acac bo phan Cho thep chO>
[ 1 nghi€mg 14"
1 Nghi€mg 8"
S8 it hon va bulonq co th~ tl,J' long ra. TiEH dien cua
bulong phai duoc chon lon non sac cho Crng suat toi Hinh 1: Trinh bay phac hoa Hinh 2: V6ng d~m cho thep
tac dQng dim hei ciia chii' U
da xuat hien con narn dU'&i gi&i han dan hoi,
mQt k€!t noi bulonq

E>ai flc (tan): duoc nhan d<;lng chi qua mot con so. TLP
day ngU'ai ta tim ra SLPC bE!n keo tfli thi~u Rm nhu
voi bul6ng.

Doi vo'i nhiYng yeu cau d~c biet, con co bulonq va dai
OC co do ben cao, chju ben nhiet hoac tinh beln chong
an rnon,
~~$.
~m~r==P~~ Vong dam 10xo V6ng dam Yang dam
Vong d~m (long dl!n) (dem che, long rang kh6a rang

~man
den cne) eLYa
Cac vong dem co tac dunq ngan chan Sl,J'hU' hai cua
a
b€! mat chi tiet. cac chi tiet rem, can hay due mat, de
tua cua dai 6c va cua dau bulonq duoc cai thien qua
cac vonq demo Luc ep rnanh qua do pnan bo d€!u tren

~::
~I
vonq dem (tarn dO). Yang dam 10xo £lai oe voi £lai be xa •
venh (dam che) vonq chat ceo nhanh

B~ m<;it nghieng phai duoc lam bang qua cac dem

g
nghieng (Hinh 2). Cho cac da U ngU'ai ta SLPdl,mg

a
cern vuonq vo: hai ranh, cho da I SLPdunq dem c6 mot BUloan ,
Ian ranh.

Tan ,
Kh6a ch~t bul6ng
dLY&i

Qua dao dong, nhiet dO dao dong va Ll'ng suat doi £lai be ham £lai OCkh6a
chieu, ket n6i bulonq c6 th~ tl,J' thao (16ng). Vi tri cua
no phai duoc giO>c6 dinh a
cac ll,J'c tai nay. Viec ham Hinh 3: Kh6a ch~t bul6ng qua k€!t nOi lI,pc
ket noi bul6ng dU'Q'c phan loai ra thann ket noi Il,J'C,ket
noi d<;lng cCrng va ket n6i bang vat lieu tuy theo each
tac dong.

Kh6a ch~t bul6ng qua ket nfli h,l'c (Hinh 3) qua tac
dong sire canq ban dau cua mot chi tiet dan hoi &
vonq 10xo (dem che), vonq dem rang v.v hoac do tang
ma sat. £)i~u nay xay ra qua viec d~t (chen) cac vonq
nhua, thay doi buoc ren hay sire canq voi dai OC ham.
Vong dam Kh6a day £lai be hoa voi chbt
e6 vau be pi (Gupi) I Chbt che
Kh6a ch~t bul6ng qua ket nfli d~ng cLPng tao thanh
Hinh 4: Kh6a chat bul6ng qua k€!t noi d<;mg cirng
mot tro nqai cho su tl,J'n&i long. Tuy nhien qua do van
khong nqan chan dU'Q'c viec noi 16ng nhe cac ket n6i
(Hinh 4).

Kh6a ch~t bulonq qua ket nfli bang v~t Ii~u thong
thU'ang co thll dat duoc bang each dan cac ren voi
nhua 16ng co kha nang bien cunq (Hinh 5). Ch.!!t dan
Hinh 5: Kh6a ch~t bul6ng qua ket n6i bilng v~t Ii~u
214 7 Che tao nhfrng h~ thong co khi (Ky thuat gia c6ng)

LI,I'a chon ket noi bul6ng (vit)

Kel noi bul6ng
Cac bo phan c6 th€JdlJ'Q'ck~t noi qua nhieu loal bul6ng
khac nhau (Hinh 1):

Phuonq phap don gian nhat va hi$u qua nhat la

bulonq bat xuyi!n v&i tan (bul6ng voi dai bc). Kllt nbi
bul6ng gem than bul6ng, vonq d$m va dai oc. Chi tiet
ket nOi co cac 16th6ng.

Neu vi mot so Ii; do nhat dinh (thieu kh6ng gian v.v.)

nglJ'ai ta kh6ng the SLrdunq dai oc, khi d6 ket noi co
the thuc hien boi mot vit siet. Do v$y bO phan phai c6
a
10rang trang. Vi$c nay rat ton kern trang san xuat. Hinh 1: Cac loai kl!t no; bulong

Bang 1: Chieu dai v~n e 6>vit cay (goujon)

Qua vi$c thlJ'ang xuyen thao long, ren trang sa bi hlJ'
hong. £)€Jngan chan dieu nay nglJ'ai ta SLrdunq vlt cfJy van vao thep e", d
(goujon). £)au rnut vlt dlJ'Q'cVan chat VaGcau kien. £)e
van vao hoop kim nhorn e",2d
lam viec nay can thi~t phai c6 mot ga siet hay mot dai
Van vao gang e", 1,25 d
oc voi oc ham. Chieu dai yeu cau tuy thuoc VaG vat
li$u thanh phan lap rap (Bang 1). [Link] thao ra vlt cfJy van vao kim loai rnern e » 2,5 d
gifr nquyen trong ren dai oc cua dIU ki$n.

a tai doi chieu doc true (nghTa la trang hlJ'ang true),

a
thl du: thanh truyen hay khi c6 nhiet do bien dbi bat
thlJ'ang, viec SLr dunq bul6ng cLPngse kh6ng con y
nghia. Qua d6 bul6ng S6 b] keo dai bai tai rnanh cua
tiet di$n yeu nhat (trang vung co ren). SI,I'keo gian nay
cua bul6ng dan den thao 16ngket noi hay gay bul6ng.
£)oi voi nh(}ng LPngsuat doi chieu nay cac thiet ke ve
nhCi'ngloai bul6ng gian no voi do ben cao hon h~n da
duoc phat tri€Jn(Hinh 2). a bul6ng dan hei, phan than
dai, monq c6 tiet di$n thap nhat (90% cua dlJ'ang kinh
16iren). Than nay S8 keo gian bai Il,I'ctai cua bul6ng va
tro lai ngan hon luc xa tal. Vunq c6 ren nho d6 dlJ'Q'C Vi tri gay

bao v$ truoc mot LPngsuat qua rnuc,

Hinh 2: Bulong cwng va bulong dan hei

Bul6ng dan hoi phai duoc siet voi met Il,I'c kep nhat
djnh (SLPCcang ban dau). Do v$y viec SLrdl)ng chia
kh6a momen quay la can thiel.

Khi than bul6ng can phai chju Il,I'c cat hoac d€Jdam
bao vi tri cua chi tiet lap rap, c6 the SLrdunq bulong
dinh vi chlnh xac (bul6ng lap sit) (Hinh 3). Ket nof
bang bul6ng dinh vi chinh xac rat dat tien vi viec doa
10 khoan va bul6ng chat 1lJ'Q'ngcao. Vi the de chju
II,I'Ccat, nglJ'ai ta thlJ'ang SLrdl)ng ong kep hay ong
lot cat (chju II,I'Ccat truot) voi bul6ng bat xuyen qua
Bul6ng dinh vi chinh xac
(bul6ng voi tan). Ong 16t cat va bulonq b:!it
xuyen qua (bul6ng va; dai be)
Hinh 3: Ch!u Il,I'c cat
 7.6 Ghep n6i 215

7.6.3 Ket nai chat va ket nai bulong

Caclo~iketn6ich6t

Qua vi$c lap vit c~y (d6ng chot), cac chi ti~t lap rap
k~t n6i voi nhau bcri dc;lng k~t cau thao roi duoc.

Chot dinh v] chinh xac k~t n6i cac bo phan may d~

chunq c6 duoc vi tri chinh xac voi nhau. Cac bo phan
nay duoc dam bao chonq lai su dich chuyen cOng nhu
c6 th~ dua tro lai de dang ve vi tri ban dau sau khi thao
ra. SI,!' truyen Il,!'c thuc SI,!'thlJ'ong dlJ'Q'c thuc hi$n bai
mot k~t n6i bulong bo sung (Hinh 1).

Chbt dong ch~t (lap chat) co th€J truyen Ii,l'c nh6 hon.
Nola each don gian va co chi phi thap de san suat cac Hinh 1: K~t nai chat
ket n6i cunq va chuyen dong (Hinh 1).

Chot cat dm bao v$ may khi qua tai (Ll'ng suat qua
muc). N6 dlJ'Q'C lap vao giQoa true truyen dong va true
lam vi$c chinh. Khi qua tal chi chot cat dLPt (diem phai
gay) b] pha huy (Hinh 1).

Co s~n nhieu chat tleu cnuan khac nhau dap LPng cac
yeu cau knac nhau. Cac chot thuonq dung nh{Jt la:
ch6t tru, chot can, chot c6 khia va chat cu6n (chot
bung, chat che, chat 10 xo) (Hinh 2).

Chbt tru c6 the dlJ'Q'C sUo dunq lam chat dinh vi, chat
d6ng chat va chat cat du't. Cac loai nay dlJ'Q'c phan bi$t
qua kich tnuoc c6 dung sai, dlJ'Q'c nnan danq
cuoi cua cnot (Hinh 3).

Thi du ky hi~u cua mot chot tru dlJ'ong kinh tLP8 mm

va dai 50 mm voi dau hinh hat dau.
daua Hinh 2: Cac d~ng chat

Kich
thuoc co
rnai
•
Chot tru DIN 7·8 m6 x 50

flau hinh vorn con h8

CheSt tru loai m6 duoc sUodunq chu yeu lam chat dinh
vi. Cac chat loai h8 va h 11 dung lam chat d6ng chat,
Cho cac 10GI,Jt(10 khong thong) c6 chat tru vai ranh dai
(de thong gi6) va vai ren trong (de cao chat) (Hinh 4).
Kh6ng co dau vat h 11

Chat tru loai h11 thi yeu cau cac 10 khoan da doa. Cac
chi tiet can ket nai vai nhau phai duoc khoan va doa flau hinh vorn hat di,lu m 6
trang tinh tranq lap rap. £)e dam bao mot de tua (mat voi go con
tua) chinh xac, cac 10 khoan cua tLPng chi liet phai lam
sach bavia. Truoc khi d6ng vao, cac chot nen duoc Hinh 3: Phan loai cac chat tru
thoa mo. Qua do tranh duoc viec b] hao rnon, nghTa
la SI,J'han nquoi.
Ranh dai

•
GaCaOd~. d~ thoat gi6
keo ra

CheSt con phuc VI,Jchu yeu de d6ng cLPng (d6ng chat).

N6 c6 mOl ty 1$ can lieu chuan h6a tLP 1:50 nghTa la Ren trang d~ cao ._.
tren 50 mm chleu dai con thay doi dlf(Yng kinh (y 1 mm.
(keo ra)
Hinh 4: Chat tru cho 10 co day
216 7 Che tao nhiPng h~ thong co khi (Ky thuat gia cong)

£)U'erngkinh nho cua chot can (kich thuoc danh nghTa)

c6 tinh quyet djnh de di;lt ten gOi theo lieu chuan
(Hinh 1).

Cho 16 c6 day ngU'erita dung chot can vai ren trong

hay ren ngoai de cao, keo chot ra (Hinh 2).

Nho d,;mg con thon, Ii,l'cnen r~t ton phat sinh khi d6ng
chot (lap ding) vao vach thanh. K~t qua 113cac ll,J'cma Hinh 1; Con Hinh 2; Chat con cho 10 co
sat Ian tlY d6 dan den mot ti~p xuc chat con qoi 113lap day
ding cho chat (Hinh 3).

Chot co ranh va chot cuon va ca ch6t bulonq cOng

duoc SlY dl,mg nhu ch6t d6ng chat, chat djnh vi
(Hinh 6). U'u the cua n6 la cac 16 khoan khong phai
a
doa nhu' cac chot tru va can. Do do viec SlYdl)ng cac
chot nay r§t tiet kiern chi phi.
~ khoan bac d ~P vao, lap eang
oa (earn vao, dong vaal
Ch6t co khia co ranh 6' chu vi hinh thanh danq ba
khia dai voi vien gi6ng nhU' ger tron. Qua bien danq Hinh 3; Thi du llip nip m¢t chat con
deo-dan hei cua ger tron gay ra mot Sl,J'ep manh a
thanh 16. Viec nay dan den viec tiep xuc chat cua chat
khia. Cac khia gian ra qua mot phan hay toan bo chieu
dai cua chat tuy theo thiet ke (Hinh 4). ro
1:
-'"
c
Chat cuon lam b2mg thep 16 xo cu6n, theo chieu doc '0
o
6ng rang. Ch6t cu6n xoan dU'Q'ccu6n danq xoan va <0
s:
c6 the chiu luc rnanh. Ch6t kep (cu6n) cOng duoc gOi o
la 6ng kep (Hinh 5). Khi d6ng vao, cac chot se ep voi
nhau dan hei va narn chat & 16 vach thanh,
Hinh 4; Chat co khia Hinh 5; PMn loa;
Chot bulong c6 the dU'Q'Cxem 113danq thay doi cua chat culm
chot tru. Voi n6 cac chi tiet may di dQng c6 the ket
nOi voi nhau de dang (Hinh 7). Chot bul6ng c6 nhieu
Ch6t CO rann
danq khac nhau, thi du: vci 16 chat pi (gupi) va 16 chot khuy~t
c6 d~u.

I)~ bo true True Ian

1. Theo pharn vi SlYdunq, chot dU'Q'cphan biet nhu

Ch~ _
the nao?

2. Ch6t dinh vi va chat cat dLPtde lam gi?

~Ch6t(bUI6ng)
3. Cac danq chot phan bi$t the nao? Thanh keo Khop g~p ban I~

4. Cho biet Iy do tai sac chot tru cho 16 cut c6 mot Hinh 6; Thi du il'ng dunq chat cuon co khia va chOt bulong
ranh dai (doc) va mot ren trong?

5. a vi tri nao ban c6 the do dU'erng kinh danh Ch6t kh6ng dAu Ch6t co dau theo
nghTa cua chot? theo DIN 1443 DIN 1444

6. Mo ta trinh tl,J'gia cong de che tao mot ket n6i

cnot con.

7. Vi Iy do gi chot tru va chot can trong nhieu pharn

vi su' dunq b] thay the b6'i chat co khia va chat
cubn? Hinh 7; Chat
 7.6 Ghep noi 217

7.6.4 Ket noi nem

Qua k€lt noi nern, cau kien duoc k€lt noi voi nhau
bang Il,l'C co th~ thao ra duoc,

Bul6ng va chot kh6ng pnu h9'P de truyen tai momen

quay (xoan) Ian giLYa mot true va mot dum (may 0').
Hinh 1: Nem chim Hinh 2: Nem vat co d~u
NgU'IYi ta co the stY dunq ket noi nern. Thi du nhu'
(y trU'IYng h9'P may rnoc hanq n~ng. Con nam duoc
dong VaG ranh ket noi true va dum. Chi~u sau cua ranh
duoc tieu chuan h6a. Ranh (y dum phai c6 dO nghieng
tuonq Ll'ng voi nern.

£)0 nghieng thap cua nern tac dong mot Il,l'c canq Fl
tao ra mot Il,l'c ep FN (luc th~lng g6c) Ian va nrur the
hinh thanh mot Il,l'C ma sat FR Ian (Hinh 5). Hinh 3: Nem tiep tuyen

a k€!t noi nern banh rang, puli dai v.v. khong can ~1:100= h~ho

phai duoc bao v$ chong lai vi$c dlch chuyen. 8 mm-7,4mm

60mm
Nern chi chiu tai (y dlJ'ai va (y tren be mat ma sat
va c6 do ro (y ben hong.

Hinh 4: Kich thU'6>c 6>nem

Vi Il,l'c ep (hrc thang g6c) Ian tao ra Sl,l' lap canq cua
nern gay nen bien danq giLYa true va dum (Hinh 6). Sl,l'
bien danq nay mot mat dan d€ln mot mat tua chat cua F, • L", dM, 0",' •
FN = Lt,I'c ep th~ng g6c
dum nhunq mat khac tao ra su dich chuyen nhe cua =
Fv Ll,l'c bi~!n oanq
true trung tam (& giLYa) va nhu th€! tao ra dQ I$ch tam FR = Ll,l'c ma sat
cua k€lt noi. Qua d6 hinh thanh viec mat can bang, c6 Jl = H~ s6 ma sat
th~ gay ra dao dQng.

Trang tinh tranq qua tai c6 th~ xay ra cua sl,l' k€lt noi
Il,l'c, nem tao Ll'ng suat & mot ben cua ranh va chiu Ll'ng £)um
suat cat. K€lt noi nern sau do la ket noi Il,l'C va ket noi
danq khop (Hinh 5).
Tr~c
Cac d<:lng nern quan tronq nhat la nern chim, nern day
(nern 16i), nern vat c6 dau va nern tiep tuyen (Hinh 1
dEm 4). Hinh 5: Tac dc'?ng I""c 6>mc'?t ket noi nern

Nem ti4flp tuyen thich h9'P cho vi$c truyen momen

£)Q ro hong
xoan cao, va d~p va ca cho momen xoan doi chieu. Nem
Sl,l' ket noi diroc dua VaG hai cap nern so Ie (Hinh 3).

Tn,lc
Tam truc
dich chuyen
1. Hay giai thich tai saD k€lt noi nsrn la ket noi hrc.
£)um
2. K€lt noi nern phu h9'P cho pharn vi SLr dunq nao?
Hinh 6: Djch chuyen cua tam true 6>ket n6i nem
3. £)Q nghieng duoc chuan h6a cua nern la bao (ve ph6ng dai]
nhieu?

4. PMc hoa tac dQng Il,l'C va truyen luc (y mot k€lt Thi du ky hi~u cho nern tll' 10 mm be ngang, 8 mm be
noi nern. cao va 60 mm be dai:
Nem chim: Nem DIN 6886-A 10x8x60
5. T<:Ii saD khoa chong dich chuyen doc true (y mot
Nem dong chat: Nem DIN 6886-8 10x8x60
ket noi nern la kh6ng can thi€!t?
218 7 Che tao nhli>ng h~ thong co khi (Ky thuat gia cong)

7.6.5 Ket noi then (Chot cia vet) Then DO fa Dum

Qua vlec dat then. Cac cau kien duoc ket nOi
voi nh~u b~ng k~t diu dang khop c6 th~ thao
roi dU'Q'c.

K~t nOi then cuoc SLYdunq r~1 thuonq xuyen trong Hinh 1: Kilt noi then Hinh 2: Tile d';'ng cua kElt noi
then
ch~ tao may, b6'i vi n6 cOng thich hop cho true va dum
quay nhanh. Then bang (then truot) gan nhu' tU'O'ng tl,l'
voi nern, nhunq n6 khong c6 b€l mat nghieng (Hinh 1).
Do d6 cac lac dl,lng cua then va nern c6 su khac biet
CO' ban voi nhau. K~t n6i then tac dQng thuan tuy ta
ket noi dan theo, vi b€l mat song song cua then tua
vao ranh (Hinh 2). Sl,l' truyen cua momen xoan thl,l'c
hi(in qua ket nOi d~ng khop, then phai chju LPng luc
cat va luc ep b€l mat. Momen xoan c6 the truyen duoc
it hon so voi ket noi nem. DIN 6885 DIN 6885 Cho 2 vlt gill' DIN 6888
Danq A D<;In9 B va 1 vii si{)1
ep DIN 6885
0,109 E
K~t noi then chiu Il,l'c 6' b~ mat hong va c6 khe ha
(dQ ro) (y ben tren, Hinh 3: cac loal then

Qua d6 ngan ngll'a duoc vi(ic true va dum lam bien

dang lifm nhau va c6 duoc chuyen dQng chay tron
chinh xac, £)e dum khong the truot tren true, can thiet
c6 mQt bQ phan kh6a chong I~i djch chuy€m hU'ang
true. Viec nay c6 the thuc hien bai vonq chinh, chot
v.v.
>
NgU'ai ta phan biet bon loai then (Hinh 3): Hinh 4: KElt noi then trlJ'Q'\ Hinh 5: KElt noi then ban
Then bang hai d~u tron (bo tron) la loal then stY dunq nguy~t

nhieu nhat,

Yom./' l.~
$ ~.
Then bang hai dc1u bang phai dll'Q'c bao dam chong
dich chuyen doc true. Ranh then 6' true cho then hai Dum .+«.
dau bang co chi phi san xuat re hon so voi cac then
hai dau tron.

Loai then bang cho phep c6 su dich chuyen cua dum True True
len true cOng dU'Q'c gQi 18 then tnrot (Hinh 4). Thi du: True then hoa True rang khia True da gi;k
qua then truot, c6 mot chuyen dQng doc true cua banh
Hinh 6: True profin (true then hoa)
xe rang len true va nhu' the c6 the tao ra vi(ic chuyen
dOi ty so truyen dQng khac nhau (y mot hQP s6.

Then ban nguy~t (Hinh 5) phu hop tot cho truyen

momen xoan 6' true c6 d6t con (dau con), b(Yi vi n6 1. Sl,l' khac nhau giCPathen va nem la gi?
tl,l' dieu chinh len ranh dum. Do danq cua then ban
2. Giai thich ve truyen Il,l'c (y mot kat n6i then.
nquyet Ia doan tron va do d6 can ranh trong true sau
hon, kha nang tai cua ket noi b] han che. 3. So sanh tinh chat quay d6ng tam 6' kat noi nern
va kat n6i then.
True profin va dum profin (dum then hoa) trinh bay
4. Tal sao phai kh6a dum ch6ng lai dlch chuysn
mot loai thiet k~ d$c biet cua k~t n6i then dang khop doc?
(Hinh 6). a d6, su truyen cua momen Il,l'c phan b6 tren
5. Hay ke bon loai then.
toan chu vi. £)i~u nay tang kha nanq tai va cat thten tinh
chat chay chinh xac cua cau kien (d9 d6ng tam). 6. Then truot can thi~t de lam gi?
 7.6 Ghep noi 219

7.6.6 Him vay Than dunq cu

(Can dao)

Qua han yay, kim loai co thll k~t noi voi nhau
I Thep I
bang vat li$u khong thao nyi dLl'Q'c. Manh ~t

[Kim lo~i clvngl

V~t Ii$u nen va cht!t phu gia de n6ng chay, gQi chung
Yay han
la chat han yay, duoc nung n6ng d~n nhiet do lam vi$c
biing dong
cua yay han, aday, vat li$u cua cac b9 phan duoc ket
noi van con a
tranq thai ran va yay han tro thanh long. Hinh 1: Him yay cac kim loai khac nhau
Khi nguoi yay han dong dc;ic va ket noi cac bo phan lai
vei nhau. Pharn vi ling dunq cua han yay trai dai tli
Kh&p van
sua cnoa thu cong den san xuat hang loat.

Han yay co nhCl'ng L1'Udiem sau: Ong

• Qua han yay, cac kim loai khac nhau cOng c6 the
dLl'Q'Cket noi voi nhau de dang. Ket nOi kh&p van

• Do nhiet d9 lam viec thap dan den loi the r'!'t Ian Hinh 2: Him yay cac bC> phan lam kin v6>i be day khac nhau
khi ket noi cac chi tiet vol thanh day nho hoac c6
d9 day khac nhau. Ngoai ra, giam nguy co pha nuy
cac chi tiet boi SI,!'thay d6i cau true, ling suat nhiet Him yay biing 10:
va hLl' hong (Hinh 1 va Hinh 2). Lo nung lisn tuc Nung n6ng
Lam nonq truoc 00.0'.'$00 Lam ngu9i
/

•
• Ph~n Ian rnoi han yay kin doi voi hO'i va chat long.

Thi du ve cac ling dunq: Sbn chtra, lap dc;it ong

(Hinh 2).

• Moi han yay thong thtro'nq dan di$n tot. Hinh 3: PhU'O'ng phap him yay dU',?,c II! di,>ng h6a

Thi du ve cac lmg dunq: che tao d9n9 co di$n, han

yay cac ket noi di$n va ban rnach in (tam lap rap
cac bo phan di$n tlY).

• Phuonq phap han yay thuonq dLl'Q'C tl,!' dong h6a

3).
de dang (Hinh

Qua trinh han vay

Mot kEHnoi han yay duoc hinh thanh qua ba giai dean
(Hinh 4). Chat li$u han yay long duoc phu IEm tren vat
li$u nen sach bang kim loai va da duoc nung n6ng d~n
nhiet do gia cong, do d6 dien ra SI.J' tharn U'&t. Hien
tLl'Q'ng nay tao ra sl.J' tiep xuc ben trang giCl'a vat li$u
phu gia va vat lieu nen d6ng thai lam chay yay han.
NhCl'ng giQt yay han long Ian ra rno rong be mat tiep
xuc va chay vao cac khe nho nh'!'t. D6ng thai xuat hi$n
SI.J' cau tao h9'P kim giCl'a vat li$u nen va yay han, Hinh 4: cac giai dean cua qua trinh him yay

De co the tao ra SI,!'tharn L1'&tdua vao Il.J'c barn (11,!'cdinh), phai de yay han long tiep xuc true tiep voi vat li$u
nen. Chi can phu mot it kim loai ran voi cac tap chat hoac bao yay him long voi oxit, da nqan chan SI,!'tiep xuc
true tiep va lam cho ket noi han yay khong the thuc hien duoc,

Ngay ca sau khi XIY Iy tnroc bang co hoc hay h6a hQC de han, lop oxit van dLl'Q'Ctao thanh ngay I~p toe a nniet
do phone.
220 7 Chl1 tao nhCmg h~ thong co khi (Ky thuat gia cong)

Phai giam bot cac lop phu oxit kim loai khong thay dU'Q'Cbang each nung n6ng chi ti~t va chat yay nan trong khi
bao v~ hoac hoa tan bang dung rnoi thich hop (chat tro dung).

Dong chay va nho th~ ca SI,I' tharn U'6't xay ra khi khe h6> him du hep a vi tri ngang cOng nhu' thang dl1ng. Hien
tU'Q'ng nay 113do tac dQng mao dgjn. Tac dQng mao dan ova vao Il,!'c barn giG>a chat long va be m~t ran (vach
khe). Trong vach khe, luc barn chat long tang len. Trong ong hep Il,!'c barn du rnanh de hut chat long can lai len
tren (Hinh 1).
,-
Be rQng khe h6> hep tlJo0,05 mm d~n 0,2 mm thich
hop nhat cho han yay. a day ap suat mao dan va nho
I:
I"--!
do chieu cao dang len cua chat yay han lon du de tl,!'
diem d~y vao cac khe (Hinh 2).
Ii ~ ]1
Trong thvc tiEm 6' xU'6'ng, khe han yay toi U'U dat dU'Q'c Hinh 1: He 09ng mao dan
la do be mat nharn (g6 ghe) cua chi ti~t k~t nOi phan
ton deu bang cac d~ thong thU'6'ng hay cac vai chan.
Khe han yay khonq nen rno' rQng theo chieu chay cua
dung
yay han, boi vi qua do dong chay ti~p tuc bi can tro
Khe h& m6i him yay > 0,5 mm Khe han yay Ill' 0,05 - 0,2 mm

Trong pharn vi be rong tlJo0,2 mm d~n 0,5 mm, ap suat

mao dan de dien day giam di nhieu. SI,!' Ian rong yay
han va 51,!'dien day cac khe c6 the tlnh co b] can tro
(Hlnh 3).

Be rOng moi han yay lon hon 0,5 mm ta gQi la khe ho Khe qua rong khong di.§n Khe Iy IlJ'ong di.§n d~y
han yay. Han yay cho khe heYthuonq doi hoi ky thuat d~y OIJ'Q'cyay him duoc yay han
han yay dac biet VI ap suat mao dgjn nho.
Hinh 2; Tac dC;m9 mao dan 60khe h60 hep him yay

Giai dean hlnh thanh h9'P kim xay ra ngay khi yay
han tharn U'6't be mat, Cac nquyen tll' cua yay han
16ng tharn nhap (di chuyen) vao trong lop nqoai cua t mm16
vat li~u nen ran. TU'O'ng tl)' nguyen tLP khuach tan tu' Cl c 12
c ·co
vat li~u nen VaG trong yay him (Hinh 4). Qua trinh nay .co .c
'0 » 8
0><0
duoc gQi la khuech tan. DO sau cua 51,!'tharn nhap co >
o co 4
phu tnuoc VaG vat li~u va nhiet dQ. Vi do ben cua lop :J.:J
<Q) U
hop kim cao hon so v6'i yay han, nen nhG>ng k~t nOi :c c
o~ 0,4 0,5
hop kim c6 do day yay han mong ch]u tai nhieu non.
qua rong
Do d6 ngU'ai ta cOng tlrn each lam cho be rQng khe
qua hep con cho phep duoc
ho hep hon.
B.§ rong khe ho han yay bltng tay

Nhi~t dQ han yay Hinh 3: 51,1'lien quan giiPa b~ ri?ng khe he. va chi.§u cao dang
len khi han yay
Han yay xay ra trong mot pharn vi nhiet dO nhat dinh.
Gioi han thap nhat cua no la "nhiet dO lam viec". giai
han tren la "nhiet do han tOi da". Nhiet do lam yiec 113 vat li<;lu
n.§n
nhi~t do be m~i thap nhat cua chi ti~t, &
d6 yay' han
tharn uot, chay va hop kim h6a. N6 dU'Q'c xem nhu
hang so han yay khi Sll' dung chat tro dung thich hop.
Vay him HQ'p kim
h6a n3n
16ng
(dong cll'ng)
Khi vuot qua nhi~t dQ han yay tOi da khonq the c6
han yay hoan hao. De qua trinh hop kim h6a thuan loi,
sau khi han yay nEm giG>nhi$t dQ lam viec tuy theo chat V.;it li<;lu
lieu han 15-60 giay. Luc nguQi va h6a ran (dong cl1ng) nen
yay han phai giG>mOi han khonq c6 dao dong.
Hinh 4; 51,1'hinh thanh hop kim
 7.6 Ghep noi 221

PhU'O'ng phap han yay

Khoanq nhiet dO lam viec giai han hai phuonq phap han vay rnern va han vay cCl'ng voi nhau.

a him yay mem, moi han rnern va khonq phu hop cho viec truyen Il,I'c Ian. 8ieu nay la do nhiet do lam viec thap,
rna (y d6 chi c6 thll hinh thanh mot IO'p hop kim mongo Ngoai ra, dO ben cua chi, chat han vay duoc Slf dl,mg chu
y~u, thap. Nhlet do lam vi$c thap khien dU'O'ng han rat nhay voi nhiet. Do d6 phuonq phap han vay rnern hi€!m
khi ket nOi duoc v$t li$u sat. Mi;it khac, dong, thlec, kern va hop kim cua chung duoc SlY dunq thU'cYng xuyen cho
viec k€!t noi va lam kin. NhCi'ng linh ki$n di$n tIY ducc han vot phvonq phap han vay memo

Him yay cUong thich hop cho k€!t noi thep hop kim va carbon, kim loai cLmg, kim loai quy, gang xarn, gang ceo
va dong. Vj tri moi han chac va uon duoc. N6 co thll chju tai cao voi dieu kien la thuc hi$n dung quy each. Trong
kim loai phi sc)t, dO ben cua dU'ang han thuonq Ian hon so voi vat Ii$u nen,

Vay han

Ap dunq cho tat ca vay han:

• 8illm n6ng chay vay han luon luon thap hon di~m n6ng chay cua vat li$u n.§n.

• La chat d.;ic biet rt!t loang khi n6ng chay,

• Ket hop tot voi cac vat li$u kim loai khac,

Cac yay han dU'Q'c phan loai theo nhiet do lam viec cua n6 thanh han yay rnern va han yay cLl'ng.

Vi~c h,J'achon vay han duoc thuc hien bang each SlY dunq cac bang tra CLl'Utieu chuan. TLr bang tra CLl'UngU'cYi
ta lay ra cac thanh phan, pharn vi n6ng chay, nhiet do lam viec va hU'ang d~1n each Ll'ng dunq.

Vi$c han yay cho kim loai nhe la mot van d.§, vi kh6 tay sach m.;it nqoai b] oxy h6a. Do d6, trang nhieu truonq
hop dan hoac han dU'Q'c SlY dunq mot each de dang hon.

Thea DIN EN ISO 3677 ky hieu ngan cho yay han cLl'ng duoc trinh bay voi mot chCi' B dCl'ng truoc, Trang phan •
thLl' hai cua ky hieu ngan, nhCi'ng thanh phan hop kim dU'Q'c di~n ta bang ky hieu h6a hoc vai ~Y 1$ phan tram.
Tuy nhien (y han yay cCl'ng chi co ty 1$ phan tram cua thanh phan chinh duoc dua ra, do d6 phan thCl' ba duoc
them vao chua thong tin v.§ pharn vi nhiet dO n6ng chay bang °C. ahan yay rnem cho linh kien dien tli la mot
chtr "E" sau phan thLl' hai (xem earn nang tra CLPu).
Vay him m~m cho kim lo~i n~ng chu yeu la hop kim thiec (Sn) va chi (Pb), d~ tang dO cLl'ng va ben ngU'ai ta
thU'ang them vao antimon (Sb), bac (Ag), dong (Cu) va kern (Zn).

Vay han cli'ng cho kim lo~i n~ng chu yeu la hop kim d6ng va kern hoac yay han bac (hop kim d6ng-b~c). Mot
so chat bo sung [Link] c6 th~ la ca9imi (Cd), photpho (P), silic (Si), mangan (Mn), thlec (Sn) va k.§n (Ni). Kim loal
quy bac (thanh phan c6 khi len den 85%) qiarn nhiet dO lam viec xu6ng 610 °C den 800 °C (xem earn nang tra
cuu),

Chat trQ' dung him

Chat tro dung han la vat li$u phi kim loai. Khi b.§ mat vat li$u duoc lam sach truoc mot each day du bang phuonq
phap co hoc, chat tro dung va khi bao v$ c6 th~ loai bo cac lap oxit. NhU' v$y, d~ yay han co th~ tharn uot b.§ mat
vat li$u, chat dung rnoi phai b] day ra nqoai qua han (Hinh 1). 811 tranh su
an mon, phai loai bo chat tro dung han con thua sau khi han yay xong.

Chat tro dung d~ han yay rnern dU'Q'C ky hieu theo tieu chuan DIN EN
I Khi oxy

29454 voi:

Con so cho ki~u chat tro dung han, chat tro dung nen va chat tro dung
kich hoat.

ChCi' A duoc dung cho chat long, B cho chat ran va C cho d~ng set.

NU'O'c han yay (clorit kern) c6 tac dong phan huy thich hop cho be mat b]
oxy h6a manh voi ten 99i 3.2.2.A (F-SW 11).

Bot nhao 2.2.1.C (F-SW 21) an man nhe thich hop cho han yay d6ng.

Chat tro dung d~ han yay cCl'ng thU'ang Ia cac hop chat bor va cOng an
mono Chung co san cho cac pharn vi nhlet do tac dl,mg khac nhau (thi du
nhu F-SH2 tLr 700 °C -1100 °C). Hinh 1: Tac dc}ng cua chat tro dung
222 7 Che tao nhfrng h~ th6ng co khi (Ky thuat gia cong)

Ky thuat gia cong trong him vay

Trong luc him phai tuan theo cac buoc gia conq nh§t dinh dQc I$p
voi phuonq phap han va trlJ'&ng hop ling dl,mg:

• Cac be mat dU'Q'C ket noi phai dU'Q'c lam sach nhO'ng 1O'poxit,
bui va dflu miY b~ng phuonq phap co hoac h6a hoc. £)jj~u nay
thU'&ng dU'Q'c thuc hien b~ng each cha xat voi gifly nharn hoac
tuonq tl! nhu v~y, hoac voi cac acid thich hop trang trlJ'&ng
hop hiem.

• Ch§t tro dung han duoc boi (tret). Dieu nay tat nhien khong
can thiet khi chat tro dung han & danq set (deo, nhao) hoac Hinh 1: N99n ILPa dl! han vay cu-ng
bQt da duoc gia cong trong chat han vay nhu trang h~u het cac
trlJ'cmg hop han vay di$n.

• Cac vi tri han vay duoc nung n6ng deu voi dunq cu thich hop.

• Vay han duoc dira VaG ket nOi voi vi tri han va duoc lam n6ng
chay,

• Cho han neu can thiet duoc lam sach b~ng each I0<;1 i b6 chat
tro dung han con thua.

Nung n6ng vi tri him

Doi voi han vay rnem thu cong trang linh vue co khi, thi du nhu'
de che t<;10dU'&ng ong, ngU'&i ta thu'&ng sCr dunq nqon ICra trang
d6 bao gom mot hon hop khonq khi - khi dot. NgU'Q'c lai, trang linh
VI!C ky thu~t di$n va di$n tCr thU'&ng Sll' dl,lng tram han, cac trarn
nay dung m6 han duoc nung n6ng b~ng di$n nhu' la rnoi truonq
truyen nhiet (Hinh 2). U'u diem cua phuonq phap nay la nhiet c6
Hinh 2: Tram him dij him yay mbm
th~ duo-c hoan toan du-a vao m¢t each co chu dich, !hi du nhu' khi
gan linh kien cho tam rnach in theo yi'!u cau.

De han vay rnern bang may han, cac bQ phan dtro'c nung n6ng
trang tram nung n6ng truoc va sau d6 keo qua mot bunq s6ng tli
vay han thiec (Hinh 3).

De nung n6ng cac vi tri han vay n6ng, rna trong pham vi co di$n tll'
it dU'Q'c Cmg dunq, hau nhu chi han vay bang nqon ICra tLFm6 han
hoi hoac m6 han vay cLrng duo'c sCr dunq (Hinh 1). Han s6ng

Hinh 3: Him s6ng

I 7.6.7 Him

Qua han, vat lieu c6 the ket noi vO'i nhau bang vat Ii$u kh6ng
thao ra dLl'Q'c.
~ Han
(cho kim 10<;1i)
I
I
I I
Cac vat lieu dU'Q'c nung n6ng tal moi n6i (vi tri ket n6i) cho to'i nhao Phll'O'ng phap Phll'O'ng phap
hoac 16ng va c6 the tl! lien ket. Sau khi h6a ran (dong cLrng) phan him ep han n6ng chay
n6ng chay cac chi tiet ket n6i voi nhau qua cau true chung. qua ap suat qua viec n6ng
va nhiet chay cua vat lii;lu
De dap Lrng yeu cau da danq, hon 100 phu'onq phap han khac
nhau duoc phat trien. TUy thuoc vao trlnh tl! cua qua trinh han ta
phan bist phuonq phap han ep va han n6ng chay (Hinh 4). Phan loai phll'O'ng phap han theo
trinh tl! gia cong

Hinh 4: T6ng quan vI! han

 7.6 Ghep n5i 223

PhlJ'O'ng phap han ep

Qua phlJ'O'ng phap han ep vat li$u nen tai nhQ>ngdiem ket n6i
£)i$n CI,I'C
duoc nung n6ng den tranq thai nhao va ep lai voi nhau. Cac chi
tiet khonq can phai lam n6ng chay 0>be mat tiep xuc nen khong
can chat phu gia.

a phuonq phap han ep, Sl,l'ket hop cua vat li~u duoc thuc
hi$n do tac dong cua nhiet va sue ep,

£)i$n CI,l'C
a him diem (Hinh 1) cac tarn monq hoac day nam chong IEm nhau
duoc ket noi voi tLmg diem han. Hai di~n cue dong narn d6i di~n
ep cac chi tiet lai voi nhau va truyen di$n. a
cac diem tiep xuc,
cac chi tiet han dinh vai nhau khi nung n6ng du dlJ'cYiap suck Tac M~I di~m han
dong ap suat duoc giQ>cho den khi m6i han nguoi di. Phuonq (Nhan giQI han)
phap nay rat thuonq duoc SlYdunq trang nqanh che t90 khung xe
va che t90 thiet b], Voi phuonq phap han ep, tho co di~n to>it khi Hinh 1: Thi du him di~m tli nhom him ep
phai d6i mat nhu ia nglJ'ai SlYdunq, ma thuonq duoi danh nghia
nglJ'ai dLmg may (qiarn sat) hoac nglJ'ai bao tri thiet b] han ep,
duoc sO>dunq trang cac thiet b] san xufit 0 to.

PhlJ'O'ng phap him n6ng chay

Cac vat li~u nen duoc nung n6ng tal vi tri han tai nhiet do n6ng chay, Tranq thai long nay dan den Sl,l'pha tron
cac vat lieu nen. Be dien day vao khe ho him, thong thlJ'cYngnglJ'O>I ta bo sung them vat lieu tlJ'O'ngtl,l' (cunq •
10!?i)de Xly Iy vat li~u n6ng chay, [Link] h6a rtm (dong cunq), vat li~u nen va vat lI$u bo sung c8U tao thanh mot
cau true chung.

a han n6ng chay, Sl,l'hoopnhat xay ra qua su pha tron vat li$u h6a long.
PhlJ'O'ngphap han n6ng chay (Hinh 2) duoc phan 109itheo each cung cap nhlet. Hai 109iquan tronq nhat la han
n6ng chay bang khi (han gi6 da, han vai oxy acetylen) va han ho quang.

Phll<7l1g philp him non9 chay

;6
E

.E
Han hO quang k;m 101,; trang mt khi baa v$

ling dunq:
Him 6ng va I§m
ling dunq: Han h6 quang trang mt khi bao
kim 10<;limong
phan I&n him thep hop v$ - di$n C\tC wolfram WIG
kim thap

~ ~i~i~~[~
Ch§1 Khi I ~-.----"'''------'
• J Khl IrO' Khi hoat hoa

K~:r~~~:h;
ling dunq:
Ho Quang Han thep carbon va
kh6ng sill
kim 10<;1i

Hinh 2: PMn loai cac phU'O'ng phap him nong chay quan tn;>ng
224 7 Che tao nhCPngh~ th6ng cookhi (Ky thuat gia cong)

Han gi6 da (han hoi, han n6ng chay b~ng khi)

a han gi6 da, cho k€lt n6i duoc nung n6ng b~ng me
han (Hinh 1). Qua d6, nang IO'Q'ngn6ng chay din thi€lt
duoc tao ra thong qua viec d6t chay hon hop khi oxy.
a day acetylen duoc stYdl,mg chu yeu lam nhien li$u.
Han gi6 da d6ng vai tro thli yeu trang ITnhVI,l'CC(Y di$n
tCf va h~u nhu' chi duoc stY dunq trang trO'6'ng hop
khong c6 san nang IO'Q'ngdi$n.

PhU'O'ng phap han n6ng chay vai he, quang

(Hinh 2)
Hinh 1: Han gi6 dit

Trong phuonq phap nay, nhlet n6ng chay can thi€lt

duoc tao ra btYih6 quang di$n. May phat di$n thay doi
CU'6'ngd(>dong di$n va dien the to'O'ng ling theo yeu PhU'O'ng phap him h6 Quang
cau, SI,l'khac biet tYnhCmg phuonq phap nay chu yeu n6ng chily
la each thuc rna cac vOng kim 10<;1in6ng chay duoc
bao v$ truoc khi cung cap khong khi. Thong thO'6'ngtY
han h6 quang kim loai, di~u nay duoc thuc hi$n b~ng Phuonq phap han Phuonq phap him h6
h6 Quang kim loai Quang vai khi bao v$
que han co ve boc. aphuonq phap him khi bao ve,
cac khi bao v$ khac nhau duoc stYdl,mg cho viec nay. Hinh 2: Phan loai phll'O'ng phap him hc3 Quang n6ng chay

Tat ca nhCi'ng phuonq phap nay c6 cac diem chung

quan tronq, bao g6m may phat di$n han, qua trlnh
trong h6 quang va viec phonq ngll'a tai nan.

May phat di~n han

Dong dien dat yeu cau de han phai c6 CU'6'ngd(>cao,

dieu chinh dO'Q'Cva dien the thap, 8i$n the theo cac Chuyen dbi CO' nling thanh
quy djnh phonq ngll'a tai nan khcnq ducc VO'Q'tqua di$n nling
mot 56 gia tri nhat dinh. Dong dien him co the t<;10ra
tll' b(>bi€ln the, bQ chinh IO'uhoac may phat di$n. a be} Hinh 3: May phat di~n cho han

chinh hru han, truoc tien di$n xoay chieu dO'Q'cd6i

tll' bQ bien the cua IO'O'idien r6i chuysn thanh dien mot
chieu thong qua b(>chinh luu,

May phat di$n han (Hinh 3) dU'Q'CsCfdunq de tao ra

di$n mot chi~u. May phat di$n thlJ'6'ng dlJ'Q'Cdan d(>ng
btYi mot dQng co di$n, hiem khi dung d(>ng C(Y d6t
(dQng co n6) truyen d(>ng va chuyen dbi nang 1lJ'Q'ng
C(Y hoc cua chuyen d(>ngquay thanh nang 1U'Q'ng di$n.

5,=" hinh thanh he, quang (Hinh 4)

Nhi$t can thiet lam n6ng chay duoc tao ra tll' h6 Hinh thanh Bll n6ng chay
quang. 8i~u nay xay ra sau khi g5 nhe (cham ng~n), ho Quang cua chi tiE31
tao mot "ng~n rnach" giCi'adi$n cue va chi tiet nhu la Di",n l.:r
CI,l'CdlJ'O'ngva CI,l'Cam, de viec di chuyen di$n ttYdtroc
van hanh. Lu6ng dien tll>nay (dong electran) van tiep
Il,JCsau khi nang que han len tao ra mot khe kh6ng khi I a) Tiep xuc lib) Nang len
nho rna qua do hinh thanh h6 quang. £lieu nay tao ra
Hinh 4: Qua trinh trong hc3 Quang
 7.6 Ghep noi 225

mot SI! "va d<;ip" cua rat nhieu cac di$n tlY tren be m~t nung n6ng Binh khi (argon)
b~ng dong nang Ian. Nang 1U'Q'ng nhiet qua do phat sinh du de T6c do bU'ocdlln liem
dat nhiet dQ n6ng chay tran 4000 DC. cua day han
£lien ap han
J...J1.r-:~-+--+--,
PhU'()'Ogphap him he, quang trong moi trU'cl'ng khi tro (khi
bao v~)

a ITnh Vl,J'Cnay ta phan biet han he quang kim 10<;1iva han he

quang trang rnoi trU'ong khi bao v$ wolfram. Trong phU'O'ng phap
nay, vunq kim 10<;1in6ng chay (vOng han) duoc che chan anh
hU'ang bat 19'i cua kh6ng khi. Khi tro (khi hitJm), khi hoat h6a
hay khi hon hop dU'Q'CSlY dl,mg lam khi bao v$. Khi hoat h6a va
khi hen hop c6 nhieu khuyet diem hon so voi cac loai khi tro
bao v$, vi chunq phan lfng voi vung kim loal n6ng chay va giam
chat 1U'Q'ngco hoc cua mOi him. Khuyet diem nay c6 the bu dap
mot phan bai mot hop phan tuonq lfng cua day han be sung.
PhU'O'ng phap han ho quang voi khi bao v$ thay the gan nhu
hoan toan han gi6 da.

Him he>quang kim loai trang moi trU'6'ng khi bao v~ (Hinh 1)

Trang phuonq phap nay he quang dong oi$n mot chieu chay
giO>aday di$n CI!C tron n6ng chay va chi tiet. Day han c6 dU'ong
kinh tli 0,8 mm den 2,4 mm quan tren mot cuon day dU'Q'C SlY
dunq lam CI!C dU'O'ng cua day di$n CI!C. Mot thiet b] dan tien day

•
day theo ty 1$ toc do n6ng chay cua n6 thong qua sung han.
D6ng oi$n nan oU'Q'c dan den day han trong sung han ngay tnroc
he quang qua cong tac di$n di dong. Lap d~t mot h$ thong lam
nguQi b~ng khonq khi hoac nuoc S6 lam giam sl! nung n6ng cua HU'ong him ==>
sung him. Phu o'nq phap han hI'>quang kim loal vai khi bao v$
Hinh 1: SO' do thiElI b] him MIG, MAG (khi kim
dU'Q'c phan chia theo vi$c lfng dunq cac loai khi bao v$. 10<;libao v~ va khi kim loat hoat h6a)

Trang MIG (han b~ng di$n CI!C n6ng chay trang mot trU'ang khi
Ira) chu yeu la argon cuoc SlY dvng lam khi bao v$. Khi hiern
nay la leal oat tieln, nhU'ng c6 the cho cac m6i han tot. Dac biet Khi hillm

la cat oU'Q'c nang suat han cao a tarn kim loai trung binh va day.
(Khl tro)
PhU'O'ng phap han MIG oU'Q'c lfng dvng cho thep khong gJ, kim
loai phi sat va kim 10i,li nhe.

a han kim loai trang moi trU'ong khi bao v$ heat tinh (MAG),
ngU'oi ta sU> dvng khi hoat tinh voi gia thanh hop Iy non (r<flt
thuonq xuyen la khi CO2 hoac khi hen hop). Ngoai ra phuoriq
phap nay tuonq lfng trang ky thuat va lfng dvng voi phuonq Hinh 2: PhU'O'ng phap han WIG (Wolfram-Inert-
phap han MIG. Han MAG duoc ap dvng chu yeu cho thep hop Gas)
kim thap va khong hop kim, dac biet trong nqanh thiet ke khung
xe de han cac t€!m kim loai mongo Quy dinh ph6ng ng(Pa tai nan i:1 him

• Chi conq nhan dlJ'Q'C dao tao rnoi

dlJ'Q'C phep dieu khien cac thiet b]
Him bang di~n c,!,c khong n6ng chay wolfram trong khi tro han.
(Hinh 2)
• De bao ve mal pMi dung kinh han
hay kinh chan,
a han wolfram trong khi tro (WIG), hIS quang chay giO>a dien
CI!C wolfram khonq n6ng chay va chi tiet. Vat lieu be sung c6 the • Bao tay va lam yem da bao v$ truoc
dtroc cung dip tli phia ben earth. Bang phU'O'ng phap nay m6i cac hat kim loai n6ng chay ban t6e ra.
han dU'Q'c tnu'c hi$n c6 chat 1lJ'Q'ngtot va deu dan, chu yeu dung • Cac khi phat sinh phal duoc hut di.
tot cno thep hop kim cao, kim loa: phi sat va kim loai nhs.
226 7 Che tao nhffng h~ thong coo khi (Ky thuat gia cong)

7.6.8 Dim (SI! kat dinh)

Qua phuonq phap dan, vat lieu cuoc k~t n6i voi
nhau bang vat li~u kh6ng tach (thao) roi.

Nqay nay phU'O'ng phap dan trang ky thuet tro nen r~t
quan tronq va bo sung VaG cac phuonq phap ket n6i
thong thuonq den nay. Mang ch~! dan

Cach thLPC tac dl,mg cua ket nfli dan

o ket n6i dan, ll,J'c c6 ket tac dOng giCra cac hat chat
ket dinh cOng nhU' hrc barn giCra cac hat chat ket dinh
va vat lii?u. £)6i voi vat lieU x6p nhu go, giay, hang
det va cac loai khac, chat ket dinh tham nhap VaG
cac 10 bonq va c6 them Sl,J'an kh&p (dan xen) CO'hoc Hinh 1: Cac h,l'ctrang kl!t nbi dan (SO' do)
(Hinh 1). Qua d6 ket n6i oat cuoc dO ben cao. Khi ket
dinh a be mat lang nhu thep, do ben ket n6i chi b] tac
dong beYill,J'c c6 ket va Il,J'Cbarn. £)ieu kien cho Sl,J'ket
dinh la tam uot deu be mat ket n6i (xem han vay), Cac
!\Chat ket dinh cho kim lo~i I
chat ket dinh cOng phai dU'Q'c phan ph6i deu va khonq I
duoc tao thanh hat. £)0 ben noi can tuy tnuoc VaG chat I I
ket dinh dU'Q'C SLr dl,mg, ket cau be mat dim, vat lieu Chat ket dinh ChAt ket dinh
chi tiet dan va cac loai Lrng luc, dung moi phan wng

Tac dunq dan phat Tac dunq dan phat

Chat ket dinh cho kim loai sinh do dung rnoi sinh do cac qua trinh
thai hai h6a hoc, ket rnanq
(y chat ket dinh (keo dan) dung mol, chat ket dinh va bien cunq
hoa tan trong dung rnoi. E)~ can cac chi tiet, dung rnoi Hinh 2: Phan loal chat kl!t dinh theo tac dl!ng hea hoc
phai bay hoi hoac cac chat ket dinh phai dU'Q'C hoan
toan thong hot tnroc khi ket noi, Vi the voi chat ket
dinh dung moi, da so kim 10Qic6 th~ can duoc vai cac
vat lieu xop (go, da, mot s6 10Qi nhua).

Chat ket dinh phan (vng dU'Q'C SLr dl,mg cho ket noi
can thuan tuy kim loai. Trong do Sl,J'bien cLrng xay ra
qua qua trinh h6a h9C, voi he qua la mot ket n6i c6
dinh (so sanh chat ceo). Khi bien cLrng, cac phan tLr
Bien cLFngdo tang Bien cLFngdo nung
ket dinh don th~ ket n6i thanh chuoi va rnanq.
them chat h6a cLFng n6ng va ap suat
hay thai hai dung rnoi

Chat ket dinh trong d6 Sl,J'bien cLrng xay ra a

nhiet do
Hinh 3: Phan loai chat ket dinh theo nhiet dc'? gia cong
phonq con duoc qoi la keo dan nguQi (Hinh 3). Thuoc
ve nh6m nay c6 keo dim hai thanh phan, nghTa la de
bien cLrng, keo dan dU'Q'c tron voi mot thanh phan thLr
hai, chat lam h6a cLrng (Hinh 4). Vi Sl,J'bien cLrng dan
dan bat dau sau khi Iron, cac chat ket dinh phai dU'Q'c
Xli' Iy ngay laP tuc, Thci gian trang d6 c6 the Xli' Iy
chat ket dinh duoc tron 99i ta thai gian XLP IY. Thoi
gian nay duoc nha san xuat quy dinh. Trang mot s6
keo dan nguOi thoi gian bien cLrng c6 the giam qua
nung n6ng.
Bien cLFngdo them Bien cLFngqua nhiet
vao chat h6a cLPng va ao sua! (nen)
Ch!!t ket dinh doi hei nhiet va ap suat trang qua trinh
bien cLrng dU'Q'c 99i 18 keo dan n6ng. Hinh 4: Philn loai ch<1tkl!t dinh theo so 1U'Q'ngthanh phan
 7.6 Ghep nOi 227

Keo dan n6ng thuoc vf3 nh6m keo dim mc'?t thanh Bang 1: H~ thong chat ket dinh cho vi~c dan kim lo~i
phan, trong d6 chua tc~t ca cac thanh phan da tron. (Chat ket dinh phan (Png), nhiPng thi dt.J
Chung dat dU'Q'c dQ ben khoanq gap doi so voi chat
H~thong chat TAn thllO'ng hl~u Nhi,t dq
ket dinh nguQi, nhU'ng d6i h6i nhieu cong sue ky thuat ket dinh (cho gai nho) hoa cling
dll thuc hii;!n 51,1' bien cling bang each nung n6ng dU'ai (H6a chat CO' ban)
ap Il,I'c (nen).
Nhl,l'a epoxy Uhu-Plus Nhi(ltdQ
voi polyaminen Uhu-Endfest 300 ph6ng
Henkel Stabilit

Cac chat ket dinh kim loai ky thuat dU'Q'c SLYdunq trong Nhl,l'a epoxy Henkel Metallon Tren 100°C
voi carboxylic
thuc t~ thuonq la chat ket dinh phan ling va bao gom
anhydride
chu yeu b5n hi;! th5ng chat ket dinh (Bang 1). TCf ten
thuonq mai ta khong biet dU'Q'c ro rang thanh phan Polyurethan Henkel Nhi(ltdQ
cua chat ket dinh. Cac nha san xu fit chat ket dinh Macroplast UK ph6ng (20°C)
thU'cyng cung cap keo dan ky thuat, duoc t5i U'U h6a Kat nOi Acrylic Henkel Nhi(ltdQ
cho tCPng rnuc dich ling dl,lng rieng biet. £)e co duoc Metallon LA ph6ng (20°C)
tinh chat di;ic biet, ngU'CYita thU'cyng pha tron nhif3u he
th5ng ket dinh voi nhau.

Cau true va san xu at ket noi dim

Tinh chat cua keo dim phai duo'c chu y khi thiet ke
c8U true ket n5i dim, vi dO bf3n keo cua n6 chi bang
khoanq 10% cua thep. B~ mat dim nen tranh chju tai

I
keo khong d5i xling, lot (tr6c) hoac tach ra (Hinh 1 va
Hinh 2).

Cac loai (rng luc (tai) thich hop

Cac loai ling il,l'c (tai) thich h9'P cho ket n<Sidan
la xoan va eat.

Nhfrng blJ'60c gia cong quan tronq nhfIt khi gia conq
ket n5i dan la:

• Chuan bl vi tri dan

Keo Keo Keo
• Pha tron va din do chat ket dinh
Cac loai (rng h,J'c(tai) kh6ng thich hop
• Boi (tret) cac chat dan
Hinh 1: lrng h,l'c (tat) cho mai nai dim
• Ep cac chi tiet vao nhau

• Bien cling lap keo dan

Lot (tr6c) F
£)e chuan b] vi tri dan, cac b~ mat phai dU'Q'Ctach m&
(khLY mo, tay dau) va mai v.v, voi yeu cau cao bang
cee 10('li(rng tuc (tai) ~
phun cat, phuonq phap lam nharn bf3 mat bang co kh6ng thich hop ~
hoc. Cac phuonq phap h6a hoc cOng thich hop nhu' f)inh tan
an m6n va dii;!n giai voi conq dean rLYa ky 1U'&ng tiep Tang bli mat dan
theo.

~ ~
Khi pha tron va can do phai chu y quy djnh gia conq
Gap canh cubi Tang dO c(rng vifng

,£;>
cua nha san xuat keo dan. Cac chat ket dinh sau khi
pha trcn ngay [Link] toe diro'c phan ph5i m6ng tren bf3
mat dan bang co, bay hay voi thiet b] dinh 1U'Q'[Link]
chi tiet sau khi ep vao nhau phai dam bao kh6ng b] xe
~
[Link] khi dung can gi(f du thai gian bien cling. Hinh 2: Thiet ke du true de triinh ch]u tai bong (troc)
228 7 Ch~ tao nhCl'ng h~ thong co khi (Ky thu~t gia cong)

7.6.9 Kilt nOi ep

Phuonq phap ket noi nay dua tren su lap ghep ep,
nghia 113lap ghep c6 do doi giCYa cac bo phan ben rK~t nbiep ngang (hU'ang tam)

trang va ben nqoai. Trang ket noi nay vat lieu b] bien (Ep vao
dang dan h6i. N6 gay ra II)'C ma sat cao va c6 the o nhie! dQ [Ket no; ep qua nh;~t
(co l(li. run)
Ket nbi ep qua lam
tanh (gian no)
truyen momen quay Ian va II)'C doc true ket nOi qua ma !hU'ong)
sat rna khong can them phuonq tien ket noi. (Chi tiet nqoai duoc (Chi tiel Irong dU'O'c

"m@
nung n6ng co l(li khi lam lanh gian no khi

Khi che tao k€Jt noi, tuy thuoc vao nhiet do rna ta phan
bi$t nhieu loai k€Jt noi khac nhau (Hinh 1):
O""~

K~t noj ep doc (doc true) (Hinh 2) Ct nhiet do binh

thU'ang dat dU'Q'C bang each ep doc theo chi~u true Hinh 1: Ket nbi ep
vao trang 10. True phai co canh vat nho (dtm 5°) de
tranh lam nnan thai qua be met vet lieu. Viec thao roi
va rap lai ket nOi cuoc I~p di I~p lai gay ra hau qua la Banh rang
Il)'c barn giam rnanh. 86i tron mong dflu true vol dau
cai ngan chan SI)' lam man cac chi tiel. Khi ep vao thi
du nhu bang bua, ban kep (e to) va may ep can chu y
kh6ng de true bi lech.

Neu do thay dbi nhiet dO cac chi tiet b] co lai hay gian
no, ta gQi 113 k~t noj ep ngang (hU'ang tam). Cac chi Bien doing v~1 Ii~u
tiet c6 the ghep noi kh6ng din Il,I'c doc true Ian. Phai
chu y den quy d!nh phonq nglfa tai nan lao dOng khi Hinh 2: Ket noi ep doc (doc true)
nung n6ng va lam lanh cac chi tiet.

a k~t noj ep qua nhj~t (k~t noj CO') (Hinh 3), chi
tiet nqoai dU'Q'c nung n6ng d~u, thi du nhu bc'ing tarn
nhiet, be dau hoac rno han, gian nCt ra va c6 the de
dang rap vao chi tiet trang. Khi lam lanh, chi tiet nqoai
co lai va ep len b~ mat true. Cac van d~ trang ket noi
nay c6 the xay ra do nhiet do cao voi nguy co thay dbi trong khi lap qhep trong khi lap ghep
cau true tinh the, cong venh (lech, meo) va an man
(ph6i b] oxy h6a) (tlf 250°C tro di).

(y kilt noi ep qua lam lanh (kilt nOj gian n&) (Hinh 4),
chi tiet trang dU'Q'c lam tanh bang da lanh kh6 (khoanq sau khi lap ghep sau khi lap ghep
-70°C) hoac khf long (nito -194°C) va co 1:;[Link] khi
rap voi chi tiet nqoai, chi tiet trang n6ng tro l<;Iinhiet do Hinh 3: Kh60pnoi ep qua nhiet Hinh 4: Kh60pnoi ep qua
thU'ang va nCt ra. Khop noi ep qua lam lanh c6 nhieu (Ket noi co) lam lanh (Ket noi
gian n6»
lQ'i the, thi du khong xay ra SI)' thay dbi cau true tinh the
khi Xlf 1'1nhiet (trui, tOi) cac bo phan, tuy nhlen chi phi
cho chat lam lanh tU'O'ng doi cao va chenh lech nhiet
do dat dU'Q'Cthap, 10 micron (u). True phai dLP9'clam lanh den nhiet d¢ nao?
Nhiet do binh thLPang 20°C.
Trang trU'ang hop dac biet ngU'ai ta c6 the ket hop hai
fj.d= do· a· fj. T
phuonq phap vai nhau. NhU' v$y chi tiet nqoai duoc a = 0,000012 ~ (Bang)
lam n6ng va chi tiet trang duoc lam lanh. H=~
do' a 030 H7 +~1 (Bang)
fj. T = 0,058 mm . K 030 56 !~ 0,010
30 mm . 0,000012 + 0,048
iiI!l!I Tinh toan nhlet d6 ket noi fj.T=161K M= 0,058

M¢t banh rang dU'9'c rap vai true co dU'ang kinh (/) 30 H7/ True phai dLPQ'clam lanh tai -141°C. Nhiet do am nay chi
56 bang khop noi ep qua lam tanh, £>0 hCt khi lap rap la cat dLPQ'cvO'i khOng khi long (nito -194 ·C) noac oxy 16ng
(-183·C).
 7.6 Ghep n6i 229

7.6.10 Ket nOi kep chat va uon nep

KE'itnOi tac d¢ng nhanh
(g§p nep)

Nqoai cac ky thuat k€lt n6i co dien dlJ'Q'c m6 ta, trong

nhO'ng narn gan day mot loat kat n6i dlJ'Q'C phat trien
va ph5 bien d~c biet It! trong ITnh vue ky thuat dien.

Vi v~y, thi du cac chi tiet r&i cua cac 6ng dan cap kh6ng
con bat vit theo quy tac trong viec cat giO' cac day dan
di$n, ma m6c tai vi tri dlJ'Q'c djnh tnroc (Hinh 1). [Link]
kat n6i nay dlJ'Q'c gOi la kat nOi earn tac dQng nhanh
va thuoc nh6m ket n6i thao rai dlJ'Q'C.

Hinh 1: Kat noi tac d¢ng nhanh

COng nhu v$y, cac loai ket nOi kep eh~t khac nhau c6
the thao ra duoc (Hinh 2) pnan nhieu heat dQng tren
CO'sa k€lt n6i vlt,

NgU'Q'C lai, cac Il,I'c giO' duoc tao ra tai ket n6i k~p 16
xo qua tac d6ng 16 xo CUB mot rn6c kim loal u6n cong
(Hinh 3). Loai ket n6i nay thlJ'cyng duo'c SLYdunq de
noi day dong nho. £)e noi day dan di$n, thi du a mot
Kep bang Kep Ong 16t KE:!pdai v6ng

thanh dan, 16 xo long dlJ'Q'c ~n xuonq va dua day dong

each di$n vao 10 hong. Ket noi 16 xo long keo r~t de
thao r&i, hon nO'a gan nhu kh6ng can bao tri va di;ic
biet ta chong rung.

Ket n6i earn tren bo rnach dien ILY cOng tuan theo
dung quy luat cua ky thuat ghep n6i. Chung baa gom
mot 0 earn danq dao va mot 6 earn 16 xo. 0 earn gan
len bang rnach in va b6 n6i vao khung thiet bi. Thi du
Lrng dl,Jng dien hinh la Ihe do hoa hoac the chen khac
dlJ'Q'c SLYdunq trong may tinh. Hinh 3: H~ thong kat noi 16 xo 16ng keo (16 xo keo d<;lng 16ng)

MQt ket n6i an toan cua day dong trong vi trl ket n6i
thich hop, thi du qua du6i earn day (6ng boc dau cuoi
cho day dien). NhO'ng day dlJ'Q'C gan vao du6i va tao
nep ket noi chi;it bang mot dl,lng CI,Jphu hop (chuyen
dung) (Hinh 4 va 5). Trong thu'c te ky thuat nay duoc
xep loai la kh6ng thao duoc, cOng dlJ'Q'c gOi la ep hoac
Crimpen (tieng Anh).
DuOi

Day
!I'
i_I, _1
"-
d§ndi~n~6C

Hinh 4: Kat noi uon nap (Kat noi gap nap)

1. Han vay rnern khac han vay cLrng nhtr the nao?

2. Han vay va han khac nhau nhu the nao ve mat

v~t Iy?

3. Me ta cac qua trinh khi nan vay va han.

4. Quy tac lam viec nao can dlJ'Q'C hru y khi han
vay? Hinh 5: Kim tao nap kat noi (Kim tan)
230 7 chll tao nhO>ngh~ thong cookhi (Ky thuat gia cong)

M¢t ban dU'Q'cche tao bang profin nhorn cho thiet bj XLr 1'1thao tac bang di$n-khi nen duoc rnieu ta theo
(Hinh 1). Cac kich thuoc cua tarn de la 300 mm x 600 mm. a
mat dU'ai dU'Q'Cchia thanh lU'ai vai a vuonq
50 mm va ranh 8 mm.

1. Hay va tay mot ban phac hoa cho khung. Qua d6 hay khao sat nhieu Iva chon thiet ke va quyet dinh mot
giai phap. Giai thich Sl,I'llJ'a chon cua ban,

2. Hay chon mot profin phu hop tCPdanh mI,JCprofin cua nha cung cap. Neu can, c6 the SlYdI,Jngcac thong
tin tren rnanq cua nha san xuat.

3. Hay tlrn cac bo phan ket noi can thiet. LU'u y ban can c6 do on dinh du cao chong lai llJ'c tac d¢ng ngang.

4. Hay tao mot ban va li!tp rap va ban va chi tiet can thiet,

5. Nhi~u nha san xuat cung cap chuonq trinh CAD ho tro tao ra ban va, de dang thao tac c6 san tren manq
Internet hoac tren CD-ROM. Hay SlYdunq cac chuonq trinh nay neu c6 co h¢i.

6. Tong hop lai nhO>ngchi tiet can thiet voi nhau trang mot danh mI,JCchi tiet. Chu y den each di[lt ten theo
chuan cua cac bo phan tieu chuan.

7. Hay xac dinh cac phuonq phap gia cong can thiet cho vi$c che tao.

8. DI,JngCI,Jnao can thiet?

9. Hay tao mot ke hoach lam vi$c dien hinh cho hai chi tiet de san xuat, xac dinh cac viec lam tuonq lmg va
nhO>ngdI,JngCI,Jcan thiet.

10. Hay tao mot ke hoach lam viec thli tlJ' de li!tp rap cac chi tiet roi.

11. Hay tao mot ban va li!tp rap (ban va chi tiet rail cho cai ban lam bang h$ thong CAD.

Hinh 1: Thiet b] Xlr Iy thao tac [Link] di~n khi Olin

 7.7 Tl,J'dOng h6a san xu at 231

7.7 TV' dQng h6a san xuat

7.7.1 Ljch SlP phat tritm

MOt buoc tilln quan tronq va hop 19 mang tlnh I!ch

stY - theo F. W. Taylor (1856-1915) va H. Ford (1863-
1947) - la vi$c gi&i thieu SV' san suat hang loat theo
day chuyen lap rap (Hinh 1) dU'Q'c stY dunq tai conq
ty Ford Motor khoanq narn 1914. Qua trinh san xuat
dU'Q'c chia thanh cac buoc nho nhat; moi cong nhan la
chuyen gia, nghTa la chi thuc hien mot vai thao tac. Xe
oto duoc van chuyen tl,J' dOng tren mot bang cnuyen.
Nh6' d6 th6'i gian de lap rap mot khung gam qiarn tiJ>
12,5 gi6' xuong 1,5 gi6'. Vi$c san xuat da ph6 bi€!n tiJ>
dau th€! ky 20. Sl,J'linh noat & loai hinh hop 19 h6a san
suat nay 113 bang khong.

Trong the chien thtr hai, phan Ian san xuat cong
nghi$p tap trung van ITnh vue vQ khi. Sau chien tranh
Hinh 1: San xu~t hang loat theo day chuyim
thll giai thLP hai, 90% nqanh conq nghi$p 8LPC da b]
pha huy, Nhu cau doi voi san pharn dan Sl,J'rat cao, va
do d6 c6 the dU'Q'C len ke hoach san xuat hang loat, Quan sat Sl,J'tien trien ve nang suat va tinh linh heat lrong
san xuat conq nghi$p sau chien tranh th€! giai thLP hai, c6 the tarn chia vi$c nay trong 5 buoc (Hinh 2).

.•...
roo
o
s:
s:
Tich hop cac
be) vi XIY Iy (NC
-7CNC)
Nhap cac dan
vi gia cong ton
non;
may ttnn di€!u
khien
Noi rnanq tM ca
lrinh tl,J'van hanh
t(r thiet k~ d~n
gia cOng
•
:§ 8i€!u khiEln trinh
s:
c
·ro
>
1--------1

CO' khi h6a

~!!!~!~II CIM (Computer-
Intergrated
"ro H$thong
:::l
en
gia cong linh
Manufacturing =
Ol San xuat co may
c
Te bao san xuat noat,
~ Bt.P6tc 1 May NC (May tinh tich hO'P)
(8an vi san xuat H$ thong I~p ke
di€!u khien ky
May thong CO' ban) hoach san xuat
thuat so)
thll'ang (May ti$n Ket noi
va may phay) CAD/CAM

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

Hinh 2: SI,J'phat trilm ve nang suat va tinh linh hoat

Tang nang suat la rnuc tieu chinh cua nhQ>ng thay d6i trong hai giai doan dau. Ngll'ai la da dat duoc nhieu tien
bo vci hieu suat true chinh va hi$u suat cat. £long thoi hop Iy h6a thong qua viec thay doi tl,J'd(>ng phci va dunq
CI,J.£lieu nay lam giam thoi gian phu (thi du: thai gian lap d$t) va tang tho'l gian SlY dunq chinh. Tuy nhien thai
gian phu van con tU'O'ng doi cao. Trong giai doan th(P ba va th(P tu, qua viec doi thai gian phu van trong thai
gian stY dl,Jng chinh bang viec thay d6i chuonq trinh khong giim doan (lien tuc), quan Iy dunq CI,Jtl,J'dong, nap
phol va dl,Jng CI,Jtl,J'd(>ng V.V ... , ke ca th6'i gian lap phu cOng dU'Q'c rut ngan dang ke. Qua d6 cac bien phap nay
giam thieu thai gian ngll'ng cac may dat tien. HO'n nQ>an6 cho phep hau nhu khong c6 nhan vien lam ca dem
va nqay cuoi tuan.
232 7 Chfl tao nhiing h~ thong co khi (Ky thuat gia cong)

Trong giai doan thu>narn, Sl,!'van hanh da b~t d~u ket

noi qua may vi tinh CIM (San xuat co may tinh tich ,
;
hop) duoc xem la mot khflU hieu. M~c du may da san
xu~t Cl)'Cnhanh, nhunq ben canh dong chay nguyen
li$u cOng la dong chay dCrli$u hay dong chay thong tin
lon (giay to' lam vi$c, ban VEl v.v) dl! ho tro. Hi$n nay,
CIM co g~ng loai be heat d(lng thu cong dl! chuyen u
giao thong tin, thi du nhCrngban ve ky thuat dU'O'cxem
nhu la dCrli$u CAD co san va cOng co th€l qua d6 cung . I
Jr'
cap duoc cho san xuat. .....!
•
..~ "
~~ ,

T~t ca nhCrngphat tril!n nay da co thl! thuc hi$n duoc,

bai vi con co nhCrngSl,!'phat trien khac song song, co Hinh 1: Di~u khi~n CNC co c§u true theo mOdun
anh hU'ang tich CI,!'Cden qua trinh n6i tren. NhO'v~y,
may san xuat dU'O'ccai thien dang kl! ve do chinh xac
va d(l c([Link] canh ti€m bO kh6ng 16trong ITnh
VI,l'Ccong ngh$ may tinh (b¢ vi xU>Iy, manq dCr li$u,
v.v), da c6 cac tac dong len ky thuat dieu khien (PLC,
bO dieu khil!n, v.v...). H$ dieu khil!n dU'O'ngbao (quy
d<;IO)cno nhieu true duoc xem la tieu chuan ngay nay
(Hinh 1).

Sau chien tranh the gi&i thiY hai den nhCrng narn 70,
phan lon san xuat cong nghi$p dU'O'cthiet ke theo kil!u
san xuat hang loat voi quy mo Ian. Cac san pharn tieu
chuan noa da duoc tao ra c6 tubi tho r~t dai,

Ngay nay, yeu cfIu cua khal ni$m san xuat la voi quy
me van hanh nho hon co th~ san xuat diroc san pharn Hinh 2: May CNC nhieu true
chat 1U'O'ngcao hon va nhanh hon. Nha san xuat phai
c6 kha nang phan iYng nhanh ch6ng v&i nhCrng thay
d6i tren th] trU'O'ngva san xuat ra san pharn ma ngU'&i
mua chap nhan dU'O'c.86ng thoi gia thanh cua san
pharn thuonq phai canh tranh v&i cac nha san xuat
khac trsn toan the gi&i. Chu ky phat tril!n sari pharn va
tu6i tho san pharn nqay canq ng~n di.

Canq ngay ngU'O'ita cOng canq can san xuat san

pharn thuonq xuyen tren mot loai may qol la trung tam
gia cong, loai may nay c6 kha nang thuc hien dU'O'c
nhieu phuonq phap san xuat v&i cac khau xU>Iy tiep
theo (Hinh 2).

Ben canh vi$c tang nang suat, viec tang tinh linh hoat
nqay canq quan tronq, Trong pharn vi san xuat hang
loat, bang chuyen sari xuat va bang chuyen tl,!' dong
(mot phan v&i cac may chuyen dung d~c biet cho san
pharn) dU'O'cSU>dunq voi quan dil!m so 1U'O'ngnhieu
nhat c6 thl!. 8ay la buoc phat trien dU'O'cxem nhu loai
bo cac may chuyen dung. Vi tuoi tho san pharn ng~n
khOng du khau hao cho cac may chuyen dung, cac
san pharn theo sau phai duoc san xuat v&i cunq mot
may. Trang b] lai may refitton kern (Hinh 3). a vj tri cua
bang chuyen san xuat clmg nhac dan dan xuat hi('mte
bao sari xuat (don vi san xu at doc lao) linh heat. Hinh 3: Hinh anh teat san phamco the che tao dlJ'Q'ccua mQt
trung tam gia cong
 7.7 Tl,J' dong h6a san xuat 233

7.7.2 Modun (don vi ket caul cho tl,l'

dQng h6a san xuat

Mot quy trinh san xuflt can duoc tl,l' di;>ng h6a se lien
quan dEln ba ITnh vue sau:

• Gia cong tl,l' dong

• Van chuyen tl,J' dong phoi tCr may nay sang may
khac

• Luong thong tin tl,l' dong

BU'ac dau tien cho tl,l' di;>ng h6a san xuat that ra 113qua
trinh gia cong dU'Q'c tl,l' di;>ng h6a. Hinh 1: May CNC

a 8lic giO>athE§ky 20 b~t dau phat tri~n may cong cu

CNC1) (Hinh 1) cho mot phuonq phap san xuat d~c
biet (thi du, ti~n hoac phay). Cac trinh tl,l' ChUYEln di;>ng
tren may d~ tao ra cac d<;tng hinh hoc cua phol mong
muon dU'Q'c tao ra bai mot chuonq trinh phan rnern.
Trong da phat trien, cac phU'O'ng phap san xuat khac
duo'c ChUYEln d6i sang ch€l dO van hanh CNC (thi du 7
nhU' dap, cat bang laser, cat bang tia d6t). May CNC
c6 dien la mot may conq CI,Jheat di;>ng doc I$p, trong
d6 vi~c thay d6i dl,Jng CI,J,phoi va chU'O'ng trinh phan
rnern duoc thuc hi~n bang tay.

N€lu tren may cong CI,JCNC, dunq CI,J,phoi va chuonq

trinh phan rnern duoc tl,l' dong h6a va c6 san Sl,l' di€!u
khien 4D hoac 5D de c6 the gia cong 4 hoac 5 mat, thl
ta goi may nay la trung tam gia cong (Hinh 2). Cac
dunq CI,Jcan thi€lt dU'Q'Cchua trong bO nho dunq CI,Jva Hinh 2: Trung tam gia cong
diro'c tl,l' di;>ng thay vao true chinh thong qua cac I~nh
tU'O'ng ling trong phan rnem. Phan Ian cac cong dean
gia cong cat got a
phol (tien, phay, cat ren v.v ... ) dU'Q'C
thuc hi~n a
trung tam gia cong.

N€lu trung tam gia cong dU'Q'c rno ri;>ng, thi du tren
palet luu trO>,d~ gia conq luc nao cOng co du cac bi;>
phan khi van hanh may khong ngU'ai di€!u khien trong
mot thai gian nhat djnh, ta n6i d6 113mot tl! bao san
xu at
(Hinh 3) hay don vi san xu at
d9C I~p. Thong
thU'ang a
day duoc tich hop mot h~ th6ng giam sat
kich thuoc phoi, Qua Sl,l'giam sat Il,I'c cat, trong trU'ang
hop can thlet, Sl,J'thay d6i dunq CI,Jtl,l' di;>ng S8 dU'Q'c
thuc hlen. Ranh giai giCra trung tam gia cong va t€l bao
san xuat nqay canq b] x6a nh6a, canq nhi€!u nha san
xuat rno rong cac mOdun cho trung tam gia conq cua
ho thanh tll bao san xuat,

1) CNC: Computerized Numerical Control = fli€lu [Link]~ng s6 vai

h6 tro cua may tinh Hinh 3: T~ bao san xu;~t
234 7 Che tao nhLi>ng h~ thong co khi (Ky thuat gia cong)

H~ thong san xuit linh hoat (FMS = Flexible

V~n ehuy~n ph6i tl! dc?ng
manufacturing system) (Hinh 2) CO' ban gom co cac
thanh phan sau:

• Nhieu may tt! dQng CNC voi thiet b] thay doi dl,mg
CI,Jva bo luu tn) dunq cu Ian

• Tt! dong nQP va do phoi

• Van chuyen phoi tt! dQng
Gia eong b6 sung cho nhau Gia conq toan bO tren may 3
• Mot h$ thong di€lu khien cap tren qua may 1 va may 2 va may 4

Hinh 1: Nguyen tile gia e6ng trong h~ th6ng san xuat linh
H$ thong san xuat linh heat cho phep thay d6i lien tuc hoat (FMS)
phuonq phap gia cong va co 10 (so 1U'Q'ng hang san
xu at trong mot dot san xuaUgia conq). Do d6 n6 c6
kha nang gia conq phoi khac nhau theo bat ky thLr tt! nao. Nguyen t~c gia conq trong do thU'ang bao gom mot
so may duoc b6 sung va thay the ket hop voi nhau, do d6 toan b(> h$ thong van c6 the san xu at neu mot may
c6 SI,J'co (Hinh 1).

Hinh 2: H~ thong san xuat linh hoat (FMS)

Viec XLr Iy tU'CYngtan chu d€l tt! d(>ng h6a gia conq vot cac de tai them vao nhir h$ thong van chuyen phoi va
thao tac, quan Iy dl,Jng CI,J,may tinh chu FMS, bang chuyen I~p rap linh heat v.v 58 VU'Q'tqua pharn vi cua cuon
sach nay. Vi the trong hai phan sau day, cac may CNC duoc xU>Iy - the hien qua cac mOdun (don vi thiet bi)
quan tronq nhat cua h$ thong san xuat linh heat (FMS) - va cac robot conq nghi$p - la dai dien thu vi nhat cua
h$ thong thao tac xU>Iy tt! d(>ng.
 7.8 8it3U khien CNC 235

7.8 £)i~u khi~n CNC

U'ac muon c6 the chuyen cac cong vi$c n;;ing nhoc va kh6 khan sang
may m6c va tl,!' d¢ng h6a da c6 tll' rat lau. NgU'Q'c dong thai gian, nhCfng
h$ di€lu khien bang CO' hoc da xuat hi$n tll' the ky 18 (thi du nhu khung
cll'i det CO' khi). Vao narn 1770 P. Jaquet-Oroz da che t90 bup be viet chCf
tren gi~y b~ng nqoi but (Hinh 1). Day ta nhCfng h$ di€lu khien thuan co
khi bang cac dTa di€lu khien duoc thay the, tham chi chunq c6 the viet
nhCfng hang chCf khac nhau.
Hinh 1: Bup be nglJ'il'i may viet
Ngay tll' giCfa the ky 20, ngU'ai ta da tim kiem may cong Cl,l duoc di€lu
khien bang so. Tat ca cac thong tin dCf li$u v€l gia cong xu at hi$n dU'ai
danq nhCfng tr] so; thi du van toc dan tien, van toc cat, kich thuoc hinh
hoc cua chi tiet. Ngay ca vi$c rno ta quy d90 bang toan hoc theo Iy thuyet
cOng thU'ang c6 kha nang thuc hi$n dU'Q'c (thi du nhU' quy 6<;l0 phuc
tap cua may bay), tuy nhien vao luc d6 viec che tao voi SI,!'tro giup cua
dU'iYng chep hinh lai qua thieu chinh xac,

Sau the chien thlf hai, nhCfng may cong cu NC d~u tlen duoc che t90 tai ~{'t nbi ~ _
My (NC: Numerical Control = Di€lu khi€ln ky thuat so). NhCfng may conq CADI :5 ':2
CAM 55
cu nay san xuat bang each nhan thong so ve vi tri (thOng so dinh vi) qua
bang due 16. Chung da c6 kha nang tinh toan dU'Q'c nhCfng tr] so chuyen
r:r:
tiep cho cac vi tri nay va vot dong co servo dieu khien cOng nhu di~u
chinh chuyen dong cua cac true sao cho c6 the gia cong dU'Q'c ca nhCfng
bien danq phirc tap. Thai d6 khong c6 bO nho cho chU'O'ng trinh; rnoi £Jieu ~ May ~ling c~
trU'ang luu trCf thong tin luc ay la the due 10 va h$ di~u khien khong phai khien _. Dandong

la thanh phan cua may (Hinh 2).

CNC He dohanh trinh

•
Dungcu
_. Phllangti~nkep ch~t
Voi Sl,!'tro giup cua b¢ vi xli' Iy, may NC da phat trien thanh h$ thong di€lu H6i ti€.p. PhU'angti~nlamngulii
khien CNC voi ITnh Vl)'C heat d¢ng r¢ng Ian (Computer Numerical Control
= dieu khien bang ky thuat so voi tro qiup cua may tinh, Hinh 2 va 3).
Nqay nay khong con may NC danq co dian nfra, vi the ngU'ai ta co the
xem khai niern NC va CNC dong nghTa vai nhau.

1) TIDLVH (BDE: Betriebsdatenerfassung = Thu tnap dQo li$u van hanh)

2) TIDLM (MDE: Maschinendatenerfassung = Thu th€lp dQo lieu may) Hinh 2: So sanh NC I CNC

1. £long co true chinh chay bang dien 3 pha

(dong co AC, kh6ng d5ng bO xoay chieu)
2. HOp s6 3 cap
3. £Jau phay diJong
4. Bao ve va d(ip theo chieu diJong
5. Kep d~ng cu bang thuy h,J'c
6. Tinh chinh true tam (LOnette)
7. Can dan tien (din khoan)
8. Truyen dong biing true ren cau
9. BO Iy h9'P bao ve va cham
10. £long co dien 3 pha (AC) cho booc dan tien
(servo)
11. He thbng do hanh trinh - dlJ'ang th.!ing
12. Bo d6i d\,Jng CI,Jchieu diJong
13. Gia d",ng dung cu 32 cho
14. Dung Cu khoan
15. 8au do do, kh6ng day
16. Ban dieu khien bo d6i dung cu (dao)
17. £lieu khien dlJ'ang di bang CNC
18. MOdun dieu khien biing tay
19. Chat kat don (v~t lieu hon h9'P giOoagang xarn-
khoanq chat due) tai chan may, bo d6' chOothap
va gia d6' true chinh.

Hinh 3: May CNC

236 7 Chi! tao nhi:Png h~ thong co khi (Ky thu~t gia cong)

Viec noi rnanq voi cac may cong Cl,JcOng dtroc gia
Quan ly, lU'u IrO>va
tang. Tnroc day, ngU'ai ta hy vQng S6 tiE3tkiern duo'c
May chu phan b6 cho:
nhleu hon bang each t~p trung tinh toan vao vi$c noi
DNe ChU'O'ng Irinh
suy quy dao cua chuyen dong cat dim tral tll' nhieu DCI' li$u cua d~ng CI,I
may NC vao mot may chu hay may trung tam vo'i - Thong s6 chinh su.a
phuonq phap 99i ta DNC1). Qua do tll'ng may NC chi
con trang bi voi mot h$ thong dieu khien khong d~y
du chuc nang gOi ta h$ thong dieu khilln khung vo (he
thong dieu khil!n than may).

£)i~u nay xem ra c6 ve hop Iy vao thai dil!m d6 vi h$

dieu khil!n can thiet cho vi$c tinh toan nQi suy c6 chi
phi rat cao. Vi nhfrng may NC dai tnroc khonq c6 bQ
nho rieng cho chuonq trinh, do d6 chunq phai nhan Chuyen Ira tai nhCl'ng

tll'ng cau I$nh mot tll' may tinh ONC. Tai day xu at hien z chuonq Irinh oU'Q'c
-c chinh sCra cho viec
van de vO'i viec cung cap dfr li$u. Mi;it khac viec ha gia -' TTDLMfTTDLVH
nhanh ch6ng trong linh vue may tinh d6ng thai voi
kha nang phan cLmg ouoc tang rnanh da khien cho
phuonq phap nay hoan toan b] pha sin

Ngay nay ngU'ai ta hieu ONC la dieu khien ky thuat s6

phan bo (Distributed Numerical Control). f)ieu nay co
nghia ta nhieu may tinh cOng nhu cong Cl,Jduoc phan
bo qua mot rnanq LAN (Local Area Network M~ng =
cue bO) (Hinh 1), Chuy~n Ira I(li du>li~u
v~n hanh mai cho vi$c
TTDLMfTTDLVH
Nhfrng chirc nang dien hinh cua mQt h$ th6ng ONC
nhv the g6m: cong cu khac

• Ouan Iy, IU'u trfr va phan b6 nhfrng chuonq trinh, Hinh 1: ONe
dfr lieu cua dunq cu, tr] s6 chinh su-a: 11,1' di;>ng h6a
mot phan hay tharn chi toan b(l. Ngay nay vi$c
quan Iy 10.000 chuonq trinh khac nhau khong con
la di€lu hiem c6 nfra.

• Giarn sat quy trinh gia cong va IU'u IQi nhat ky may
de c6 the nhan biet Sl,I' bat thU'ang khi v$n nann.

• Trong trU'ang hop chuonq trinh qua oat, cung

c~p tuan tl,l' cho tll'ng may CNC vai nhO'ng phan
chuonq trinh tU'O'ng (mg de bao dam vi$c Xlf Iy
duoc lien tuc,

• Chuyen tro lai nhO'ng chuonq trinh va dO> Ii$u

(thong s6) chinh sua cho viec quan Iy trung tam dll
toi U'U h6a quy trinh gia congo

• f)ieu khien dong vat li$u.

• Thu thap dO' Ii$u may (TTOLM) (Hinh 2). DO' lieU
may la thong so rieng cua may (thi du nhu thai han
bao dU'6'ng, tubi tho, do chinh xac gia conq).

• Thu thap dO>lieU van hanh (TTOLVH). DO>lieu van

hanh la thong so xu fit hien trong quy trinh san xuat,
chunq rno ta dien bien quy trinh (thi du nhU' thai
han giao hang, so IU'Q'ng san xuat, thai gian lam
vi$c).

1) ONe: Direcl Numerical Control : £>iloukhit.n ky thuat 56 trvc lisp Hinh 2: TTOLM I TTOLVH
 7.8 8ieu khiEm CNC 237

7.8.1 £)~c tinh cua may CNC

NhG>ng d~c tfnh sau day la di€ln hinh cho may CNC nqay nay:

• Vi$c gia cong chi ti€!t diroc thuc hi$n voi SI,!' tro giup cua mot chU'O'ng
trinh luu trG>trang mot bO nho va dU'Q'C gOi ra VaG luc thuc hi$n gia
congo Trang chuonq trinh nay co san nhG>ng thong tin din thi€!t dU'oi
danq cau I$nh cho gia conq nhu: kich thooc hinh hoc cua chi tiet,
buoc dan tien, toc dO cat, dong/m& dung dich lam nguoi, dl,lng cu va
thay doi dl,lng cl,l. Viec nhap li$u cho chuonq trinh duoc thuc hi$n qua
mot vunq dieu khi€ln may (Hinh 1), mot may tinh de ngoai (PC conq
nqhiep), dla mem hay mot rnanq cue bo (LAN).

• T<flt ca nhG>ng don vi chuyen dong (thi du nhu cot true, true chinh, h$
thong thay doi dl,mg cu) co h$ dan dQng rieng (d~n d(ln9 d9C I~p)
(Hinh 4). Hinh 1: Vung dieu khiEm (vung thao tac)

• Ngay ca true chinh cling co mot dQng co dan dQng co th~ di~u khi€ln
toede) vo cap (Hinh 4) sac cho nhG>ng kich thuoc hinh hoc thay dbi
nhu trang khi ti$n mat dt:.u, toe d9 cat dU'O'CgiG>co dinh qua viec thay
doi so vonq quay tuonq Lmg cua true chinh.

• Moi mot true chuYfm dong hay true dinh vi deu co mot h~ thong dieu
chinh vi tri va dieu chinh v~n toc rieng (Hinh 4).

• Viec thay 66i dunq cu 6ieu khien b~ng chuonq trinh co the thuc hien
duoc qua h~ thay dol dl,lng cu tl,J' dQng (Hinh 2). Qua d6 tLmg may
rieng re co th€l chay lau non ma kh6ng din ngU'<Yidieu khi€ln may tac
dong VaG cOng nhu mot ngU'<YidLrng may co the dieu khien nhieu may.
Dunq cu bi man hay bi me co the thay the bang dunq cu moi.
Hinh 3: Truyen dQng ren bang bi
(ren du)

Dan d9n9 chinh cho u truoc Phanh

£)i~uchinh
thich nghi
vang quay

Thi~t bi dieu
chinh

Dieu chinh yang quay true chinh DandQng BQso sanh

Ban tnrot

H~ do
hanh trinh
Tri s6 vi tri
djnh truoc

Dan di;ing d9C I~p eho true

Hinh 4: Dan dQng cua mQt may CNC
238 7 Che tao nhli'ng h~ th6ng Coo khi (Ky thuat 9ia cong)

7.8.2 H~thong do hanh trinh

IL Phan biet cac h~ do hanh trlnh I
May CNC can mot h$ th6ng do hanh trinh cho moi c6t
· Vi tri nai Lo~ih$th6ng each thu thap [Link]~n d(mg
true duoc di€lu chinh. H$ thong do nay cung cap tin cuathanh ph~n
· thu nh(in tri quy chlsu tin hieudo
hieu do dien tLr co th~ phan tich va danh gia duoc. · s6 do - tuyetdbi - analog do hanh trlnh

Viec chon ilIa h$ thong do phu hop cuoo thuc hien · - trvc tiep - tanq theo - digital - tinhtien
- gian tiep gla so - quay
theo nhieu tieu chi: doan dU'cmg di chuy€m t5i da, toc
dQ di chuyen toi da cua cot true (lap), do chinh xac,
Hinh 1: Tong quan vI, nhiJongh~ thong do hanh trinh
kha nang I~p rap don qian va chi phi. He thong do
hanh trinh van hanh voi nhleu phuonq phap khac
nhau (Hinh 1). Thang do
(Dra xung
Trong phoonq phap do true tiep, viec thu nhan tr] quay)
so do duoc thuc hi$n true ti~p & ban truot may, trong
khi & phU'O'ng phiip do gian tiep thi tal true dan ti~n
(Hinh 2).

Trong phU'O'ng pnap do analog, moi m9t vi tri deu Thang do so earn bi~n Cam bi~n do
co tuonq Ll'ng mot tri so nhat djnh cua mot dai 1U'Q'ng (Thanh xung) Ifi 56 do g6e xoay
vat Iy (thi du nhu d9 I$ch pha cua hai dien ap). Trong Hinh 2: Do hilnh trinh tr\l'C ti~p va gian ti~p
phU'O'ng phap do digital pharn vi do dU'Q'c chia nh6
thanh nhCrng buoc xac dinh va d~m dU'Q'C. BlJ'oedieh chuyen nhe nhal cho phep

H~ thong do hanh trinh theo gia s6 do vai 1U'Q'ngco Thvoc do Thvoc do

dinh tang dan tCrng buoc (gia 1lJ'Q'ng hay gia so) tinh theo gia 56 LLL ••••• 'frL •.•.•~ dil rna h6a c6
the dOCduoc
tCr tinh tranq truoc d6 (Hinh 3). a h~ thong do tuy~t
:;:~r!=~ b~ng may
doi, tr] so dinh vi c6 san ngay khi rno may dll SLr dunq.

a he th6ng do hanh trinh theo gia s6, dillm tham

chieu phai tiep can truoc tien sau khi rno may.

Phuonq phap do tuyet doi can thi~t & noi rna vlin de Hinh 3: Gia so/Tuy~t doi
xuat hien sau khi vi$c van nann b] ngat Quang vi may
phai duoc tham chieu (quy chieu) rnoi. NhU' v~y 58 Nguon sang (LED) ---,..
mat rat nhieu theYi gian khi mot robot him & trong than
xe phai tlrn lal dU'Q'C diem tham chieu b~ng tay (thu
conq) sau khi bi gian dean vi vi$c chay tlrn dillm tharn
chieu mot each tl! d9n9 58 dan den va cham.

earn bi~n anh sang

GiCra phU'O'ng phap do tuy$t doi va tU'O'ng d6i (do Tuy~t dOi ,.(6
.s:
c:
theo gia so) la h~ th6ng do hanh trinh gill tuy~t doi Ngubn sang (LED) -- ..-.-- o
Carn bi~n
(Hinh 4). H$ thong do co nhCrng dau tham chieu voi o'"
~E
cac khoanq each khac nhau duoc dinh truoc. NhU' .",
the vi tri c6 Ih~ xac dinh dU'Q'c sau khi chay qua hai
.",
'0
o
dau tham chieu narn canh nhau va h$ thong do hanh
in
trinh khong can phai chay den di~m tham chieu goc.
NhU' v~y chi can chay qua 2 dau tham chieu narn canh Gia so
nhau la du cho h$ thong do lal narn & vi tri dU'Q'c xac
dinh,
u;
o
~
ell
(fJ
Vi$c I~p trinh cua may CNC hoan toan d9c I~p ,::<
voi h$ do hanh trinh dU'Q'C SLr dunq. H$ dieu
Gia
khien tinh toan va chuyen dbi tfl! ca thong tin dl,J'a
tuy~t doi
vao he toa do rieng cua tCrng may.
Hinh 4: H~ thting (10 h:inh trinh
 7.8 8ieu khien CNC 239

R = Vecto vi tri
7.8.3 Thong tin vi tri va h~ toa dQ cua di~m g6e, do
H~ tea
de}g6c lrang h$ loa do

Neu vi tri cua mot vat the ran (thi du nhu' dao phay, dao tlen, kim him cua
mot robot) phai rno ta chinh xac trang khong gian, ngU'6'i ta can co toan
bQ sau thong tin v~ tea dQ dQc I~p v6'i nhau. MQt mc;ltdo la thong so ve vi
tri (thi du nho x, y va z). Mc;ltkhac ngU'6'ita con can them cac thong tin v~
T" R
True Xk
hU'ang (thi du nhU' chuyen dQng quay A, B va C xung quanh cac true x, y Val Ih~ ran vai h$
va z (Hinh 1). NhU' the thong tin ve vi tri chinh X8C cua mQt vat the ran toa (19 ri~ng va diem
trang khong gian g6m ba thong so vi tri va ba thong so dinh hU'60ng. g6e l<;IiIrong lam
Tuy theo nhCPngchuyen dQng cua may CNC trang khonq gian plurc tap Hinh 1: Bijc tl! do
nhu the nao, ngU'6'i ta din mot s6 IU'Q'ngtrue khac biet va dQc I$p voi
nhau. Vi v$y trang dieu khien 2D (2 chleu), ngU'oi ta chi co the thay doi vi
a
tri trang mot mat phltng trong khi he th6ng 3D (3 chieu) viec dieu khien May phay (true) May phay dtYng

e
cho pnep thay doi vi tri trong kh6ng gian. Tlf dieu khien 4D tro di, ngoai vi ngang

tri trong kh6ng gian, con co them Sl)' thay d6i ve djnh hU'ang.
+Y +x -z
+C +X
NgU'oi ta SlY dung he toa dO Descartes cho nhieu may CNC de me ta vi - +y
tri; cho cac thong tin v~ hU'ang con can them ba chuyen d¢ng quay xung
quanh cac true do (Hinh 2). - +B +A
-x -y
- Y Chi II';'! -Z
8e don qian h6a van de, nhCPngdieu trinh bay sau day giai han vao viec
Hinh 2: H~ toa de} Descartes
dieu khien 3D. M6i m¢t true trong ba true co he th6ng do hanh trinh rieng
bi$t. Phan Ian cac h$ thong do hanh trinh cat nhau a diem gec may
(diem 0) M (Hinh 3). Diem goc nay duoc nha sari xutit quy dinh va ngU'ai
Sll' dl,lng may khong the thay [Link] may tii;!n, diem nay phan Ian narn

•
tren cot true chinh trang mat chan cua rnarn cap (Hinh 3). (y may phay +x Khoang each Z gi[ioa
thi vi tri cua n6 phu thuoc vao quy dinh cua nha san xuat. M va R
Dunq cu

Neu kh6ng co dung cu hoat d6ng trong qua trinh dieu khien thi toan
b¢ cac thong tin ve vi tri dua vao diem chuan gia mang dunq cu T
(Hinh 3).
+Z

Khi nha san xuat Sll' dung hi;! do hanh trinh theo gia so cho cot true may
va neu kh6ng the toi gan (tiep can) diem goc may duoc (thi du nhu' may
tien vai diem g6c trong rnarn cap), nha san xuat djnh nghTa met diem
moi trong pharn vi di chuyen cua may 99i la diem tham chieu (diem
chuan, diem quy chieu] R (Hinh 3). Tlf diem nay, nhCPngkhoanq each
theo hU'ang true x, y va z dEmdiem g6c duoc xac djnh, Sau khi rno may,
mot quy trinh duoc I$p trinh truoc cua nha san xuat dieu khien may den
diem tham chieu, Do khoanq each theo hlJ'ang x, y va z den diem g6c
may da duoc biet chinh xac, vi v$y h$ dieu khien duoc thong bao ve vi M
tri trong kh6ng gian.

TUy theo hinh danq cua chi tiet, ngU'ai ta xac dinh cho m6i phan mot
diem gec cua chU'O'ng trinh hay diem gac cua chi tiet gia congo 8iem Hinh 3: NhOong diem chu~n
goc true toa d¢ se narn tal diem nay, noi rna tlf day nhCPngQuang dU'ang
di (hanh trinh) cua tlfng true rieng re se duoc I$p trinh.
Dyng cu truoc Dunq cu sau
lam quay lam quay
Vi Iy do an toan, ngU'ai ta xac dinh la khi di chuyen theo chieu thuan
(chieu duonq), dunq cu se di d¢ng ra kh6i chi tiet (Hinh 4). Ngoai ra quy -x +X ~
tac sau day duoc ap dunq: +z

Khi lap trinh phai gia Sll' rang ttlt ca cac chuyen d¢ng d~n tien xuat -x
phat tlf dl,lng cu di ra.
Hinh 4: TQa de} may ti~n
240 7 Che tao nhiPng h~ th6ng co khi (Ky thu~t gia cong)

7.8.4 Do dac dl,lng cu va chinh swa

dunq cl,l

Sau khi rnc may CNC va khoi dong viec quy chi~u can
a
thiet cua tCrng true ri€mg re he do hann trlnh theo gia
so (xem trang 238). diem chuan T cua gia do mang
dunq Cl,I dU'O'c di;it trunq vao di~m co tr] so cua h$ toa
do da oU'O'c I$p trinh truoc.

Neu dl,lng cu duoc kep chat VaG trt,lC quay, he dieu

khien phai chinh stYa lai tat ca I~nh di chuyen cua cac
IU'O'i cat dunq cu trong gia conq cat got. NhU' the bien Hinh 1: Do dl,lng CI,I ngoai
danq dlnh truoccua chi tiet oU'Q'c I$p trinh khong b] 1$
thuoc vao dunq cu dU'Q'c dU'a vao stY dl,lng.
Gi:i d& dvng CI,I

De lam viec nay, can thiet phai tim ra tr] sochinh

sua d ung c •••(thi du nhu chieu dai va dU'ang kinh dao
phay trong gia cong phay). Nhli'ng tri so nay duoc luu
He
trli' trong be) nh& diP Ii~u VEl d •••ng c u, dieu khien
CNC co the truy cap vao day de lay ra va trnh toan
nhQ>ng chinh soa can thiet khi van hanh chuonq trinh. Hop do h,l'c
Kinh lup do c6 £)U'Cl'ng
chi chCr
Ca khi thay doi dunq cu bo sung thi chi phai thay doi tri
s6 chinh soa chu khong phai chironq trinh. pL;;;JZJ thl!! chay ra hay
c6 th~ d~t vao
thap cua kinh
lup do
Hinh 2: Do dl,lng cu trong

a each do d •••ng c u nqoal, viec do dac duo'c thuc

hien ben nqoai. De thuc hien rnuc dich nay, dunq CI,J
duoc kep vao trong m9t thi~t b] chinh truoc dl,mg cu
(Hinh 1) va do.

Trong phU'O'ng phap do dl:Jng Cl:Jtrong (Hinh 2), may

CNC dU'O'c trang b] vai mot thiet b] do b;!ing phuonq
phap quang hoc hay mot hop do (ll,J'c ke) co the thuc
hien viec do dac dunq cu ben trong may.

E £)i~m chuan dunq cu

Ca hai loai do dunq CI,Jnoi tren deu co mot diem chung P £)i~m cat
la qua day cac tr] so chinh sua dl,Jng Cl,l duo'c 11m ra
va chuyen tiep den h~ dieu khien bo luu trQ>dunq CI,J. Hinh 3: Tr] s6 chinh slPa dl,lng CI,I

NgU'6'i ta xac dinh duoc khoanq each cua diem chuan

canh cat P den diem chuan dl,Jng cu E (tri 56 hieu chlnh
theo true x cua dau rnui dao so voi diem chuan cua gia
dO' dl,Jng CI,J,trj so chinh sva chieu dai z) (Hinh 3). a
day can luu 'I den dau cua tr] so chinh sfra. Sl,J'sai dau
co the dan den may bj pha hong. Viec quy dinh dau
de tim ra tr] 56 chinh stYa lai tuy VaG he dieu khien cua
tlfng may. a Hinh 4 theo 1'1 thuyet, h~ toa do can phai
dich chuyen den diem P de tlm ra tr] s6 chinh sua. Ta
co tr] s6 chinh stYa X + 85 mm va Z + 41 mm.

Nllu dao cat nam tai gia gili' dunq CI,Jcua may CNC,
diem cnuan dunq CI,Jnam trunq VaG diem cnuan gia
gili' dl,Jng CI,JT (Hinh 4).
Hinh 4: Tr] s6 chinh slPa cua m9t dao ti~n
 7.8 £)i~u khien CNC 241

7.8.5 Loai diElU khien

Tat ca cac loai may dieu khilln ky thuat so c6 diem chung la cunq dua
VaG mot h$ tea dO de djnh nghTa nhCmg diem va cOng c6 the ca phuonq
hU'&ng trong khong gian. Viec dinh nghTa nay duoc thuc hi$n hoac qua
each thong bao true ti€lp toa dO chfnh xac (thf du trong ti$n hay phay)
hoac qua each day lam m~u (thuat ngO> tieng Anh gOi la tech '" d~y),
c6 nghia la thu tMp toa dQ bang each d~m robot thuc hi~n chuyen dong
khi gia conq. Qua viec nhap dO>li$u vao, chlnh ngay trong chuonq trinh
nhO>ng li;lnh tLl'O'ng li'ng dU'Q'c xac djnh, thi du nhLl' 58 di bang dLl'ang nao
(chang han nhu dLl'ang thang, vonq tron) giO>acac diem.

Kha nang thu ba 113xac dinh danq quy dao va van toe cua n6 qua mot
Tri s6 Z khong dLPO'c
phU'O'ng phap gOi 18 Play-Back hay I$p trlnh nhai 19i (I$p trinh qua each
phep thay dbi trong
I~p I,!!i qua trlnh gia cong da duoc thuc hii;ln bang tay truce d6). PhLl'O'ng khi chuyl'in dong theo
phap nay duoc stY dunq rat nhieu trong robot phun son, NgLl'ai thao tac quy dao
(ngU'ai van hanh may) d~n robot chay bang tay va h$ dieu khien luu trO>
tat ca dO>li$u, thi du nhu loa dO cac vi trl va van toe di chuyen,

[Link] niflu khi~n diilm

£lieu khil.n 20
(y tinh nang dieu khien diem (Hinh 1), chuyen dong - phan Ian 113chuyen Gia cong trang mat philng
dong nhanh - duoc thuc hii[!n tiY diem bat d~u dEm diem dich. Quang Y/Z. Tri 56 X khong dLfO'C
dU'ang giO>adiem d~u va diem cuoi khOng the thay truoc mot each chinh phop thay doi trong khi
xac, chuyen dong thee quy dao

•
NgU'ai ta phan bii;lt hai 109i tinh nang dieu khien diem. Trong tinh nang
dieu khiiln diilm kh6ng dong bQ, cac true can di chuyen dLl'Q'c chuyen
dong dong thai v&i van toc toi da. Neu quang dLl'ang di chuyen cua tiYng
cot true rieng Ie khonq dai bang nhau, thai gian di chuyen cua tiYng cot
ngang xoay
true cOng khac nhau (6' cunq van toc toi da cho tat ca cac cot true) va nhu
Gia cong trong mi;\t philng Y/Z. Tr]
the phan ton cac true khong dat diem dich cunq mot luc,
s6 Z khong dLPO'cphep thay dbi
trong khi chuyen dong thee quy dao
(y tinh nang dit~u khit~n diilm dong bQ, cac true dat den diem cuoi d6ng £lieu khien 2%0
thai du cac dean dLl'ang di chuyen dai ng,fm khac nhau. £>ieu nay dU'Q'c
thuc hien qua viec thich li'ng (lam cho phu hop) cac van tbc chuyen dong Tr] s6 x, Y va Z dLPO'c
phep thay dbi treng
rieng cua tiYng true. True c6 thai gian di chuyen dai nhat 58 duoc xem khi chuy.§n d¢ng theo
113true lam chuan, Cac true khac 56 giam van toe sac cho tat ca cac true quy dao
cunq chuyen dong voi thai gian nhu nhau. Cac 10,!!irobot don gian, may
khoan NC, may dot dap hay him diem dU'Q'C trang b] vai h$ dieu khien
diem thuan tuy,

[Link] £)feu khilm theo quy d~o (dieu khilm bien danq, dillu £lieu khien theo quy d<ilo 30
khifln theo contua)
Hinh 2: £lieu khien theo quy dao

(y dieu khien theo quy d90, cac chuyen dong phoi hop duoc thuc hien
trong cunq mot thai gian 6' hai hay nhieu true,

Neu cac quy d90 can dieu khien chi narn trong mot mat phang, ngU'ai ta
n6i ve h~ dieu khien 20 (2 chieu), (y day hai true c6 the chuyen dong
dong thai phoi hop vo'i nhau. C6 109i dieu khien tuy chi co the tinh noi
suy trong mot mat ph<1ng nhU'ng 19i co the thuc hi$n noi suy trong nhieu
tang (mat ph<1ng) khac nhau. Loai dieu khien nay duoc gOi ta dh~u khien
2%0. cs day chi co hai trong ba mat ph<1ng duoc dieu khien ph6i hop
dong thai. Vi$c Il,J'achon m;;lt phang de gia cong (Hinh 2 va 3) do ngU'ai
van hanh may quyet dinh.

V&i mot h~ diEw khiEm 30 (3 chieu) ngU'ai ta co the thuc hii;ln chuyen
dong trong khong gian. (y day ba true co the chuyen dong phoi hop voi
nhau dong thai (Hinh 2). Hinh 3: Ll,I'a chon m~t phang gia cong
242 7 Ch~ tao nhfrng h~ thong co khi (Ky thuat gia cong)

N~u phai dieu chinh b6 sung cac true quay vao ba true chuyen d(>ng th~ng de djnh hU'ang dunq cu, ngU'cYita S9
noi ve dieu khilln 40 cOng nhu 50 tuy theo s6 true dieu khilln (Hinh 1). Qua day viec gia conq cac kich thuoc
hinh hoc phuc tap cua chi tiet thi du nhU' cac khuon due ap h,fc (khuon due phun, xlt, tlern), khuon ren va canh
tua bin cong co th~ thuc hi$n cuoc.

Tilt ca may dieu khien ky tnuat s6 vO'i h$ dieu khien theo quy dao (theo bien danq) co diem chung la can mot bQ
n9i suy de tinh toan quy df;1o ds dlnh truoc nay cho cnuyen d(>ng giCPahai diem trong khong gian. 8(> n(>i suy nay
tlrn ra tat ca nhCPng di~m trung gian nam tren quang dU'cmg di d§ duoc dinh nghTa bang toan hoc va dan hU'ang
cac true ri€mg re can di cnuyen tuonq Cmg voi dU'cYng cong cua quy dao trong khong gian.

a phuonq phap n(:li suy tuyen tinh (n9i suy dU'ang th~ng), quy dao la mot dll'cYng thang giCPadillm khoi d~u
va diem cuoi, 60 noi suy kh6ng can cac thong tin khac de tinh cac diem trung gian; thi du nhu' trong cong doan
tien hoac phay: G01, a
robot: LINEAR.

Trong phep nQi suy (fU'o>ng tron, chuyen dong nam Dillu khien 40
tren mot vonq tron hay mot phan vong tron. Ben canh
diem dau va dillm cuoi con din thiEH phai them vao
chieu quay (theo chieu kim dOng hO hay ngU'Q'c lai) va
mot diem phu tren vonq tron hay tam diem rna cnuyen
dong se cnay quanh, thi du nhu' trong ti$n/phay: G02/
G03; trong robot: CIRCULAR. SI)' tinh toan tra nen
phuc tap neu trong viec tinh quy dao phai bao gOm
phan dinh hU'ang cua dl,mg CI,J phay (trong dieu khien
40 va 50). Hinh 2 rno ta cac loal dieu khien khac nhau
vai nhCPng thi du tren mat phanq.

f)U'&ng bitJu dien 1: Dieu khien bien danq, n(>i suy

tuyen tinh:
Chuylln dong tren mot dU'cYng th~ng;
Vi sx> Sy va ca hai true can phai d~n diem dich cunq
mot luc, nen Vx va Vy khong bang nhau (vx > vy). Neu
bo qua kh6ng xet den giai coan tang toe, ta co Vx =
=
khOng cJBi va Vy khOng cJ6i.

f)U'&ng bitJu dien 2: Dieu khien bien danq, noi suy

dU'cYng tron:
Chuyen dong tren mot cung tron chung quanh tam
diem M2;

Vi hai true can deln diem cuoi cunq mQt luc nen day a Hinh 1: H~ dieu khien quy d\lo
Vx va Vi cOng khonq bang nhau, them vao d6 Vx va Vy
thay doi (khong co d!nh). Nhll' ta thay & vy, tharn chi
vecto van t6c can d6i chieu,
y
f)U'&ng bitJu dien 3: Dieu khiEm diem (dOng bo):
Cung tron
Chuyen d(>ng 2 true quay;
2
Hai true quay phai di qua nhO>ng dean dU'cmg khac
biet. Chung chay voi van toe khac nhau nhU'ng kh6ng
d6i (kh6ng ke den giai dean tang toc cOng nhll' ham
lat) va dEm dich dong thoi.

f)U'&ng bitJu dien 4: Dieu khien diem (khong dong bo):

Chuyen d(>ng hai true di chuyen theo dU'cYng th~ng
(tuyen tinh);
Luc dau ca hai true dich chuyen dong thai voi cung
Khong phai cung tron
van toe (D(> doc cua dU'cYng th~ng la 45°), roi chi con
mot chuyen dQng cua true x den khi dat diem dich;
I'!.x x
nhu the hai true den diem cuoi khOng cung mot thai
diem.
Hinh 2: Cae loal dieu khil!n kh:ic nhau
 7.8 £)i~u khi§n CNC 243

x
1. Cho biet can ke uu va nhuoc diem cua phuonq
phap do true tiep va gian tiep.

2. Trinh bay chi tiet uu va nhuoc di§m cua each do

tuyet doi va do theo gia so.

3. Trinh bay chi tiet Sl)' khac biet giCra may phay hay
may tien loai thU'ang va loai may CNC theo so
1U'Q'ngdong CO' va so 1U'Q'nghop so truyen dong
(dan dong).

4. Gial thich khai niern di~u khi§n di§m, di~u khi§n z

doan th~ng va di~u khi§n quy dao (d$c biet a
day: h$ di~u khien 20, 2 Y:z 0,30,40 va 50).

5. Trinh bay Iy do moi mot h$ di~u khien trong cau

hoi 4 can bao nhleu dong CO' diiln dong.

6. Hay giai thich khai niern bo noi suy. Hay cho biet Hinh 1: Tinh toan toa d¢ trong phU'O'ng phap ti~n
ba loai noi suy. Oien giili v~n d~ qua thi du mot
dU'ang thang.

7. NgU'oi ta din bo noi suy cho loai dieu khien nao

duoc neu len a
cau 4 (Neu Iy do).

8. Loai di~u khien nao can thiet toi Ihieu cho viec
tien mol qua cau. .

9. Hay dien giai tinh nang van toc cua true can
dU'Q'Cdi~u khi§n trang cau 8.
10. Hay xac dinh tea do diem goc cua chi tiet gia
conq trang toa do may (Hinh 1 va 2).
11. Hay xac dinh toa dO cua tam diem dunq CI,I phay
trong toa do may khi lenh dieu khien la: Ch?yafJn
X30, y, Z-10 (Hinh 2).
12. Hay tim tr] so chinh soa dl,mg cu (Hinh 3) cho ca
hai dung cu theo Hinh 4, trang 240.

13. Sl)' trao doi dau c6 tac dong nhu the nao trang
Ban may
viec chinh sua dung cu?
Hinh 2: Tinh toan tea dQ trong phU'O'ng philp phay
a) Hay phac hoa mOl ban V8.
b) Tim loa dO lrang loa do may voi Sl)' tro giup
cua Hinh 3 va Hinh 1.

14. Phac hoa cac chi liet phai dU'Q'Cphay voi he di~u
khien 3D, 40 va 50.

15. Vi sao va khi nao may CNC can thiel phai c6

diem chuan (diem tham chieu)?

16. Hay giai thich khai niern bo giai g6c (Resolver=

thiet b] bao van toe va vi tri g6c).

17. [Link] dong co dan dong nao duoc SLPdung trang

truyen dong (qua) true va truyen dong diiln tien.
Hay chi diiln qua bang V8 U'U va nhuoc diem cua
nhCrng kieu dong co khac nhau.

18. Hay tim a cac nha sari xuat tren internet chieu
dai tOi da c6 th§ dat duoc trang nhCrng h$ do Ca 2 d~ng CI,Jd~u
hanh trinh tuyet doi theo dU'ang th~ng va b~ rong narn sau tam di€!m Oao tii,!n trong
cua tLPng ranh don (tLPng ranh rieng Ie, tLl'ng ranh tien
mot) la bao nhieu.
Hinh 3: Chinh slPa dl,Jng CI,J
244 7 Che tao nhCPngh~ thong co khi (Ky thu~t gia cong)

7.8.6 ChU'O'ng trinh CNC

Cau tao co ban cua mot chuonq trinh CNC dU'Q'cxac

dinh trong tieu chuan DIN 66025. M6i chuo'nq trinh
dU'Q'ck~t cau tll' nhO'ng C3U I~nh (ban ghi) va moi cau
I€mht~1Ora tll' nhO'ng ky hi$u dU'oi danq cac tlr. Moi tll'
g6m mot chCPcai dja chi (dia chi bat dau bang chCi'
cai) va mot con so thli' tl.!' (Hinh 1).

Mot cau li;lnh bat dau vci mot so,

ti€Jptheo do la thOng
1) dLYQ'Cthilit I~p tl,l'
tin dvoi danq nhCPngtll' quan tronq cho viec gia cong
dong (set) tll' h$
cac chi tii!t nhu: di~u khilln (LF)

• L~nh djch chuylm (dieu ki~n dlch chuYEm) Hinh 1; C;}u true chuoO'ng trinh
(Chli'c nang G) xac dinh loai chuyen dong nhu'
chuyen dong nhanh, dEin ti~n, chuysn dong theo Bang 1: ChLPCnang G (Il!a chon)
dlJ'Qongtron, hieu chinh ban kinh dao cat, v.v...).
Mll Y nghia
• Thong so hinh nee (X, Y, Z, I, J vv..) duoc SLY dunq GOO fljnh vi vai van tOc nhanh (£linh vi dao nhanh)
de di€!u khien nhO'ng chuyen dong cua true (thOng GO1 Noi suy dLYong th~ng
tin v€!vi tri). G02 Noi suy vonq trim thuan chi~u kim d6ng he.
G03 NOi suy vong tron ngLYO'cchieu kim (l6ng h6
• L~nh cong nght? xac dlnh blJ'OCdan ti~n (F), s6
G 17 Chon hra b~ mat gia c6ng xy (Phay)
vonq quay (8) va dunq Cl,J(T).
G 18 Chon hra be mat gia c6ng xz (Phay)
• L~nh chUYEm rnach (Chli'c nang M) dlJ'Q'c SLr G22 L$nh gOi chLYong trinh con (Kiem tra vung giai han dao)
dl,mg de xac djnh cac chuc nang cua may (Mattat G40 Hily b6 hi$u chlnh quy dao cua d~ng c~ (Huy bu ban kinh dao)
chat lam nquol, thay dbi dl,Jngcu vv...). G41 Hi~u chinh dLYong di cua d~ng cu. dung cu ben trai
G42 Hi$u chinh dLYong di cua dung cu, dung cu ben phai
• ChU'O'ng trinh con va I~nh gQi cac chu trinh. G54 Djch chuy~n diem goe
G90 Thong tin cho kich thuac tuyet doi
Bang tilk la khong phai tat ca cac chuc nang G va G91 Thong tin eho kich thLYactheo gia so (kich thuoc tuonq dOi)
M deu duoc chuan h6a (Bang 1 va 2). M(>t vai tr] s6 G95 Dan lien bang rnrn/vonq (Tien)
dU'Q'cdanh rieng cho nha san xuat he di€!u khien may. G96 van toc ctlt khOng doi bang mm/vong (Tien)
NhCmg chuc nang nhu v~y duoc kich heat true tiep
khi rno may (thi du nhu G90, G40). Tranq thai mer
nay Ie thuoc vim h$ di€!u khien. Cac crurc nang dang Bang 2: ChLPCnang M (ll!a chon)
diroc llJ'u trO' co hieu ll,J'ctac dunq cho den khi duoc Ma Y nghla
mot chuc nang mol voi tac dl,lng khac ghi chep de len. M03 KHal DONG true, quay phal (tbuan)
NglJ'erita phan bi$t cau lenh chinh va cau I$nh nOitiep M04 KHal DONG true, quay trai (nghjch)
(rnenh de h$ qua). Ngay ca thong tin v€!tea do cOng c6 M05 TAT true ehinh
hi~u IIfC tac dl,mg (modal) (Nqoal 1$:Noi suy dU'Qong M06 Thay obi dvng Cu
tron): c6 nghia la neu tr! s6 tea do khong dlli thi vi$c M08 Ma dung djch lam ngu9i va bei tron
cap thong tin moi la khong can thi~t (Hinh 2). M09 TAT dung djeh lam ngu9i va boi tran
M30 Cham dU>tchuang trinh voi vii)e thit'lt I~p I",i cac thOng s6

Ke hoach lam vi$c ChLYO'ng

trinh (chi kich thuac hinh hoc)
160 1. Ch~y vai chuyen dong Nl GO X20 Y20 Z1
I
nhanh (Oi chuylm nhanh)

~EE
den X201Y20lZ1
N2 GOl Z-8
2. Tien rann trong voi buoc
I . I dan tien X201Y201Z-8

y ~.+ + 3. Di chuyem vat buoc d~m

ti~n Y100
N3 Yl00

tt-.-- •._-' ~~
4.

5.
Phay vai buoc dan tien
X140
Phay voi bLYac dan lien
N4

N5
X140

Y20

-- ~x
140
I + 6.
Y20
Phay voi buoc
X20
dan tiem N6

N7 GO
X20

Zl
7. Oi chuylm 11,1' do den Z1

Hinh 2: Thi dl,J cho chuoO'ng trinh

 7.8 Dieu khien CNC 245

L~p trinh tuy~t doi va I~p trinh theo gia so

+y
Trong lap trinh tuyet d6i (G90) diem g6c cua chi tiet fliem Toad¢
khong thay d6i. T~t ca cac toa de) deu quy chieu vao P9 P8 tuy~t d6i

diem g6c duoc xac djnh nay, diem duoc II/a chon P7 x y
P6
truoc d6 tuy theo danq chi ti€lt gia conq (Hinh 1). Ban P1 310 0
0 P2 P3
ve ky thuat phu hop voi h$ diflu khi€ln CNC duoc di;it

~t
0
'<l' P2 310 210
kich thuoc tinh tli diem g6c, nho v~y ngU'6'i di~u khien P3 520 210
khong phai thuc nien cac phep tinh tiep theo khi I~p P1 P4
P4 520 0
trinh. 310 P 5 +x
P5 600 0
Trong I~p trinh theo gia so (G91), lU'oong gia tang kich 520

thuoc dua vao diem truoc d6 voi Sl/ luu y dung ve 600 I P6
P7
600
650
400
400
dau (Hinh 2). 650 P8 650 450
P9 0 450
£lieu khien kh6'i dOng 6' diem PO
G90 trong lap trinh tuyet doi c6 nghTa ta: luc b~t diiu
PO 0 0

Ch?y den diem co toe dQ, thi du X20 Y20

Hinh 1: Do kich thll'cYc tuy~t d6i
G91 trong I~p trinh theo gia s6 c6 nghTa la: Ch?y
tiP dil~m va; khoang cach, thi dl,JX20 mm Y20 mm

£li.§m TQa d¢ theo

Ca hai h$ I~p trinh voi kich thuoc tuyet doi va kich gia s6
thuoc theo gia so deu c6 ITnh Vl/C lPng dunq tnuan IOOi 0
It)
x y
cua n6: P8
P9

r;
P1 310 0
• Tuyet d6i: dU'ong bien d~ng phuc tap, noi rna cac P6 P7-
P2 0 210
kich thuoc con tiep tuc thay d6i.

I
P2 P3 P3 210 0
+x 0
0 P4 -210
0
• Theo gia s6: chuonq trinh con, thuc hien cunq mot
;t
'<l'
o
phuonq phap gia conq 6' nhieu vi tri khac nhau. N P5 80 0
P1 P4 P5
P6 0 400
PO
310 210 80 I 50
P7 50 0
TQa dQ CIfC (Hinh 3)
P8 0 50
NgU'ai ta c6 the dinh vi mot diem tren mi;it ph~ng qua fli~u khi.§n khai dOng 6' diem PO P9 -650 0
vecto vi tri r va goc a cua vecta vi tri nay voi dlJ'ang luc bat dilu
PO o -450
khong (phan lon la true x duonq). Qua d6 nhan duoc
toa de) Cl/C. Phuonq trinh chuyen d6i dU'OOctim ra qua Hinh 2: Do kich thLPO>ctheo 9ia s6
vi$c suy diem dan qian tll' hinh hoc. Ta c6:

Toa do Cl/C -> toa de) Descartes:

y
X= t:> cosa va y= r· sina Toa d¢ CI,PC
P2
fli.§m r Cf
Toa de) Descartes -> toa de) Cl/C:
P1 60 300
r=~x2+y2 va a = arcsin (y/x) P2 60 600
P3 60 1300
Trong each tinh chuyen doi tll' toa de) Cl/C sang toa
P4 60 1350
de) Descartes phai luu y la g6c luon luon do tli dU'ong hay
khonq (Hinh 3). Tll' toa de) Descartes sang tea dO CI)'C -1650
se xuat hien sl)' khonq ro rang (ham sin). P5 60 3350
hay
fli.§m dich P2 -250
NQi suy dU'ang thang (G01)
~-..:.cP):..2
_~~ 520
Trong phep noi suy dU'6'ng thanq (noi suy tuyen tinh)
Chay kh&i dOng den
h$ dieu khien tinh toan ra mot dU'ang thang giCra diem
diem dich P2:
tuc thai (diem thuc tel va diem dich (diem den) roi 300
P1 G6c CI,PC Tea do dit.m dich
dich chuyen den diem dlch voi van t6e dan tien da
Y fli.§m b~t <p=130o y=520
cuoc I~p trinh. Vi da biet Sl)' dieu khien cua diem !lic
dau P1 (Kich thuoc "hon hop")
thai nen chi can I~p trinh de tinh tea do diem den
(Hinh 1, trang 246). Diem den co the cho biet bc'ing h$ --x--+----+ 0

toa do tuyet doi (G90) hay theo gia s6 (G91). (y kich o 350
thtroc voi dung sai thi diem den se ta tam dung sai.
Hinh 3: TQa dQ gac
246 7 Chi! tao nhCPng h~ thong co khi (Ky thuat gia cong)

NQi suy cung tron (G02/G03)

Quy dao phay
a chuyen dong tron h$ dieu khien can ba thong tin
Tuy~t dol (G 90)
Pl P2 GOl X10 Y70
sau day de tinh toan (Hinh 2): P2 P3 GOl X70
P3 P4 GOl X90 Y50
P4 P5 GOl Yl0
P5 Pl GOl X10
• TQa d{l cua diem den
Trang vonq tron d~y diem d~u va diem cuoi
trung nhau. Vi du diem nay phili tnoat ra trang Theo gia so (G 91)
Pl P2 GOl XO Y60
khi chuyen dong tren dU'ong tron, ngU'oi ta P2 P3 GOl X60
van pha] I$p trinh. P3 P4 GOl X+20 Y-20
P4 P5 GOl Y-40
• T oa oQ cua tam diem vong tron P5 Pl GOl X-80

a day nhleu h$ thong dieu khien doi h6i thong

Hinh 1: N9i suy dU'cmg thang
tin ve gia so cua tam diem qua cac thong so
I, J, K (cho hU'ang true x, y, cOng nhu z). Giai
phap khac la thay vi tam diem, co the I$p trinh Quy dao phay
Tuy~t doi (G 90)
vo'i ban kinh & phtm Ian cac h$ dieu khien.
\ Pl P2 G03 X60 Y60
120 JO
• Chieu quay cua vonq tron hay cung tron P3 P4 G02 X80 Y50
10 J-l0
Theo chieu kim dong ho -t G02
NgU'Q'c chleu kim dong ho -t G03

Theo gia 56 (G 91)

LU'u '1: Noi chung thong tin G90/G91 chi dua vao diem Pl P2 G03 X40 YO
120 JO
dem, khong dua VaG cac thong so I, J, K. NhO'ng thong P3 P4 G02 Xl0 Y-l0
so nay hau nhtr chi duoc cho dU'ai danq theo gia so. 10 J-l0

Thong tin h6n hop Hinh 2: N9i suy dU'cmg tron

Hau nhu khong co nqoai 1$, nhO'ng h$ dieu khien

ngay nay cho phep danq thong tin hon hop cua kich Quy dao phay
G90
thuoc tuyet d6i va theo gia 56. Ca thOng tin theo h$ GOl Xl0 470
Descartes va h$ tea do eve deu co the duoa ra theo GOl X60
thCPtl! bat k'1. Nhu v$y mot diem dich trang I$nh dang GOl X90 AS-40
GOl Vl0
heat dong G90 co the duoc dua ra duo6'i d<;lng theo
GOl X65
gia so rna khong can phai chuyen d6i sang mot each GOl YI-l0
phlen toai v6'i lenh G91 (Hinh 3). NhCmg thong so X, GOl XI-l0
V, Z co the thay the b;jjng XI, VI, ZI cOng nhu' XA, VA, GOl YI-l0
ZA cho thong tin gia so hoac tuyet d6i chi trang lenh GOl Xl0

nay thai (Hinh 3).

Hlnh 3: D<jInghon hop

Chinh swa quy d~o (G40/G41/G42)

Trang cong doan phay, ben canh cac thong 56 ky thuat

PO PO~
(thi du nhu buoc difm tien), cOng con nhO'ng dO' lieu ve
chieu dai dunq cu va duoong kinh dunq cu diro'c luu l:;'Ii 5 z 5 Z
~
(Hinh 3) & bo luou trO' dl,lng Cl,l. Trong cong dean tlen, PO PO=S
nhQong dQolieu nay la tr] 56 hi$u chinh X theo true x cua Kich tturoc hi$u chinh
dau mOi dao so voi diem chuan cua gi8 d6' dunq cu, Ll L3 cho
T01 T03
tr] 56 hi$u chinh chieu dai Z (Hinh 4, trang 240), ban
kinh canh cat va vi tri cua diem quy chieu (diem mOi
dao) Po dl,l'a VaG tam diem ban kinh cat M (Hinh 4).

Khi li;ip Irinh cho cac do lon hinh hoc cua chi tiet, phai
cho biet nhQong vi tri can kh&i dong di chuyen cua dl,lng
T02
cu. (Toa dO X, V va Z). Neu khong co thOng tin nao
khac, he aieu khien se van nann sac cho lam diem
dl,lng cu phay trong phay va diem cat cua cac canh
dao Po trang ti$n duoc d~t la diem quy chieu (Hinh 4). Hlnh 4: Hi~u chinh dl,mg cu
 7.8 f)i~u khitJn CNC 247

Quy dao cua tam di~m dao phay duoc I$p trinh khi
phay ranh. f)i~u nay tuonq LPng vai ditJm quy chieu
(ditJm mOi dao). Nhunq neu phai phay dU'ang bien
DU'ang
d<;lng trong hay nqoal, dunq cu phay phai d~t I$ch mot each d~u
khoang each bang voi ban kinh d~u mOi dao cat cua
n6 (Hinh 1).
Viec tao ra dll'o>ng each d~u do he ditJu khitJn dam
nhan. NgU'ai ta chi I~p trinh cho dU'ang bien d9ng
(contua) va tiep nhan kich thuoc tLr ban V8 rna khong
them tinh toan bo sung. Ben canh thong s6 v~ ban
kinh a dau dunq Cl,JdU'Q'C luu trO>trong bO nho dunq
Cl,Jva neu can thiet ca 1U'Q'ngdU' gia cong tinh, h$ di~u
khitJn cOng phai dU'Q'c thong bao la lieu dl,Jng Cl,Jphay
Hinh 1: Chinh su.a quy dao tron9 phay
di chuyen tLr dU'ang bien theo phia ben trai (G41) hay
phia ben phai (G42) trong hU'ang dan tien (Hinh 1).
ChLPC nang G40 huy b6 viec hieu chinh quy 690 (huy
Kich thuoc thi~u LU'qngdU'gia cong
bu ban kinh dao). Z D~ng cu do
(y nquyen cong tien cOng xuat hien van d~ tuonq
II,!'. f)itJm quy chleu Po, noi rna tat ca cac lenh djch
chuyen dua vao rna khong can hieu chinh quy d90, la
mot dillm tren II; thuyet, vi dao tien c6 mot ban kinh a
canh cat. Trong khi tien mat dau hay tien theo chieu
dai song song voi true - co nghTa la theo hU'O'ng true
x cOng nhU' hU'O'ng true Z - thi dao tien S8 cat chinh
xac. Trong chuyen dong van hanh khong song song
voi true, S8 co sai lech bien danq do ban kinh canh cat

•
(Hinh 2). Viec hieu chinh quy 690 - trong tien duoc
qoi la bu ban kinh dao cat (BBKDC) - sLPa 19i dU'ang di
Hinh 2: Sai I~ch bien diln9
sao cho khong con 1U'Q'ngdU' gia cong cOng nhu kich
thuoc b] thieu (dO hut) (Hinh 3).
• G41 ---> Dunq Cl,Jtheo chleu dan tien narn ben tral G41
cua bien danq chi tiet. ~ G42
<::=
• G42 ---> Dunq Cl,Jtheo chieu dan tien narn ben phai
cua bien danq chi tiel.
• G40 ---> Huy bo viec chinh sua quy 690.
Trong nhO>ng chuyen dong khonq theo dU'ang thang
(chuyen dong phi tuyen tfnh), thi du nhu dU'ang tron,
thi quy d90 duoc chinh sua nay khong phai la dU'ang
each dtJu (Hinh 2). G41 G42~

LU'Q'ng duo gia cong tinh trong phay (Hinh 4) Hinh 3: BiJ ban kinh cat
Chinh he dieu khitJn dam nhan viec tfnh toan 1U'Q'ng
du gia cong trong phuonq phap gia conq tho. Cho moi
dunq Cl,JdtJu co nhO>ng mau tin dO>lieu (dong chtra dO>
TCl R22A L 100,3 ~ N F1736 52894 TOl TCl M03 Giac6ngpha
lieu) trong bo nho cua dl,Jng Cl,Jdll chinh sLPa dO>lieu TC2 R22 L100 ~ N F436 52894 TOl TC2 M03 Giac6ngtinh
dl,Jng cu (thong s6 dao cat), thi du nhu ban kinh dao RthV'cs\p
cat va chieu dai, Trong gia cong tho, ngU'ai ta luu vao z. B. R = 22 LliQ'ngdli gia c6ng
nhO>ng tr] s6 Ian hon dunq Cl,Jthat Sl,l' mot do Ian bang I-----.:---cr+-~-..".,._,_l tinh theo trueX va Y,
thi du 0,4 mm
1U'Q'ng du gia conq. Nho the khi viec chinh sLPa quy o
o
d90 hoat dong, bien danq voi 1U'Q'ngdU' gia conq dU'Q'c ".~
~ II
t90 ra rna khonq can phai tfnh toan chuyen doi kich E-'
.:rcri
thuoc hinh hoc cua dU'<Yng bien. Cho gia cong tinh,
nhO>ng tri s6 chinh sLPatU'O'ng LPngtro 19i voi tr] s6 that
Sl,l' cua dunq Cl,J.

Chitiflt
Trong phU'O'ng pnap ti$n thi lai khong con gian nhu
v~y, vi the c6 loai chU'O'ng trinh cat got viet san hru y
den 1U'Q'ngdU' gia conq tinh. Hinh 4: LU'Q'ngdU' gia cong tinh
248 7 Che tao nhCPng h~ thong co khi (Ky thu~t gla cong)

Chu trinh gla conq

180 2
£)~ xU>Iy van d~ gla cong thU'ang hay xuat hien (phay
tui/phay 10 bong, cat ren, khoan 10 sau, gia cong cat got
vv ..), nhO'ng hE,idieu khi€!n nqay nay cung dip nhO'ng
chuc nang G (dieu kien dich chuyen) c6 san, duoc goi
la chu trinh ma qua d6 viec laP trlnh tro nen rat don
gien. Qua nhCmg chu trlnh nay, ngU'ai di~u khi~n chi can
dU'a vao nhOongdO' li$u quan tronq nhat va h$ dieu khi~m
tinh toan nhCmg buoc trung gian can thiet d€! tao ra kich
thuoc hlnh hOC theo yeu cau.
+-----'--'-'-----<-1 ThOng 50 Iva chon va; sv hi$u
o 120 chinh tnrcc dv\yc chuan h6a 30
Ve coo ban, di~u nay ap dunq cho cac chu trlnh c6 thong
G72 ZA·30 LP180 BP150 010 V2 AKO ALO EP3'DB30 01 H1 Q1 B50
56 b~t buoc va thOng 56 hra chon vai vi$c nap li$u.
G79 X120 Y90 Z2 AR5 '- Thong 56 b~t buoc
NhOong thong 56 Il,I'a chon thU't'Yng duoc gan cho cac tr]
so cho truoc. Danq tiec la cac chu trlnh nay tuy vao nha Hinh 1: Chu trinh phay tili
san xuat rna duoc thuc hi$n banq nhieu each khac nhau,
khong thong nhat do d6 a day can phai trinh bay mot cai
nhin tong quan co ban qua mot val cnu trinh PAL (PAL:
PrOfungs - Aufgaben und Lehrmittelentwicklungsstelie =
'"
c
Ngon ngO' Ii;lp trinh cho huan luyen CNC, khOng 1$thuoc ·ro
.9
vao nha san xuat - ND). c
ro c

a chu trinh phay hoc hlnh chiP nh~t (phay tui hay
s:
0 ~e
13 '"'"
phay bonq), dunq cu dU'Q'c d!nh v! vol mot khoanq each 0

cho truoc tren true tam cua hoc. Qua vi$c chuyen giao
!
0
Khoan 10 sau 0 = 10 Khoan 16 sau 2xD Khoan 10 vo! do sau
s:
= 40
cac tr] 56 (Hlnh 1) nho' vao chu trinh (6' day ta G72), " Thoi gian duy trl 15
va tra vll d~ thao
Thai gian duy trl 1s
va tra v~ d<>thao
noan lat ZA
va trerve vai
he dieu khi€!n tl,l' tinh ra m(Jt each d(Jc Ii;lp toan b(J cac phoi phoi V=2
chuyen dong dich chuyen.
G83 ZA·40 D10 V2
u~ Thai gian duy tr! 1s
NhQong thong so thuonq dung dU'Q'c chuyen giao la: b~
Thong 56 b~t buoc Thong 56 Dan vi
rong, chieu cao, dO sau cua tui, dO sau tlJong lop cat.
l\fa chon thai gian duy trl = s
Thong so Il,I'a chon di~n hinh la: 1U'Q'ngdU' gia cong tinh,
Hinh 2: Chu trinh khoan
ban kinh mOi (ban kinh goc), buoc dan tien va 56 vonq
quay.
LO'c;mgdu
a chu trinh khoan 16 sau (Hlnh 2), dl,lng Cl,Jduoc
gia c6ng Z

dinh vi voi mot khoanq each an toan ben tren tam 16

khoan. Sau do viec che tao 16 khoan duoc thuc hien
vai dich chuyen buoc dan tien cho den khi dat duoc do
sau cat cua IU'O'ikhoan, thai gian ngCmg heat dong ngan
d~ lam gay phoi, tro v~ qua chi tiet de dan phoi thoat
di (chuyen dong nhanh), ha mOi khoan xuong (chuyen
dong nhanh), dich chuyen mOi khoan (theo hU'ong dan
tien) vv ...
LO'Q'ngdO'gia cong X
Chu trinh cat got (Hinh 3) duoc sU>dl,lng cho tien tho
va tien hoan lat. He dit'lu khi€!n tinh toan voi nhOongthOng Hinh 3: Chu trinh c~t 99t
s6 dU'Q'c chuyen giao nhu do sau cat, IU'Q'ngduogia conq
tinh, va dQolieu bien dang d~ tlm ra so lop cat dU'Q'Cchiao
Bien dang cOng c6 th~ hru trQonhu la chU'O'ng trinh con.

a chu trinh ti~n ren (Hinh 4), he dit'lu khien tinh loan
toe do ouoc dan tien can thiet tlJoso vonq quay (van toc
cat) va buoc ren cho truoc. Moi Ian cat dU'Q'Cthuc hien
voi cunq toe do. £)€! tang toc va ham khoi IU'Q'ng chuyen
dong (dao tien, 0 dao xoay) can thiet phai co hanh trinh
chay ra va chay cham ket thuc theo da con lai (cham
dUottheo quan tinh). Neu doan dU'ang nay ngan, so vonq 2 0 Diem khai dliu ren +Z
quay va qua d6 la toc dO dan tien phai giam bat. 3 0 Diem cu6i ren
1 0 Diem oliu ren vai dean nhap ren DA

a conq doan phay, viec tham so hoa (bien thanh thong 4. Diem cu6i ren vai doan thoat ren OU
Dean nhap ren va doan thoat ren = 2-4 llin buoc ren
so) va gOi chu trinh dU'Q'C thuc hien qua hai ban ghi Cha ren M64 b~t dau true ti~p (y Z = 0
(dong ghi dQolieu) CNC khac blet. Trang ban ghi thu G31 Z·6D X64 F6 03,68 DAD OU12
nhat, nhQong thong s6 hinh hOC can hoan tat duoc xac
Hinh 4: Chu Irinh ti~n ren
 7.8 8ieu khi~n CNC 249

dinh qua mot I$nh 99i chu trinh (thi du nhU'chu trinh phay tui G72). a
ban ghi thi.f hai chu trinh oU'Q'c99i len. L$nh
nay dung o~ dinh vi dunq Ct,lva chu trinh can duoc thuc hi$n. L$nh 99i chu trinh c6 san o~ sCl'dt,lng trang PAL
oU'Q'Cdi€ln giai trang Hinh 1.

G76 L$nh qoi ehu trinh tren mot duang thang (Hang 10) G77 Liiinh gOi ehu trinh tren mot v6ng chia (Vang vach dau)
-<II>

,--------------;:=0 AS -t G6e, quy R -4 Ban kinh

chiliu vao yang vach
true X d~u

D -4 Khoang cacn AN-t Goc bat

dllu
o -4 86 luO'ng
£)6i tuO'ng
AR -t G6e quay thiY nhat
Ooi tuO'ng
G77 o -4 86 luO'ng
AR -t G6e quay
+X
IA £)6i tuO'ng
AI -t Gee tang
x Y Kfch thuoc tuYiiit d6i dan thee
XI, YI Kfeh thuoc theo gia so lA, JA -t Kieh thuoc tuy$t d6i
gia so
I, J Kich tnooc thee gia s6

G78 L$nh gOi ehu trinh tren mot dilim (Toa do cue) G79 U)nh gOi ehu trinh tren mot dilim (TOa dO Descartes)

G78
AS -t G6e, quy
chiEflu vao
G79
I'
--..\.
...-'(7 \ AR
AR --+ Gee quay
Ooi tuO'ng
true X <, I
RP -t Chieu dai
V
+Y AR -t G6e quay >- +Y
£)6i tuO'ng
-,
<:( >=
-,
IA
+X

lA, JA -t Kieh thucc tuyet d6i

I, J Kfch thuoc thee gia s6

Hinh 1: L~nh qoi chu trinh gia cong phay theo PAL

ChU'O'ng trinh con

+
+X

XI
X
X, Y
XI, YI
--+

--+
Kic h thooc tuy$t d6i
Kic h thuoc thee gia s6
•
Chu trinh gia cong 103nhCmg chuonq trinh con oU'Q'C Chuonq trlnh chinh %1

viet san cua nha cung cap, ngU'ai sCl'dunq kh6ng th~ 1. eh~y d~n diem thay d6i
thay doi duoc. [Link] chironq trinh con tieu chuan nay 2.
dvng c~
Thay doi dvng cu II Chuonq trlnh con
dap [Link] nhCmg cong vi$c thU'ang xuat nien (y b~t ky 3.
(F" S' T M)
Ch~y d~n di~m b~t [Link]
CONTOUR (L 10)
co XU'(Yngnao, Cho nhCmgviec gia conq rieng biet cua gia cOng cua bi~n dGmg ~ 1. M" chinh sua
chi ti~t (thi du nhU' bien danq phtrc tap), t~t ca cac nha
san xuat h$ oieu khien cho phep ngU'ai I$p trinh c6 th~
4.
(l10)
Chucnq trinh con
CONTOUR (L 10)
- U 2.
quy cao
Chay den diem
bien d~ng 1
3. Chay den diem
tao ra nhCl'ngchuonq trinh con cua rieng minh. NhCl'ng 5. chay d~n di~m bat dau gia
: bien d~ng 2
c6ng cua bien d~ng (Z20)
chuonq trinh con nay duoc 99i tiJ>chuonq trinh CNC 6. Chuang trinh con

r
i::h~y den di~m cubi
chinh. TiJ>mot chuonq trinh con ngU'ai ta cOng c6 th~ CONTOUR (L1 0)
.~ bien d~ng
7. ehay den di~m bat [Link] gia
99i mot chuonq trinh con khac (SI,I' long vao nhau cua c6ng cua bien d~ng (Z30)
~ I K~t thuc chllC7ng
trinh con (M17)
chuonq trinh). 8. Chuang trinh con
CONTOUR (L 10)
Thi du nhu neu phai dung may phay o~ tao nhCmg 9 Chay tl/ do tren true Z
oU'ang bien danq c6 chieu sau rna nhCl'ngduonq bien
danq nay kh6ng the gia cong voi Sl,l'dich chuyen cua Hinh 2: Ky thuat I~p trinh chlJ'O'ng trinh con
dunq cu theo hU'ang true Z, thi S8 c6 nhCmg chuonq
trinh con oU'Q'Cviet d~ mo ta bien danq vi$c dlnh vi tren
m~t phang Z tuonq [Link] OU'Q'C thuc hi$n trang chuonq trinh chinh va roi chi can 99i chuonq trinh con cho bien
danq (Hinh 2 va
Hinh 1 phai, trang 250).

NhCl'ngh$ dieu khien hi$n tai cho phep kha nang I~p lai s6 Ian 99i chuonq trinh con qua I$nh 99i G22 (thi du
nhU' G22 L 10 H2; co nghTa 113chU'ong trinh con L10 duoc 99i hai Ian lien ti~p nhau). Qua 06 ngU'ai ta c6 th~
thl,l'c hien cac qua trinh gia cong I~p lai trang nhCl'ngkhoanq thai gian oeu o~n chi vai mot I$nh 99i chuonq trinh
con (Hinh 1 phal, trang 250). Tuy nhien qua day nhCl'ngchuyen dong van hanh pMi duoc I~p trinh theo gla s6.
250 7 Che tao nhG>ngh~ thong co khi (Ky thu~t gia cong)

-5]" fa
70.-~-------------------------,

~o ~
A = Eli{)m crau cua bien d1)ng
E = Eli~m cuoi cua bien d<;lng

15
8
~
Y --- I
15 Y
cc

o O+-~--~+-------------------~
X I E (86/-6)0 X
05 32 95100 o 26
°A (101-20)

'fChU'O'ng trinh chinh %1 ChLl'O'ng trinh con (L 10) Chuonq trinh chinh %2 ChU'O'ng trinh con (L20)

N1 GO X-100 Y-100 Z500 N1 G42 N1 GO X-100 Y-100 2500 N1 G91

M06(WWP) N2 GOl X32 Y8 M06(WWP) N2 G01 Z-8
N2 F ... S ... T01 N3 G01 X95 N2 F ... S ... T... N3 G01 Y8
M03 N4 G01 Y50 M03 N4 G01 X10
N3 GO X10 Y-20 21 N5 G02 X83 Y62 N3 GO X26 Y15 21 N5 G01 28
N4 GO Z-10 10 J12 M08 N6 GO X15 Y-4
M08 N6 G01 X15 N4 G22 L20 H3 N7 G90
N5 G22 L10 H1 N7 G03 X52 Y5 (L20 4 I~n lien ti€'p chay qua) N8 M17
N6 GO X10 Y-20 Z-20 10 J-10
N7 G22 L 10 H1 N8 G01 Y15 N5 GO X26 Y40
N8 GO X10 Y-20 Z-30 N9 G01 X86 Y-6 N6 G22 L20 H3
N9 G22 L10 H1 N10 G40 (L20 4 I;~nlien tiep chi;lY qua)
N10 GO Z1 N11 M17
M09 N7 M09
N11 GO X-100 Y-100 2500 N8 GO X-100 Y-100 2500

Hinh 1: ChlJ'O'ng trinh con voi 51,!' I~p I\li

Trong nhG>ngchuonq trlnh con truoc day, cac tri s6 c6 dinh (gia so hay tuyet d6i) dU'Q'cdU'a vao. Neu nhung
bien d~ng hay phan phay be)phai dU'Q'cthuc hi$n, cac he dieu khien hi$n dai nqay nay co the cho phep ngLl'ai
($p trinh viet nhung chuonq trinh con cua chinh minh vai thong so giu ch6 d€!thich hop tuy not SLrdung (thong
s6 R).

Bilm danq gc\n dung (Chuoi doan th~ng noi lai -60 -25 -15 a
thanh dU'cYngbao)
Chinh (y nhfrnq dLl'ang bien la noi thU'ang c6 cac vi tri
chuyen tiep (thi du nhu ban klnh, mat vat (xen) chuyen G01 X3~ RN-3
tiep/m~t noi, ranh thoat) se dEln den van de khi I$p G01 2-15 RN-5
trinh thu conq vi nhUng di€!m tro giup phai oucc tinh o
co
G01 X46
G01 Z-25
bang nhfrng conq thuc toan phuc tap. Cac h$ dieu '&
G01 AS1i70 RN22
khi€!n hi$n tal cung cap kha nang tim ra (tinh toan) G01 X80 2-60 AS-40 . .
nhung diem chuyen tiep nay voi sl,l' tro giup cua cac
vat th€! CO'ban (phan tLr kel caul gi6ng nhtr trong cac Hinh 2: Bien d\lng g~n dung
chuono trinh CAD. NgLl'ai I$p trinh khong can phai
lam nhfrng vi$c tinh toan kh6 khan nua; vi$c nay S8
diroc h$ dieu khiEmhoan tat (Hinh 2).

TQa de} cue

G01 040 AS42.3
Ca toa d(>CI,I'C cOng g6p phan lam giam bat phan nhap
G01 040 AS148.5
cac tri s6. Thay vi toa d(>cua mot diem, ngLl'ai ta chi
G01 040 AS250
can cho biet thong tin ve g6c - phan Ian dU'Q'ctinh la
dLl'O'ngtheo chieu trai (ngLl'Q'cchieu kim dong ho) tlf
true x va ban kinh cua mot dil~m. Nho the nhung hinh
16 khoan khonq deu d<;indLl'Q'cdiem ta bang each rat
de dang (Hinh 3). Hinh 3: TQa dQ CI,!'C
 7.8 £lieu khien CNC 251

Thi dl;l v~ chuonq trinh phay

Bang 1: Ol;lng cu
Chi tiet trong Hinh 1 CEIn phai duoc che tao tren
mot may phay CNC. NhCrng dunq Cl,I phai Sll' dl,lng Dien giai

(Bang 1) nam trong mot <5 tich dl,lng Cl,I VITi be? phan Dao phay ng6n 0 22
thay the ounq Cl,I tV' dong tuonq Ll'ng VITi rna so trong TOl
Hel P20 Z=3
danh rnuc cua n6.
Dao phay ranh then 0 8
T02
DCPli$u dt (Bang
2) dU'Q'C lay tll' cac to
dCPli~u cua H88 Z = 2

nha san xuat dunq cu. Bang 3 cho th§y mot chU'O'ng Dao phay rann then 0 6
trinh CNC voi h$ di8U khien rieng bi$t. T03
HSS, phu lap Z =2

Bang 2: Ke hoacn lam vi~c

Vc [m/phu!] fz[mm]
Cong doan Dl,Ing cu
n [1/phu!] VI [rnrn/phut]

1 Phay tho bien T01 200 0,2

dc;mg (KhOng
co hlnh) 2894 1736
2 Phay tinh bien 200 0,05
TOl
d;;lng 2894 436
3 Phaytuiphiln 43 0,1
T02
vonq tron 1710 342

•
4 Phay ranh 70 0,1
o 50 64 85
T03
then 3714 743
Hinh 1: Chi tillt phay

Bang 3: ChU'O'ng trinh CNC

Nl GO XO YO Z100 M06 N31 GO Z-19 M08

N2 F1736 S2894 TOl Tel M03 N32 GOl Z-20
N3 Ti$n tho voi 1U'Q'ngdU' gia cong tinh N33 G22 L02 H2
N4 GO X-20 Y-20 ZO M08 N34 GO Zl
N5 G22 LOl H2 N35 GO X50 Yl0
N6 GO Zl M09 N36 GOl ZO
N7 F436 82894 TOl Te2 M03 N37 G22 L02 H2
N8 Ti$n tinh N38 GO Zl M09
N9 GO Z-10 M08 N39 GO XO YO Z100 M30
Nl0 G22 LOl Hl
Nll GO Zl M09 L01 L02
N12 GO XO YO Z100 M06 Nl G91 Nl G91
N13 F342 51710 T02 Tel M03 N2 GO Z-10 N2 GOl Z-4
N14 Tui chO>nhat N3 G90 N3 X14
N15 GO X50 Y35 Zl M08 N4 G42 N4 Y4
N16 G72 ZA-20 LP30 BP32 D5 Vl N5 GOl X6 Y5 N5 Z-4
N17 G79 X50 Y35 Zl N6 GOl X85 N6 Y-4
N18 Tui phan vonq tron N7 GOl X94 A550 N7 X-14
N19 GO X73.21 Y19.34 Zl N8 GOl Y54 N8 G90
N20 GOl Z-5 N9 GOl X30 Y65 N9 M17
N21 G03 X73.21 Y50.66 1-23.21 J15.66 Nl0 GOl X18
N22 GOl Zl Nl1 G02 X6 Y53 1-12 JO
N23 GO X26.79 Y19.35 N12 GOl Y48
N24 GOl Z-5 N13 G02 X6 Y22 1-12.45 J-13
N25 G02 X26.79 Y50.66 123.21 J15,66 N14 GOl Y17
N26 GOl Zl M09 N15 G02 X18 Y5 10 J-12
N27 GO XO YO Z100 M06 N16 GOl Y-20
N28 F743 53714 T03 Tel M03 N17 G40
N29 GO X78 Y61 Zl N18 GOl X-20 Y-ZO
N30 Ranh then N19 M17
252 7 Ch~ tao nhQ>ng M th6ng co khi (Ky thuat gia cong)

Thi dl,l ve chuonq trinh ti~n

V~I lieu: E295
trong Hinh 1 din phai dlJ'Q'c che t90 tren
Chi ti€Jt tiE%Jn
~6(v')
-125 -90 -65 -30 0
mot may tien CNC. NhO>ng dl,mg Cl,J phai SlY dunq
(Bang 1) narn trang mot 6 tich dl,mg Cl,l (0 dao xoay)
vo'i b¢ phan thay the dl,mg cu tl! d¢ng tU'O'ng IYng voi
ma so trang danh rnuc cua n6. NhO>ng dO> li$u dt
(Bang 2) dU'Q'c I~y tLr cac to dO>li$u cua nha san xuat
dl,mg Cl,[Link] 3 cho thay mot chuonq trinh CNC v6'i
he dieu khien rieng biet,

Bang 1: Ol,lng cl,I Hinh 1: Chi tiet ti~n

Dyng Tin 99i

cy

MOikhoan diem (khoan Bang 2: Bang chuan b] thong s6 dt (da 1U'Q'cgiim)

T... m6i)016 .;;;j-
HSS. chieu phili Dich chuy~n di~m g6c XO Z200 Chi tiet tien

TOl
Dao tien m;\1d~u r20,8
HC-P20. chieu trai Q Cong coan
CI,I
vc[ml
rnin]
f
[rnm]
T02 Dao li$n sa m~1benhong r20.6 1 Ti$n mat dau (Tien vat mat) TOl 0,8 280 0,5
T03 Dao Ii<~nsa mat ben hOng r20.4
HC-P20,chieutrai, 55° 2 Tien sa bien d<;lngnqoai
~ T02 0,6 280 0,5
(ti$n tho)
Dao lien ren Sial chat qua
T04 3 Ti~nnoantat biend(lng ngoai 0,4
HC, chieu phai dau can dao T03 350 0,07
de
(Tientinh,chich ranh tien ren)
T... MOikhoan xoan 0 10
4 Tien ren T04 150
HSS. cnieu phai ~ 8

Bang 3: ChlJ'O'ng trinh CNC

CHUaNG TRiNH CHiNH N29 ;M36

Nl Bat dau chuonq trlnh N30 G3l Z-28 X36 F4 02 Z50 X536 DA3 DUl 06 01 H14
N2 G54 G90 G18 N31 G97 5995
N3 Thay doi dl,mg Cl,J N32 ;M48
N4 G96 FO.5 5280 Tl TCl M4 M8 N33 G31 Z-63 X48 F5 D2.5 Z5-30 XS48 DA3 DU1 Q7 01 H14
N5 Tlen phang mat d~1U(tiE%Jn
vat m$t dau) N34 CHLYONG TRiNH KH THUC TAl DI~M THAY DOl Dl)NG cu
N6 GOOZO X85 N35 G14 Hl
N7 GOl X-0.8 N36 M30
N8 GOl Z10.5
N9 GOO X85 CHUaNG TRiNH CON L1
Nl0 Tien tho bien d<;lng Nl GOl ZO X30
Nl1 G81 D3 H3 AZO.l AXO.4 AE2 A593 AVl 02 N2 G42 X33
N12 G22 L1 N3 GOl X35.8 Z-3
N13 G80 N4 GOl Z-20
N14 M14 Hl N5 G85 Z-30 X36 12.9 K12
N15 Tien tinh bien danq N6 G01 X47.8 RN-3
N16 Thay d6i dunq cu N7 GOl Z-52.5
N17 G96 FO.07 5280 T2 TCl M4 M8 N8 G85 Z-65 X48 13.5 K14
N18 GOO Zl X-0.4 N9 GOl X64 RN3
N19 GOl ZO Nl0 GOl Z-90
N20 GOl X34 Nl1 GOl X80 RN-2
N21 GOl Zl N12 GOl Z-100
N22 GO X30 N13 GOl G40 XI3
N23 GOl ZO N14 M17
N24 G22 L1
N25 G14 Hl
N26 Tien ren
N27 Thay doi dl,Jng Cl,l
N28 G97 F4 51326 T4 TCl M4 M8
 7.8 £lieu khi~n CNC 253

1. Hay cho biet chuGi dja chi bat d~u bang chfr cai
trang dieu khien CNC theo DIN 66025.
2. Hay li;lp trinh cho bai tap trong Hinh 2, trang 244
trong I$nh G91.
3. Hay tim toa dQ CY'C cua vonq vach dau trang
Hinh 1.
4. Hay chuyen toa dQ CY'C tim dU'Q'ctrang bal tap 3
thanh toa do Descartes. Sau do hay tinh tea d¢
nay tro lai tea d¢ CI)'Cban d~u. Nhfrng vtm de
nao co th~ xuat hien?
5. Hay xac dinh chLPCnanq G (dieu ki$n dich
chuyen) va thong s6 cua vonq tron trong Hinh 2
r'Y I$nh G91. Hinh 1: H~ tc;>ade'?Cl,I'c

6. Hay I~p trinh chuyen d¢ng vonq tron trong Hinh 2

r'Y I$nh G91.
£>e'?
sau phay = 3 mm
7. NgU'ai ta hi~u th~ nao ve chLPCnanq G vai hi$u 150
luc tac dunq (Lenh dang luu trQ>duoc duy trl cho
den khi c6 I$nh khac voi tac dunq ngU'Q'cI~i chep
de IEmhay x6a di)? Hay cho vai thi du, 100 I

8. Hay li;lp mot chuonq trinh CNC cho Hinh 4. Chi

I~p trinh cho bien danq. Mot I~n trong G90 va mot
Ian trong G91. ,, -

•
50
9. Hay viet mot chuonq trinh CNC cho Hinh 3. -
LU'Q'ngdu' gia conq 0,2 mm; di~m thay doi dunq
cu XO,YO va Z500. £lU'ang kinh dao phay 10 mm;
+Y
o
-
vat lieu dao HSS, quay chieu phai, c6 lam nguQi, o +X 50 100 150 200 250
mot Ian voi G90 va mot Ian voi G91.
Hinh 2: Nc'?isuy dU'6>ng tron

10. Vai su tro giup cua mot h$ dieu khiEmtCPnoi lam vl$c cua ban, hay giai thich mot chu trinh cat got trang
nguyen cong tien.
11. Hay thiet ke mot chuonq trinh con cua rieng ban voi it nh!lt 4 thong s6 R va cac chi tiet khac nhau nho VaG
cac I$nh khac biet.
12. Hay cunq lam viec theo nh6m d~ soan thao mot ban so sanh cac he dieu khi~n cua nhQ>ngnha san xuat
khac nhau du a VaGchLPCnang G (dieu kien djch chuyen) va cac thong s6 cua n6.

x 0,3
-q •
-10~-~----------------------~
• 8U'ong kinh
diflm cuoi
70
65

~" < 52

17,5 r--

5
o
-,I
A~"

E~
o
05 17,5 40 95100
A = 8iflm d~lU; E = 8iflm cuoi -100 -70 -40+0,05 -30 -20+0,1 0

Hinh 3: Chi tillt phay Hinh 4: Chi tillt ti~n

254 7 Che tao nh(fng h~ thong co khi (Ky thuat gia conq)

••• (ti~ptheo)

13. Hay thiet lap cho moi chi tiet trang Hinh 1 den Hinh 4:
- Mot bang liel ke cac dl,mg cu duoc stY dunq voi cac thong s6 c~t cua chunq
- Mot ke hoach lam vi$c dvoi danq bang
- ChU'O'ngtrinh CNC tuonq ll'ng
14. Tai sao trang ti{m ren nglJ'Cl'ita can dean nhap ren va doan thoat ren?

15. Dunq cu ngll'ng & diem nao khi k~t thuc chu trinh gia conq?

70 100

o
'"
"&

5 95
Hinh 1: Chi tiel 1 Hinh 2: Chi tiet 2

':~r:: o 22,526 38 62 7477,5 ~ (<I)

70.-~----++--~~ __ ~--H---~
6~§t=~=;z=~~i-~---r-:bt--
55 +-+-'''--~''''''''
50-l--f-Ic--I.

35

-125 -100 -65 -50 -30 -25 o a 5 15 20 80 85 95100

A 1 '" Diem dau bien di;lng; A2 = Diem cuoi bien dang

Hinh 3: Chi tiet 3 Hinh 4: Chi tiet 4

 7.8 8iau khien CNC 255

7.S.7 L~p trinh cua may gia c6ng CNC

Hieu qua kinh te cua may CNC trong mot XU'ang phu
thuoc phan Ian VaG nang luc cua h$ I$p trinh dU'Q'c
SLP dl,lng. Chinh trong chieu hU'ang linh heat h6a, mot
chuonq trinh CNC phai c6 san de SLP dl,lng mot each
nhanh ch6ng va hoan hao cho mot chi tiet nhat dinh,
Nhli'ng h$ dieu hanh ngay nay c6 kha nang tao ra
cOng nhu' tai va chU'O'ngtrinh mai trong khi dang gia
cong va nho d6 giam thieu thai gian ngLl'ng may.

£lQc I$p vai phuonq phap I$p trinh, nqay nay tat ca
cac nha san xuat h$ dieu khien deu cho phep chunq
c6 kha nang mo phong quy trinh gia cong dU'Q'cI$p
trinh truoc (Hinh 1). £lieu nay co uu diem Ian la trong
giai doan chuan b], ngU'oi ta c6 the nhan ra cac chuyen Hinh 1: Me) phong
dong sai (thi du nhu dao chay voi toe do nhanh di VaG
trong chi tiet) hay vi$c SLP dl,lng sai dunq CI,Jva qua d6
tranh duoc viec hU'h<;liton kern cua dl,lng CI,Iva chi tiet
luc va d$p VaGnhau. Nhieu loai mo phonq cho phep vi$c ket nOi VaGva rno ta phuonq tien kep sac cho truoc
khi gia cong, c6 the xac djnh rat don gian va hi$u qua li$u co xay ra va cham gili'a phuonq ti$n kep va dunq CI,I
cOng nhU' dunq CI,Ic6 "gia conq" nham I~n VaGphU'O'ngti$n kep hay khonq. NgU'oi ta phan bi$t ba phuonq phap
I$p trinh sau day:

• [Link] trinh thu cong

• [Link] trinh dinh hU'ang theo xU'ang, con 99i t.;it la WOP (workshop-oriented programming) hay SOP (shop- 7
floor-oriented programming)

• L$p trinh vai mot h$ thong I$p trinh

a I~p trinh thu cong, ngU'oi lap trinh rno ta nhiern VI,Igia conq trong rna NC. Trong trU'ong hop thong thU'ong,
h~ di~u khi.§n kh6ng co h6 tro d6 hoa de tao ra nhCmg diem cua bien danq, NgU'oi lap trinh phai tl,l'tinh toan tat
ca va dinh tnroc (I$p trinh) nhli'ng chuyen d(>ng cua dl,mg CI,[Link] nay b] loai be hoan toan khi I$p trinh cho
nhli'ng chi tiet phuc tap co nhieu chieu gia conq. NgU'oi ta v~n con thay each I$p trinh nay tren cac may CNC
doi cO.

I[ L~p trinh cua may CNC

If Ph6ng thiet ke"I 1'1Chuc1nbisan xu&! II

(ke ho~ch gia cong)
rt XU'o>ngmay
(San xuat)
t -. t
j t
r
!
H$ thong
CAD/CAM
H$ lap trinh
(doc I~p voi h$
"'-PCvai he
lap trinh djnh
hU'angtheo
May CNC vai
h$ I~ptrinh dinh
hU'angtheo
[Link] trinh theo
DIN vai ma NC
dieu khien) xU'ong (WOP), xU'ong (WOP) (thu cong)
I ~ I
!
B¢ xU>Iy sau eho
t r
B¢ xU>Iy sau eho
cac h$ dieu khien h$ dieu khien

,
khac bi$t ngoai (d(>cI~p)

Mo ph6ng
t
May CNC

Hinh 2: NhiPngphU'O'ng
phap I~ptrinh khac bi~t
256 7 Che tao nhCPng h~ thtmg coo khi (Ky thuat gia con g)

Trong wang may vai mot so 1U'9'ng thiet b] may rnoc

phong pnu, noi rna nhO>ng may CNC cua cac nha san
xuat khac nhau vai cac phuonq phap gia cong khac
biet dU'9'c I$p trinh cho nhO>ng chi tiet phuc tap, cac
chU'O'ng trinh CNC rat thU'ang dU'9'C tao I$p bang mot
h~ th6ng I~p trlnh "trung lap" (Hinh 1) trong vlec
chuan bj san xuat (nghia 18 khong Ie thuoc vao nha
san xu at he di€lu khien nao). £)ieu nay c6 diem 19'i la
trong khi chuan b! san xuat, ngU'ai I$p trinh khonq phai B9 nho
tap lam quen voi cac phan rnern dieu khien cho tiJong ngoai
may hay moi nha sari xu at. Tat ca cac conq viec I$p
trinh tap trung hoan thanh tren cling mot he thong.

£)~c diem cua nhO>ng h$ thong lap trinh nay la kich

thuoc hinh hOC cua chi tiet duoc I$p trinh dau tien chCf
khonq phal ta chuyen dong cua dl,mg CI,Jnho trong
each I$p trinh thu conq. Sau do Ia Sl,J'll,J'achon dl,mg CI,J
can thiet va viec dinh truoc quy trlnh lam viec.

H~ thong tl,J'tao ra chu trinh cat got (trlnh tl,J'gia conq).

H~ lap trinh tao ra mot chuonq trinh goc "trung I$p", Hlnh 1: H~ I~p trinh CNC
nghTa ta n6 khong chua cac I~nh rieng cua may (ngon
ngo> may). NhO>ng I~nh dieu khien con thieu nay duoc
tao bai mot b¢ phan gOi la don vi XLYIy sau (bl','>hau
XLYIY). BI','>phan nay chuyen d6i chuonq trinh goc (da
dU'9'C tao ra truoc d6 tiJoh~ I$p trinh) thanh ngon ngCr
rieng cua may. each nay c6 diem 19'i Ian la khi mot
may khonq hoat dl','>ng, chuonq trinh cho mot may
khac c6 the tao ra mot each tuonq doi nhanh ch6ng,
ke ca khi nhO>ng he di€lu khien cua hai may khac nhau.

Thong thU'6'ng tat ca nhCrng h$ th6ng I$p trinh nay

c6 giao dien dO>lieU den cac h~ thong CAD sac cho
vi$c tiep nhan dO>lieU ve kich thuoc hinh hoc tiJocac
h$ thong CAD phan Ian da c6 san trong xU'ang dU'9'c
thuc hi$n mot each tl,J'dong.

H~ I~p trinh dinh hU'ong theo xU'ang may (WOP)

May CNC khong c6 WOP May CNC c6 WOP
da phat trien tiJo h~ I$p trinh thu conq truoc day
(Hinh 2). Qua vi~c conq suat cua he dieu khien canq
Hinh 2: H~ I~p trinh dinh hll'o>ng theo xll'cmg may (WOP)
ngay canq tang, ngU'oi SLYdl,mg cOng c6 kha nang dua
kich thuoc hinh hoc cua chi tiet gia cong qua tuonq
tac bang d6 hoa VaG trong chuonq trinh CNC. ThU'ong thi a
day cOng c6 ml','>tgiao dien de tiep nh$n dO>lieu CAD
san c6 va tiJod6 tlrn ra viec mo ta hinh hoc cua chi tiet. NhO>ng phan mem thich h9'P cho phU'O'ng phap gia cong
mot each dac biet lam cho may CNC tro thanh m¢t giai phap ll,J'achon khac c6 kha nang so voi cac he I$p trinh,
ma giai phap nay hoan toan c6 the dU'a VaG SLYdunq cho viec chuan b] san xu at (Ien ke hoach gia conq). Mot
U'U diem cua phuonq phap nay la ngay tai noi gia cong, cong nhan chuyen mon duoc xem nhu g~n b6 trong
ke hoach san xuat va c6 the dU'a kien thuc chuyen gia cua ho VaG SLYdl,mg. M¢t dieu dang tiec la cac nna san
xuat khac nhau khong thong nhat dU'9'c ml','>tkhai ni$m chung cho WOP (He I$p trinh d!nh hU'ang theo wang
may). Qua d6 lai g~p phai van de a
may m6c cua cac nha san xuat khac nhau khi phai dieu khien nhO>ng phan
rnern WOP khac biet.

Cac phat trien mo'i hon sau nay cho phep viec len ke hoach gia cong va wang may lam vi$c vai cling mot he
thong WOP va thOng qua bo XLYIy sau, ngU'oi ta cOng c6 the ket nOi vao cac may khOng c6 kha nang I$p trinh
d!nh hU'ang theo wang may. £lieu nay sorn hay muon S6 lam cho nho>ng h~ I$p trinh trung Ic;iptra nen thua thai.
 7.8 £)ieu khien CNC 257

7.8.8 Thi dt,l va may gia cong di€!u khilln

ky thu~t so
Trong tien trinh tl,l' dong h6a, may CNC c6 mat trong
h§u het cac phuonq phap gia congo NgU'&i ta phat
tri€!n may CNC c6 h$ dieu khien d~c bi$t thich hop cho
tling phU'O'ngphap gia cong. NhQ>ngmay nay la CO'
sa cua phvonq phap gia cong hi$n dal, linh hoat, Vi
thU'&ng phai lam viec trang ch€! dt) van hanh tl! dong
nen h$ oieu khien cac may nay thU'&ng duoc trang b]
voi cac chuc nang bo sung (thi du giam sat dl,lng cu,
can b~mg nhlet 00).

Ngay nay, may phay cho den co trung hau het deu
cuoc trang bi h$ dieu khi€!n quy d90 cho it nhat 3 true
va h$ thay doi dl,mg Cl,ltl,l' dong (Hinh 1).

V&i trung tam gia cong (it nhat 3 true NC), ngU'&i ta
c6 th€! thuc hii,in nhieu phU'O'ngphap gia cong trong Hinh 1: May phay 5 true
mot I§n lap d~t (Phay, khoan, khoan nghieng, cat ren
vv ... ). Ben canh nhQ>ngh$ thong thay doi dl,mg cu co
hieu suat cao, trung tam gia conq cuoc trang b] voi
mot h$ thong thay doi chi tiet gia cong tl,l' dong d€! giQ>
th&i gian ngCmg may canq it canq tot (Hinh 3). Ngay
~//
~~,
r.z
nay ph§n lon cac thiet b] 99i 113 b¢ phan thay doi gia ke

•
(palet) duoc dU'a vao SlYdunq cho hi,i thay doi chi tiet
gia congo Tren palet, cac chi tiet duoc kep chat va sau
do dU'Q'cdua vao tram tap trung palet, Gia cong 5 mat
c6 th€!thuc hien duoc qua cot true chinh xoay dU'9'c
theo chi~u ngang va chieu doc (Hinh 2).
Hinh 2: True chinh xoay dll'Q'c

Hinh 3: Trung tam gia cong

258 7 Che tao nhCPngh~ th6ng co khi (Ky thuat gia cong)

Cac h$ dieu khil!n co hi$u suat cao hi$n nay cho phep Khong phai
thiet ke duoc nhO>ngtrung tam ti~n·phay CNC, ben la true NC
Khong phai
canh phuonq phap gia conq ti$n con co the thvc hi$n (di€!u chinh so 103true NC True NC
yang quay)
duoc nhO>ngconq viec khoan va phay (y hU'ang ngang ~~~
voi true chinh trong mot Ian lap d~t. Vi kha nanq co
the gia cong theo quy dao nho VaG CNC nen nhO>ng
may nay cOng co the tao ren con va b€Jm~t vai buoc
ren thay d6i (Hinh 4). Bang vlec gia conq toan bo, chat
1U'Q'ngsan pharn tang len vi khonq xay ra 16iqua qua
trinh kep lai tren rnarn cap, thai gian gia cong giam di,
Ti$n "co dii!n" trang 2 True quay chinh va dung cu cuoc
can it may gia conq hon va nhu the chi phi ha xuonq. true (X. Z) truyen dong quay ngl1Q'cchieu nhau
-+ tang lac d(\ cat 991 (thi dv nhu
rnai, khoan nhanh)
8ieu kien tien quyet khi lam viec voi dunq cu duoc
truyen dong ta phai c6 san bO phan tiep nhan nhO>ng
dl,mg cu nay (dao phay, mOi khoan vv...). True chinh
~0JD0
~~
~
IJ.
lam true NC diroc dinh vi (true C) va quay voi t6c do ro LlJIP

dU'Q'cdieu chinh. Hinh 1 trinh bay nhO>ngkha nang gia ~e:r 0 dao xoay 1
conq co thl! thuc hien duoc.

Mot dbu dunq CI,Ivoi kha nanq xoay mot g6c 90°
(Hinh 2) c6 the cho phep gia cong vo'i dunq CI,Ic6
dlnh va dunq CI,.Idu'oc truyen dong khonq nhO>ngtren True duoc dinh vi hay dieu Lam viec vai 2 0 dao xoay va
chinh va dung cu dU'Q'ctruyen truc dol. C6 Ihe gia cong phan
hU'ang xuyen tam (hU'ang kinh) ma con ca hU'ang doc dong (thi du nhu phay rann chi ti~t phia ben tien chichdm
true nfra. May ti$n voi hai true (true chinh va true d6i) trang chi ti~t tron)
cOng nhu voi hai 0 tich dl,.lngCI,.I(6 dao xoay) (Hinh 3)
Hinh 1: D\lng cu dlJ'Q'c Iruycm dQng
thi phu hoopcho viec gia conq voi 56 1U'Q'ngtCl'trung
binh cho den Ian vi c6 the lam vi$c cunq mot luc voi
hai dl,.lngcl,.[Link]>ngdac tinh khac lam tang do tl,l'dong
h6a la:

• l,J sau (1,.1 chong tam) va gia d& sau (gia d& tam)
dU'OOc dieu khien bang ky thuat s6

• Thay d6i ham kep 11,1'dong (thay d6i V8U)

• BO chua chi tiet vai thiet b] nap tl,l' dong (6 tro>phol

dang thanh)

• Giarn sat dunq CI,.Itl,l' dong (gay nut va mal men)

Hinh 2: £)llu d\lng cu xoay dlJ'Q'c

Hinh 3: May va.i hai /) dao xoay (revonve) Hinh 4: D6ng san pham cua mQI trung tam gia c6ng
 7.8 £)ieu khien CNC 259

Vi$c che tao banh rang v&i nhCi'ng phuonq phap nhat
dinh tren may thong thLYang bang dieu khien co hoc
d6i hei ty 1$ so yang quay chinh xac giCi'a chi tiet va
dunq CI,JdLYQ'cchinh qua hOp 56. Do do thong thLYang
cho moi kieu banh rang rnoi, ngLYai ta phai thay doi
ty 1$ truyen dOng dan dim viec thai gian ngung may
qua nhieu.

May ciit rang hien nay (Hinh 1) co sau true NC hay

nhieu non, qua do h$ dieu khien dam nhan viec lap ke
hoach cho quy dao (dLYang di) cua dl,Jng cu.

May CNC cOng dLYQ'cSLr dunq voi rnvc do tang rnanh

trong gia cong ton (phoi tam). Trong trung tam gia
cong ton cac nguyen conq sau day dLYQ'Ctl,l' dOng
hoa:

• Nap tam ton (tam kim loai)

• Dap
• Be sau do va Hinh 1: May ciit ding (May X,?C rang)

• Ghep n6i neu can thiet

Do do, co the san xu at dLYQ'ccac chi tiet san sang cho

viec lap rap (Hinh 2).

•
Trong nhCi'ng trung tam gia conq nhu the, ngLYai ta
dtra vao SLr dl,Jng dl,Jng CI,Jcap nhieu dau (Hinh 3).
Nhieu dunq CI,JdLYQ'cd~t trong mot gia db'. Nho viec
quay gia db', dl,Jng CI,Jdap tLYO'ng ll'ng dLYQ'c dua vao
vi tri gia cong, qua d6 thai gian gia cong [y chi ti€!t vai
nhieu 10 co kich co khac nhau dLYQ'cgiam rnanh vi vi$c
thay the dl,Jng CI,JdLYQ'cloai be (khong can thiet),

Vi$c lap d~t dLYang ong phuc tap can thiet thi du nhLY
Hinh 2: San phdm cuoi cua phironq phap gia cong phoi tam
trong lap rap 0 to va may bay co the thuc hi$n tren
may uon ong CNC.

Kho luu IrQ>

phoi l<flm hoan
May dap
loan II)' dong
tarn nhieu
d~lU
Laser

. .. ..
nr'
May cat
dirt tarn
kim loai
..

~
·Im!.
DD ..
l )(
r ,! (
·'L...JU
<

Hinh 3: Dl,lng cu diip nhieu aitu

260 7 Che tao nhCPng h~ thong coo khi (Ky thuat gia cong)

Ky thuat NC cOng phat tri€!n trong ky thuat laser va k€!t

hop uu di€!m cua ky thuat laser (ch~t 1U'Q'ng cat hao
hanq, chieu sau nhap nho nh6 va t6c do cat cao) voi
lQ'i the cua kha nang tinh toan quy dao (I~p trinh cho
dU'iYng di) bang ky thuat s6.

Laser (doc la la-de, viflt tat cua tiang Anh: Light

Amplification by Simulated Emission of Radiation =
khuech dai anh sang bang ph at X<;I kich thich) dua tren
nquyen Iy electron (di$n tll') a
vo nquyen tLr c6 the
Hinh 1: Laser
nhay tCJorrurc nang 1U'Q'ngthap len rnuc nang 1U'Q'ng
cao khi b] kich thich. Khi nhay tro lai, cac electron tCJo
cac quy dao kh6ng on djnh nay se phat ra anh sang
voi mot tan so nhat dinh. Anh sang nay khac biet vai
nquon sang thU'iYng a
cho 113chunq hau nhu song
song dau cho CU'ang dO Ian (chi b] phan ky it phut a
cung). Qua mot he thong quang hoc nOi tiep, tia sang
b] I$ch hU'ang va ducc dieu tieu (Hinh 1),

NhCfng ITnh vvc ling dl,mg dien hinh cua laser 113:

• Han • Khoan laser

• Cilt • Han laser

• Khilc • In lito noi (In da nOi)

Hinh 2: Khoan b1lng tia laser

(y phuonq phap khoan laser ngU'ai ta c6 the hoan

thien nhCfng dU'ang kinh 10 nh6 nhat (den 1 urn) hay
cac cau true rnin nhat trong phay laser (Hinh 2 va 3).
°
Trong in lito n6i, ngU'iYi ta c6 the tao ra mot chi tiet
1<3mrnau voi Sl,l' tro giup cua CAD rna kh6ng can due
hay cac dl,mg cu khac (tao nguyen mau nhanh). DO'
Ii$u hinh hoc CAD duoc ciilt lat thanh nhieu lap tll'
0,05 mm den 0,15 mm theo hU'ang true Z. Mot tia laser
di€!u khien ky thuat so chay theo nhO'ng lap nay chinh
xac dEm tll'ng diem vao be nhua n6ng chay, Nhl,J'a h6a
cCJongtrong vunq tia laser cham toi va khi tia laser ra
kh6i nhO'ng lap dU'Q'C tao thanh, mot chi tiet d<;lng 3
chieu duoc hinh thanh tren true Z (Hinh 4). NhU' the
cac mau cua chi tiet c6 the tao nhanh voi gia re roi sau
d6 dU'Q'c toi U'U h6a (Hinh 5). Hinh 3: Phay laser

B$ d(il chi liel

Hinh 4: In lilo n61 Hinh 5: Mau d:'u tien (nguyen maul

 7.8 f)i~u khien CNC 261

Trong phU'O'ng phap an man bang nhiet, mot phan cua

chi ti~t duoc dt roi va loai ra bang II,l'C CO' hQC va II,l'C
di$n tu. Phuono phap gia cong nay c6 vai tro Ian trong
vi$c san xuat khuon ren, dunq cu dap, khuon due phun
va khuon due ap IItc vi nhCl'ng chi tiflt nay c6 danq
phuc t9P va dO ben vat liiilu cao d6ng thai dol hei dQ
chinh xac.

Trong phuonq phap an man bjjng day (Hinh 1), mot

di$n CI,l'Cday x6i mon vat li$u bang each ph6ng diiiln
(tia ILPa di$n) rieng re giCJoahai di$n CI,l'C (day va chi
ti~t). H$ di~u khi~n cho phep nQi suy kich thuoc hinh
hoc cua chi tiflt cOng nhu tinh toan dlJ'ang kinh day
di$n CI,l'C va d!ch cnuyen cac true NC voi buoc dan
tifln dinh truce.

Trong phtronq phap an x6i man khuon chim

(Hinh 2). di$n CI,l'Cc6 tiflt dien deu va dlJ'Q'Cdan hlJ'ang
bai h$ dieu khi~n qua true NC sac cho 10 voi phun co
th~ duoc chfl tao, thi du nhir cho thunq duoc dinh Hinh 1: An men bang di~n cue day
danq a khuon ep. Mot su dinh vi dlJ'Q'c dieu khien bang
CNC (quay trong mot hay nhieu true) tao kha nang san
xuat nhCmg cane 10 phuc tap.

Phuonq phap cih bjjng tia nU'Ooc (Hinh 3) nqay nay

duoc SLY dunq de cat rai vat li$u mem va khong on
djnh (khong ben vCmg) nhu da, gi~y, chat bot x6p
(styropor) va nhua nhunq ding co ca thep voi dO ben
cao.

Trong phuonq phap nay nuoc dlJ'Q'c nen vai ap suat

(d~n 9000 bar) qua mot voi phun co dty('yng kinh vao
khoanq 0,2 mm voi van toe thoat ra tLr 800 - 900 m/s.
N~u tia nuoc khonq du sue cat, nglJ'ai ta cho them
VaG tia nuoc mot chat mal rnon, thong thU'ang la cat
c6 granat1) (cat chua thach luu) hay 0livin2) voi cO' hat
tLP 0,1 dfln 0,3 mm. Tia nuoc tao ra mot ranh cat voi
chat 1lJ'Q'ngbe m~t cao. Qua ky thuat NC, nglJ'ai ta c6
th~ cat nhCJongkh6i hinh hoc 3 chieu, thi du nhu can xe
giam x6c (ba ra see).

1) Granat hay dit thach h,Pu, la mot nhorn khoanq v~t silicat vai c6ng
thlic hoa hoc t6ng quat la: A3B2(Si04h Hinh 2: An mon khoet bang tia ILPadi~n (an xol men khu6n
chim)
2) Olivin (da quy goi la peridot): Khoang v~t sat magnesi silicat co
cong thuc chung la ([Link]),Si04.

NU'Qoc

Cat thach
'1tl!ill~~.iti'~
.~
a~h co canh
. sac (Co hat
0,2-0,5 mm)

Voi
262 7 Che tao nhCl'ng h~ thong co khi (Ky thu~t gia cong)

Tinh phLPC tap cua chi ti~t tang d~n d6ng thai doi hoi v~ chat
1U'Q'ngngay canq cao cOng dan d~n viec dU'a ky thuat CNC vao
ITnh VI)'C quan Iy chat 1U'Q'ng.

May do van nang phan Ian 103mot may CNC voi 3 true va dU'Q'C
goi la may do 3D (Hinh 1). Cho nhCrng nhiern vL,Jdo dac biet (thi
dL,Jnhu dt rang, danq va vi tri) co danq thi~t k~ dac biet (Hinh 1).

Ben canh h$ dieu khien, phan tLPchu yeu cua mot may do la d~u
do. Tuy theo moi phtro'nq phap do (tiep xuc nho vao mQI dliu do
hay khong tiep xuc qua mot thi~t b] do quang hoc) (Hinh 3) may
do chay d~n vi tri can do, noi rna phan mern di~u khien c6 the rut
ra k~t qua so sanh giCra trj s6 thuc t~ va tr] so dlnh rnuc (trj s6
cai d$t).
May do d<;lng c6ng (khung)
Trang chuonq trinh do cua nhCrng may do nhir v$y, nhCmg qua
trinh do phuc tap (do on dinh kich thuoc, d<;lng va vj tri) c6 the lu'u
trCr lai, roi chunq tl)' dong thi nanh viec do mot each ky 1U'5'ng, thi
dL,Jnhu do mot 16c may (than may).

Phan m~m duoc cai dat co kha nang thuc hi$n t~t ca cac tinh
toan can thiet (dung sai, dO Ian (dai 1U'Q'ng)th6ng ke vv ... ) va nho
v$y thiet I$p mot bien ban do lU'ang trang do tuu ho so (ghi lai
nhCrng thong so) ve chat 1U'Q'ng.

Vi$c thiet I$p cac chU'O'ng trinh cho trinh tl! do lU'ang (quy trinh
do) ouoc thuc hien tren may voi mot chi ti~t mau. Gi6ng nhu may
CNC trang gia conq, may do cOng co nhCrng chu trinh do lam don
May do c6 tay don narn ngang
gian h6a viec thi~t I(lp nhCrng chU'O'ng trinh do cho ngU'oi dieu
khien (Hinh 2). Hinh 1: May do

Chu trlnh do: L6 khoan/Truc

Chu trinh do: Go/ranh

£)0ti,§p xuc vai

d~u do

Chu trinh do: Goc tronq/Goc nqoai

80 quang hoc
(khOng titJp xuc)
voi tia laser

Hlnh 2: Chu trinh do Hinh 3: Nguyen Iy do

 7.9 Ky thuat Xlf Iy thao tac b&ng tay va ky thu$t robot 263

7.9 Ky thu~t xlv Iy thao tile bang tay va ky thuat robot

Thao tac b&ng tay 113mot phan quan tronq cua tll
dong hoa va 113mot phan chirc nang cua dang vat li~u Tile dQng VaG
(Hinh 1).
r dong v~t li~u

Theo quy dinh VOl 2860 cua Hiep HOi Ky SU'

8LfC (VOl), thao tac b&ng tay duoc hieu la viec
tao ra, thay dbi co chu dich hoac viec duy tri tarn
thai m(>t Sl)' sap xep thLf tll da djnh truoc trong
khong gian cua v$t th€l c6 kich thuoc hinh hoc
duoc xac djnh.
Hinh 1: Phan chLPC nang cua dong v(il li~u

Vi tri mot v';'t th~ rc1n oU'Q'c xac oinh trong khong gian
bo'i sau bac tl,l' do cua n6 (Hinh 2). 86 113ba bac tll do H~ tea o¢ R = vecto vi
tjnh tiEm - nghTa 113theo dU'ong thang - (thi du nho CCfban tri cua 96c, 00
(g6c) trang x, y, z cua
toa dO x, y va z cua tronq tam vat th€l) va ba oac tll do
h~ toa o¢ 96c
quay (thi du nhU' g6c quay xung quanh cac true x, y
va z). Thong sov~ toa dO tjnh tien con dU'Q'c gOi 113vi Truc z

tri cua vat the, trong khi thong s6 v~ toa dO quay dU'Q'c
gOi 113phU'O'ng hU'6>ng. T6ng hop tat ca sau thong
tin v~ tea dO, ngU'oi ta gOi la vi tri cua vat the trong
khong gian.
Vat the ran vO'i he toa
o¢ rieng cua minh va
Mot d<;li 1U'Q'ngd;;ic tmng d~ mo ta nhCl'ng nhiern Vl,JXlf g6c tai tronq lam
Iy thao tac 113b~c tr~t tl,l' OZ (tranq thai tr~t tl,l'/tr~ng Tr\lcx

•
thai th(P tl,l') cua vat the ran. N6 cho biet vat th~ oU'Q'c Hinh 2: B(ic 11,1'
do cua m¢1 v(il Ihi! ran
xac dinh bang bao nhieu bac tll do tll' t<Sida sau bac
tll do rna vat th~ c6 dU'Q'c (ba tinh tien va ba quay)
(Hinh 3). Bac trat tll OZ duoc hop thanh tll' ty cuaIe
b~c djnh hU'6>ng OG va b~c vi tri PG.

B.c vi tri B.c d!nh hur60ng

Thi du:
PG Gisi thich OG Giai thich OZ = 0/0 Vat th~ hoan toan kh6ng c6 tM tl,l'
trang kh6ng gian, thi du nhu chi
3 G6c cua he toa do rieng cua vat 3 Phuonq hll'&ng cua tiet trong mot thung chua.
thll trong t~t ca 3 hll'&ng true x, vat ran trong tat ca 3
010 < OZ < 3/3 Vat thll narn trong khong gian
y va z du'a VaG h(l toa do goc da true quay duoc X8C
dll'Q'c biet duoc xllp thLP tt,J'mot phan, thi du
dinh
nhG>ng chai nuoc khoanq tronp
2 G6c cua h(l toa do rieng cua vat thll 2 Phll'O'ng hll'&ng cua ket oz = 2/3 khi chunq dLPng bat
trong 2 cua 3 hll'&ng true dt,J'a VaG vat ran trong 2 cua 3 ky trong ket - dua VaG St,J'sap xep
h(l toa do g6c dil biet true quay dll'Q'c X8C theo th(P tt,J' cua nhan; mot khoi
djnh vuonq vO'i OZ = 2/1 narn quay tren
mot mat phang bat kY.
1 G6c cua h(l toa dO rieng cua vat thll 1 Phll'o:ng hll'&ng cua
trong 1 cua 3 hll'&ng true dua VaG vat ran trong 1 cua 3 OZ = 3/3 Hoan loan narn theo th(P tt,J'trong
h(l toa do g6c da biet true quay dll'Q'c X8C kh6ng gian; nghia la vi tri va
djnh phll'O'ng hll'O'ng cua vat thll da
dll'Q'c biet, thi du nhll' chi liet duoc
a Vi tri 9,6c cua h(l tea do rieng cua a Phll',!ng hll'&ng cua kep tren ban phay hay chai nuoc
vat the dua vao h(l toa dO g6C vat ran khong ro khoanq Irong ket voi St,J'sap xep
khonq r6 theo th(P tll' cua nhan da diroc
dinh trll'O'c.· .
Hinh 3: B(ic vi Iri vii b(ic phu'onq hlJ'&ng

Sll khac biet giCl'a Xlf Iy thao tac va van chuyenllU'u trCl' a cho la Xlf Iy thao tac di chuyen vat the c6 d<;lng hlnh hoc
xac d!nh dU'Q'Cva nhu the phU'O'ng hU'ang cua vat the dong m(>t vai tro quan trong. Trong khi van chuy€mllU'u trCl'
cOng c6 th~ di chuyen ca vat th~ c6 danq hinh hoc khong xac dinh dU'Q'c (thi du chat long hay chat khi) rna bac
phuonq hU'ong cua n6 chi co vai tro thiJ>yeu. Sau day 113vi~c tiep tuc phan chia nho khai niern Xlf Iy thao tac,
264 7 Che tao nhCPngh~ thong co khi (Ky thu~t gia cong)

Theo quy dinh VOl 2860, vi$c xU>Iy thao tac duoc chia thanh narn phan chirc nang nh6, chuc nang nh6 nay 19i
dLl'9'c chia thanh nhCmg chuc nanq co ban (Bang 1). NhCmg chuc nang duoc h9'P thanh dl,l'a tren nhCl'ng chirc
nang co ban de rno ta de dang hon nhCl'ng qua trinh xU>Iy thao taco

Bang 1: Ch(Pc nang xU>Iy thao tac

PHAN CHIIC NANG

LLI'u trCl' Thay obi 56 ILI'9'ng Chuyen d¢ng Khoa Kiem soat

csoc NANG CO BAN

Chia rat Quay/ GiCP/

Ki~m tra
h9'P nhat Tnrot (d~y) rnao ra

CHIIC NANG Dl1Q'C KET HQ'P THANH

• LLI'u trQ>theo
• Tach ra
• Xoay
• KeP • Kiem tra ve:
thlf tl,l'
• Phan ph6i • Dinh hLl'ang • Thao - SU' c6 mat
• LLI'u trQ>mot phan
theo thll' tU'
• Phan nhanh • Dinh vi
- Nhan dang
- Hinh d<:mg
• K~t h9'P (hop
nhat)
• X~p thu tU' - Kich co
• oan hU'ang - Mau
- Tronq ILfO'ng
• Phan 10Qi
• Chuyen lil!!p
- Vi trt
- Phuonq hlJ'ang

Ve nquyen tac, tat ca nhQ>ng nhlern Vu XLY Iy thao tac deu co th~ mo ta voi nhCfng chuc nang co ban nay. De trinh
bay mot each don gian hon, mQt each dien ta CaG chuc nang nay qua bieu tU'9'ng da duoc phat trien va dua VaG
quy dinh VOl 2860. Nhu thE§ngLl'oi ta co the thiE§t kE§mQt so 06 chuc nanq de mo ta cac qua trinh XLY Iy thao tac
ma kh6ng Ie thuoc vao bat ky nha san xu at nao (Hinh 1). Sa d6 chuc nang nay co the SLY dung de lam Co' sa
thao tuan cho viec tbi L1'Uh6a qua trinh gia congo

LlJ'UIrlf Iheo LlJ'UIrlf kh6ng PMn ph6i

Ihli'ti,J' (cat theo thli' II,l'
trang kho) (chli'a trang
Ihung crura)
Bang lai: s~p xep nhCmg chi tiel nho

B~ng bieu
1lJ'Q'ng:
Phan nhanh T~p hop Quay

Chuoi chll'c nang:

sitp xep Chuyen liep

EJ
Dinh vi
rn M
Kep Kiemtra
Duoc thuc hien b~ng thiet b]:
Bang chuyen tai nghieng

Hinh 1: Trinh bay bang bieu tU'Q'ng vi~c silp xep cac chi tiet nho
 7.9 Ky thuat xU>Iy thao tac va ky thuat robot 265

7.9.1 Thiet bj xU> Iy thao tac

Thillt b] xU>Iy thao tac la nhCrng trang thillt b] ky thuat d~ thuc hit;'m nhiern vu xU>Iy thao tac, Thong thuonq vi$c
phan b6 chuc nang mot each r6 rang cho thiet b] Xli' Iy thao tac la di~u khonq thll thuc hi$n duoc (so sanh
Bang 1, trang 264) vi cac thiet b] nay co thll hoan thanh khong phai chi mot rna nbieu chuc nang can. Robot
cong nghi$p la mot thi du cho thay mot mat n6 c6 th~ xU>Iy thao tac vai chi tiet (chtrc nanq con la di chuven va
thay dbi s6 1U'Q'ng), mat khac c6 thll gili' chi tiet ben may de danh b6ng chi tillt (chuc nang con la gili'). ThU'ang
thl ngU'ai ta an dinh mot chuc nang chinh cho thiet b] Xli' Iy thao tac va c6 thll xllp n6 sa b¢ theo Bang 1 dua
VaG vii;!c chia nho conq doan xU>Iy thao tac (so sanh Bang 1, trang 264).

Bang 1: Chll'c nling chinh cua trang thi~t b] Xli' Iy thao tac

Thiel b] Iliu trQ> Thi~t bj thay dbi Thi~1 bi lam Thiet bj an toan Thiel b! kiem scat
s6111Q'ng djch chuy~n

• Bang • Thi€,t b] tach rieng • Thi!§t bi xoay • Tay earn (lay kep) • Thiel bi kiern Ira
• Palel • Bo phan phOi • Thit,t b] sap xep • DI,mg CI,JgiOo • Thiel bi do
• Hop/lhung/6 chua • Ghi re • Robot conq nqhiep • Bo kep • earn bien

Trang thiet b] Xli' Iy Ihao lac do d6 khong nhat thiet chi la "san pharn cong ngh$ cao" ma tat nhien cOng c6 Ihe
la loai ga Ig.p don gian va thong thU'ang. Chung khonq bg.t buoc phai c6 rieng hi;! dieu khil!n bang di$n Ill' rna
cOng c6 thll duoc dieu khien boi nhli'ng phuonq phap don giim bang co khi (thl du nhU' conq t~c giai han, dieu •
khien bang eam).

Trang thiel b] xu. Iy thao tac cho chuyen dong duoc chia theo VOl 2861 thanh cac nh6m khac nhau nhu sau:

If Thiil bi v~n chuy~n

J
Ir i61 bi v,n chuybn vai cturc nang
;Chinh co Ih' Ihay cl6i "uvc
-I Thi61 bi v~n chuy~n
VO; chltc nang chinh e6 clinh

C6 nghTa la kh6ng Ih~ Ihay dOi

chU'O'ng trinh chuyen dong

If May 1\1'~<)ng djch ehuybn "ieu I May II!' "<)ng dich ehuyen - Thi~1 h! xoay
khit~n bang chll'Ong Irinh "ieu khien b~ng lay - Thi~1 bi djnh hu'ang
- Tay may

Thi~1 b] v,n ehuyen

trinh dinh co
II!' "{lng I~p ~bi v,n chuybn
~p Irinh 1\1'do
1\1'"{lng I - Tay may dlf\yC van hanh 1(Pxa

C6 th~ thay dOl dlf\yC mot phan

chlfang trlnh chuy~n dong qua viec
cau true lai phan co

- Robot nap Ii~u (thl~t bi d~t chi

tietvao)

,-_ .. __ __ __ __ __ __
.. .. .. .. .. .. -
"--"--"--"--"--"--"--"--"--"--"--"---'
I
I
Kh6ng anh hlJ'6ong 1\1'cI{lng clen Vai $\1' chon l\I'a chll'Ong Irinh dQc I,p Vai $\1' Ihich nghi ehlJ'O'ng Irinh

I I chU'O'ng trinh

Robot cong nghi~p val mot hay

Robot cong nghl~p vai nhieu chuonq trinh c6
"!nh, co th~ dlfC;)'Clu'a chon mot each doc lap;
m{ll each cI{le I~p
Robot c6ng nghl~p tl' thich nghl
nhi~u chuang trinh dinh, co theco thi du tuy theo mo; chi ti~t rna mot chuonq cturcnq trinh cua mlnh qua tin
I . l\fa chon dlf(yC bang lay trinh tlfang (Png dlf\yC tai ve h~ dleu khl~n hl$u ben ngoal, thi du nhu han
va; earn bien quy dao (earn bien
giam sat dlfang dl)
I
L..- ..__ ..__ ..__ ..__ ..__ ..__ ..__ ..__ ..__ ..__ ..__ ..__ ..__ ..__ ..__ ..__ ..__ ..__ ..__

Robol c6ng nghii)p Iheo VOl

Hinh 1: Phan loai thit.t b] xu. Iy chuy€m dc)ng

266 7 Che tao nhCPng h~ thong co khi (Ky thuat gia cong)

Thiet b] v~n chuy€m vai chirc nang chinh co djnh n6i chung chi thoa
man mot phan chuc nanq xtY Iy thao tac, ThU'ong thi nhCmg thiet b] nay la
loai dac biet dU'Q'c stY dl,lng trang ITnh VI!C san xuat hang 10<;1t.

Thi~t b] van chuyen vai ctnrc nang chinh thay dOi dlJ'Q'c c6 kha nang
tturc hi$n nhi~u chuc nang con cua xty Iy thao tac. Nh6m nay du'oc phan
109i tiep thanh thiet b] xty Iy chuyen dong di~u khien bang tay (thu c6ng)
va dieu khiEln bang chlJ'O'ng trinh.

Trong thiet b] v~n chuyen b~ng tay (thi du lay may, din cau, toil nglJ'ai
stY dunq tao ra ChUYEln d¢ng true tiep, c6 nghTa la kh6ng c6 bo phan di$n
ttY IlJ'U trCPva kiem tra trinh tl! chuyen d¢ng.

a thiet b] van chuyen dieu khien b~ng chu'ong trinh, chuyen dong
dU'Q'c tao ra qua mot chuonq trinh, duoc lu'u tro noac b~ng co (thi du nhu
dla cam hay dla dU'ong cong) hoac bang di$n ttY (EPROM, EEPROM).
Thiet bi xty Iy chuyen d¢ng di~u khien b~ng chuonq trinh duoc phan loai
tiep dua vao each thay d6i chuoriq trinh. M¢t trang nhCPng thlet b] xty Iy
chuyen dong quan tronq nhat ra robot c6ng nghi$p.

[Link] Palang (Can cau, tail

De c6 the nang tai tronq va tranh hi$n tU'Q'ng rnoi ngay ca khi nang tal
nhe, canq nqay canq nhieu not lam viec duoc trang b] vo'i cac phuonq
ti$n tro giup nang (thiet b] ho tro nanq).

Palanq ta mot Sl! ket hop tlf ky thuat kep rieng bi$t (thi du nhu thiet b]
k~p chan kh6ng. b6 kep CO'. don vi quay), bi~n the cua cac d6 ga treo
khac nhau (thi du tay voi can cau ngang) lap rap VaG tU'ong hay vao cot,
h$ thong dU'ong ray tren tran va b¢ phan palanq thuc SI,I' thu nhan tronq
1U'Q'ng cua chi tiet can XLr Iy thao tac qua tay g~p (tay earn, thiet b] kep
chat). Nho thiet bi, nglJ'ai SLr dunq nhan tat, chuyen di va di\it xuong tra
1<;[Link] di chuyen va djnh vi ph6i, palanq chi can VlJ'Q'tqua ll,J'c ma sat CO'
hQC va Il,J'Cquan tinh cua ph6i (Hinh 1 va Hinh 2). Hinh 1: Palling

True ga bung trong de dO> L~p dilt ch6 ng6i cua lai pnu L~p dat cho buoc IEm xe tai Xy Iy thao tac b~ng tay m¢t
cucn rnanq mong (xe tail cualaiphl,J yen phanh
Hinh 2: Thi du (Png dl,lng ChO palling
 7.9 Ky thuat xU>Iy thao tac va ky thuat robot 267

[Link] Tay may (thao tac bang tay) (Hinh 1)

Day 103nhO>ng thiet b] xU>Iy thao tac rna trinh tl,J'chuyen d(>ng dU'Q'Cdi€!u
khien thu cong (nghTa la dieu khien b~ng tay qua mot ngU'CYivan hanh), Vi
the rna thiet b] khonq the I$p trinh dU'Q'C. Phan lon chunq duoc Lmg dl,mg
VaG viec xU>Iy thao tac cho nhO>ng chi tiet khong de di€!u khien (n~ng val
hoac nonq), thi du nhu trang khuon ren (dap n6ng).

[Link] Thiet b] dLl'Q'cv~n hanh tw xa (Hinh 2)

Thuat ngo> nay duoc hieu 113tay may duoc dieu khien lli xa. Phan Ian
chunq duoc sU>dl,lng khi vlec liep xuc voi vat the can xU>Iy rot VaG nhO>ng Hinh 1: Tay may
tru>CYnghop sau:

• Nguy hiem den tinh rnanq, thi du ky thuat hat nhan, thao ng6i n6 cua
bom dan

• Khong the hoac chi thuc hien duoc vai nhieu cong SLrC v€! mat ky
tnuat, thi du CYbien sau, he kenh cap thoat nuoc.

Phan Ian ngU'CYiSU>dunq giao tiep voi he thong may quay phim (video)
de co the nhan dU'Q'C hinh anh gan thuc te nhat ve rnoi tnroriq xung
quanh. N6i chunq, ngay ca may xU>Iy thao tac nay cOng kh6ng the I$p
trinh dU'Q'C.

[Link] H~ th6ng co c~u true modun (Hinh 3)

NhO>ng thiet b] xU>Iy thao tac nay co the lap rap theo modun tu> he dan
d(>ng quay hoac tinh tien va cac he th6ng kep khac nhau tuy yeu cau.
Viec di€!u khien duoc thuc hien mot each don gian hoac qua conq tac
giai han hay di€!u khien dien tu>, cho phep I$p trinh dU'Q'C nhO>ng doan
dU'cyng dich chuyen, Them vao do, can thiet phai c6 nho>ng h$ do nann
trinh cho tling cum dan d(>ng rieng Ie sao cho qua day nhO>ng he th6ng
CNC duoc hinh thanh, Hinh 2: Thiet b] v{in hanh hi xa

NhiPng thiet b] xU>Iy thao

tac d/ilng modun

M6 dun tinh tien

Thillt Modun
bi xU> kep chat
Iy thao
tac xay
dl,l'ng
theo
modun

Hinh 3: H~ thong xU> Iy thao tac d,mg modun

268 7 Che tao nhfl'ng h~ thong co khi (Ky thuat gia cong)

[Link] Robot cong nghi~p

Robot cong nghi(lp (RBCN) la loai thiet b] xtJ Iy thao tac da nang nh~t nhunq cOng dat ti~n nhat, Lien dean quoc
te ve khoa hoc ngU'ai may/robot (IFR ;;;International Federation of Robotics) dinh nghia mot robot eong nghi(lp
nhu sau:

MOt robot conq nghi$p la mot thiet b] xtJ Iy thao tac da nang voi it nhat ba true ma mo hinh chuyen dOng
cua no co thfll$p trinh tl.! do ma khong can phuonq ti$n ho tro CO'hoc. RBCN co th~ dU'Q'Clap d~t co cau
chap hanh cuot, thi du nhv tay narn hay dunq CI,J.

RBCN co mot h~ di€!u khien CNC d~ lap ke hoach cho quy dao va co th~ khai thac thong tin ttY moi truonq xung
quanh qua Sl.!tro giup cua earn bien va StJdunq thong tin nay de XtJ Iy chU'O'ngtrlnh cua no. Chuyen dong cua
RBCN trong khong gian dU'Q'cdinh truce boi mot chU'O'ngtrinh va co the thay doi tU'O'ngdoi nhanh rna khong
can chinh stJa l<;lih$ thong CO'hoc. Qua do linh heat r~t cao cua no, RBCN thuc ra da duoc djnh truoc de nhan
nhiern VI,Jtrong linh VI.!Csan xuat linh heat vi dong san pham cua wang may canq ngay canq phat trien hon
dong thoi co 10(so 1U'Q'nghang san xuat trong mot dot) ngay canq tra nen nho di. NhO'ngthanh phan quan tronq
nhat de cau thanh RBCN dU'Q'Cthe hi$n trong Hinh 1:

/r:iI __ ~ B~ xu Iy Pentium CUll PC

r------""
Windows
.-------+~SUOdl,mg + Hilln thi
r----t-l~ QUi3n
Iy dO>
lieu

Tai I~nI tai xu6ng

L~nh, Billn s6

Ma rong che do thai

gian Ihl,J'C
VxWOrKS
xu. Iy I~nh
Tinh quy dao

r-------, I
I
ICardcan:' vao ~ _ .J
L..l'!."~r!~L.J

[ Card nhieu chisc nang MFC

DSE-IBS (80 phan dien

tu. tro dong digital)

[ ~~
8ieu chinh,
Chuylln doi
Giam sat loi
rnach,

Hinh 1: Khai ni~m h~ thong cua mot h~ dieu khilln robot

Thiet bj I~p trinh earn tay I HQp dieu khilm earn tay chi dan thao tac
(Hinh 2)

Thiet bi Ii;lp trinh earn tay co the xem la mOt phan cua h$ dieu khien, Tuy
nhien no la mot thanh ph~n dien hinh cua RBCN rna may CNC khong
co ..Ve nquyen tac co the giao tiep toan bO voi h$ dieu khien thong qua
thiet b] I$p trinh thu congo Tuy vi;ly dieu nay thU'Crnggay phien phuc vi
cbuonq trinh sO<;lnthao van ban khong phu hQ'pcho nhO'ng chuonq trinh
Ian hon, Thiet b] lap trinh thu conq duo'c stJ dl,mg chinh trong khi chi dan
thao tac (teach) de tim ra diem lam vi$c cho trinh tl.! (quy trinh) chuyen
o9n9. ChU'O'ngtrinh chinh that SI.!thU'CrngdU'O'cviet voi SI.! he, tro cua
Hinh 2: HOp hLPo>ngdoln (hOp dieu khien
m9t chU'O'ngtrinh SOanthEIOtrong may tinh. earntay chi dan thao tac]
 7.9 Ky thuat xU>Iy thao tac va ky thuat robot 269

£)h~ukhilln va phan m~m

Viec di€lu khilln robot co thll so sanh voi di€lu khilln Dieu chinh truc
Vi trl va 56 vong ·quay
CNC cua may gia cong (phay, li~n, vv). C6 thll noi la cho tLYng tr~c riling Ie
h~ di€lu khilln dong vai tro trai tim hay bo oc cua toan
bo robot.

Nhiern vu chinh cua h$ di€lu khien robot - con 99i la BO xU> Iy 1

RC (Robot Control) la: XClly he thong va dfr lieu
-
• 8i€lu chinh true (t6c do va vi tri) RAM EPROM
Bq IlfU trfr chlfong trinh H~ dieu hanh

• Noi suy quy dao (thi du nhu dU'ang thilng hay vonq
tron)
ee xU>Iy 2
Bo noi suy Tinh toan vi tri va
• Chuyen d6i toa dO (thi du tinh toa dO khonq gian ra
Chuy€m doi toa do, nQi suy I v~n tbc
toa do khop nol) dlfong th~ng va dlfCl'ng
tron
• Giao tiep voi giao di$n (thi du c6ng vao va c6ng ra;
Elieu khi~n
hi;l thong bus tnro'nq)

• Giao tiep voi may tinh ca nhan ben nqoal I V24 __

r- V24 Giao di~n
• Giao tic§pvoi hop dieu khien lhao tac bilng tay
C6ng-- Cong
• Quan Iy chuonq trinh (thi du IU'u trCl'va soan thao) vao Cong ra Cong ra
V 24 vao V 24
digital digital analog
analog
Chinh viec chuyen doi toa do va phep noi suy quy dao
la nhCl'ng qua trinh rat ton thai gian sO>dung may tinh
va con phai thu'c hii;ln canq nhanh canq tot dll cac tr]
so djnh rrurc co the dU'O'cchuyen tiep den thiet b] di€lu
chinh rbi so sanh voi tr] so thuc te. NhU' the hlnh thanh
mot chuyen dong chinh xac theo quy dao va khonq

•
b] rung.

Do vo so conq viec dbn den, nhieu nha san xuat robot

cnuyen sang viec gan nhieu bo xO>Iy chay song song
cho h$ di€.u khi~n (Hinh 1). 80 nho dung .-
1i.l'9'ng lon

CO' cau thl,l'c hi~n cuoi cung (CO' [Link] chap hanh Hlnh 1: Di€!u khi~n robot
cuol) (Hinh 2)

Vo'l chi tiet phu nay nhiern vu thuc Sl)' cua xU>Iy thao
tac dU'O'c thuc hien. NgU'CYita phan bi$t co cau thuc
hi$n cuoi cung thanh nhCl'ng nhorn chinh la nhorn tay
kep (lay gap) va nhorn dung cu.

Co loai tay gap don gian (voi hai tranq thai rno va
dong) cho den h$ thong gap phuc tap dU'O'c di€lu
khien bai earn bien d~ thoc hien gia conq voi nhieu
u>ngdung phong phu. Dung cu duo'c dua vao sO>dung
thi du nhu kem han hay h$ thong do. NhCl'ng h$ thong
may quay phim digital voi chuonq trlnh xU> Iy anh
(du'oc qoi la nhCl'ng h$ thong th] giac) d~ nhan danq vi
tri va doi tU'O'ng cOng nhu do dac vat the (doi tU'O'ng)
cOng thuoriq xuyen dU'O'c RBCN thuc hien. Nho the
rna co cau tnuc hien cuoi cung co the gap va chuyen
tic§p nhCl'ng chi tiet narn mot each ngftu nhien tren mot
bang chuyen di chuyen.

80 linh hoat thU'cyng duoc nang cao qua nhCl'ng h$

thong thay d6i dunq ct,J.86 la nhCl'ng db ga dll thay the
tl)' dong cac co cau tnuc hien cuoi cling.

Hinh 2: Coocau thuc hi~n cubi cung (co' cau tac dong cuet)
270 7 Che tao nhCPngh~ thong co khi (Ky thuat gia cong)

£)9n9 hQc/£)O'nvi chuyen 09ng

(Khop noi va cot true) Cuon day di$n
3 pha
80ng hoc cho moi robot bao gem cot true quay va tlnh Nam cham
tien. Cau hinh cua moi loai phan biet voi nhau thi du
nhtr qua dO cling v[fng va kh6ng gian lam viec, qua
do moi loai c6 ITnhvue ling dunq nhat dinh cua minh.

H~ do hanh trinh/H~ dan dQng

Tat ca cac true truyen d¢ng cua mot RBCN c6 mot

h$ do hanh trinh ri€mg (so sanh trang 238) dU'Q'ctich
hop trong mot rnach di€1uchinh vi tri. Ngoai ra, trang
trU'cmg hop dieu khien bang quy dao, RBCN can co
mot rnach dieu chinh toc dO cho mOitrue de dieu chinh
danq hinh h9C cua quy cao va ca toe do quy dao dinh
truoc n[fa.
Hinh 1: Truyen dong servo bllng di~n 3 pha vai dOng co
rotor rong (rotor bQng)
Phan ton nh[fng RBCN deu c6 kha nanq di chuyen
trang kh6ng gian theo mot quy dao duoc djnh nghTa
bang toan hoc. De thuc hien viec nay ngU'oi ta din
mot h$ dieu khien quy dao. 8e c6 the di chuyen quy
cao trong kh6ng gian nhu the, n6i chung tat ca cac
true cua RBCN phai duoc dieu chinh rieng theo hanh
trinh va t6c do. 8ieu nay c6 nghTa113 phat c6 san don vi
truyen dong rieng cho moi true. DU'Q'cSLPdunq day a
phan ton 113 cac loai dong CO'di$n (truyen dong servo
di$n mot chieu va truyen dong di$n 3 pha) (Hinh 1).

Nh[fng dong CO'nay (Hinh 1) c6 dc;ic diem 113kh6i

1U'Q'ngnh6 va nhU' the momen quan tinh kh6i S9 thap.
8ieu nay quan trona vi khoi 1U'Q'ngcua true quay theo
phalchuyAndOngc~ng.

So vonq quay cua dong CO'di$n phan lon dU'9'c thich

nghl v6>1mot bo dan dong (hOp so truyen dong) bann
Hinh 2: HOp so truyim dQng banh rang dieu hea
rang dieu hoa (Hinh 2). BO dan dong song (Wave

Hinh 3: each v~n hanh cua hop so truytlm dOng banh rang di~u hca

generator'» trong hop so truyen d(>ng banh rang dieu hoa dU'Q'cxem la phan duoc truyen dong qua vonq bi S9
a
lam bien danq Flexspllne2l, v6ng thep hinh tru mem nay trong tinh tranq tac dl)ng voi Circular spline3) qua
a
rang trong co dinh vunq d6i dien c6 ban kinh lon cua true bau due. V6'i viec quay cua bo dan dong s6ng, true
bau due co ban kinh Ian doi cho va nhu the doi ch6 vunq rang an khop vao nhau. Vi vonq Flexspline c6 it hon
2 rang so voi Circular spline, sau mot nLPavang quay cua bO dan dong s6ng, mot chuyen dong tU'O'ngdoi gi[fa
Flexspline va Circular spline c6 dO Ion bang mot rang duoc thuc hi$n va sau ca vonq quay 2 vonq S9 chuyen
dong tU'O'ngdoi la 2 rang. (y yang Circular spline dU'Q'cgi[f c6 djnh, Flexspline ta pnan tli b] dan dong S9 quay
ngU'Q'clai bQdan dOng (Hinh 3).
11Wave generator: B9 tao song (bo d~n d(>ng song), la mot dia thep hinh bau due voi vong bi (vang Ian) mong
2)Flexspline: Then hoa bien d;;mg (ong thep hinh tru mem voi rang nqoai, co th,!, linh hoat bien dang dU'Q'C)
3)Circular spline: Then hoa vang (vang ngoai hinh trv cling va; rang trong, duoc gili ce djnh).
 7.9 Ky thuat XLPIy thao tac va ky thuat robot 271

Nho vao viec khong c6 do ro trong cat rang, hOp so

truyen dong banh rang dieu hoa c6 duoc do chinh xac
djnh vi nho hon mot phut g6c va do chinh xac I~p lai
vai giay goc. Chi vol ba bo phan, ngU'oi ta co th€l dat
dEm d(> giam ty so truyen (qiarn toc) xuong con 50:1
dEln 320:1 voi hi~u suat den 85%. Vi vi$c truyen Il)'c
duoc thuc hi$n qua mot pharn vi tac dong Ian giLi'a
cac rang (vung rang an khop vao nhau Ian), hOp so
truyen dong banh rang dieu hoa co th€l truyen momen
quay dinh cao nnat. HOp so nay chling to c6 duoc
dO ben xoan cao qua toan bO vunq momen quay. N6
khong tl,l' ham lai dU'Q'c nho ma sat va dU'Q'C SLPdl,Jng
ca trong ch€! dO van hanh giam toe cOng nhu' tang toe.

Thiet b] nqoai vi

Hau nhu' khOng c6 ling dl,lng robot nao rna khong c6

earn bi€!n, c6 nghTa 113khOng co thong tin tLPrnoi tnronq
ling dunq. Carn bien nqoai, k€!t noi voi h$ dieu khiEm
qua giao dien, cung cap cac thong so c6 anh hU'ang
vao chuonq trinh d€!n h$ dieu khien (thi du chi tiet c6
hay khonq, chinh SLPa vi tri qua earn bi€!n trong rnai,
earn bi€!n dieu khilm nan).

Ngoai ra, nhLi'ng earn bi€!n d.;lt nqoai cung cap thong Hinh 1: Thi~1 bi an loan
tin ve an toan cho ngU'oi, may m6c va san pharn vi' 7
RBCN 113nhLi'ng may tl,l' dong cho viec XLPIy chuyen dong vo'i nhieu true co the lap trinh tl,l' do. Kha nang di
chuyen tl,l' do trong khong gian cua RBCN c6 the dan d€!n tai nan dac trunq cua robot trong pharn vi nguy hiem
(dU'ong bao cua khonq gian di chuyen cua robot) qua nhLi'ng chuyen dong day nang 1U'Q'ng nhu van toc dich
chuyen nhanh va/hoac chuyen dong cua khoi 1U'Q'ngIan. Do d6 diEm bi€!n cua chuyen dong va su' khoi dong di
chuyen cua robot r~t kh6 de tien d6an truoc vi kha nang lap trinh tl,l' do cua no, nhftt 18 khi nhQong bi~n 56 cua
chuonq trinh robot c6 the thay d6i vi cac dieu ki$n san xuat va mol tnronq xung quanh. NgU'oi ta pnai lap d$t
nhQong thiet bi an toan de dLPng may ngay khi c6 ngU'oi vao trong khu Vl,I'C nguy hiern (Hinh 1). Thong thU'ong
d6 la nhCl'ng bi$n phap sau:

• Hang rao anh sang (rao chan quang)

• Dern nhan (tarn cong tac)

• Kiem scat nhan danq

Cong nhan lam viec 6' gan khu vue robot heat dong phai duoc bao v$ truoc nguy hiern gay ra b6'i thiet
b] nay.

Ben canh nhLi'ng tieu chi quan tronq nhU' loai dieu khien, so 1U'Q'ngva loai giao dien (bus, analog/digital), c6
nhLi'ng dai 1U'Q'ngd$c trunq CO'hoc theo quy dinh cua VOl (HOi ky suo Dire) cho vi$c danh gia thong nhat nhLi'ng
h$ robot khac nhau (Bang 1).

Bang 1: DQ l60n d~c trU'ng cua mQt robot cong nghi~p (theo quy djnh VDI 2861)

DQ l60n hinh hQc DQ l60n va tai DQ l60n tfQng nee DQ l60n va SV' chinh xac

• Gi&i han h$ th6ng CO' • Tai danh dinh • Van tee • 89 chinh xac I$p l<:3i(Vi
• Phan chia khong gian • Tai danh dinh t6i da • Gia t6c tri va phU'O'ng hU'&ng)
• Pharn vi lam viec • Tal lon nhat • Qua tai chuyen ti~p • 89 chinh xac I$p l<:3i
• Momen danh djnh • Thai gian dao d9n9 (Quy 0<:30)
• Momen danh dlnh cua giam dan
quan tinh kh6i • Thai gian dich chuyen
• Thai gian chu trinh
272 7 Ch€! tao nhfrng h~ thong coo khi (Ky thuat gia eong)

7.9.2 DQng hoc cua robot

Ket C8U d9n9 hoc cua robot dLPQ'c xac dlnh qua SI,/' xep d~t (b6 tri) va
s6 ILPQ'ngtrue tham gia vao chuyen dong. True la thanh phan duoc dan
hLPong va truyen dong d9C l<%Ipvoi nhau. o
RBCN nhCi>ng true nay c6
nhi$m Vl) lam cho CO' C8U chap hanh cuoi (chi tieUdl)ng cu cua rabat) co
the chuyen oong trang khOng gian. NhCl'ng thiet b] phu tro cho robot, thi
du nhu tay gap, kh6ng OLPO'Cke la true, NgLP6'i ta phan biet true quay va
true tjnh ti€!n (Hinh 1). True quay oU'Q'c phan chia thanh:

• True dLPng cOng nhLP true thang hang

• True narn ngang hay true khong thang himg (True nam trang mot
khop n6i quay)

(y true tinh tien c6 3 nh6m:

• True trU'Q't (true xe dlch), khong thang hang

• True kinh vi~n vQng (g6c nhin voi doi tU'Q'ng khong dOi), thang hang

• True djch ehuyim, thi du nhu ban truot tinh tien

NhU' dang thiet ke ben ngoai cua cac rabat cho thay, c6 nhieu each cau
tao khac nhau tuy theo nha san xu at. 8e c6 the so sanh tung rabat va tim
dU'Q'C diem cot yeu ve dong hoc cua no, ngLPoi ta l<%Ip ra nhCl'ng ky hieu
hinh anh thay the. NhCmg bieu tU'Q'ng cho cac true, co cau chap hanh
cuoi va b$ may duoc trinh bay trang quy dinh cua VOl 2861 (rno ta dong
Hinh 1: cac true cua robot
hOC cua RBCN).

NhCi>ngbieu tLPQ'ngthay the nay lam ro dieu phan IO<;1i

dLPQ'cta (y tren la luon luon co 2 loai thong tin cho mot true,
Mot m;lit la vi$c X8C djnh ro rang qua each phan 10<;1inay r<'ing true chuyen dong tinh tien hay quay. M~t khac
cOng n6i len duoc it nhieu thOng tin phai co ve
khop noi. Chuyan dong quay cua true c6 the duoc thuc hi(in
chinh xung quanh true (& true thc1ng hang) hay xung quanh khop noi (& true khong thang hang) (Hinh 1 va 2).

True BI6u IU'Q'ng Bi6u IU'Q'ng vbl Ih6ng Iin

(Ky hi+u) vA kha nlng chuy6n (I~ng
True tinh tilln
th~ng hang --c=:: ~-
(Kinh vi~n vonq)
True tinh tilln
kh6ng th~lng
---L- ----L-

hang
True dich chuyen rz:JiJb ~ ~ ~
True quay th~ng
hang
--<Jt>--- 0 --<J~ '0'
Tr~e quay 3
True quay kh6ng
th~ng hang
-0- t ~ ~
True quay 1
Quay cunq true
Quay khac true
(kh6ng Ihang hang)
Dunq cu -D Sung dim. kim han
(thang hang)
,r--)
t.:" True quay 5
Quay khac true
Tay gi'ip --< Tay g~p chan kh6ng,
tay gap song song
I
-:
/' \>,'107
0/
:'tJ>
'4,;19
-<l (kh6ng thang hang)
./
Ky hieu nhan Gach each Iy ngim c6 nghla 18 r-ue . . //' ~;)'
danq cho gi&i giao dien that su' (thi du dvng
han h$ thong cu co the thay th~ duoc) quay 2 Y - /.' /l>'" r-oc
Quay -0: . A5~" quay 4
Trvc chinh khac true ~()' ca~ th~e ~ A6 ',-<- Quay
each Iy giCfa true
chinh va true phu
bJ ~ I QD\II(
True phu
(kh6ng
thang
hang) ~
I
hlen cuoi eung.
rruc quay 6 -4
Quay eung true \
(thang hang)
cung true
(thang
hang)

Hinh 2: SO' do thay the ve dQng hoc (robot)

 7.9 Ky thuat XLr 1'1thao tac va ky thuat robot 273

[Link] B~c tt! do cua co cau truy€m dQng V~t tho§r~n

y

Khi me ta chuyen d9n9 cua mot vat the trong khOng gian, ngU'ai ta r:~t
thU'Crng hay gia dinh mot each don gian xem day nhu mOt di~m (di~m
kh6i 1U'Q'ng). 86 la m9t Sl,I' don gian h6a dlt giai han - du rang chi la 1'1
thuyet - via mot diem ta a~u biet khOng co gian notrong kheng gian va
nhu the di nhien la khOng co kh6i 1U'Q'[Link]$c don gian hoa nay c6 the
chap nhan duoc khi chi c6 vi;ln toe tuc thai cOng nhu nhCPng doan dU'ang
dich chuyen can phai dU'Q'Cxac djnh va qua d6 khong can quan tam tai
viec gian no cua vat the trong khOng gian.
x, x

Nha th~ chi din ba tea d9 theo true x, y va z de dinh r6 vi tri cua diem khoi Chu6i v~t tho§r~n
1U'Q'[Link]~u nay se tro nen kh6 khan hon khi phai hru 'I den viec gian no y
cua vat the chuyen dong trong kh6ng gian, thi ou nhU' trong chuyen d¢ng Kh6'p noi
cua chi tiet trong khonq gian.

y,
Bac tl,/' do f la so 1U'Q'ngchuysn d9n9 doc laP c6 the xay ra. Theo
d6 mot vat the ran chuyen d¢ng tl,l' do trong khong gian c6 bac tl,l'
do ftoi da bang 6, bao gom 3 kha nang cnuyen dong tinh tien va 3
chuyen dong quay.
Hinh 1: B~c II!' do

•
Khac bi$t vol bac tl,l' do cua mot vat r~n (so sann trang 263) la khai ni$m
b~c tt! do cua co cau truyen dQng hay bac tl,l' do cua mot h$ thong gom
nhCPng vat the ran. a day n6i den nhi~u vat the r~n dU'Q'Csap xep noi tiep
hay song song voi nhau, duoc liElO ket qua khop noi. Mot he th5ng nhu
v~y cOng thU'ong cuoc gQi 113chuoi vat th~ ran (thi ou nhu cac true cua
mot robot).

Mot thanh phang c6 ba bac tl,l' do. Do 113toa dO cua tam diem M (Xl, Yl)
cua thanh phang c6 chieu dai / da biet de mo ta vi tri cua n6. De me ta
phuonq hU'ang ngU'ai ta SLr dunq g6c 01 (Hinh 1).

Oach rno ta vi tri va phuonq hU'ang cua thanh thi hoan toan tuy y. COng
c6 nhCPng kha nang khac de dh~n ta vi tri, thi du nhu' diem chuan (di~m
quy chieu) cua dau cuoi thanh, nhunq t~t ca cac kha nang nay deu c6
diem chung la chunq can ba thong so doc I$p voi nhau de xac djnh vj tri
trong mat phang.

Neu hai thanh phang lien ket voi nhau qua mot khop n5i, di~u nay cho
phep mot chuyen dong quay (gQi la chuoi vat the ran), nhu the chunq c6
bac tl,l' do cua co cau truyen d¢ng bang 4; c6 nghTa la de rno ta ro rang
vi tri cua chuoi vat th~ ran trong mat phang - voi chieu dai dii biet 11 va 12
cua hai thanh - chi can thong tin ve tam di~m cua thanh 11 [M (X1' Y1)] va
goc djnh hU'ang 01' Cho viec rno ta thanh 12 chi can goc 02 la du de xac
dinh phuonq hU'ang cua no (Hinh 1).

TUy theo loai khop noi (quay hay tjnh tien, so 1U'Q'ngcua kha nang chuyen
d¢ng) ngU'oi ta co the thiet ke chuoi vat the ran khac nhau vai bac tl,l' do
cua co cau truyen dong khac nhau (Hinh 2). Hinh 2: Lo~i kh60pnoi
274 7 Che tao nhCPng h~ thong co khi (Ky thu~t gia cong)

[Link] Loal cau true va khong gian hoat dQng

DQng hoc

NhU'da nhac den, can phai co 6 bac tl,l' do d& s~p x~p mot vat thll ran b~t
TUYE!n. r-Hlm hQ'p Quay
ky trong khOng gian. 8ieu nay du-a den ket qua la mot robot can it nh~t 6
tinh (lal) RRR
bac tl,!' do de co the bo tri tuy y mot chi tiet cling nhu mot dl,mg cu trong TTT TRT, RTT
khOng gian heat dQng cua no. N~u robot co it hon 6 true, n6 khong th~ tim TRR,RRT
ra moi mot vi trl bat ky trong khong gian. Cling da dU'Q'c ke ra la 6 bac tl,l'
do nay duo'c chia lam 2 nhorn. Mot nhorn (x, y, z) dU'Q'c xllp vao khai niern T~y v~i Tay xoay Tay g~p
vi tri, trong khi nhorn kia (A, B, C) dU'Q'c qoi 103dinh huang. can cau Tay dll'ng
Robot nghieng (Robot
dang
xoay van nanq)
c6ng
Vi$c sap xep nay cling duoc dung cho viec phan loai dau tien cua cac Tay g('lp

true arobot. Dau tien ta can 3 true d~ mo ta vi tri cho mot robot. NhiYng ngang
Tay giilp
true nay duQ'c goi 103true chinh. Voi sv tro giup rno til dong hoc cua cac dll'ng
true chinh, vi$c phan bi$t dau tien cua nhli'ng hi;: thong robot diroc thuc
hi$n (Hinh 1). De tao ra viec dinh hU'ang cua tay giip cOng nhu dl,lng cu, Hinh 1: Phan loai RBCN dl,l'a vao true
ngU'oi ta can them cac true duoc goi la tr •••c ph u , cOng con dU'Q'c qol la chinh
true ban tay (tU'O'ng tl,l' nhir voi con nquoi). True chinh robot gem true
tlnh tiEm va true quay. True phu robot, hau nhu khong c6 nqoai 1$, la true
quay.

Gloi han khong gian cua robot hinh thanh khi cac true chinh chuyen d(>ng
den vi tri xa nhat va gan nh~t. Qua d6 ta c6 khong gian hoat dc;mg cua
robot. 80 Ian va d~ng cua khong gian heat dong nay 103 tieu chi quyst d!nh
cho vi$c Il,l'a chon robot de giai quyet rnot van de XIY 1'1thao tac da di;it ra.

Robot tay xoay

RBCN vo'i cac true c6 dOng hoc RTT1) duoc SlY dl,Jng chinh de chat tal va
do tai cua may moc vi chunq co tam heat dong Ian va du v$y van tuonq Hinh 2: DQng hQC RTT
doi nhanh de c6 the quay true dau tien. Khong gian heat dong c6 danq
hinh tru.

a RBCN voi cac true c6 dong hoc RRT cOng vf)y, true dau tien dU'Q'c c8U
tao 103true quay th<flng hang. D~ng thiet ke cua true thLi hai va ba khac
nhau tuy theo truonq hop Ling dunq, Co teal RBCN (Hinh 3) duoc cau
tao atrue thLi hai la true quay khong th~ng hang, con true thLi ba la true
tinh tien (Ioai nhu kinh vien vonq). [Link] RBCN nay rat phu hop cho vi$c
han theo quy dao, thU'ong xuat hien nhieu trong lap rap 0 to va che tao
binh crura,

Mot d<;lng sap xep thuonq gi;ip voi dong hoc RRT la robot voi tay narn Hinh 3: DQng hoc RRT
ngang, dU'Q'c goi la SCARA2) (Hinh 4). a
day true thu hai va ba la true
quay narn ngang, khonq th<flng hang. True thu ba la loai true chuyen dong
th~ng (tjnh tien) duoc dung de chinh d(> cao. Khong gian hoat d(>ng dU'Q'c
hinh thanh tCPtoal dong hoc nay c6 danq hinh tru. Loai robot nay tao ra
Il,l'c qhep noi (luc lien hop, iL,I'can khop, Il,l'c ghep dOi) rat Ian. Nho the ITnh
vue lfng dl,Jng chinh cua loai dong hoc nay la trong lap rap. Nho van do
chinh xac li;ip lai cao, hau nhtr chi loai SCARA duoc SlY dunq trong ITnh
vue lap rap ban rnach in (giin bo rnach in). (
.....••...-; .
r
'.
1) RTT: Chli villi t<§tde cnl loat chuyen dong true robot (R: Rotation = quay; T: Translation =
tlnh ti~nl ".-'
>
2) SCARA 18 ehli vi,!,t tat cua ti~ng Anh: selective compliance assembly robot arm = Tay may
mem deo tuy y de lap rap Hinh 4: Robot SCARA
 7.9 Ky thuat Xli' Iy thao tac va ky thuat robot 275

Robot tay th~ng (tinh th~n) I Robot d~ng cling

Robot tay thang c6 ba true chfnh tuyen tfnh (chuyen d¢ng thang) va nhU'
thll c6 danq d(>nghoc TTT (Hinh 1). Loai sap xllp nay c6 khong gian heat
d¢ng la mot kh6i lap phuonq (khoi vuonq).
Hinhhqp
thang

LOC;lirobot TTT duoc thuc hien rat pho bien la robot danq c6ng. [Link] nay
rat phu hop cho nhfrng conq viec van chuyen qua nhfrng Quang dU'erng
dai vi Ll'ngsuat CO'hoc duoc hinh thanh c6 th§ dU'Q'Chap thu bCYib$ may.
Ngoai ra CYtrue tinh tilln dai, ve mat ky thuat do, vi$c xU>Iy thao tac de
dang hon la doi veri true quay tU'O'ngLfng. Neu che tao them true phu Hinh 1: Robotd"ng cling
cho 3 true chinh, robot c6 the thuc hlen duo'c nhCmg conq vi~c l<fipghep
khong narn chinh xac CY1 trong 3 hU'erngtrue chinh. Cach Lfng dl,lng nay
c6 the hop 2 may san xuat voi nhau de tiep nOi nhau gia conq mot chi
tiet (Hinh 4). Viec kep va tnao trong rnam cap cua may S8 do robot d<;lng
cong dam nhan. Mot uu diem khac cua ket cau TTT la robot narn tren
vunq Lfng ounq (heat d¢ng) va do do khu Vl,J'C dU'erinEmva pharn vi truoc
tling may dU'Q'ctrong de tiep can.

Robot tay g~p

a robot tay g$p (Hinh 2), con goi la robot tay nOitoan khop quay (don c6
khop ban Ie), tat ca cac true chinh deu duoc thiet ke la true quay (d¢ng

•
hoc RRR). Trong hau nhu' tat ca cac trU'6>nghop, true dau tien la true narn Hinh 2: Robottay g~p
thang hang, trong khi true hai va ba khong thang hang. So sanh d¢ng hoc
veri cac 10C;li
robot khac, 10C;liRRR c6 U'Udiem la chiern ch6 it nhat dl,J'a
vao mat khong gian hoat d¢ng va can Il,J'Ctang toe nho nhat cho chuyen
dong nhanh. Qua dong hoc RRR, cac robot loai nay c6 th§ thuc hi$n cac
conq vi~c CYtren dau rna khong g~p van de gi. Khong gian heat dong hinh
thanh qua Sl,J'bo tri cua cac true c6 danq hinh cau. Nho vao each chuyen
dong, 10C;liRBCN nay c6 the SLrdunq dU'Q'ctrong nhieu ITnhVl,J'C tl,J'd(>ng
hoa nhu han, lap rap, gia conq, Xli' Iy thao tac n6i chung v.v...

True djnh hl.l'O>ng/tn:Jcban tay

De djnh hU'6>ngcho mot doi tU'Q'ngXli' Iy thao tac, ngU'6>ita thU'6>ngket

hop true 4 quay, thang hang, true 5 quay, khonq thang hang va true 6
quay thang hang (Hinh 3). Hinh 3: True ban tay

Hinh 4: Nhfpngthi du ([Link]

276 7 Che tao nhifng h~ thong cookhi (Ky thuat gia cong)

Xu Iy thao tac cho b¢ pnan qiam xoc cua 6 t6 cho nglJ'ai Xu Iy thao tac cho loc may cua 6 t6 cho nglJ'oi

Xu Iy thao tac cho cac ph€m cua than 6 t6

Hinh 1: NhiPng thi du vl! li>ng d\lng

1. Hay giai thich cac loai true khac nhau cua mot RBCN.

2. Hay giai thich khai niern bac tl! do trong kh6ng gian va bac tl! do cua co cau truyen d(>ng. Hay phan biet
SI! khac nhau giCi'am(>tvat the ran va mot diem khoi 1U'9'ngtrong khai nlern bac tl,l' do.
3. Hay cho bi~t bac tl! do cua co cau truyen d(>ngcho ba thanh ket noi voi nhau bang khop (v~n d~ cua mat
phang) (hay phac thaol)

4. Hay ve so d6 thay the d(>ng h9C cho met robot SCARA vai true quay th(P4 khOng thang hang va true quay
th(P 5 thang hang.

5. Hay m6 ta vi$c (Pngdl,Jngrobot t(P hang cua ban.

 7.9 Ky thuat Xli' Iy thao tac va ky thuat robot 277

7.9.3 £lieu khien robot

True z G6e dinh hU'ong
C
Khac voi khi I$p trinh cho may CNC (thi du nhtr may phay), luc lhi€ll li;lp
mol chuonq lrlnh cho mot RBCN, mot di~m lrong khong gian hau nhu
luon luon duoc tlrn thay va tuu trCrqua phU'O'ngphap dC;1Y (teach=day/
huan luyen, ti€lng Anh). Bi€lu nay duoc thuc hi$n b~ng each di€lu khien
RBCN - phan Ian voi SI,J' tro giup cua mot can di€lu khien (joystick) thiflt a
b] I$p trlnh b~ng tay - chay dfln nhCrngdiem tuonq Ll'ngcua ling dunq va
luu trCrnhCrngdiem nay. Gee djnh huonq
A
NhU' d13nhac dfln, de ho tro cho viec rno ta nhCrngchuyen dong nhu thfl
cua vat th~ ran, ngU'ai ta can mot he toa dO de c6 the xac dinh r6 rang vi
tri va phuonq hU'ang. Ve nquyen tac c6 nhi€lu he toa do co the giai quyet
viec nay nhunq dU'Q'cSLr dl,.lngnhi€lu nhat trong ky thuat h~n 113 h~ tea dQ
Descartes (Hlnh 1). Bieu do co nghTa 113 ngU'ai di€lu khien RBCN narn
bat dU'Q'Cvan de mot each nhanh nnat trong he toa dO nay. Vi the rna hau
het cac nha san xuat robot deu cung cap h$ toa do Descartes lam h~ tea
dQ cooban (h~ toa dQ goc/h~ toa dQ chuan) hay con gQi 113 h~ toa dQ Hinh 1: TQa dQ true toan diu
toan cAu (Hlnh 1).

Be thong baa vi tri, ngU'ai ta thuonq dung mot diem lam diem chuan
dU'Q'cgQi 113 diem hOC;1tdQng (trung tam) cua dl,mg cu hay tam diem
dl,lng cu (TCP: Tool Center Point) narn a
tam cua tay [Link] rno ta
phuonq hU'6'ng cua tay gcflp,ngU'ai ta l<;1isUodunq mot he toa dO khac
duoc d~t qua TCP va nhu' thfl rno ta g6c dinh hU'ang dfln he toa do co
ban. Do do vi tri cua mot vat the ran dang giCrchat tay gcflpduoc trlnh bay
qua 6 thong so nhu sau:

BK = Ix [mm]; y [mm]; z [mm]; a [0]; b [0]; c [0])

Bay gi6' neu vi trl nay can cuoc mot robot tay gi;lp 6 true tiep nhan, S9 xay
ra van d€ltiep theo. RBCN nay chi c6 true quay; nghTa113 6 tr] so cho khop
noi cua no lai 113 thong tin v€l g6c. Bieu nay dan den viec thong so toa dO
toan cau phai chuyen d6i sang goc khop noi bang each qoi 113chuyen doi
•
tea dQ (Hinh 3). Thong tin ve g6c khop noi dU'Q'cgQi 113 tea dQ kh6>p, tea
dQ true hay toa dQ robot (Hinh 2).

GK = (£I' n f3 [0]; l' [0]; s n £ n lp [0]) Hinh 2: TQa d(l true

TQa dQ khop TQa dQ goc hay toa dQ kh6ng gian

Chuyen doi thuan

Chuy~n doi nghjeh

a Co cau chap hanh cu6;

voi TCP

Vi tri va phlJ'Clng hlJ'ong cua CCIcau chap hanh cuO; va; TCP Vi tr! va phuonq hlJ'ong cua co cau chap hanh cu6; vol TCP
f (a; f3; y; 0; s: '1') f (x; y; z; a; b; e)

Hinh 3: ChuYEm doi tea dQ

278 7 Ch~ tao nhfi'ng h~ th6ng co khi (Ky thu~t gia c6ng)

Viec chuyen d6i toa dO (Hinh 1) d6i hei r~t nnleu thai
gian tinh toan va can cong suat may tinh tuonq LPng. Toa do Descartes
Khi hi(l dieu khien luu tr(J vi tri khonq gian trang tea
de)toan cau, co the d~n d~n tinh tranq I~p 1& khong
~--~~--~--~--~~~--~--~,~
X Y Z

rr===='--'-:-:-~":":""'-:~--="""~,
ABC
:J

£;
ro rang (tinh da nghTa). 8ieu nay co nguyen nhan hi
phtronq trinh chuyen doi vi 6>day phal tinh voi nh(Jng
= -----....;..~-~..;...----
...•
~
Chuy{m doi tea dO ~6

ham 1U'Q'ng giac (thi du nhu sin) ma nh(Jng ham nqhich

dao cua n6 (ham nquo'c, thi du nhu arscin hay sin")
~~----------~~-----------~i
~~-~----~--_r---._--_r~u
-e

co nhieu lai gi8i.

Nh(Jng vi tri co tinh da nghTa quan tronq nhat cua no

la khuyu tay len/xuong va mat truoc/sau (Hinh 2). 8e
giai quyet van de nay, ngU'ai ta dU'a them vao nhCmg Trvc 1 Truc 1 True 1 Trve 1 True 1
M ~ ~ M M
thong s6 b6 sung de dam baa robot tiep can mot each
ro rang vi tri true mong muon. Mot tinh da nghTa khac
6>robot tay g~p 6 true la flip/no flip (IWkhong lat). 6
day true 4 va true 5, trong m6i trU'ang hop quay mot
goe bang 180°, co the dat dU'Q'Ccunq vi tri tuyet doi vai
hai tr] so khop noi khac nhau.
Hinh 1: Chuylm dbi toa de}

Khuyu tay-Ien M!illrlJ'oc

Khuyu lay-xu6ng Mi;it sau

Hinh 2: Tinh da nghia (khong ro rang)

Hi~n tU'Q'ng d~c bi~t hi€!m co nhu tinh hu6ng Alpha

5100 d$t he dieu khien truoc nh(Jng van de tiep theo.
Trang Hinh 3, mot robot tay g$p 6 true phai dich
chuyen tren mot quy d;;IO,trong do goc khop a5 cua
true 5 bien d6i tr] so hi a5 > 0 den a5 < 0 va ngU'Q'c1<;Ii.
T<;Iivi tri nay, true 4 va 6 co the chiern gilP vo so vi tri
ket hop rna khonq can thay d6i vi tri va phuonq hU'ang
cua co c8U chap hanh cuoi vi chunq narn tren mot
dU'6'ng true duoc chlnh thang hang. 6 day co nh(Jng
chuonq trinh can de d~n tot vlec tim ra l6'i gi8i r6 rang.

N6i t6m lai, trang cnuyen d6i thuan, tea do toan cau
cOng nhu' toa do chuan (gac) can tim luon luon co the
xac dinh dU'Q'cmot each ro rang hi toa do knop cOng
nhu toa do true da cho, doc I~p vai danq thiet ke cua
RBCN (so 1U'Q'ngtrue, loai true, each sap xep true).
Hinh 3: Hi~n tll'9'ng d\'ic bi~t hiem co
 7.9 Ky thuat XLr Iy thao tac va ky thuat robot 279

a a
chuyen dlli nqhich thi h$ thong se phan Ll'ng khac. V~n d€! day chi d~c biet giai quyet duoc cho RBCN hi$n
tai. Se xay ra tinh da nghia (da tr], tranq thai khong ro rang), khi tinh toan cho ra ket qua la mot so 1U'Q'nggiai han
cua cac lai giai co gia tr] nhu nhau. Se hlnh thanh hi$n tU'Q'ng hiem co khi tinh toan cho ra vo so lai giai. NgU'ai
I$p trlnh phai luu y den c8U hlnh dung (phu hop) khi thiet lap chuonq trinh robot.

Mot h$ tea do khac dU'Q'c dU'a VaG SLr dunq trong phU'O'ng phap teach
(chi dan thao tac) la h~ tea dQ tay giip. Khi dU'ong thang trong khonq
gian phai dU'Q'c dieu khien narn song song hay thang goc vol hU'ang cua
dung cu cOng nhu cua tay gap, thi du dU'a mot chi tiet VaG trong mot 10
khoan narn nghieng trong kh6ng gian (co nghia la true tam cua 10 khoan
kh6ng an khop vai true X, Y hay Z cua toa d(l toan cau), nhu v$y hau
nhtr khonq the giai quyet van de
nay trong he toa do loan cau hay he toa
d(l khop. Chinh a
day trong phU'O'ng phap teach, nhieu true phai chuyen
d(lng cung mot luc (Hinh 1). z

h,:cl"
Trong truonq hop nay mot h$ tea do duoc d~t VaG tay gap (X', Y' va
Z' trong Hinh 1). Phan Ian ngU'oi ta SLr dl,lng h$ toa do khong gian
Descartes, trong do toa dO goc trunq voi di~m heat dong cua dung cu
(TCP) va 3 true toa d(l thang goc duoc bo tri sac cho mot true narn chinh
xac VaG hU'ang tay gap noi dai, Chuyen dong van hanh a
phuonq phap
x
teach duoc thuc hien theo hU'ang cua nhO>ng true tea dO nay. Hinh 1: Toa de} tay g~p

NgU'Q'c lai voi cac may CNC, thi du nhU' may phay CNC, phan Ian can h$
dieu khien 3D la du, aRBCN thong thU'ong xuat hi$n nhieu hon 3 true. y P2
Dieu nay dU'a den ket qua la nhO>ng thong tin toa d(l cho robot thuonq
kh6 hieu hon. Ve nquyen tac, co the noi r~ng viec SLrdunq cac h$ toa do
khac nhau nhU'

•
Tea d(l toan cau

Tea d(l khop

Toa d(l tay gap

P~
OL-r' --~'--------~'--~
KhOng,lU'o>t
,,
~-----.:
,,
,
x
I
z. B. 10 s
chi quan tronq doi voi vi tri heat d(lng trong phironq phap teach. Du sac
h$ dieu khien cOng lu6n luon cho tr] so cua true (qoc atrue quay va dean y P Vung chay tuot
a -?/ .

/f'.. :~
thang true tinh tien) den b(l dieu chinh vi tri. M6i mot h$ tea do deu co
U'U diem cua no khi Lrng dunq trong thuc ti~n.

~¥! ~)
~1

B(l n(>i suy quy d~o ri€mg cho robot

OL-r'--~'--------~'----_
[Link] quy dao x
v
Ben canh bo noi suy "cll dien" cho dU'ang th~ng va dU'ang tron, con co ,,
b(l noi suy d~c biet trong h$ diElU khien robot, thi du nhu trong each djnh
,
,"
vi phong chLPng (lU'at nhe nhanq qua diem dinh vi). aviec chay qua ,
nhO>ng diem noi tiep trong khong gian theo each binh thuonq, moi mot z. B. 9 s
diem cho truoc d€!u duoc chay qua tea d(l va dinh hU'ang mot each chinh
xac. DOi voi viec dieu chinh vi tri, dieu nay co nghia ta van toe quy dao Hinh 2: LU'61 quy dao (dU'ong di)
a cac diem luon luon b~ng khong (0) (Hinh 2). ThU'ong thi viec nay lien
quan den nhQ>ng diem trung gian (diem chuyen tiep) noi rna khonq can
dat den mot each chinh xac; nhO>ng diem nay dU'Q'c dung thi du nhu chi de chay tranh mot chuonq ng<;li vat.
NgU'Oi ta tat nhien san sang chap nhan t(Y b6 do chinh xac de dat van toc nhanh.

Djnh vi phong chLPng quy dao (dU'ong di) cho phep chuyen tiep lien 1l,IC t(Y m(lt phan quy dao nay di qua phan
khac dua tren van toe va dinh hU'ang. Nho the ma chuysn d(lng se hai hoa hon, Them VaG do con tiet kiern
dU'Q'Cg<tm 10-15% thoi gian (Hinh 2). Qua each dinh vi ph6ng chlYng (luot) cua chuyen d(lng robot, h$ dieu khien
khong can pMi ham van toe xu6ng den khi d(Yng may (v =
0 m/s) ma con co the thay d6i hU'ang di den diem tai
mot each hai hoa neu dat den ban kinh ph6ng chunq. Tuy theo nha san xu at, ban kinh ph6ng chlYng duoc dinh
truoc qua phan rnern hay co the I$p trinh tt)' do (trong giai han ky thuat cho phep). . .
280 7 Che tao nhCPng h~ thong coo khi (Ky thuat gia cong)

Mot trU'ang hop luot khac alJ'Q'c Lmg dunq thi du nhu khi can phai thvc
hi~n mot moi han theo mQt thiet k~, mOi han nay khong chi nam tren mot
alJ'ang thang rna con c6 nhieu diem gay. Cach luot dlJ'cyng nhu khOng
the thuc hi~n OlJ'Q'c. Mot mat vi nhiYng oiem phu (diem trung gian) khong
OlJ'Q'ctii!p can chinh xac tllY theo viec chinh ban kinh phonq chiJ'ng, mat
khac van toc quy 0(;10 cua TCP & gan aiflm phu se thay d6i, ai~u nay tal
tlJ'O'ng (rng v&i vi$c thay aoi van toe dan tien cua han,

a viec ch~y 11I'01 v6>i v~n t6c (Hinh 1), trong trlJ'ang hop Iy tlJ'&ng, robot
se chay voi van toc khonq qiarn tren quy 0(;10 cua TCP trong aiflm chay
luot qua diem dlJ'Q'C li;lp trlnh. Tuy nhien di~u nay khong phai tuc nao
cOng thuc hi$n OlJ'Q'c nen van toc & ai~m chay luot gia djnh co tri 56 giiYa
o (dinh vi chinh xac, co nghTa 113khonq co chay luot) va Vsoll (chay IlJ'CYt y
mot each Iy tlJ'&ng, khong thay d6i van toe), V~ co ban, ket cau nan can P2
phai duoc thiet ke sac cho viif!c him tl)' dong khong g$p van d§ lon.

MQt loai noi suy r<~td$c bi$t la dao dQng (chuyen dong lac qua lai). No P~
c6 ITnh vue (rng dl,Jng chinh trong han theo quy dao. Trong phuonq phap
o~'~~'--------+'--~-
nay, dunq CI,Jnan (dOa han) lac qua lai quanh tam diem cua quy dao la : Chay IIJ'at vai ~(in toe x
dieu can thiet. BO noi suy d$c biif!t lam don gian h6a viec thuc hi$n mot
v
: :
I
chuyen dong lac nhu thi! trong han qua cac thong tin sau (Hinh 2): I
I
I

• Hanh trinh dao dong va tan so dao dong, O~L-~------~~--_

• Danq dao dong (dc;lng sin. vuong g6c. tam giac), Hinh 1: Chi,lY 111'61 vo-i v~n t6c

• G6c dao dong va mat phang dao dQng

Gan day con xuat hien he di§u khien robot vot vlec dieu khien quy dao
qua nQi suy spline 1). Phuonq phap nay co (rng dl,Jng, thi du nhu trong Billn (Ii)

son phu cac mat co danq duo'c tao bol nhO>ng dU'ang cong bat ky danq -r--.f----'Ir---.r+ dao oong

da thirc (splin) nho ve 0 to. 86 la nhiYng met phang cong trong khong
gian, khong the dien ta bang nhiYng ham toan hoc nhu dlJ'cyng thang hay
dlJ'ang tron. Dich chuyen trsn nhO>ng dlJ'ang cong khong gian phuc tap
nhU' v$y chi c6 thfl thuc hi$n mot each "phonq chunq" rna thai. M¢t kha Hinh 2: Dao d';;ng
nang khac c6 the thuc hien duoc ta ta c6 the rno ta quy dao voi r~t nhieu
dlJ'ang thang nho, vi$c nay dan di!n ket qua la ton nhieu cong sue cho phuonq phap teach. M$t khac qua day
se tao ra chuyen d¢ng gay g6c trong khi van 11m each giiY van toc co dinh tren quy dao khien gia toe nhay vot
cho bo truyen dong va nhu thi! se dan den tai qua Ian cho cac b¢ phan chiu mal men.

8e rno ta mot each gan dung mot quy dao cong nhu thi! vai 51)' ho tro cua dlJ'ang spline (ham toan hoc d$c bi$t
de mo ta gan dung), can it vi tri non so voi n¢i suy dU'ang tron va noi suy tuyen tinh theo truyen thong. Nha
v$y nhiYng chuyan d¢ng quy dao phuc tap (thi du nhu be mat dU'Q'Ctao boi nhiYng dU'ang cong bat ky d(;lng da
thuc (spline) hay bien danq phtrc tap) c6 the I$p trinh dU'Q'Cvoi chi phi thap dang ke qua phuonq phap teach.
Nha d6 tai may duoc qiarn thieu toi da qua nhO>ng dean chuyen tiep hai hoa cho quy dao thay vi gia toe nhay
dot bien. Ngoai ra viec cho phep ling dunq noi suy cua olJ'ang spline tao ra van toc quy dao cao hon rna khong
mat d¢ chinh xac,

1. Tinh da nghTa nao c6 the hinh thanh a mot robot tay g$p 6 true qua viec dua VaG them mot true th(r 7 (true
dich chuyen)?

2. Hay nhap cho RBCN & bai tap so 1 & tren mot Ian la toa d¢ khop va mot Ian la toa d¢ toan cau. Hay cho
biet don vi vat Iy chinh xac.

3. Hay phac thao vi tri co tinh da nghTa flip/no flip & mot robot tay g$p 6 true.

4. Hay phac hoa 1U'Q'cta (profile) van toe cua true x va y cua mot h$ di€!u khien quy dao 2 chieu (20) trong mot
do th] v-t cho chuyen d¢ng cua mot vonq tran day.

1) Philp noj suy chia dlJang cong b~t ky d"ng da thtl'c (splin) tMnh nhO>ngdo"n thang ngan nha nhifng dillm tl,l'a (nilt)
 7.9 Ky thuat xu Iy thao tac va ky thuat robot 281

7.9.4 L~p trinh cua RBCN

TU'O'ng tl,!' nhu li[lp trinh cua may cong cu, a day nhiern VI,Jdich chuyen cOng nhu' xu Iy thao tac phai dU'Q'C phan
tach thanh bing buoc tuan tl,!' va thiet lap thanh chuonq trlnh cho h$ di€lu khi~n robot hi$n thai qua cac phuonq
phap tap trinh phu hop. Viec I$p trinh cua robot c6 anh hU'ang chu yeu den nang suat cua mot RBCN. 813 giam
thiElU toi da thai gian lap d~t cOng nhu thai gian lap d~t 11jIi,viec laP trinh phai don gian, tao duoc cai nhin t6ng
quat va co the thl,!'C hi$n duoc rna it ton kern,

iiDII!I Mot chi tiet can van chuyen IIi vi tri luu trQ>den mot gia ke (ban de phoi) va dU'O'c d~t & d6.

PlOD eiltm Ghiithich SO' tli> trinh tY' chU'O'ng trinh ChlPO'ng
trinh robot
P3 * Pl Vi lri khoi d~u K~ BATDAu DLF<;YCdLFa vao (earn, gan) II' don!l

* P2
P3
vi lri lay g~p K$
V' lri khoi d~u GianiO> chiti~t
Pl
lay nam me..
MOVEPl
GRIPPER1
P4 Vi tr! d~tchili~1xUDng GiagiCfchiliel P2 MOVEP2
P100 £)i~mrut vi; Tay nam (16n9 GRIPPER0
Pl MOVEPl
P3 MOVEP3
P4 MOVEP4
Tay n~m mcy GRIPPER 1
P3 MOVEP3
P100 MOVEPlOO
CHAMom £)U'Q'C dU'3 vao (cam. 9an) h,r dong

Hinh 1: Bai t~p I~y ra-d~t vao

ChU'O'ng trinh robot can phal:

• de thiet lap (de viet)

•
• thich nghi mot each don gian
• c6 the toi U'U h6a de dang
• c6 the sua nhanh va don gian
Trong I$p trinh cho robot, v€J co' ban ngU'Cri ta phan biet hai giai coan.
Trur nhat la xac djnh cac diem (bao gom ca phuonq hU'ang) Lrng dl,Jng a
va luu trCr chunq. Thu hai ta an djnh trong chuonq trinh thuc SI,!'quang
dU'ang dich chuyen, gia toc va Van toc giCra cac diem (dlJ'6'ng thang,
dU'6'ng tron), laP chU'O'ng trinh con tuy hoan canh cho phep va xay dl,!'ng Hinh 2: Phan mem mo phong
giao tiep (giao dien) voi don vi xuat va nhap dCr lieu, Xet v~ khia canh
ky thuat thOng tin, nhCrng thong tin ve diem trong chlJ'O'ng trinh chinh la
nhQ>ng bien phai duoc dien vao voi cac tr] so (Hinh 1).

Viec tim cac diem thU'6'ng xay ra trong thuc tien qua thu thap toa dO bang
each d~n robot thuc hien chuyen dong khi gia cong (teach) true tiep a
noi su dunq. M~t khac cac nha san xuat robot nqay nay de nqh] c6 the
cung cap nhQ>ng phan rnern mo phonq (Hinh 2) rna qua Sl,!' ho tro cua
chunq robot c6 the dU'Q'Canh xa toan bo. a
day cac diem da c6 san qua
rno phonq. Vi~c rno phonq c6 diem IO'i la nha san xu at c6 the thuc hien
nhCrng xem xet quan trong a
san pharn truoc khi dua VaG Van hanh nhu
quan sat va cham, tim ra thai gian chu trinh (chu ky xung nhip), rno phonq
viec dll'ng may (su co, hong h6c). Tuy nhien trong thuc tien RBCN phal
dU'Q'C huan luyen lai khi lap d~t that sv.

Mot bien the rna qua d6 khong nhCrng cac diem rna ca cac hanh trinh djch
chuyen v6'i gia toc va Van toc duoc tim ra trong mot buoc gia cong, d6 la
phU'O'ng phap play-back (laP trinh qua each I~p lai qua trinh gia cong da
dU'Q'c thuc hien bang tay truce do, lap trinh nhai lal, lap trinh bat chuoc
thao tac, laP trinh theo maul.

a day RBCN duoc ngU'ai dieu khien d~n doc theo quy dao can li[lp trinh
trong tinh tranq truyen dong dU'Q'c ngat di. Trong giai doan nay tat ca cac
dO>lieu can thiet cho viec tal hien quy dao dU'Q'c luu trCr trong mot tin hieu
goc thai gian (nhip thai gian). Loai Ii;lp trinh nay c6 Lrng dunq chinh trong
cac robot phu lap (tao rnanq, tranq men, ph un son) (Hinh 3). Hinh 3: PhU'O'ng phap Play-back
282 7 Che tao nhiPng h~ thong coo khi (Ky thuat gia cong)

Ve CO'ban, vi$c I~p trinh thuc Sl)' cua robot c6 the thuc
hi$n dva vao hai each sau day:

• L~p trinh online (L~p trinh true tuyen)

• Lap trinh offline (L~p trinh ng09i tuyen, gian tiep)

NgU'6'i ta n6i v§ I~p trlnh true tuyen khi viec lap

chuonq trinh online, cuoc thuc hien true tiep trong
phuonq phap teach.

a day c6 mot vai nha san xuat phan mem chao hang
cung cap kha neng tuonq tac b~ng do hoa, dU'Q'cphat
trien den rrurc ngU'ai dieu khien kheng can phai biet
cu phap d.;\c biet ve cac I$nh cua nha san xuat cho
nhQongcau true chuonq trinh don qian, ChU'O'ngtrinh
(Hinh 1) duoc dien ta qua lU'u do duoc tao thanh tll'
nhQongbieu tlJ'Q'ngde dU'Q'cdjnh nghTa (Hinh 2) b~ng
nhQongd~c tinh nhat djnh (thi du lenh dlch cnuyen, ket
noi cong vao/cong ra). DT nhien la chuonq trinh co
kha nang chuyen doi giQoacac phuonq thLrc do hoa
va van ban. S1,"M' ~ioncm'Anoere
befehle

Vi$c lap trinh true tuyen c6 diem yeu la thiet b] khong Pl'OOramm- ~I SpotTC(;Il Specsfic
• flu" ..t:J Code
the san xuat trong thoi gian I~p trlnh. Vi Iy do d6 ma _T ~Malhem.
•
'
Befe"'" .fuoction5
nglJ'6'i ta c6 h~ I~p trinh ngo~i tuyen (offline) c6 •
Interrupt·
H<lndlino
kha nang I~p choonq trinh trong thai gian chuan b] Fehler-
• beh8ndlung

gia cong. NhQongh$ thong nay thlJ'ang me ta toan bQ

cac Lmg cunq trong PC. NhlJ' 6' laP trinh vai CNC, dQo
li$u CAD c6 the nhap vao. Qua d6 nglJ'ai ta khonq
nhQongc6 the an djnh cac diem ma con c6 the thuc
hien viec toi lJ'Uh6a chuonq trinh. NhQongtinh huong
nhat dinh, thi du nhu' mot phan cua Lmg dunq ngCmg
hoat d(>ng, S9 dU'Q'cme phong va chuan b] cac bi$n
phap tuonq Lrng (thiet ke dU'thoa nhQongITnhVl)'C nhat
dinh). NhQongh$ liilp trinh d(>claP (khong 1$thuoc vao
nha san xuat hay may rnoc nhat dmh) I~p ra cac ma
chuonq trlnh chi tro thanh rna nguon c6 the stY dunq
duoc cho mot he dieu khien robot nh~t dinh cua mot
Hinh 1: ChU'O'ng trinh robot
nha san xuai nh~t dinh khi stY dunq mot bo hau xtY iy
tuonq Lrng.

Hinh 2: ChU'O'ng trinh soan tnao bi~u tU'Q'ng

 283

8 CO' ban ky thu~t di~n

Chung ta nhan thay hang nqay co nhieu hi$n IU'Q'ng xay ra do di$n
tich lrong nhi€!u lanh vue, thi ou tia chap khi troi giong bao hay
doi khi mot tia IIYa di$n xuat hi$n khi tay ta cham vao cua xe hoi.

De rno ph6ng nhQ>ng hien tU'Q'ng nay, chung la lam thi nghi$m
nhu sau:

Lfly thanh nhoa cna xat vao mi€mg da long (da thu vat co nhieu
long), sau do tlY IIY dua thanh nhua lai g~n mi~ng da long.

Quan sat:

D~u tien cac soi long b] thanh nhua hut.

Giai thich (Hinh 1):

Trong thai ky Hy Lap c6, ngU'ai ta da c6 gang giai thich nien tU'Q'ng
nay va nhQ>ng hi$n tU'Q'ng tuonq tl.,l' bang nhieu each, Vi voi giac
quan cua con ngU'ai, chunq ta khong du kha nang nhan biet duoc
nhQ>ng thay d6i a
thanh nhua va mieng long d~n den II.,I'Chut giQ>a
chunq voi nhau. Do v$y, trong suet mot thai gian dai, ngU'ai la kho
giai thich hien tuonq, cho den khi tim dU'Q'C each mo ta qua rno Hinh 1: Chil xat hai v~1 li~u v&i nhau
hinh (thi ou rno hinh nguyen tIY, Hinh 2).

Hat nnan vai 8

6 proton,
• Mo hinh dien ta cac hinh anh cua thuc tal, cac hinh anh nay 6 neutron
khong nh~t thiet phai dung chinh xac hoan toan.

• Mo hinh cho phep rno ta tinh nanq cua cac vat the, chat li$u
va h$ th6ng. Va nquyen tLr
vai 6 eleclron
• Qua cac khao nghi$m khoa hoc, cac rno hinh dU'Q'c xac
nhan va sira d6i neu can.
Hinh cau

Trong thi du , mo hinh dua VaG giil thiet 113co SI.,I'hien dien cac hat Hinh 2: Me hinh nguyen IlP
mang di$n tich vai nhQ>ng di$n tich trai dau, Chung b] tach ra khi
ta cha xat thanh nhua voi mieng da long. Cac hat mang di$n tich
am va duonq c61$p lai SI.,I'can bang di$n tich cua chunq, TaG dl,lng
cua khuynh hU'ang can bang nay dU'Q'c nhan thay (y cac soi long
£li(in tich cunq loai
tren mieng da long va thanh nhua hut nhau. Sau khi thanh nhua
va mieng da long tiep xuc mot thOi gian ngan, hien tU'Q'ng Il.,I'chut
bien mat. De khao sat chinh xac hon CaG di$n tich, chunq ta can
den mot rno hinh khac,

£li(in tich khOngcung loal

Cac di$n tich cunq loai dlly nhau, cac di$n tich khac loai hut
---- -- ------
nhau (Hinh 3).
Hinh 3: Cac di~n lich
284 8 CO' ban ky thuat di~n

8.1 M6 hinh nguyen tw Bohr

T~t ca vat chat tren trai dflt duoc tao thanh tli' nhO>ng phan hi, cac
phan tv lai dU'Q'c c8U tao beYi cac nquyen tv don le, Thanh phan
cau tao cua cac nquyen tv xac dinh cac tinh chat vat
nang cua chunq.

Niels Bohr') da phat trien mot m6 hinh nquyen tv voi trung tam
Iy va tinh
Hydro:
1 proton,
1 electron o
103nhan nguyen hi. Nhan nquyen tv lai bao g6m cac neutron va
proton. Cac electron xoay chung quanh nhan nguyen tv eYnhQong Carbon:
khoanq each khac nhau. NgU'ai ta mo ta nhO>ng lop (vo) (Hinh 1), 6 proton,
do v$y mo hinh Bohr con goi la mo hinh lop. 6 neutron,
6 electron

Nho>ng nquyen to co mat tren qua dat dU'Q'C sap xep trong mot
h$ thong duoc go! la h$ thong tuan hoan (bang tuan hoan) cac
nguyen t6 dl)'a theo cau true nguyen tv va khai 1U'Q'ngnguyen tv.
Neutron khonq co di$n tlch, So voi proton va electron, neutron co
mot khai 1U'Q'ngrflt ton. Chung nam trong nhan nguyen tv (Hinh 2).
Dbng (Cu):
29 proton,
Proton co di$n tlch dU'O'ng. Nhan nguyen tv thU'ang co so neutron
29 neutron,
va proton bang nhau. 29 electron

Hinh 1: [Link] true nguyen til'

Electron co di$n tich am. Chung xoay tren nhO>ng top vo khac
nhau quanh nhan nguyen tll' (Hinh 3). Thong thuonq, so electron
bang so proton. 80i voi ben ngoai, nquyen tv trung hoa v~ di$n
tich.

• Neutron khong co di$n tich

• Proton co di$n tich duonq
• Electron co di$n tich am

Proton va electron co di$n tlch bang nhau e = ± 1,602 . 10-19 C

(C = Coulomb, 1 C = 1As).

8i$n tich la 1U'Q'ngdi$n nam tren b~ mat cua mot vat the. 8i$n
tich nho nhat trong thien nhien la di$n tich co ban. Hinh 2: M6 hinh nguyen tu.

V6'i thi du tLPmot nquyen tll' natri, chunq ta tlm hieu chinh xac hon
t ~I,J'C ly tarn

cau true cac nquyen tll'. Nhan nquyen tll' natri co 11 proton va 11
neutron. Chung quanh nhan nquyen tll' ta 11 electron. Nils Bohr co
Ll,J'c hut do
cong dien ta thanh phan cua nquyen tll' va xac djnh dU'Q'Cvj tri cua
di(in Uch
chunq trong mo hinh cua minh va do v$y co the giai thich dU'Q'c tinh
nanq vat Iy cua cac nguyen to.
+

Tinh chat vat Iy v~ di$n cua nguyen tv dU'Q'c xac djnh do cau
true cua no (Hinh 3).

1) Nils Bohr: Nha v~t Iy Dan Mach (1885-1962) Hinh 3: L\!,c va cac dien tich
 8.2 SI,!' tach Iy di$n tich 285

8.2 Sl,I' tach Iy di~n tich Natri:

10 electron, 11 proton nap
di~n dll'O'ng (thi.§uelectron)
Khi ta Co xat mi~ng da long voi thanh nhua, cac di$n tich b] tach Iy.
£)e don gian h6a viec rno ta SI,!'tach Iy di$n tich, chunq ta dung den
mo hinh nquyen tll' natri (Hinh 1). Khi ta Ifly mat mot electron cua
natri, di$n tich duonq S6 chiern da phan (proton). Nguyen tli cuoc
nap di$n duonq. NglJ'Q'c 19i neu natri nhan them mot electron, n6
S6 c6 nhieu hat mang dien tich am non dlJ'O'ng. Nguyen Iii duoc
n9P dien am (Hinh 2).

Duoi kinh hi€1n vi, mot rnanh rat nho cua mi~ng da long va thanh
nhua hien ra nhu hai mat phang doi dien nhau. Trong tinh tranq
ban dau, miE1mgda long va thanh nhua trung hoa ve di$n doi voi
ben nqoai (Hinh 3). Bang each Co xat, cac electron tCPthanh ntura Hinh 1: Me hinh nguyen tlP natri
dU'Q'c truyen qua mieng da long. NhU' the r6 rang cong co hoc
duoc bien thanh cong tach Iy di$n tich (Hinh 4). Khi ta Co xat canq
nhieu, c6 nghia cong tach Iy di$n tlch dU'Q'c thuc hien canq nhieu, N~p di~n am (thua electron)
mieng da long canq b] thanh nhua hut rnanh hon. TCPsl,!' lien h$
nay, ta c6 mot dinh nghTa dau tien ve di$n ap:

£)i$n ap la so do cho conq tach Iy di$n tich cua tCPngdien tlch.

Dien ap = SI)' chenh lech oien the (hi$u the).

Vai cong thtrc ta c6:

U= WIQ
U = £)ien ap 8
Hinh 2: ThlPa electron
W = Conq tach Iy oien tich

Q =
£)ien tich (Truonq hop oi;lc biet, Q = -1,602 . 10-19 As dlJ'Q'c
mang ky hieu e) Trung hca
Trong tru>ong hop nay, Q di~n ta oien tich CO'ban cua mot electron
(e = -1,602' 10-19 As). CO' nang Wtrong truonq hop nay la SI,!'ma
sat ([W] = Nm = kg . m2/s2). NhU' v$y ta co don v] cho oien ap nhu'
sau:
2
[u]= kg·m
3
As
£)e to SI)' tran tronq doi vai nha vat Iy nglJ'oi Y Volta, nglJ'oi ta lay
mau tl,!' V lam don v! dien ap,
Hinh 3: Kh6ng co tach Iy di~n tich
[u] = V (doc la Van)

Canq Co xat mieng da long voi thanh nhua, ta canq lam gia tang Sau khi tach Iy di~n tich
SLfC hut tCPthanh nhua tac dl,mg len mieng da long. SLfC hut Ian
non chi do co gang trung hoa Ian hon cua cac dien tich doi nqhich
t90 nen. Vi ma sat nhieu hon (cong tach Iy dien tich) t90 nen oien
ap Ian non, ta c6 them djnh nghTa tiflp theo ve di$n ap:

£)i$n ap la co gang trung hoa cua cac di$n tich d5i nghich.
Hinh 4: Tach Iy di~n tich
286 8 Coo ban ky thuat di~n

8.2.1 Tao ra di~n ap Do lac

dl,mg nhiet Dong
Vi$c t90 ra di$n ap luon luon dua VaG hinh thuc bien dlli nang
I1,1'0' ng , thl du co nang thanh di$n nang. Thiet bi bien dlli nanq
IIJ'Q'ng nhlJ' the (Hinh 1) dlJ'Q'CgQi 113 nguon di$n ap. Chung ta da co ~
phlJ'O'ng trinh dlnh nghTa U = WIQ cho nguon dil';m ap. Constantan
Nguon
nhiet Ll Cap nhi$t di$n

Dien nanq duoc IlJ'u trCPtrong cac nguon dit;!n ap. Do tac dl,mg
anh sang
NhCPng thiet b] bien doi nanq IU'Q'ng (nguon di$n ap) thong thuonq: S6ng
anh
• Pin (phan Ll'ng hoa hoc) (Hinh 2) sang

• Cap nhlet di$n (tac dunq nhiet)

XUC T~ bao quang di~n
• Bat Ilia (tinh th€l b] bien danq)
Do bitm d~ng
[Link] nen
• Cuon earn (earn iJ>ng) linh thll AI 1
• Te bao quang di$n (voi tac dunq anh sang) m--'~.,y
///
AI

~ /"y,l----
Cac ngu6n di$n ap co hai m6i noi, duoc gQi 113 hai cue, Ta co cue Tinh the ///
am cua ngu6n di$n ap, (y day thira electron va Cl,J'C dU'O'ng cua piezo
ngu6n di$n ap, 6>day thieu electron (Hinh 3).
t
Do earn [Link]

8.2.2 Cac loal di~n ap

V6ng day di~n
quay duoc
Tinh chat cua di$n ap bao g6m tr] s6 di$n ap va Sl,J' phu thuoc thci
gian. Sl,J' t90 ra di$n ap hay mach di$n co th€l xac djnh tfnh chat
thai gian khac nhau cua di$n ap. May hien song (con qoi dao dOng
ky) co the trinh bay dlJ'6>ng bieu dien theo thoi gian cua di$n ap.
May hi~n song chi do di$n ap va duoc n6i song song voi tai (di$n Hinh 1: MQI vai 10\1itach Iy di(in lich

tro ... ). f)1J'6>ng bieu dien di~n ap hi€ln th] tren mat man hinh may
hien song, (y true X dien dat tinh chat thoi gian va (y true Y 113 bien
dQ (tr] s6 di~n ap).

£)i~n ap mQt chieu (Hinh 1, trang 287) la di$n ap co tr] s6 dit;!n

ap (bien do) khong thay doi theo thoi gian. Cac ngu6n dit;!n ap co
diroc do tach Iy di$n tich bang phan lfng hoa hoc thuonq 113 ngu6n
di$n ap mot chieu,

Thi du nhu' pin trong den pin, ac quy trong xe hoi.

£>i~n ap xoay chieu (Hinh 2, trang 287), ngU'Q'c voi dit;!n ap mot
chieu dit;!n ap xoay chieu thay dbi tr] s6 di$n ap trong mot khoanq Hinh 2: Pin

thai gian tuonq d6i ngan. L09i di~n ap nay con co nhieu dac diem
khac nCParat quan tronq trong ky thuat, do v$y chunq S9 dU'Q'c ban
den trong mot chuonq rieng.

£)i~n ap hon hC?'P(Hinh 3, trang 287) la ket qua cua Sl,J' ch6ng chat
(giao thoa) cua di$n ap xoay chieu va mot chieu, £)i$n ap h6n hop
g~n gi6ng nhu di~n ap xoay chieu ve Sl,J' phu tnuoc VaG thai gian.
Trai vo'l di~n ap xoay chieu, bien do cua di~n ap h6n hoop khong
tang giam chung quanh diem O.
Hinh 3: Billu luoQ'ng pin
 8.3 Dong di$n 287

8.3 D6ng di~n DiI~n ap mot chieu

Dong dien chuyen cho nang 1U'Q'ngdi$n. Nflu ta nOi mot bong den ~~
V
soi toe voi mot Cl,JCpin bang cac day dong, bong den chay sang. DIV
Nang 1U'Q'ngtich IrQ'trong pin ra rang duoc chuyen cho d~n b6ng
den qua day di$n va dU'Q'cbien dbi thanh anh sang.

Di$n ap co khuynh hU'6'ng lam can bang cac di$n tich doi nqhich.
Tal nquon di$n ap, ta co mot Cl,J'C thCJ'aelectron va mot Cl,J'C
thieu
electron. Khi ta nOi rnach di$n tCJ'nguon di$n ap qua day di$n dfln
May hi$n s6ng
---
ms
DIV

b6ng den, nhu th~ cac electron s13dlch chuyen tCJ'mot Cl,J'Ccua
nguon di$n ap qua day di$n (Hinh 4) va b6ng den. Mot dong di$n
Hinh 1: Di$n ap mQt chi~u
chay qua b6ng den. B6ng den chay sang.

Dong di$n la Sl,J'ChUYElndong co dinh hU'ang cua cac di$n tlch,

o {)
Cac electron dU'Q'cnguon di$n ap day di tCJ'mot Cl,J'Ccua nquon o
di$n ap qua mot rnach di$n khep kin de den mot Cl,J'Ckhac cua o 0
nguon di$n ap. Mach di$n kin di tCJ'nguon di$n ap qua day di$n e
(day dong) den bong den va tCJ'd6 qua day di$n lai tro v~ nquon (() 0
di$n ap.
ms
DIV--

Day dan dien la nhQ>ngvat lieu chtra nhQ>nghat mang dien tich
tl,J'do (thi du electron).
Hinh 1: Di~n ap xoay chieu 8
Electron roi xa khoi nguon dien ap thCJ'aelectron toi lap vao chinh
a
xac mot cho trong phia nguon dien ap thieu electron.
8i$n ap hon hop

So 1U'Q'nghat mang di$n tlch (electron) chay di va chay d~n nguon t

di$n ap phai bang nhau. V
DIV
~J
r
I\.
, J
-- ---~-~ ~ --
Dong di$n khonq "mat di" va khonq b] tieu thu.

Dong di$n tao ra Sl,J'can bang di$n tich tal cac nguon dien ap, lam
May hi$n s6n
---
ms
DIV

cho di$n ap tal cac nguon di$n ap giam di (Hinh 1, trang 288).
Hieu lI'ng nay co the tac dunq ngU'Q'c19i(tang dien ap), bang each
Hinh 3: Di~n ap hon hop
tach Iy di$n tlch tra 19i, thi du nhu viec nap di$n (sac) cho pin.
(Hinh 2, trang 288). Trong mot Cl,JCpin cua den pin, ta co Sl,J'bien
dbi lien tl,JCnanq 1U'Q'nghoa hoc thanh conq tach Iy di$n tich. Day la
mot qua trinh c6 gi6'i han, cuoi cung la den pin S8t~t. TCJ'quan diem
ky thuat dien, dien ap cua pin (nguon di$n ap) do Sl,J'can bang dien
tich S8 giam di cho d~n khi hoac kh6ng con dong di$n hay chi con
dong dien rat nho chay trong rnach di$n. Den pin S8 chay sang rat
yeu hay khong phat sang nua.

Hinh 4: Chuyen cho- hat mang di~n tich trong

day dan di~n
288 8 CO' ban ky thuat di~n

Cac d~i 1U'9'ng d~e trU'ng cua dong di~n

"CU'cmg dO dong di$n" va "mat do dong di$n" c6 th~ me ta chinh

~B
xac dinh 1U'Q'ngcua dong di$n.

CU'cyng dO dong dien I ti 1$ voi 1U'Q'ngdien tich Q djch chuyen trong

Khuynh hU'ang
day den dien trong tLmg don vi thai gian. cua cac dien tieh
khonq cling dtlU
TLr SI,J'lien he nay ta co phuonq trinh dinh nghTa cua cuonq do
dong dien:
t; Q [II = As
t s
~c
80'n vi cua cuonq do dong dien 18Ampere 1) [n = A
Sau khi bien dlli phU'O'ng trinh tren theo Q, ta duoc:
+
Q= I· t

HU'ang dong dien: Hinh 1: 5\1' can bang diiin tich

HU'ang dong dien ky thuat tLr cue dU'O'ng d~n cue am cua nguon
dien ap, ngU'Q'c voi chieu di chuyen cua electron (Hinh 3).

~B
f)§ lam ro di~u nay, chunq ta xem xet 1U'Q'ngdien lich chua
trang mot CI,.ICpin thOng dl,mg Q = 0,133 Ah, CI,.lCpin nay
duoc dung trang dim pin.
SI)' thay dOi vi
tri do tac dong
IM@.jQi Chung ta cho ding, dong dien co wang do 1131A, ta co: tll' ben ngoai

t~ Q t~ 0,13Ah
I 1A

t= 0,13 h = 7,98 min = 487,8 s

LU'Q'ng dien tich nhe nhat cua mot hat mang dien tich 18 e
= 1,602 . 10.19 As. (y wang do dong dien 1A trang thai gian
t = 487,8 s, solU'Q'ng N hat mang dien tich djch chuyen dU'Q'c
tinh nhu sau:

Q= I· t Hinh 2: 5\1' tach Iy diijn tich

N= Ls. 1 A· 487,8 s
e N= 1,602 . 10-19 As

N = 3,0451021 Hu'o-ng ky thuat

dong dien
Day 113mot so 1U'Q'ngelectron CI,J'Cky ton d~n rrurc kh6 hlnh
dung d13chay trang rnach dien.

Cuc « Cyc- ,
cua nguOn - cua nguon
dong dong
Trong trU'cyng hop don gian cac electron dich chuyen tLr nguon dien (noi thieu (noi thll'a
ap d~n b6ng den va tro l<;1inguon dien ap tren cac day kim 10<;1i
den electron) electron)
dien. Cac h<;11mang dien tich dlch chuyen cling mot luc lrong mot
day den dien thuc I~ phai phan ph6i d~u tren mat cat cua day den
dien. SI,J'phan ph6i nay chinh 103mat do dong dien.
HU'ang chuyen d(>ng
cua electron

HU'ong vat Iy
dong dien

1) Andre Marie Ampere nha vat Iy va toan hoc ngU'CriPhap (1775 • 1836) Hinh 3: HU'&ng dong diijn
 8.3 Dong dii,\n 289

M$t dO dong di$n J la thuonq 86 cua CU'ang dO dong dii,\n I tren

mat cat A cua day dan.

Dinh nghTa mat dO dong dii,ln (Hinh 1):

J= L
A

DO'n vi cua mat d9 dong di$n co dU'O'c tli nhCmg don vi da biel:

[Jl=~
rnrn?
Hinh 1: M~t dQ dong di~n

M$t do dong dii,\n la nguyen nhan chinh lam cho day dii,\n n6ng
len. 81)' lien hi,\ nay S8 de hieu neu chunq ta hinh dung la vai 81)'
gia tang m$t do dong dii,\n, 81)' co xat cua cac hat mang dien tich
gia tang do "thieu cho tronq" non (Hinh 2). "81)' CQ xat" lam cho day
dii,\n nonq len, trU'ong hO'P mat d9 dong dii,\n du Ian 8e lam none
chay day dii,\n (h6a hoanl) (Bang 1).

d £llJ'ong kinh cua d, ~2d

Trong ky thuat, hii,lu t:Png mat do dong di$n rat cao dU'Q'Ct$n dunq
day dien
trong bong den day toe. Day Wolfram monq trong bong den 88
nonq sanq do mat do dong di$n cao. B6ng den phat sang.
Mi;\t c~t cua day
diE)n
Voi bong den co cong suat 18 100 W, mat do dong di$n
trong day xoan (Hinh 3) 18 bao nhieu khi dU'ong kinh day Ao = d· IT . I DiE)n tich be mat Ao, = a, . IT . I
wolfram 18 24 urn? CU'ong dO dong di$n trang day xoan 18 cua day dien Ao, = 2d . IT . I
434,78 mA.
£llJ'ong kinh cua day diE)n tang gap doi:
Ta co : d = 24 urn • Mi;\t cat cua day dien tang gap 4 I~n, nhunq

1= 434,78 mA
• Dien tich be mat cua day di~m chi tang gap
hai Ian
Tim: J Hinh 2: Hinh hQC cua day di~n 8
;I,;"!~·'mi~·!Q8!·1A = d2. IT
4

A = (24 ~~)2. IT = 4,524.10-'0 m2 = 4,524.10-'0 (1000 mm)2

A = 452,4·10-6 mrn-

J =.£
A
434,78 mA A
J = 452,4. 10=llrnrns = 961,05 mm2

8.4 Di~n tra

Dong hat mang di$n tich b] can tro it nhieu khi dich chuyen trong
vat lii,\u. 81)' can tra nay gay ra do 81)' ma sat giO>a cac hat mang
dii,\n tich (thi du electron) voi cac nquyen tLP cua vat lieu (thi du Hinh 3: Day xoan trong bong dim
day d~n di$n bang kim 101;1i).Cac electron di chuyen ngoan nqoeo
giO>a cac nquyen tLPcua day d~n dii,ln, cac electron chiu 81)'can tro Bang 1: M~t dQ dong di~n cho phep
(theo VDE 0289 phan 4 trong
khi djch chuyen,
chlJ'O'ng liip d\it day cap)

I [Al
Khi gia tang nhiet do vat lii,\u day dan dii,\n, cac nguyen tLP cua day
dan di$n 88 dao dong marin hon, Dieu nay lam cho cac hat mang 16,5 1,5 11
dii,\n tich b] can tro rnanh hon khi dlch chuyen vi cang nhieu va
30 4 7,5
cham xay ra hon.
53 10 5,3
290 8 Coo ban ky thuat di~n

• Dien tro la tinh chat cua mot vat li$u gay can tro dong di$n. K Y hi$u d$c trU'ng
R = 1 kll
• 8i$n tra cua day dan di$n tang voi nhiet do. [j = 1 mS

Trong thi nqhiern sau day, chunq ta tlrn hieu Sl)' lien h$ gi(fa di$n Hinh 1: Ky hi~u mach cua di~n tr<>'
ap, dong di$n va di$n tro (Hinh 1). C~u true thi nqhiern (Hlnh 2)
bao g6m mot ngu6n di$n ap c6 the chinh duoc voi U = 0 V ... 9V va
mot day dien dai dU'Q'cquan quanh mot on9 de lam di$n tro.

Cuonq dQ dong di$n dU'Q'cdo voi mot may do dong di$n. Ta chinh
tr] so di~n ap va doc tr] so CU'angdo dong di$n (xem chu 'I ky thuat
do). Sau d6, ta ghi tr] s6 di$n ap va cuonq dQ dong di$n theo gian
d6 dit;ln ap - CU'angdO dong di$n (Hinh 3), gian do di$n tra - CU'ang
dQ dong di$n (Hinh 1, trang 291) va gi8n do di$n tra - di$n ap
(Hinh 2, trang 291).

8.5 Dinh lu~t Ohm

Hinh 2: Dong di~n
--
va
I

di~n ap trong rnach di~n

do-n gian
Ta c6 bieu do U-I la mot dU'ang thang. Tli' toan hoc chunq ta dil
biet, dieu nay c6 nghTa la cac dai 1U'Q'ngnhu dong di$n I va di$n ap Chu Y ky thu~t do
U tl le voi nhau (Hlnh 3).
May do dong di,n lu6n lu6n dU'Q'c n6i ti~p
U-I voi tai

Ta co the thay the ky hi$u ti 1$bang ky hieu bang nhau khi dua vao May do di~n ap lu6n lu6n duoc nbi song
song vai tai
mot h$ s6 ti 1$.

U= K·]

H$ s6 ti 1$nay chinh la di$n tro R. 80'n vi cua di$n tro c6 duoc tli'
sv quan sat cac don vi cua di$n ap U va dong dien I:

U
K=-
I

Ta c6 dinh luat Ohm:

R=.!:!.. 0,08
I
8i$n tro R la h$ so ti 1$giO>adi$n ap U va CU'ang dQ dong
di$n I. 0,06 II
I
6 0,02

Tran tronq vai nha vat 1'1Ohm 1), don vi cua di$n tro [R] = VIA duoc 12 0,04 t 0,04

ky hieu voi rnau tl,!' 0 (Omega) (0 doc la Ohm).

V~t lieu c6 dien tra nh6 se it ngan can dong di$n nen c6 tri so dan
18 0,06
0,02
I
/ R=
300 Q

24 0,08 /
di$n tot. Tr] so dan di$n la nqhich dao cua di$n tro. /

1) Georg Simon Ohm: nha v~t 1'1nglJ'ai £J"c (1787 - 1854) Hinh 3: Bi~u db di~n ap - dong di$n
6 12
----18 24
 8.6 Conq cua di$n va conq suat di$n 291

Djnh nghTa tr] so d§n di$n G:

I R
Tr] so d§n di$n la nqhich dao cua di$n tro [A] [01

300 0,08
t 0,20

1 240 0.10
[Gl=- ~
Q
- 0,10 I--I--t---'trl
150 0,16
[G] = S (S doc ta Siemens!')

100 0,24
Ta c6 ky hieu don vi don gian la S.
°0 100 200 300
R [0] -----
Hinh 1: D6ng di~n phu thuQc di~n tr6>
8.6 Cong cua di~n va cong suat di~n

Theo cac buoc suy luan 6>tren, chunq ta dil c6 Sl)' lien h$ giiYa di$n 25
ap u va 1U'Q'ngdi$n tich Q:
R
[0]
U
M
20
II
120 6
V
Doi v~ conq thirc tren theo ccnq cua di$n W, ta c6:
240 12
V
I. W=V· Q. 300 15
5
1;1-
0.05 A

480 /
NhU' ta dil biet, 1U'Q'ngdi$n tlch ti 1$ v6>i dong di$n I va thoi gian t: 24 /

00 100 200 300 400 500

II. Q= I· t R[O]--

Ta dU'Q'C conq thuc conq cua di$n W sau khi thay th~ Q trong
Hinh 2: £)i~n ap phu thuQc di(jn tr6> 8
phuonq trinh II. vao phU'O'ng trinh I.:

W= V·I· t [Wl = A· V· s = Ws
W doc la Watt 2)
I

Cong cua di$n gia tang theo thoi gian, di$n ap va w6>ng do it.w
I
dong dien.

Trang cac hoa don ti~n dien cua cac cong ty di$n Il)'c xu at cho cac
hO gia dinh va xi nghi$p, don vi dU'Q'c SLPdl,mg la kWh (kiloWatt t, t2
gi6»:
t[s]--
W2-W,
1 kWh =3 600 000 Ws p=~ = codinh

Hinh 3: Cong su~t di~n

TU'O'ng tl)' nhu conq coo hoc va cong suat CO'hoc, conq cua di$n va
conq suat di$n chi khac nhau voi h$ so th6>i gian. Chung ta d~u bi~t
r~ng de rut ngtm thoi gian giai quyet mot van d~, ta phai gia tang
su co gilng. Cong suat ti 1$ nqhich voi thoi gian (Hinh 3). B<;In hay tinh d6ng di$n I trang rnach
Hinh 2, trang 290

Cho bi~t: U = 9V R = 300 n

1) Werner v. Siemens: Nha phat minh ngU'oi flLrc (1816-1892) B<;In hay tharn tra lai k~t qua voi Bang 1,
2) James Watt: Nha phat minh ngU'oi Anh (1736-1819) trang 290.
292 8 Cooban ky thu~t di~n

Cong suat Pia cong cua di$n W theo thai gian t.

W Ws
P=- [Pl=-=W
t s

mI!I!I Tren mot m6 han ghi 100 W, 230 V (Hinh 1).

a/ Khi ta lam viec voi m6 han qua lU'ai di$n, dong di$n Iia
bao nhieu?
b/ Conq cua di$n W la bao nhieu khi m6 han dU'Q'cvan hanh
trang 15 phut?
cl Neu ta n6i rang "Cong cua di$n bang nang 1U'Q'ngbien
thanh nhiet", dieu nay c6 dung khonq?
d/ Chung ta phai tra bao nhieu Euro cho nha phan ph6i di$n
n€lu 1kWh la 0,25 Euro (t = 15 phut).

",,',m a) I=U
p 100W
t ; 230 V = 0,435 A Hinh 1: Ol,lng cu tieu th\l di~n

b) W=p·t W=100W·15·60s= 90kWs

W = 25 Wh = 0.D25 kWh

c) £lung, conq cua di$n tU'O'ng tl! nhu conq co hoc khong Bang 1: Thi du cac dl,lng cu lieu thu di~n
mat di, chung chi duoc bi€ln a6i.
T{m thillt b] Cong su~t (W)
Cong cua dien va di$n nang 113
cac khai niem dong nghTa.
M6him ca. 20-1200
d) Chi phi 1kWh Chi phi t6ng c(Jng
k = 0,25 € £)(>ng CO' di(ln (cua ca. 2 000 -10 000
GK = 7: may)
kWh

GK = 0 025 kWh. 0,25 € B€lp di(ln ca. 1 000 - 2 000

GK= W· k
r kWh
May khoan ca. 300 - 2 000
GK = 0,00625 € = 0,625 Cent
Bong den day toe ca. 10 - 500

May tinh ca. 60 - 300

8.7 Hi~u suat
May han ca. 1000 - 10 000

Ban ti$n ca. 2000 - 15 000

Trang dai s6ng hang nqay va trong rnoi tnronq lam vi$c cua mot
chuyen gia CO' di$n hi, chunq ta phai tiep xuc nhieu thiet b] di$n £)ong CO' di(ln (xe hail ca. 25 000 - 50 000

khac nhau, thi du thiet b] nap ac quy, tivi, may tinh hay dong co Sung keo nong chay ca. 110 - 1500
di$n cua mot bang chuyen.

£liem chung ve ky thuat vat Iy d6i voi cac thiet b] di$n nay 113gi? Tat
ca sari pbarn cua ky ngh$ di$n deu phat nhiet trong thai gian van Pv (Nhi$t)
hanh, Vi Iy do nay ngU'ai ta phai lap quat gi6 lam nguoi trang may
tinh. SI! phat nhiet trong cac thiet b] di$n va di$n hi hau het 113do
Sl! bien dlli conq cua di$n thanh nhiet, Thi du voi wang do dong
=
di$n 1 1 A trang day cap di$n cho mot dong CO' di$n, vo'i di$n ap
U = 230 V ta tinh diroc cong suat dU'a vao dong co di$n:

P= U·I P = 230 V . 1 A = 230 W

Conq suat dU'a vao dong CO' di$n Pzu = = 230 W b] bien dlli mot
phan thanh cong sua! lieu hao Pv (nhi$l, ma sat CO' hQC... ) (Hinh 2).
Cong suat hfru dl,Jng Pab do duoc l<;Iitrue dong CO' di$n dU'Q'c tinh:

Pab (conq suat

Pab = Pzu - r; hCfu dunq)
Conq suat nay luon nh6 non conq suat dua vao dong co dlen. Hinh 2: Thanh phan cong sua!
 8.8 £)i$n trU'cYng 293

Hieu suat 17rno ta ti 1$ giO>acong suat hO>udl,mg va conq suat dua

V30. Day di~n

[11] = 1 (doc 13 eta)

C6ng suat lieu hao canq nho, hi~u suat canq tot. Hieu suat
lu6n nho hon 1.

Day dan Vat khOng Day d~n

8.8 £)i~n trU'cYng di~n dan di$n di$n

Hinh 1: Day di~n

£)i$n trll'cYng la hi$n tll'Q'ng di$n xay ra voi Sl,J'bo tri v~t dan di$n va
vat kh6ng dan di$n (Hinh 1).

vat kh6ng dan di$n la nhCrng vat lieu c6 di$n tra R rat Ian. Thi du
nhll' kh6ng khi, chat deo, g6, giay ...

+
Bo trl d<;1ng"Sandwich - banh mi kep" (Hinh 2) con cuoc gOi la cau
true tu di$n. Hinh nay di~n ta m6 hinh mot di$n trU'6'ng giCra hai tflm
dan di$n ph~ng.

Truonq la mot kh6ng gian rna trong do m6i diem tuonq Lmg tr] so
cua mot d<;1i1U'Q'ngvat Iy, thi du truo'nq nhiet d9 cua mot can phonq, Hinh 2: Cau true tu di~n
trU'cYng hap dan cua trai dat. ..

Con ngU'6'i chi nhan biet dU'Q'c hi$n tU'Q'ng di$n truonq va tac dl,Jng
cua n6 mot each qlan tiep. M9t hien tU'Q'ng don gian va ai cOng biet +0 E -0
8
+ ,-------,.-
d6 la SI,J'ph6ng tTnh di~n khi ta so vao tay n~m cira. £)6 la earn giac
kh6 chju nhunq kh6ng gay hai,
+f-----__4-1 f)ien trU'ang nho:
• Khoang each
Chung ta giai thich hi$n tU'Q'ng nay nhu the nao? dU'ang SLrC
.fi. lon
+ f--_ -F-----J
•.•..
• Tac dt,mg luc
SI,J' CO xat cua giay vai tam tharn tren san nha t<;10nen SI,J'tach Iy nho
di~n tich lam phat sinh di$n ap. Chung ta c6 the hinh dung ban tay +f-----__4-1

va narn cua la hai tam dan di$n ph~ng nam doi di~n. Trong trU'6'ng
hop nay khonq khi la vat kh6ng dan di$n.
+ "'-------'.-

SI,J'tach Iy di$n tich t<;10nen SI,J'khac biet di$n tich (khac biet dien
the) giCra ban tay va narn cua kim 10<;1i. £)i$n ap tac dl,Jng chung vai +0 E -0
+
ban tay (v~t dan di$n) - kh6ng khl (vat kh6ng dan di$n) - narn cua
+
(vat dan dien) mot di~n tnronq. Ta nhan thay tac dunq di~n trU'cYng
+
nay khi cac hat mang di$n tich Q dU'Q'c Il,J'c F tCPdien trU'6'ng mang +
f)ien trU'ang cao:
tCPban tay den narn cua. Chung ta earn nhan nhll' co "tia Ilia di$n". + • Khoanq each
+ f--~ dU'ang SLrC
+ nho
+ -- F
• Tac dung h,J'c
+ ton
[Link] tCPdi$n trU'cYng dl,J'a vao 1U'Q'ngdi$n tlch Q tang theo ti 1$ +
thuan voi di$n trU'6'ng (Hinh 3). +
+
+

Hinh 3: £)i~n trU'o>ng

294 8 CO' ban ky thu~t di~n

[Link] F, do di$n trU'ang tac d9n9 len mot di$n tich Q, lam dich
chuyen di$n tich nay mot doan dU'ang s. Trong thi du da neu,
Iml! Ban hay tfnh di~n trll'ang khi tren
mot dien tich thli nghiem tac dunq
do la chleu dal khoang (khe) kh6ng khi tCPban tay den narn cira. mot luc F = 0,528 pN?
Trong CO' hoc, chunq ta da biet lien h$ gifra iI,l'c F, doan dU'ang
s va cong W:
IM@I
W Q=e=1,6·1O-'9As
tCPdo ta co: F=-
s F= 0,528 pN
E, [E]
Chung ta tlrn hieu hi$n tU'Q'ng di$n ap U va cong thuc cua no.
E =.£.- = 0,528 . 10H2) kgm
£)i$n ap ta cong lam tach Iy di$n tich W cho tCPng di$n tich Q: Q S2 . 1,6 . 101 19) As

W E = 3 29 106 kg . m
U= - tCPd6 ta co: Q = ~ , As3
Q

E = 3 29 106 kg . m
Bay gia chunq ta co the dua vao conq thuc da biel: , As3

E= W.Q E=3,3 M..'{.

s W m

U V
E=- [El=-
s m
Nguyen nhan cua trU'ang tTnh di$n (tarn thai, c6 dinh) la di$n ap u.

Ta co di$n trU'ang E = 1 VIm khi tren mot doan each di$n (vat li$u each di$n = vat li$u khong dan di$n) 1m co
di$n ap U = lV.

So sanh:

Gia thiet trong thi du cua chunp ta, co mot dien ap U '" 10 000 V tCf ban tay d~n narn cera. Tia lera di$n xuat hi$n
khi khoanq each tCPban tay den narn cera khoanq 10 mm. CU'ang dO dien tnroriq dU'Q'c tinh nhu sau:

E= .Y.. = 10000 V = 1 000000 V

s 10· 10-3 m m

Chu thich:
Cau hei d.;it ra tal sao voi Sl,!' phcnq tTnh di$n phat ra tCPCU'ang dO di$n truonq rat Ian nhunq co the khong gay
hai cho con ngU'ai. Nhieu thi nghi$m cho thay vci SI,!'phonq di$n nhu tren kern theo di$n ap rat Ian nhunq dong
di$n lai rat nho. V1 thai gian phonq di$n rat ngan, ta co the tinh nang 1U'Q'ngbien dOi. Nang 1U'Q'ngtac dl,lng len
co' the con ngU'ai rat nho,

Iml! U=10000V I=1nA t=0,1s

W = U· I· t = 10000 V . 1 . 10-9 A . 0,1 s = 1 J..IWS

IM@I Nang 1U'Q'ngkhi phonq di~n vai U = 10.000 V trong 0,1 s chi c6 1 fJWs.

51! phong tinh di~n (E50 electrostatic discharge)

• Linh ki$n va thiet b] di$n tli can dU'Q'c bao v$ tranh hU' heng voi bang bao v$ phonq di$n do tTnh di$n,
giay d.;ic bi$t...(xem chucnq 9.3.9)

• Tac dl,lng cua cac hien tU'Q'ng di$n tren CO'the con ngU'ai luon tuy thuoc vao cac dai 1U'Q'ngdi$n cur« nhu
dai 1U'Q'ngvat Iy va nhieu luc khong lU'ang truoc dU'Q'c. Truonq hop xau nhat co the dan den tli vo g.
 8.9 TLPtrLfang 295

Chung ta xem xet mot Ian nCJ'ahai mat dan dien phang ngan each
b6>i mot vat khong dan di$n, thi du khong khi (Hinh 1). Khi tren mot
£)U'cyng SLrC
cue (rnet dan di$n mang dien am) dLfQ'C nap electron, 6>dien CI,J'C
kia (m~t dan dien mang dien duonq) se c6 cunq mot s6 electron bi
lay di. Thong 1lJ'Q'ng di~n tieh djch ehuylm (dQ earn (Png di~n) +
trang v$t khong dan dien narn giCJ'ahai mat dan dien tl Ie v&i ILfQ'ng
di$n tich Q tren cac dien CI,J'C(dan dien).

Dien tich dien cue canq nho, mat dO dien tlch voi cunq thong ILfQ'ng
dien dich canq lon. Ta c6 dinh nghTa mat dO thong ILfQ'ng dien dich:
Hinh 1: TrlJ'o>nghQ'p d~c bi~t tll>trlJ'o>ng dong
nhat
Q
0=- [0] = 1 As
A m2

V$t khong dan dien khac nhau, nhu vat lieu each dien giCJ'a
vat dan dien, tao anh hLf6>ng khac nhau dim dO ton cua dien
truonq,

£)~ rno ta sl,J'lien he nay, chunq ta khao sat ty s6 cua mat dQ thong
ILfQ'ng dien djch d6i voi wang do dien truonq. Hinh 2 trinh bay
dLfang bi~u diEm cua cuonq dO dien trLfang va do cOng la dLfang
bi~u dien cua thong ILfQ'ng dien dlch giCJ'ahai vat dan dien. NgLfai
ta d~t ten thLfO'ng s6 nay bf3ng rnau tl,J'Hy LaP E (epsilon):

5_

E
o
=- [E]=-'-
As m As
E m2 V Vm Hinh 2: DlJ'o>ng billu di~n clJ'o>ng de?tll>trlJ'o>ng

Ta c6 hf3ng s6 dien rnoi E theo djnh luat:

E = Eo' e, 8
Hf3ng s6 dien rnoi g6m c6 thanh phan tuyet d6i Eo va thanh phan
tuonq d6i phu thuoc vat lieu Er.
As
EO = 8,854· 10-12 Vm

Hf3ng s6 dien moi tLfO'ng d6i khonq c6 don vi. n6 la he s6 (xem

Carn nang ky thuat).
Hinh 3: Can cau nam cham
8.9 TLP trU'ang

COng nhu dien truonq, tLPtrLfang chi co th~ nhin thay gian tiep. TLP
tmang tac dunq tren cac vat th~ hay vat lieu nhat djnh khonq can
thong qua vat chat. Ta c6 th~ thay tac dunq Il,J'c nay v&i kim nam
cham hay thiet b] nang nhu can cau nam cham (Hinh 3). Trang ky
thuat dien, ngLfai ta dung mot hien tLfQ'ng vat Iy d~ tao ra tLPtruonq:

Cac dong dien, tuc la cac dien tich dich chuyen, tao nen tLP
trvonq xung quanh chunq.

Cac vun sat xep hinh tron baa quanh mot dLfang dan dien bieu
hien cac dLfang sue tLP(Hinh 4). Hinh 4: Hinh yang tron VIm solt xung quanh me?t
day dan di~n
296 8 CO' ban ky thu~t di~n

Trong ky thuat di$n, ngLl'eYita m6 hinh tLr trLl'eYng voi nhQong dLl'eYng
SLPCkhep kin d6ng tam xung quanh mot day dEIn di$n.

I
I £)LI'eYngSLPCcua tLr trLl'eYng kh6ng c6 diem dau hay diem cuoi,
chunq la nhQong dLl'eYngcong khep kin.

Trong Hinh 1, cac kim la ban hLl'ang ve mot hLl'ang nhat dinh. Kim
la ban chi hLl'ang cua tLr trLl'eYng chay tLr CI!C bac (danh dau rnau Hinh 1: Chinh cunq mQt hll'60ng cua cac kim
do) d€ln CI!C nam. M6 hinh vat Iy cua mot nam cham vTnh cou phat nam cham
xuat tLr rat nhieu nam cham CO' ban d6ng chinh v.§ mot hvonq.

Nam cham vTnh CLPUhinh thanh tlf SI! d6ng chinh (chinh cling
mot huonq) cua cac nam cham co ban ben trong vat li$u s~t
tLr. V~t li$u sat tli giQo su d6ng chinh cua cac nam cham co
ban vTnh vie!n (Hinh 2).

CI,J'C bac Cl,J'cnam

Cac dU'eYng SLPCtli bao quanh mot day dan di$n co dong di$n chay
qua co cling hLl'ang. SI! quan sat nay cua Oersted'), nha vat Iy
ngLl'eYiDan Mach, co the dLl'Q'Cde ghi nho voi quy t~c ban tay phai
hay quy tac con vlt:

Khi ta narn mot day di$n co dong di$n chay qua bang ban tay
pMi sao cho nqon cai hLl'ang ve chieu dong di$n, cac ng6n Hinh 2: Chinh cung mQt hll'60ng cua cac nam
tay cong theo hLl'ang cac dLl'eYng SLPCtli (Hinh 3). cham coo ban

8.9.1 M~ch tli'

Day di$n co dong di$n chay qua tao quanh no mot tli truonq, trong
ky thuat ngLl'eYita LPngdunq hi$n tLl'Q'ng nay voi cuon earn. Cau true
cua cuon earn la mot day di$n each di$n quan quanh mot 16i sat.
Vi cac vonq day dan di$n song song voi nhau cho nen cac dLl'eYng
SLPCtli chay theo cling mot hLl'ang (Hinh 4).
Hinh 3: Hll'60ng dong di~n va chieu quay cua
dll'cl'ng 5lPC tiJo

Mach tLr (Hinh 4) m6 ta khoanq kh6ng gian dinh truoc cho su L6i silt
Ian truyen cua cac dLl'eYng SLPc.

8.9.2 Cac d~i 1U'Q'ng co ban cua tli' trU'(mg

The tLr dQng (SLrC tLr dQng)

Moi di$n tich khi chuyen dong tao nen mot tli truonq. CLI'eYng dQ
dong di$n I ty 1$ voi so ILI'Q'ng hat mang di$n tich e trong don vi
thoi gian.

1) Hans Christian Oersted: Nha v~t II' Elan Mach (1777·1851) Hinh 4: M~ch tiJo
 8.9 T lI' trU'ang 297

TlI' trU'ang toan bo gia tang theo ti 1$thuan vai cuonq do dong di$n
va 56 vonq day di$n N narn song song tren than cuon day (Hinh 1).
Tich 56 cua CU'ang do dong di$n va 56 vonq N cua cuon earn dU'Q'c
gOi la the tll' dong (7) vei ky hi$u cong thvc 0 (doc la theta).

•L e=I.N tel = A ~

ClJ'ang dQ tw trlJ'ang 8U'ang

SlfCtlf
CU'ang dO tll' truonq chi la mot dal 1U'Q'ng dung de tinh toan, n6
khong khonq c6 tac dunq v~t IY. NgU'ai ta con gOi CU'ang dO Ill' Hinh 1 : DU'o>ng s(rc t(r cua rnQt cuen earn (t.,
trU'ang la Sl)' kich thich tll'. N6 duoc dung de tinh toan tll' trU'ang khep kin)
trong trong cuon day va nhO>ng linh ki$n khac,

CU'ang do tll' trU'ang H tuonq Lmg the tll' dong quy chieu tren
chieu dal trung binh 'm:

1m:H=-I-
e
m

A
[H]=-
m

1m = Chieu dili trung binh

cua dU'ang sue tlJ'
M~t dQ tw thong va tw tharn Hinh 2: Chi€!u dai trung binh cua dU'cmg soc t(r

Di~n tlch tiilt dien cua mot cuon day 16 di~n tich rna dU'cYng SLPC
tll' dl xuyan qua. Cang c6 nhieu dU'ang SLYCdi qua mat cat, mat 8
dO dU'ang SLYC canq cao. M~t dO tll' thong gia tang ty 1$ voi the tll'
dOng. Bay gia chunq ta xem xet v~t li$u 16i cua cuon earn rna cac
dU'ang SLYC tll' di xuyen qua anh hU'ang nhU' the nao dbi voi mat
do tll' thong. Trang su' lien h$ nay, chunq ta no: den su xuyen thau
cua tll' (do tll' tham) J-1 cua v$t li$u. 8(> tCl' tharn cua chan kh6ng la
mot htmg so:

Vs
f..Jo = 1 256· 10-{;--
, Am

TlI' tham tuonq d6i f..Jr la mot h$ 56 rno ta Sl)' xuyen thau tll' cua mot
vat li$u tot non baa nhleu Ian so voi voi chan khonq. Thong thU'ang
dO tll' tharn J.l la tich 56 cua dQ tll' tharn tuonq d6i [Link] va dQ tll' tham
tuyet doi [Link]:
f..J = f..Jo· u, Hinh 3: Tinh toan chi€!u dili trung binh cua
dU'o>ng s(rc tll>

M~t dQ tll' thong thay d6i tuy thuoc theo CU'ang dO tll' truonq
va Sl)' xuyen thau tCl'cua vat li$u: Bang 1: Tll> th§rn tU'O'ng dbi

Vatli~u
B=f..J·H [B] = Vs = 1T (T doc la Tesla 1))
m2 Kh6ng khi 1,0000004
£)ong 0,99999

1) Nicola Tesla (1856-1943). nha v~t Iy ngU'c>iCroatia La thep trang bien ap 8000
298 8 CO' ban ky thu~t di~n

Tli>thong

Tli thong duoc dlnh nghTa la t6ng s6 cac dU'ang sue. NhU' ta da
biet, mat dOtli thong la t6ng s6 cac dU'ang sue quy chieu tren dien <P=B·A
tlch rna n6 di qua. Tli d6 ta c6 mat dO tli thong phai la tli thong quy <P=u·H·A
chieu tren dien tfch A rna n6 di qua:
. e
<P=/I·T·A

<p=f/./.N.A
<P I
B=-
A

B~ng each thay d6i conq trurc tren ta duoc Sl)' lien h$ cho dai
1U'Q'ngtac dl,mg trang rnach tll', d6 ta tll' thong ell (doc la phi)
(Hinh 1).

Tli thong la toan bQ dU'ang sue trang mot mach tli. N6 la d<;li
1U'Q'ngtac dunq trong rnach tli.
Hinh 1: Cong thoc lien h~ cac d"i 1lJ'Q'ngtll>
[<P] = Vs = Wb (doc la Weber1))
Ta co mot cuon day 15ikh5ng khi,
tiilt di$n A = 10 crrr', chieu dai
trung binh cua dU'angsue tu la 25
8.9.3 V~t li~u tt:P em, cuon day co 1000 vonq va co
dong di$n I = 1 A chay qua.
Ban hay tinh cuonq d9 tli tnronq,
vat li$u c6 anh hU'ang chu yilu len dU'ang di cua dU'ang soc tu. mat dQtli thong va tCPthong?
Do anh hU'ang thay d6i thuc su trang pharn vi rat rOng. Sat, nickel,
cobalt lam khuech dai tli truonq. Cac vat li$u nay duoc gOi la sat iMt.j!1l Cho: A = 10 cm-, 1m = 25 em,
tu. Cac vat li$u khac nhtr nhorn chi khuech dai tli trU'ang rat nho, N = 10 000, 1= 1 A
vat li$u loai nay co tinh thuan tLP.V$t li$u nqhich tli> nhu nhu' Tinh: H, B, <P
dong, lam phan tan tli trU'ang qua no, nhu' thil so vai chan khonq
vat li$u nqhjch tli can lam cho tli trU'ang yilu hon. H = I· N 1 A . 10000 = 400 ~
1m 25em em

= 40000 ~
m
Vs
B = Po· H = 1,256·10-6 Am'
Vat li$u sat tli khuech dai tli trU'ang di qua no u,»> 1

40 000 ~ = 0 05 Vs
V<;!tlieu thuan tli anh hU'ang d6i voi tli truoang rat nho Pr > 1 m I m2

Vat li$u nqhjch tu larn tli truoang yilu di Pr < 1 (Bang 1) <P = B . A = 0 05 Vs . 25 . 10-4 m2
, m2
= 1,25·10-4 Vs

DO tll' tharn cua cac vat li$u dfin di$n nhu nhorn hay dong g~n biing
mot ([Link] = 1). Bang 1: Phiin loai v~t Ii~u (Trich)

S~I Ill' Thuiilnl(Y Nghjeh Ill'

V$t lieu dan di$n co tinh chat ve tli tfnh rat gi6ng nhu khong khi.
Fe, Co, Ni, AI, Mn, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ag,
Ferrite W Nuoc
Chi vat li$u sat tli rnoi co tinh tharn thau tli rat Ian. Do v$y cac vat
li$u nay di,%cbiet quan tronq trang cac ung dunq ky thuat can c6 5 ... 9.103 ca. 1,0001 - ca. 0,9999
1,001
mot tli thong Ian. Cac vat li$u sat tli cho phep ep tli thong chay
theo cac cau true thiet kilo NgU'ai ta tan dl,mg tinh chat sat tli nay
de thiilt kil, thi du cac may phat di$n, biiln ap va cac dong co dien.

V<;!tIi$u sat tll' duoc dung dll tao nen nhCmg rnach tli.

1) Wilhelm Eduard Weber: Nha vat Iy ngl1ai f)(Pc (1804-1891)

 8.9 TCPtmong 299

8.9.4 TCPh6a v~t Ii~u sat tCP

V~t lieu sat tli khusch dai tli tmong di qua no. Sl,l' ICPhoa v~1 lieu,
thi du sat, la nquyen nhan cho su khuech dai nay. Khi la dem vat
lieu s~t Iii VaG trong mot tli truonq, cac nam cham CO' ban ben
trong vat lieu dong chfnh theo hU'ong cua dU'ong sire. Ta co su Iii
hoa vat lieu sat ICP,day la co nquyen su khuech dai tCPtruonq. Sl,l'
dong chfnh cac nam cham CO' ban (sv Iii hoa) cua vat lieu s~t tli
kh6ng xay ra dot bien hay gan nhu' tuyen tinh. Khi mot dong di$n
nho chay qua cuon earn va do do, the tCPdOng cOng nhu cu'onq dO
Silo hoa Ill'
tCPtmong nho, Sl,l' tCPh6a cua 16i sat gia tang gan nhu tuyen tinh.
CU'ong do tCPtrU'ong gia tang den trj s6 lon, SI,I' tli hoa cua 16i sat
Hinh 1: £lll'ang billu dilm Iii' Ire
qiarn dan den mot diem bao hoa tCP(Diem A, Hinh 1). Trang hinh
ve, ta co dU'ong bieu diEm rnoi.

Mach tCPkhong duoQ'c van hanh trang vunq bao hoa de diY
t6n nang 1U'Q'ngdien.

a) vat li~u Ill' cling b) vat lieu Ill' rnem

Khi ta ngat dong dien trang cuon earn de cuonq dO tCPtmong
cho nam cham cho nam cham
H = 0, mot vai nam cham CO' ban cua 16i sat quay tro ve djnh hU'ang vinh CLPU (lien
ban dau. Dieu nay co nghTa su tCPhoa cua 16i sat giam di den diem
tCPdU' (d(> tCPdu', diem B).
Hinh 2: Yang Iii' Ire

Cac nam cham vTnh cuu giO>mot d(> tCPdU' Ian sau Ian tCPhoa dau lien.
8
Bang each dao ngU'Q'c dong dien de tao ra mot wong dO tCPtmong d6i nghjch ben trong cuon earn, ta co Sl,l'
khlf tCPcua 15i sat. CU'ong dO tCPImong d6i nghjch dung de Iriel lieu do tLPdu' dU'Q'Cqol ta wong dO khang tli
(diem C).

TCPdU' co the dU'Q'Ctriet tieu bang cuonq dO khanq tCP.

Neu gia tang cironq dO tCPtruonq qua khoi wong d(> khanq tCP,ta lai dat tai vunq bao hoa ICP(diem A va D,
=
Hinh 1). Neu ta ngi§1 dien trang cuon day va H 0, Sl,l' tCPhoa cua 16i sal giam tro ve tr] s6 tCPdu nhat djnh (diem
E). Bay gio ta lai dao chieu dong dien trong cuon earn Ian Ihli hai, de tao mot cuonq d(> tCPtmong (wong d(>
khang tCP)nharn giam tCPdU' ve kh6ng (diem F). Neu tiep tuc gia tang wong d(> dong clien, ta se tao ra mot wong
d(> tCPtmong Ian hon wong dO khanq [Link],l' tCPhoa dat den bao hoa tLP(diem A). Yang tll' tre (Hinh 2) khep kin.

Neu chieu dong dien trong cuon earn thay dlSi lien tuc, Sl,l' tli hoa cua 16i sat xay ra theo vonq tCPtre tuan hoan.
Viec dao chieu Sl)' dong chlnh cac nam cham CO' ban lien 1i,ICdua den su co xat lam cho 16i sat nonq len.

Sl)' thay dbi ICPh6a lien 1I,ICcua vat lieu tCPlam bien dbi dien nanq thanh nhiet nang.

CU'ong do khanq tLPcanq nho, su lieu hao do thay dlSi tCPhoa canq nho, vat lieU vai wong d(> tCPkhanq nho
(di$n tlch cua vonq tLPtre nh6) dU'Q'CgOi la tll' memo V$t lieu (Hinh 2) voi wang de) khang ILPIan (dlen tich vonq
tCPtre Ian) duoc goi 18tll' clI'ng, thi du nam cham vTnh CLPu.
300 8 CO' ban ky thuat di~n

8.9.5 Tac dl:lng I,!c tren hai day eo dong di~n

chay qua _--7':-:- -~':..""--

Hai day song song co dong dien chay qua (Hinh 1), moi day co mot
tlY trlJang rieng. NhlJ da dien ta & trsn, mot tlY trlJang baa xung
(~:; -,-- --7--
quanh day co dong dien chay qua. HlJang cua cac dlJ&ng sue tlY F~- --:"-F
co thll xac dinh b~ng "quy t,)C ban tay phat" khi ta billt chieu dong
dien. Khi cac day dien co cunq chleu dong dien, cac dlJang sue tlY
gilPa cac day dan dien triet tieu Ian nhau. Khi dong dien trong cac
day dan dien co hlJang khac nhau, cac dlJang sue tlYtap trung cao
gilPa cac dlJang dan dien.

Cac day song song co dong dien chay qua hut Ian nhau khi
cnieu dong dien gi6ng nhau; khi chieu dong dien nqhich nhau, Hinh 1: Day co dong di~n chay qua
chunq day nhau (Hinh 1).

[Link] tac dl,mg len day dan dien canq lon

• Khi cac dong dien I, va 12 trang day dan canq lon
N
• Dean day song song canq dai
• Khoanq each gilPa hai day canq nho
• SI,I' tharn thau tlY (d¢ tlY tharn) cua vat lieu narn gilPa hai day
canq ton (trlJang h9'P kh6ng khi Ilr = 1). F

Ta co Il,I'cF tac dunq len day dien cho hai day song song:

F=~ .i .I, . 12
2 it a
1 = chieu dai day song song. a = knoanq each gilPa hai day s
TlJO'ng tl,l' voi quan sat nay, ta co the X8Cdinh mot each that don
gian chieu cua h,.l'C tac dl,lng len mot day dien narn trang tlY truonq Hinh 2: Tac d",ng h,l'c tren day co dong di~n
chay qua trong tll>trlJ'cmg
(Hinh 2).

8.9.6 earn (vng di~n tt:P

Baa quanh day co dong dien chay qua la mot tlYtruonq, TIYtrlJang
nay thay doi khi dong dien di qua day dan dien thay dOi.

Qua trinh nay co th~ dao nglJ9'Cb<1ngeach dua mot day dan dien
hay mot cuon day vao trang mot tLP tnrang thay dOi (Hinh 3).
Tlf trlJang thay dlli lam phat sinh mot dien ap trang day dan dien.
NglJai ta noi, mot dien ap duoc earn (mg. £)ien ap earn ling gia
tang khi

• 56 vonq N cua cuon day tang

~
• 51,1'
thay doi tlY thong gia tang Thay d5i vi tri

• thai gian cho mot thay doi nhat dinh cua tlf th6ng giam.
Hinh 3: earn li'ng

M¢t dien ap dlJ9'c earn lfng trang mot day dan dien, khi day dan dien narn trang mot tlYtnronq thay doi hay
di$n tlch hi$u dl,mg trong tlY trlJang thay doi.

Vi du minh hoa: dynamo xe dap. M¢t dynamo xe dap gbm co mot nam cham vTnhClYUquay trong mot cuon day.
Khi xe dap diYng yen nam cham vTnhClYUkh6ng quay. ta kh6ng co SI,.I' thay dlli tlf truonq, nhu the kh6ng co dien
ap duoc earn iYng.
 8.9 ro tmang 301

Den cua xe dap khong phat sang. Khi xe chay cham, nam cham quay cham, tlf truonq ben trong cuon day cOng
chi thay d6i cham, do do mot di$n ap nho duoc earn Cmg (Hinh 1). Den xe d9P chay khong sang lam. Khi xe gia
tang van toe, tlf trU'ang thay d6i rnanh hon, di$n ap earn Lrng gia tang va den xe d9P sang hon. Faraday"! nha
vat Iy ngU'ai Anh tom tat Sl,l' lien h$ nay trong mot cong thuc dU'Q'c goi la dinh lu~t earn LPng:

N~u ta thay the tCPthong 4J =B . A, ta dU'Q'c hai 109i earn CPng:

Cam LPng do chuyen dc}ng:

(m<%ltdO tlf thong B ceSdjnh, dien tich A thay d6i)

U =- N . B . ~A (Hinh 2)
I ~t
earn LPng tTnh:

(Mat do tCPthong B thay d6i, dien tich A cb dinh)

~B
Ui=-N.A·Tt

M: thai gian, trong khoanq thai gian nay mot Sl,l' thay d6i xay ra
Thli>a ThitJu
electron electron
Moi di$n ap d~u co mot cue xac djnh chieu dong di$n cua di$n ap.
Dieu nay cOng dung cho di$n ap earn Lrng:
Hinh 1: Yang day di~n trang tLPtrLl'cmg

• LU'Q'ng nang 1U'Q'ngdo di$n ap earn CPngt90 ra cao nhat chi Ian
bang voi nang 1U'Q'ngdung de sinh ra di$n ap earn Lrng.
f <P
• Nang 1U'Q'ngla mot dai 1U'Q'ngbao toan: no khong duoc sinh ra
(hay mat di) rna chi dU'Q'Cbien d6i thanh hinh thuc khac ~ Djnh
IUat bao toan nanq 1U'Q'ng 8
• Vi hi$u Il,I'c cua dinh IUat bao toan nang 1U'Q'ng, tlf trLfang cua
dong di$n (dong di$n earn Lrng) do di$n ap earn Lrng t90 ra trong
vonq day di$n tac dl,mg ngU'Q'c 19i tCPtmang kich thich.

Hinh 2: Djnh lu(it earn LPng

Quy tac Lenz2): Dong di$n earn Lrng co chieu sac cho no co
tac dl,mg ngU'Q'c 19i su' thay d6i tCPthong (von la nquyen nhan
sinh ra n6).

Tac dl,lng h,J'c trong tLP tnl'ang

Neu ta djch chuyen mot day di$n trong mot tCPtnronq, cac electron N
tl,l' do ben trong day di$n b] ally v~ mot d~u cubi cua day di$n. Ket Chi~u dong
qua la a
mot d~u day di$n thua electron, dau kia thieu electron.
Hll'cYng lli>
di$n earn
[Link] lam cho electron dich chuyen ve phia cue: day dien dU'Q'Cgoi iYng
Irll'Ong
la:

[Link] Lorenz F (trU'ang hop B.1. v):

F=B·Q·v Vs m kgm
[F] =-. As .-=-- Hll'cYng
v = Van toe chuyen dong m2 s S2
chuylin
B = Mat do tiY thong dQng
Q = di$n tich

1) Michael Faraday: Nha vat Iy nglJ'cYiAnh (1791-1876)

2) Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz: Nha v~t Iy nglJ'cYiNga (1804-1865) Hinh 3: "Quy tac ban tay phai"
302 8 CO' ban ky tnuat di~n

Cam (fng do chuy~n dQng

Dien tich rna tLr thong xuyen qua, co thay doi M = I . os (Hinh 1).

L'lA L'ls
U=-N·B·- L'lt
I
U=-N·B·[·-
I L'lt

Uj=-N.B.I.v
chieu dai day [Link] chju tac dl,mg tLr tnronq
ss doan dLYang trong khoanq thai gian quan sat Hinh 1: earn Uongdo chuylm dQng

Carn (rng tTnh (Hinh 2)

Nflu cuon day narn co dinh a

vi tri cua no va tLr trU'ang thay doi
xung quanh cuon day, ta qoi la earn Ifng tinh. SI,!' thay doi tLr truonq
co thll truyen dan tLr mot cuon day (cuon sa cap) qua mot rnach tLr
de den cuon day thlf hai (cuon thlf cap). Nguyen tac may bien ap
ova tren bo tri nay. Nflu cac cuon day cunq narn tren mot 16i sat, ta
gQi day la 51,1' ghep tll>.

SI,!' thay doi dong [Link] trong cuon day thlf nhat tao nen mot Hinh 2: Carn (fng tinh
tlf trU'ang thay dOi, tLr trU'ang nay lam earn Ifng mot [Link] ap a
cuon day thlf hai do Sl,!'ghep tll'. NgU'ai ta gQi [Link] tU'Q'ng nay
la Sl,!' earn Lmg.
T~rn nhOm
co ranh
Tu cam
SI,!' thay doi tLr trU'ang cua mot cuon day do su thay doi dong [Link]
trang cuon day tac dung nquoc tro lai d~ phat sinh mot di~n ap
earn Lmg trong cuon day nay.

TI,!' earn la [Link] ap earn Ifng sinh ra do tac dunq ngU'Q'c tro lai
cua su thay doi tll' thOng.
Hinh 3: cAu true mot phanh bang dong di~n
xoay
TI,!' earn phu thuoc hoan toan VaG thong so cua cuon day, no gia tang

• voi so vonq N cua cuon day

• voi do tll' tharn u, cua vat [Link] 16i

• biing each qiarn chieu dai trung binh 1m cua dU'ang SIfC

• voi su' gia tang tiet dien A cua cuon day

Dong di~n xoay

[Link] ap tl,!' earn lam phat sinh cac dong di$n xoay trang day [Link], 16i sat V.V... , chunq la nhQ>ng dong [Link] ngan
rnach. Cac dong [Link] xoay la mot nquyen nhan lam 16i sat nonq Ien. De lam giam tac dung cua dong di$n xoay
trong cac 16i bien ap, ngU'ai ta thiflt kfl cac 16i bien ap banq nhieu tam thep. Theo dinh luat Lenz, cac day dan
[Link] cOng nhu cac chi tiflt kim loai chuyen dong trang mot tll' truonq b] ham 11;1i. SI,!' ham biing dong [Link] xoay
(Hinh 3) thi du trang xe hoi, trang tau treo chay cap dl,!'a VaG hieu Ifng vat Iy nay. Cac thong so vat Iy cua cuon
day dU'Q'Cgom lai biing h$ so tl,!' earn hay de'?tl,l' earn L:

I
1) Joseph Henry: Nha vat Iy ngU'iYj
L =

My (1797-1878)
A
N2 . Po . u, . -[-
m
[L] =A =
Vs
H (Henrv!')
 8.9 Tl.P trU'ong 303

NhU'da trinh bay, ta co [Link]:

(/J = E: _A_._I_. _N t:..(/J = _t:...:...I_·--,J..I,,---. A_· _N_

1m 1m
Thay th~ i\<l> VaG trong conq thuc dinh luat earn ling

U
I
=- N /',.4>
/',.t
ta co:
s
T H,

U N M . N . J.l . A M N2. [Link] . J.l, . A (vai" = "0 . J.l,)

i = - /',.t 1m = /',.t 1m •.• •.•
Hinh 1: M(lch di~n v6>i cuen day va dim

1. Hay tirn hi€!u dien bi€ln theo thai gian cua den H1 va den H2
mac noi ti€lp voi mQt cuon day co 15i sat (Hinh 1).

Ket luan nao co th€! duoc rut ra qua quan sat khi dong hay
mo cong tac S? Hinh 2: M(lch n6i song song dim neon (dim
ph6ng di~n tich phat sang) vii cuen
day

2. Den trong Hinh 2 co di$n ap klch thich de phat sang la 100

v. Hay phonq dean di€:u gi xay ra trong rnach di$n luc d6ng
di$n (S dong lai) va luc ngat dien (S rno ra). I II III IV V VI 8
4.10-3
Hay ki€!m tra phonq doan bang thl nqhiern.
t 2· 10-3
I-
r-"
o V I'
~-2.10-3 ~ l.L
3. Hay tinh di$n ap earn ling trong mot cuon day vol 100 vang ~
khi [Link] thay doi nhu trong Hinh 3. -4.10-3 f\ I-""

4. Hay ve dU'ong bi€!u dien cua [Link] gay ra di$n ap earn

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ll'ng co dU'ong bi€!u dien theo nhU' trong Hinh 4. tMi gian (s) _

Quan sat trong thai khoanq tong cQng 10 s. CUQn day co 60 Hinh 3: DU'cmg bieu dien t(P thong
vonq, Tl.P thong khi =
t 0 la 0,6 10-3 Vs

20.10-3
5. Chieu dal trung binh dU'ang sue cua cuon day dong la bao
Ian khi: 20.10-3

t 10.10-3
r-

U = 10000 V
j N=1000 A=0,8mm2 M = 50 IJA/s o 1
M s
-;; -10.10-3 J
::::.
-20.10-3 J
6. Hay tra trong sach Carn nang ky thuat dQ tLPtharn tU'O'ng doi
cua g6m (AI203) va hexaferrit (HF 8/22, DIN 17410). Dien
ap earn ling Uj cua hai cuon day voi 15i co vat li$u nhu tren 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
khac nhau bao nhieu phan tram? tM; gian (s) ---
Hinh 4: DU'o>ng bieu dien di~n ap earn (Png
304 8 CO' ban ky thu~t di~n

8.10 M~ch co ban vai di~ntra

8ieu kien tien quyet cho vi$c LPngdl,mg ky tnuat cac rnach di$n la
vi$c I~p rap cac linh klen, thi du nhu di$n tro.

8.10.1 Linh kiEjln diEjln tra trong mach di~n

Trang ky thuat di$n, linh kiifJndiifJntra IUGnduoc dung trang cac

mach diifJn. NgU'ai ta phan biet thanh 2 10<;1idi~n tra co dinh va
di~n tra thay dbi. Hinh 1: Do dong di~n va di~n ap

Cac di$n tro co dinh hau hEHbao gom mot thanh bang thuy linh, SlY
hay chat deo dU'Q'cphu mot lap rnonq than, kim loai hay oxide kim Bang 1: Bang rnau di~n tra
loai, Tren cac lap nay ngU'ai ta can phu len mot lap each di$n bang
vat lieu kh6ng dan di$n nhu nhua deo. K· h·' Veng 1 Veng 2 V· 3 VO 4
Y .reu {tri s6 s6 (tri s6 s6 ,ong. ng .
mau th(,. nh~t) th·(Phai) (so nhan) (dung sai)
Cac di$n tro thay doi (potentiometer), nhu bien tro thang hay bien KhOng mau ± 20%
tro vonq, can co them mot thanh van diifJngiup tang hay giam chieu
10-2 ± 10%
dai vat lieu diifJntro. Nho v~y, tr] so di$n tro dU'Q'cIhay doi luyen
10-' ± 5%
linh.
0 0 100
1 10' ± 1%
2 2 102 ± 2%
Do dong di~n va di~n ap (Hinh 1)
3 3 103
May do dong di~n phai cho dong di$n duoc do chay qua; 4 4 104
may do dong diifJnduoc rnac noi tiep voi tai. 5 5 105 ±O,5%
6 6 106
May do di~n ap duoc rnac song song voi tai: may do di$n ap 7 7 107
do Sl,l'sut di$n ap tren mot di$n tro.
Xam 8 8 108
Tr~ng 9 9 10'

8.10.2 Ky hiEjlu diEjln tra HU'ong doc

,.... N
rn
c
rn
c
en
c
--
C""') "'d'"
0')
c
1 -0 -0 -0 -0
ChuGi tieu chuan IEC ), Ihi du E6, E12 va E24 la ky hieu cac di$n > > > >
tro co djnh. Theo chuGi tieu chuan ke tren, tren than cac di$n Ira
co mang bon vonq rnau hay bon diem rnau (Hinh 2 va Bang 1).

8e xac dinh tr] so diifJnIra Iheo chuGi tieu chuan IEC E48, E96, va
E192 can co them yang rnau thlY narn. 8e
tlm tri so di$n tro nay '-----~ Tr] 56 56 trur hai
hay Ira ClYUcac sach Carn nang ky thuat tuonq (mg. ~---- Tr] 56 56 thli' nh~t

Hinh 2: Ky hi~u di~n tra

1. Hay xac dinh tr] so di$n Ira cua cac di$n Ira lrang hlnh Iheo
chuoi lieu chuan E12.
2. Hay 11mcac ky hieu rnau cho di$n tro' 10 kO ± 5%.
3. MOl di$n tro 3,3 kO ± 10% co nhCrngyang rnau nao?

')IEC = International electronical commission (Oy Ban Eli$n Tlr Qu6c T~) ([Link])
 8.10 M9Ch co ban voi dien tra 305

8.1 0.3 M~ch n6i tiilp di~n tr6>

Trong rnacn noi tiep, tc~tca di$n tro c6 cunq dong di$n chay qua.
Dong di$n 1 trvoc va sau cac di$n tro bang nhau (Hinh 1).

Trang rnach noi ti§p va tai moi di~m trong rnach di$n, cU'ang dQ
dong di$n 1 b~ng nhau.

TiJ>cac tr] 56 do trong rnach thi nqhiern, ta dU'O'ccac di$n ap

U= U, + U2
Va voi n di$n tro:

Thidl,J:
ta e6: R,=100, R2=150, U=12V
Vi ClJ'angdQ dong di$n khap noi nhu nhau, ta c6 th~ sUo dunq dinh
Tr] s6 do:
lu~t Ohm d~ tinh di$n tro tong: = =
Tat ca may do dong di~n cho tr] s6 " '2 '3
= =
48 mA. May do dien ap cho thay U1 4,8
U U,
-=-+-+
U2 u;
...+- V va U2 = 7,2 V.
I I [ [
Hinh 1: M~ch noj tjep cac dj~n tra

Trong rnach noi ti§p, di$n tro tong bang tong so cac di$n tro.

8i$n tro tong cua mach dien la di$n tro rna ngu6n di$n ap chlu tai,
Trang rnach thay the n6 dU'Q'Cdien ta bang Rges (Hinh 2).

Duoi dieu kien 1 = 11 = 12 = 13 trong rnach noi tiep, ta c6 phuonq trinh

ty Ie cho dien ap va dien tro:
8
I, = 12
Hinh 2: MilCh thay th~

Trang rnach noi ti€:p, cac di$n ap c6 cunq ty 1$nhu cac di$n tro cua chunq.

Bang each rno r(>ngphuonq trinh ty 1$,ta dU'Q'cty 1$cac di$n tro va cac conq suat cua chunq:

i. u, .s.
[U2 R2

Trang rnacn noi tiep cac cong suat c6 cung tY 1$nhU' cac di$n tro cua chunq.

U = U, + U2 + ". + U; U ' [= U, . 1 + U2 ' [ + ... + U3 ' [

Cong suat tong trong rnach noi ti€:p bang tong so cac conq suat.

Hay do va tinh tilt ca dong di$n, di$n ap va cong suat trong m(>trnach di$n g6m ba di$n tro noi ti§p. Uo = 12 V,
Rl = 1 kG, R2 = 2 kG, R3 = 3 kG,
C6 the dung phan rnam rno phonq.
306 8 CO' ban ky thuat di~n

8.10.4 Quy t~c rnanq (Dinh lu~t Kirchhoff1) thfr hail

Trang mot rnanq, tuc ta rnach n6i titlp cac linh ki$n di$n, t6ng 56 cac di$n ap b~ng khong. 8e xac dinh dau, d~u
tien ta phai xac dinh chieu cua rnanq (Hinh 1). 8i$n ap c6 cunq chieu vai chieu cua manq c6 dau dU'O'ng; nquoc
lai di$n ap c6 dau am:

U, + U2 + ... + Un = 0

Thi du cho dinh lu~t Kirchhoff th(r hai:

Ta can tinh tat ca cac di$n ap, dong di$n va conq suat tG>ng phan
cua rnach ke ben,
Ta co cac tr] 56 sau:
U = 60V, U2 = 20 V, R 1 = 1 kO
Ta tim cac tr] 56 b~ng each
al ap dl,mg dlnh luat Ohm
bl dung cac phuono trinh ty Ie

I:[Link] Hinh 1: Chieu milch di~n

a) U, = Uo - U2 = 60 V - 20 V = 40 V b) U, = Uo - U2 = 60 V - 20 V = 40 V

= U, = 40 V = 40 mA
R, 1 KQ
P =U·I=60V·40mA=2,4W
=
P, = U, . 1 40 V ·40 mA = 1,6 W
P2 = U2 ·1 = 20 V ·40 mA = 0,8 W

R = U2 =~=500 Q
2 1 40 mA

8.10.5 M<;lchsong song vai di~n tra

s6 tri trong Hinh 2 trinh bay rnach song song voi cac dien tro. --I
Ta co:

Ta co the mo r(>ng rnach tuy Y rna kh6ng lam thay d6i quan he CO'
ban cua cac di$n ap va dong di$n. u U R,

Trang mach cac di$n tro song song, di$n ap tren cac di$n tro
b~ng nhau.
1---
T6ng cac dong di$n nhanh bt!ng dong di$n t6ng.
Hinh 2: Milch di~n tr6> song song

Bai tap do dac:

St!ng each ap dunq dinh luat Ohm, ta dU'Q'c:
tac6: R,=10Q R2=30Q R2=180Q
U= 12 V
I I, 12 In
-=-+-+ ...
+-
U U U U Ket qua do 6' giao diem 1:
1 1 1 1 1=1,667A 1,=1,2A 12=0,4A
--=-+-+ ...
+-
Rges R, R2 n; 13 = 66,67 mA

Ket qua do 6' giao diem 2:

TY 56 CU'ang d(> dong di$n doi voi di$n ap sut 113tr] 56 nqhich dao
cua di$n tro', duo'c 99i la di$n dan (xem trang 283). 1=1,667A 1,=1,2A 12 = 0,4 A
13 = 66,67 mA
Vi$c dua vao di$n dan giup cho viec tinh cac dai 1U'Q'ngdi$n trang
rnach di$n tro song song de dang hon. Rges =tU Rges
12 V
= 1,667 A = 7,2 Q
'l Gustav Robert Kirchhoff: Nha vat Iy nglJ'oi £lli'c (1824 - 1887)
 8.11 CO' ban ky thuat di$n xoay chieu 307

Trong mach song song, di$n dan t6ng bling t6ng s6 di$n dan don Ie.

Gges = G, + G2 + ." + Gn

£)e tinh rnach song chi co hai di$n tro, ta co the SLYdunq conq thLPCdon gian:

_1_=~+~ _= R,+R2 R = R, ·R2

Rges R, R2 Rges g9S R, +R2
Vi cac di$n ap sut tren cac di$n tro bling nhau, ta co:
1, ·U = G, = R2
12'U G2 R,

Trong rnach song song, cong suat va di$n dan ty 1$ voi nhau; nhu v$y cong suat va cac di$n tro tU'O'ng
LPngty 1$ nghich voi nhau.

8.10.6 Quy t~c nut (Dinh lu~t Kirchhoff thu. 1)

Trong mach song song, dong dien chia nhanh tai diem nut. Theo nhu cac ket qua do (Hinh 2, trang 306) cua
rnach do, tong s6 cac dong dien nhanh bang dong di$n tong.

Voi quy djnh la titt ca cac dong di~n chay den nut mang ditu
duonq, tat ca dong di~n chay khai nut mang dau am, ta co
quy tac nut

8.11 CO' ban ky thuat di(!n xoay chleu

Hinh 1: £)i~n ap xoay chi6u tren may hi~n s6ng

8
£)i$n ap va dong dien xoay chieu co mat hau het trong cac ITnh
Vl,I'Cky thuat dien va di$n tLY,thi du nhu phan phoi nang IU'O'ng, h$
thong thiet b] va ky thuat vien thong. Cach thLPCxem xet ve v~t Iy
va each XLYIy toan hoc d6i voi di$n ap va dong di$n xoay chieu co
khac biet Ian so voi ky thuat di~n mot chieu. May hien song (dao
t
dong ky) cho thay hinh ann di$n ap xoay chieu khac voi di$n ap
mot chieu, May hi$n song la may do co the trinh bay dU'ang bieu
dien theo thai gian cua cua di$n ap. 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

cmeu d?: ky\ \j

Dien ap hay dong di$n xoay chieu la nhQ>ng d<;liIU'O'ng vat Iy ma
20ms
Tan s6 50 Hz
V t [ms] ---
tr] s6 cua chunq thay dOi trong mot khoanq thai gian (Hinh 2). Hinh 2: £)i~n ap xoay chieu

8.11.1 each tao nen di~n ap xoay chleu va cac

dinh nghia khai ni~m

Ta co the tao mot di~n ap xoay chieu bang mot thi nghi$m don
gian. NhU' trong Hinh 3, ta co mot nam cham vTnh CLYUva mot vonq
day di$n voi tay quay de quay vonq day di~n. Cac vcnq truot dan
di$n vao vonq day di$n. Bling mot may hi$n song, ta co the trinh
bay ket qua chuyen dong quay cua vonq day di~n trong tLPtruonq
cua nam cham vTnh CLYu.
Hinh 3: Tao nen di~n ap xoay chi6u
308 8 CO' ban ky thu~t di~n

Mot vonq day di$n quay d€lu d~n ben trong mot hi tnronq t90
nen mot di$n ap xoay chieu (Hinh 1).
t
Theo djnh luat earn Lmg, mot tli trLP6'ng thay doi qua mot day dien
lam earn u-ng ben trang day di$n mot di~n ap, Trang thi nghi~m
cua chunq ta, hi tru'o'ng cua nam cham vinh Cll'U dT nhien khong
thay doL Trong tru'6'ng hop nay, hi tru'ang thay d6i do di$n tich
cua v6ng day dien rna tu- tru'ang di qua thay doi. Sl)' lien he nay
dLPQ'cdi~n dat la su earn Crng do cnuyen dong (M~t d(> tu- thong B
co dinh, di$n tich A thay doi). t [5]--

Hinh 1: Vong day di~n trang lip trll'cYng

e-:e .»
t.A
Uj=-[Link]

Do su' quay lien tuc cua vonq day di$n, ta co VaG moi thai dillm
mot dien tich khac nhau cua v6ng day dien rna tu- truonq cua nam
chan vinh CLPUdi qua. NhLP v$y cho moi thai di~m t, ta c6 cac tr]
so khac nhau cua he s6 M I M (Hinh 2). Sau mot v6ng quay (g6c
quay a = 360°), cac tr] s6 cua di$n ap earn Lmg l;;3plai (v&i dieu kien
tan 56 quay c6 djnh).

N€!u vonq day di$n chuyen dong voi van toe co dinh trang mot
hi trlJ'ang dong nhat, mot dien ap xoay chieu danq sin tuan
hoan dLPQ'ctao nen.

Thay vi g6c quay ta c6 thll ghi tren true X thai gian, vi cho mot g6c
quay 3600 ta din mot khoanq th6'i gian nhat djnh.

Cac tin hieu tuan hoan l;;3pl<;Iisau mot khoanq thai gian T (thai
gian chu kY). G6c quay cua v6ng day di$n sau chu ky T chinh Hinh 2: Di~n tich hi~u d\lng
xac 360°.

Cac d9i 1lJ'Q'ngxoay chieu dLPQ'c ky hieu bang cac mau tl,l' thuonq
(Hinh 3).
t
• Tr] so cua mot d9i ILPQ'ngxoay chieu VaG mot thai di~m xac dinh
trj so tuc thai, thi du u hay i.
dlJ'Q'C99i 11'1

• Tri so ton nhat cua dien ap xoay chieu theo hLP&ng am hay
duonq dLPQ'cgOi 0 (dOC u rnu) hay us.

• Hieu so cue d<;li giO>a tr] so lo'n nhat va nho nhat cua mot dai
1lJ'Q'ngxoay chieu dLPQ'c99i Uss

Chu thich: Cac dai 1lJ'Q'ngxoay chieu khac cOng dLPQ'c ky hi$u nhLP
th€!o
Hinh 3: f)~i Jll'c;>'ngxaay chieu d~ng sin va cac tr]
so d(ic trll'ng
 8.11 CO' ban ky thuat di$n xoay chieu 309

De Xli' Iy cac dai IU'O'ng xoay chieu, ta can phuonq ti$n d~c biet de
Ban kinh cua
yang day
t
c6 the dien ta chunq bang toan h9C mot each don gian. Vi rnuc dich (Vac to')
nay, ta dung m6 hinh h9C vec to' cua v6ng day chay theo mot vonq
tron. Chung ta chi chu y phan tren cua vonq day (Hinh 1). vec to'
chinh la ban kinh cua vonq tron. Cho moi thai diem t (true x) dlnh
vec to' cho ra mot tr] s6 tuc thai (true y), khi anh sang chieu toi tll> a--
ben tral, Ta c6 the tinh tr] so nay bang toan h9C voi ham dc;mg sin.

N~u vec to' chuyen dOng quay voi mot van t6c c6 dinh, ta c6 cac
tr] so hic thai tll> hinh chieu mot dU'ang bieu dien dang sin. Thay
Hinh 1: Hinh chillu rnQtyang day di~n quay
vi thai gian t, chUng ta c6 the ghi tren true X g6c quay a cua vec
to' (Hinh 2).

Tr] so tire thai cua mot dai IU'O'ng xoay chleu c6 the dU'Q'C
t
dien ta chinh xac bang chieu dai vec to' tU'O'ng IYng va qoc
quay a cOng nhu thai gian t.
G6c quay a cOng nhu thai gian t duoc gQi ta "pha".
Chi~u dai vec to' duoc 99i la "do dai".

Trong thl du cua chunq ta, dO dai cua vec to' va tan so quay kh6ng
thay dol. Dieu nay cho ta mot dao dong dieu hoa (on dlnh) va tuan
cua chu ky
hoan (Hinh 2). NhU' the cho moi g6c quay a va do oat vec to' 0, ta
Hinh 2: Di~n ap earn (Pngph~ thuQc gec quay
c6 the tinh dU'Q'Ctr] so tIYC thai u tU'O'ng IYng: u 0 . sin a =

8.11.3 Tan so va thai gian ehu trinh Thi dy cac tin s6 thong dyng

Cac dao dong tuan hoan dien tien theo mot dU'cmg bieu dien giong
Nhlp tim cua con ngU'ai khoanq 1 Hz
8
chinh xac nhir cu sau mot chu kY. Mot dao dOng toan ven cua mot
chu ky can thai gian T (thai gian chu trinh) de hoan tat. Sau d6 la
chu ky ke tiep ma diem bat dau c6 cunq bien do (thi du tr] s6 di$n
LU'ai di$n cho xe ILra a D(Yc 16 2/3 Hz

ap) va cung hU'ang di nhu chu ky d€lu tien. chu ky mOi giay la se
t~n so f (Bang 1). LU'ai di~n tren may bay 400 Hz

T~n so trong 10 vi ba s6ng khoanq

I
L
f= ~
T
[f] = .i =
s
Hz (Hertz)lI
~
2,455 GHz

8.11.4 Tan so gee

SI,J' phan chia vonq tron thanh 360 phan doan bang nhau la SI,J' chia g6c theo do ("). De tinh dU'O'c doan dU'ang

cua d~1Uvec to' hay chu vi cua cung tron voi ban kinh r, do kh6ng the dung true tiep duoc. Vi$c dung so do
radian mang IQi nhieu 100idiem. Mot vonq tron don vi dU'O'c dinh nghTa la vonq tron c6 ban kinh r 1. Ta c6 chu =
vi vonq tron don vi:

u; d- IT= 2· r· IT= 2·1 IT= 2· IT

San kinh cua vonq tron don vi: r= 1 3600 ~ 2 . IT rad [rad] = 1

se do radian cua mot g6c la chieu dai cung tron cua g6c d6 trong vonq tron don vi.

Tan s6 g6c W (van toe g6c): 1

w=2·IT·f [w]=-
s
1) Heinrich Hertz: Nha vat Iy Dlic (1857 -1894)
310 8 Coo ban ky thuat di~n

Khi vec to' quay tron mot vonq 3600 hay 211, no trai qua mQt thai
gian T (thai gian chu trinh). van toe ta doan dU'ang di qua trong
mot khoanq thai gian xac dinh. Vi van toe quay cua vec to' cho ta
biet mot goc quay da quay nhanh nhu th~ nao, ta goi no cOng ta
--- I

van toc goc w (ti~ng Hy Lap: Omega). BlJ'<YC

s6ng J. J.
}, 2" "2
S"" phin bo electron trong day din di~n

S6ng vi ba
W"'-
211
N€!u ta thay the; T = ! ta dU'Q'C: W - 2n·f
T f

V$n toe g6c W ty 1$ voi so yang quay tiYng giay (t~n s6) va
chieu dai vonq cung mil d~u vec to' da quet (g6c a da quet Hong ngo~i

trong thai gian t):

a
w-- a=ur-t A=3jlm f= 108 MHz
t
Anh sang thay dU'Q'C
N~u ta tom tiflt cac ket qua nay va dung chunq de tinh tr] so tire
thl cua cac dai 1U'Q'ngxoay chieu diflu hoa (thi du cua mQt di$n ap
xoay chieu), ta co:
J.= o.s urn f= 109 MHz
u - ir- sin (w . r) '" tJ· sin (2 1t . f· t)

8.11.5 Chieu dai s6ng (buoc s6ng)

J. = 0,5 urn f= 109 MHz
Khi quan sat dU'ang bieu di~n cua mot d<;li 1U'Q'ngxoay chieu di€!u
1 urn = 10-6 m 1 A= 10-,0 m
hoa t<;li mQt diem cua day dan dien trong mot rnach di$n khep kin,
ta se thtty mot dU'ang cong danq sin theo thai gian. Sau thai gian Hinh 1: S •••.phan bo electron va chillu dai s6ng
keo dai chu ky T, mot dao dong moi b~t d~u. Chi~u dai s6ng n6i
len Sl,l' Ian truyen trang khong gian cua mot dal 1U'Q'ngxoay chieu
cOng nhU' van toc Ian truyen cua mot s6ng, van toe cua SI,J' chuyen
hi du all tinh buo60cs6ng

tai nang 1U'Q'[Link] mot chieu dal chu ky, song trai qua chleu dai Cho: c = Co '" 300 000 km/s
s6ng A.. Duoi cac dieu kien toi U'U, s6ng Ian truyen voi van toc anh " = 50 Hz, 'z
= 100 MHz
sang (co == 300 000 km/s). Chieu dai s6ng (buoc s6ng) A qiarn di Hay tinh: A" Az, T" Tz
khi tan so gia tang.
!""·UJi
A, =~=3 m

I~
Chi~u dai s6ng: A '" .£
f
[A] '" m
~
f,
A, = 300 000 km/s
50 Hz
Trong nhieu trU'ang hop, van toe Ian truyen gan bang van toc anh A, = 6000 km
sang co. Tren day doi dan di$n, van toe Ian truyen chi bang khoanq 1 1
T, =-=--=20 ms
80% (hay thap non) van toc anh sang, VaG khoanq 240.000 km/s. f, 50 Hz
Ty so van toe Ian truyen va van toe anh sang duoc gOi he so thu
nho, iLz = Co =
f,
iLz = 300 000 km/s = 3 m
8.11.6 Tr] s6 hi~u dl,mg 100 MHz
1 1
Tr] so hieu dunq (ti€!ng La tinh effectivus =
tac dunq) dung dai Tz =-=
100 MHz
=10 ns
fz
1U'Q'ngkhac de mo ta cac d<;li 1U'Q'ngxoay chieu mot each don gian.
Ta thlr hinh dung mot 10 slJ'oi di$n van hanh voi dong di$n xoay chieu, Conq suat SlJ'oi n6ng thay d6i tuonq G>ng
theo sl,J'bien d6i cua dong dien xoay chieu.

Tr] so hieu dunq cua mQt dai 1lJ'Q'ngxoay cnleu la mot dai 1U'Q'ngmot chi~u, dai 1lJ'Q'ngnay c6 cunq tac dunq
nhi$t nhu dai 1U'Q'ngxoay chieu, Tri so hi$u dunq duoc dinh nghTa:
tJ
U= .J2
 8.12 TI,l ai~n trong rnach ai~n 311

Cong suat xoay chiElU (E>i~n treY thl,l'c)

Khi xem xet rnach ai~n xoay chieu chi g6m c6 cac ai$n tro th I,l'C, sin
voi tr] so hieu dl,mg cua di~n ap va wang a9 dong ai$n (Hinh 1)
ta c6 th~ tinh cong suat rat don qian. Tich so wang ao dong ai$n
1/"'\V {2~1,41
u~-1L
-{2'
va di$n ap trol'lg rnach di$n xoay chieu la cong suat di$n. Vi wang
Tam giac, fang cua
d¢ d6ng di~n va dien ap thay d6i theo thai gian, nen cho tLl'ng thai u=-1L
di~m t, cac trj so tuc thai phai nhan voi nhau. K€!t qua Iii cong 6 {3= 1.73 -{3'
suat ai$n xoay chi~u "co danq xung", tuc la thay doi theo thai gian
1 V
(Hinh 2). Cho viec Crng dl,mg ky thuat (thi du 10 sU'ai di~m), cong Hlnh vuOng
1 ". 10
suat dong ai~n mot chleu tuonq dU'O'ng diEm cat chfnh xac hori vi (Iuy ~heo U=~(j2..!f'
n6 kh6ng bieln doi theo thai gian. Tich so tr] so hieu dunq cua ai$n he 56 hoat
ap va wang do dong dien cho ta cong suat dong dien mot chieu
~ dong)

tuonq dU'O'ng trong trU'ang hop rnacn dien chi co cac di~n tro ohm Hinh 1: Tr] s6 hi~u dunq

(dien tro thuc).

p=Ueff• leff
Trong trU'ang hop dai 1U'Q'ngxoay chieu d<i\ng sin

p=-.-
o f Of
p=-
.J2.J2 2

Mot aien tro ohm R trong ky thuat di~n xoay chieu duoc gQi
la di~n tr60 thuc.

8.12 TI:I di~n trong mach di~n

8
Tu di~n trong rnach di~n mQt chieu
o 5 10 15
t[msj
20
Chung ta da bi~t mot vai tinh chat cua tu di$n ban khi khao sat di$n
trU'ang. TCr nhCrng tinh chat CO'ban nay, chunq ta tlm hillu ti~p. Hinh 2: c6ng sUclt di~n xoay chleu

Tinh nang cua tu di$n trong rnach dien mot chieu (Hinh 3) se duoc
lam ra voi thi nqhiern don gian sau. Luc bat dau thi nqhiern, tv di$n
khonq nap dien. R

1
[
Khi ta bat conq tac, ngu6n di$n mot chieu se dU'Q'c dong lai, tCr cue
am cua nguon dien, cac hat mang di$n tich se chay d~n mot ban
a
cue cua tv dien, trong khi do ban eve kia cua tu dien, cac hat
mang dien tich b] rut di. TV dien se nap dien lien tuc. 8i$n ap tu a
dlen se gia tang cho d~n khi dat d~n tr] so cua nguon di$n. Trong
khi nap di~n, hieu th~ (su khac biet dien ap) giCra dien ap nguon
di$n va di$n ap tu di~n ti~p tuc giam di, nen dong di$n nap cOng
roo
%
63
giam di. Gian a6 do cho thay dien ap tl,J di$n va dU'ang billu dien 37
wang do dong di~n trong qua trlnh nap di~n. Qua trlnh nap dien
cua tu dien theo ham mO e 1) Luc ban dau, dong nap eve dai ic cua 10
tv dien chi b] han che bai dien tro R. Thai gian nap dien cua tv di~n
cang keo dai neu R va di$n dung C cang Ian.
~
Nap di$n Ph6ng di$n

1) theo Leonhard Euler, nM toan hoc ngl.1ai ThVY ST (1707-1783) Hinh 3: TV dien trong rnach dien mc;;t chieu
312 8 CO' ban ky thuat di~n

se do cho thoi
--
gian n9P di$n la h~ng 56 thoi gian t:
Ie
V As
r=R·C [r]=-·-=s
A V
Khi b~t dau nap di$n, dong di~n c6 w6'ng do 10:
U
10 =-
R

Dong di~n va di~n ap nap tai tu di~n trong rnach di~n mot chieu:

.
1= (-'I')
e .-U r=R·C
c R Hinh 1: TV di~n Irong mach xoay chillu
U
c
=U,('-e-t,,)

Cong thirc gan dung (cong thuc narn tay): Mot tu di$n noan tflt
viec nap dien sau khoanq th6'i gian 5 T. 2000
11
Dong ph6ng di$n va di$n ap ph6ng di(in tai tu di$n trang mach 1800 -xc -7
di$n mot chleu: 1600
1400 1
1200 \
.
1=-
c
( -tiT)
e .-Uc
R
c
t 1000
800
\ ,
\.
cno y: >< 600
400 ~ .........,
Mot tu di$n da n9P di$n co the gay nguy hiem cho ngU'6'i va 200
thiet b], Cho nen truoc khi lam vi$c vo'i tu di$n, ta phai thuc
100 200 300 400 500 600
hi$n ph6ng di$n qua mot di$n tr6' lon.
f[Hz] ----

Hinh 2: Dung khimg tuy IhuQc vao t&n s6

Tu di~n trong mach di~n xoay chi€!u (Hinh 1)

Biing mot thi nqhiem. chunq ta chi khao sat ve phan tac dong cua
1600
mot tu di~n trong rnach dien xoay chieu, Chung ta quan sat cuonq
d(> dong di$n Ic voi mot may do dong di$n. Sau khi nguon di(in 1400
I 11
xoay chieu ouoc noi voi den va tu di$n, den sang len, ta c6 dong
di$n ie.
1200 - \XC- c
t
a
1000
800
\
Sau day, chunq ta khao sat 51)'lien h$ giCPaw6'ng dQ dong di$n va 600 1\
di$n ap xoay chieu tai tu di$n. Gian do do cho thay c6 SI)' tuy thuoc ",0 400
r'...
tuyen tinh giCPadong di$n va di$n ap tal tu di$n, co nghTa la day a """
.••....
dinh luat Ohm cOng c6 gia trio 200

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
C ~F----
X; = Uc [Xc] = Q
t,
Hinh 3: Dung khang tuy thuoc vao di~n dung
X; = Dung khanq

Mot tu di$n tac dong trong mach di~n xoay chieu nhu' mot di$n tro (tro khanq),

Trong thi nghi$m tiep theo, ta thay doi tan 56 f cua nguon di$n ap, di~n ap U cOng nhu di$n dung C dU'Q'cgiCP
c6 djnh, Bieu do do cho thfly, dung khanq Xc cua tl,Jdi$n giam di khong tuyen tinh voi tan s6 gia tang (Hinh 2).

Trang gian do do thli ba, ta c6 Sl)' phu thuoc cua dung khang Xc doi voi di~n dung C cua tu di$n (Hinh 3), trang
khi tan s6 f va di$n ap U cua nguon di$n ap duoc giCPc6 dinh. Chi co di$n dung cua tu di~n C thay doi. Thi
nghi$m nay cho thay mot dU'6'ng bieu dien tU'ong tl)' cua bieu do do. Khi di$n dung C gia tang, dung khanq Xc
giam.

X c
--'-f. C
 8.13 Cuon day trong mach dien 313

Neu dU'a them mot hang s6 vao cong thuc, hang s6 nay la ket qua cua Sl,I' danh gia qua do dac, ta co thll trlnh
bay ty 1$ trsn nhU' mot phuonq trlnh.

Dung khang cua tl,l dien:

1
X =--- w=2·1(·f·C
c 2 [Link]

Trong rnach di$n mot chieu, dong di$n chi chay qua giQ>a th&i diem dong va ngtlt di$n. Dong di$n nay ti!li diiiln
tich dEm va di.

NgU'9'c lai, trong truonq h9'P tu di$n dU'9'C Itlp vao mot diiiln ap xoay chieu danq sin, ta c6 mot dong diiiln chay
qua tu di$n lien tl,lc. Sl,l' thay doi di$n ap cua diiiln ap xoay chieu L'lu trong khoanq thoi gian L'lt lam thay doi mot
di$n tich L'lq: L'lic·M
U =---
c C
V$n t6e dien ap thay doi [Link] quyet dlnh dO Ian cua dong di$n nap va dong di$n ph6ng cua tu di$n. TLP day
chung ta suy ra la khi dien ap dat den tr] s6 cue d<;li (Me 1M =
0), wang do dong diiiln bang khonq. Khi di$n ap
xoay chieu d<;lng sin co tr] s6 khonq, van toe thay doi di$n ap [Link] M dat den tri s6 Cl,J'Cdai. CU'ang 69 dong di$n
dat den tr] s6 dlnh (Hinh 1).

Trong rnach di$n xoay chieu vai tu di$n 1'1tU'ang, dong di$n di
truoc di$n ap mot g6c cp = 90° ~
2
::l'1-
<I <l

Cong suat

Khi tinh toan cong suat cua tl,l dien lrong rnach di$n xoay chieu, ta
phai chu y tLPng tr] s6 tuc thl,

Vi dong di$n va di$n ap I$ch pha 900, dU'ang bieu dh~n cong 8
suat cua tu di$n chia deu trong vung am va dU'O'ng. Cong suat
hQ>udl,lng trung binh bang 0 (khong)!

Hinh 1: 51! Ii)eh pha

Voi mot tu di$n 1'1tU'eYng, nang 1U'9'ng dien khonq b] bien doi thanh
nhiet, vi eYnlYa s6ng dU'O'ng nang 1U'9'ng duoc thu vao, nturnq eY
niPa s6ng am nang 1U'9'ng nay duo'c phat ra.

Tich s6 cac tri s6 hieu dl,lng cua dong di$n Ie va dien ap Ue

duoc gOi la cong suat dung khang (conq suat va cong hay cong
suat phan khanq) Qe.
[Qc] = var (Volt-Arnpere-phan khanq)

8.13 CUQn day trong mach di~n

CUQn day trong rnach elien met chieu

Cuon day c6 nhQ>ng dang thiet ke hoan loan khac nhau (Hinh 2).
CU9n day trong rnach dien mot chieu c6 tac dl,mg nhu' mot soi day
dai dan dien. Neu ta bo qua tac dong qua do (tfnh chat di$n khi
d6ng di$n), ta co the coi cuon day nhu mot dien tro ohm thuan

Hinh 2: Cac cucn day v6>i cac danq thiet ke

khac nhau
314 8 Coo ban ky thuat di~n

CUQn day trong mach di~n xoay chieu

TU'O'ng tV' nhu tac d¢ng nap va ph6ng di$n cua tu di$n, ta co tac d¢ng nap va ph6ng di$n cua cuon day. Va mat
dinh tinh, ta dU'Q'CdU'cl'ng bieu dien nap va ph6ng di$n cua cuon day b<1ng each trao d6i ten gOi cua true, phan
chleu (d6i xling gU'O'ng) duonq bieu diEm bieu do qua true X (1--> -U, U --> -I) va thay the di$n dung C bilng di$n
earn L. 8e don gian h6a vi$c khao sat, chung ta bill dfiu voi cuon day Iy tU'ong trang rnach dien xoay chieu
(Hinh 1). D6ng di~n xoay chleu danq sin di qua cuon day tao nen mot tLPthong CPdanq sin. NhU' tren la d§ biet,
su thay doi tLPthong tao nen m¢1 di$n ap earn Lmg:
f).cp
U=-N-
I f). t

Theo quy tac Lenz, di$n ap tV' earn c6 hU'ang ngU'Q'C lai di$n ap cap. Vi van t6c thay d6i tLPthong xac dinh di$n
ap tV' earn, ta c6 SV' lech pha gio>a dong di$n va di~n ap. 8ieu nay c6 nghTa dong di$n va tLPthong c6 cling pha,
SV' thay doi tLPthong cue 6<;1ikhi tLPthong di qua tri 56 khong va nhu th€! ta c6 I$ch pha som mot g6e 90° so voi
tLPthong (cOng nhu dong di$n). Dien ap tV' earn dU'O'c tinh tLP56 vonq day va Van t6c Ihay doi tLPthong, tuy nhien
vi c6 dau am nen co 51.)'I$ch pha 1800 Vi di$n ap tV' earn tac dQng nghich lai di$n ap kich thich, cho nen 6i$n ap
kich thich c6 cunq pha voi Van t6c thay doi tLPthong. TLPd6 ta c6:

Trong mot rnach dien xoay chieu earn ling tnuan (cuon day Iy tU'&ng), dong 6i$n di sau 6i$n ap mot g6c
¢ = 900

Carn khanq

Trong m¢t thi nqhiern 60 voi may do dong di$n, may do 6i$n ap va mot cuon day, ta tlrn tr] 56 do voi ngulln di$n
mot chieu hay voi nguon di$n xoay chieu. Khi tinh toan 6i$n tro ta Ihay, vai cling tr] 56 di$n ap cua cac nguon
di$n (6i$n ap mot chieu va tr] 56 hieu dl,Jng 6i$n ap xoay chieu), di$n tr& dong 6i$n xoay chieu Ian non di$n tro
dong di$n mot chieu,

Nguyen nnan lam cho di$n tro cuon day trong mach di$n xoay chieu lon hon chinh la di$n ap II.)' earn.

D.i M,ch di~n cuen earn thuAn

u- =-L·-
, f).t

NhU' phan 6au chU'O'ng da mo ta, di$n ap tV' earn c6 lac d¢ng
ngU'O'c lai 6i$n ap kich thich (di$n ap tao ra n6). Vai cuon day Iy
tU'ong, "di$n ap thuc" b;iing hi$u 56 6i$n ap nguon va di$n ap tl,/'
CUQn day Iy [Link] ----J"V'Y"'o'
earn (Hinh 2). Dien tro cua cuon day tuonq ling voi dien ap tV'
earn dU'O'c gOi earn khanq XL' Carn khanq gia tang ty 1$ voi di$n ap r--------,
II.)' earn u; va nhu th€! tang cling voi SV' gia tang di$n earn L va voi Cuon day thuc ~
SV' gia tang Van toe thay doi dong dien, va vi vaY vai tan 56 f cOng
nhir voi tan 56 g6c w cua 6i$n ap cuon day. Hinh 1: CUQn day th\pc/ly tU'o>ng

u
Carn khanq.
1 Vs V
XL = w L = 2 . rt . f , L [XL]=_·_=-
~ 8i$n ap hi$u dvng
s A A Uw

(dong di$n kich thich)

M\lch di~n vai cuon day Iy tU'o>ng

Cong suat: Vi dong 6i$n oi qua cuon day va di$n ap tren
cuon day lech pha 900, dU'ang bieu dien cong suat c6 cac phan
duonq va am b<1ng nhau. Vai cuon day Iy tU'ong trang mach
6i$n xoay chieu, ta co conq suat hieu dl,lng trung binh b;iing O.

Hinh 2: CUQn day Iy tU'o>ng trang mach di(!n

 8.14 Dien xoay chieu ba pha 315

8.14 £)i~n xoay chleu ba pha

8.14.1 SI! hinh thanh di~n ap xoay chi~u ba pha
Thi nghi~m 1: Ban hay quay mot thanh nam cham rnanh giQ>a
ba cuon day giong nhau, d~t each nhau 1200 (Hinh 1). Ban
hay noi voi tlfng cuon day mot may do di$n ap mot chieu co
di~m kh6ng (0) narn giQ>athang do. Ban hay quay thanh nam
cham voi van toe quay co d!nh quanh mot true nam cham.

Kim do cua may do dien ap Ifm 1U'Q'tI$ch ve ben trai roi ben
pha: sau tron moi v6ng quay cua rote (banh xe cue),
Khi rote quay, mot dien ap xoay chieu vai cunq bien dQ va t<~n
so dU'Q'Cearn LPng trang tv>ng cuon day. Do 81,1' bo tri cua cac
cuon day, cac dien ap leeh pha doi vai nhau theo thai gian
bang 1/3 ehu ky M6i goe I$eh pha I;'} 1200 (Hinh 2b). Ba cuon
day cua mot may phat dien nhu thfl tao nen cac cuon day
pha (day nhanh) trang may phat dien. Trong m6i cuon day
pha co mot dien ap earn LPng, duoc gOi di~n ap pha (di~n
ap nhanh).
8§u m6i cuon day dU'Q'C d~t ten tan 1U'Q't113U1, V1, W1, cac Hinh 1: SV' hinh thanh ba di~n ap xoay chieu I~eh
di~m cuoi cuon day I;'} U2, V2, W2. Bang each ket chuai ba pha nhau 120·
cuon day lai vol nhau, ngU'CYita co thll giam so day dan dien
can thiet chi con ba day (L 1, L2, L3) cho tai dien (Hinh 2a).

Ba dien ap xoay chieu lech pha 1200 va ket chu6i vo'i nhau duoc qol di$n ap xoay chleu ba pha.

8.14.2 51! ket chuoi

Neu ta noi ba di~m cuoi cuon day U2, V2, va W2 voi nhau, hinh thanh rnach sao, ky hi$u: Y (Hinh 2c). 8i~m ket 8
noi U2, V2 va W2 duoc goi diem sao. TV>di~m sao, ta co the noi vai day trung tfnh N.

N~u ta noi di~m cuoi cua cuon day voi di~m d§u cua cuon day k~ tiep, thi du U2 voi V1, V2 vai W1 va W2 voi
U 1, hinh thanh rnach tam giac, ky hi$u !J. (Hinh 2d). Trang ca hai rnach di$n, ba day L 1, L2 va L3 noi tlf ngu6n
phat toi diem dau cua chau noi U1, V1 va W1 duoc goi day dan di~n (dU'cyng day chuyen tai dien (y nqoai trail.

Ngu6n ohat diem

Ul I
I
I
I
I
I
I Wl
I
I
I
V2
Vl :
I
U'N
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
a) b) c) M;;lCh sao I d) Mach tam giac

Hinh 2 : H~ th6ng di~n ba pha voi gian do do th] va cac vile to'
316 8 Coo ban ky thuat di~n

Thi nghi~m 2: Voi 1U'&idien ba pha (Hinh 1), d~u tien

ban hay do cac dien ap giQ>a nhQ>ng day pha, giQ>a
tLPng day pha va day trung tinh N.

GiQ>a L1 va L2, L1 va L3 cOng nhu giQ>a L2 va L3, ta do

dU'Q'C 3 dien ap bang nhau. GiQ>a L1 va N, L2 va N cOng
nhU' giifa L3 va N ta cOng do duoc ba di$n ap [Link]
nhau, tuy nhisn nhQong dii;m ap nay nho han cac dien
ap giifa cac day pha.

Neu ta laP tl s6 dien ap giifa hai day pha, thi du

U31 =
400 V d6i voi di$n ap giifa day pha va day trung
tinh N, thi du U1N =
230 V, ta duoc h~ ket chuoi. so Hinh 1: Do di~n ap cua Ill'ai di~n ba pha

400 V = {3
230 V !13, = I13N = iJ1N
Hieu so hinh hoc

Voi dien ba pha, ngU'ai ta gOi h$ 56 -J3 la he s6

k~t chu6i.

8i$n ap giifa hai day, thi du L1 va L2, cuoc gOi 113di~n

ap day hay di~n ap dU'Oong day nqoal.

Trang hinh vec too(Hinh 2) va bit§u d6 dU'ong bit§u diEm ul1

(Hinh 3), ta co tht§ rno ta duoc Sl,I' lien h$ giifa dien
ap giifa day ngoai va day trung tinh N. Trang Hinh 2,
cac dien ap U1 N, U3N va U31 tao thanh mot tam giac Hinh 2: Wc to' cua cac (li~n ap trong rnach sao
can voi hai qoc 30°. Ta co the chia tam giac nay thanh
2 tam giac vuonq goc. V&i cac phep tinh 1U'Q'nggiac
ta ouoc: .f3 1-------------.,-...---
U31 = ulN - U'N

~31 = U1N . cas 30° = U,N .~ ==} U31 = U1N . (3 t ~ t------~-__+_ _.cr__
U
Theo Hinh 2, U31 la hieu 56 hlnh hoc giifa 1hN va
1l1N1):
l!.31 = Jl3N -l!.1N (hieu 56 hinh hQC)

Ta co diro'c dU'ang bit§u dien cua di$n ap day U31 bang

each laP hieu 56 cac tr] 56 tLPCthai cua cac dien ap U3N
va U1N trong d6 thi dU'ang bit§u dien (Hinh 3). () day
cho thay tr] 56 dlnh cua di$n ap u31 ton han tr] 56 dlnh
cua di$n ap U1N mot h$ 56,fJ.

Hinh 3: Di~n ap day (ngoai) va di~n ap pha trong billu db

(lll'Oong billu dien
Trang 1U'&idien ba pha 400 V voi bon day, dien ap day
=
giifa hai day pha la U 400 V, di$n ap giQ>aday pha va
day trung tinh (U1N, U2N, U3N) co tr] 56 230 V (Hinh 4).
8ieu nay cho phep Van hanh cac tai ba pha co dien
ap thiet ke 113400 V, thi du dong ca, hay thiet b] SU'ai
va cac tai dung dien xoay chieu voi 230 V, thi du bong
den hay man hinh tLP1U'&i di$n.

MOi di$n ap 400 v M6i di$n ap 230 v

1) G,lCh dlJ'&i,thi du J.b,. co nghTadai llJ'gng vai tr] so va hlJ'ang. phil;
thuc hi$n phep cQng hinh hoc Hinh 4: cac di~n ap trong 11I'ai di~n ba pha vai bbn day
 8.14 Dien xoay chieu ba pha 317

8.14.3 M~ch sao (ky hi~u: Y)

Di(in ap va dong di(in v&i tili can doi
Thi nghi~m 3: Ban hay nOi ba lai giong nhau, thi du
cac di$n tro 100 0, vao mot bi~n ap thl nghi$m ba
pha. Ban hay do CU'ang de) dong di$n trang moi day
pha va day trung tinh (Hinh 1).
N6u wang oe') dong oi?n trang cac day b~ng nhau,
trang day trung tfnh khOng c6 dong oi?n.
Trang mach sao (Hinh 1), dong di$n pha (di qua di$n
tro cua tail Istr bang dong di$n qua day I. Dong di$n di
qua nhanh diroc 99i la dong di~n pha Istr di qua di$n
tro cua tai, va dong di$n di qua dU'ang day L1, L2, L3
dU'9'Cgoi la dong di(in day I. Hinh 1: M<i\ch hinh sao cua cac tai (tai can dbi)

Trang mach sao cac dong dien day bang cac dong
a
di$n pha ngulin cung cap hay tal. Cae di~n ap va dong di(in trong rnach sao

Di$n ap a mot nhanh cua tai hay ncuon dlJ'9'c goi la u= (3. UStr 1= IStr
di$n ap pha Ustr (Hinh 1) hay di$n ap sao.
U fli$n ap day Dong di~n day
Ustr Di~n ap pha Istr Dong di$n pha
Vai mach sao, di$n ap day giCPacac day L1, L2,
L3 Ian gflp,j3lan di$n ap pha (Ustr) nquon cung a
cap hay tal, II III IV

mImI MQtdQngcc ba pha duoc n6i voi IU'aidien 400

V theo rnach sao. Ban hay tinh dien ap pha Ustr
t
(y cuon day stator cua dQngca.

I"'HQ; USt = J:!...- = 400 V = 230 V

r {3 {3
8
Trang moi thai diem, t6ng cac dong di$n day cua cac
day chay qua day trung tinh. Chung ta hay quan sat thi
du thai diem II trang do th] dlJ'ang bieu dien (Hinh 2), Hinh 2: Bieu do th] dU'cmg bieu dilm cua cac dong di~n day pha
dong dien i1 co tr] so Cl,J'C
dai dlJ'O'ng. cac dong di~n

±
tz va i3 co tri so bang phan nLPai1, tuy nhien am. NhU'
vaY tong tr] so tuc thai cua ba dong di$n bang [Link] UZN 1200 UlN
nay cOng co gia tr] cho moi diem narn giCPa0° va 360°. " ~
¢
,
Ta cOng co the xac dinh cuonq de)dong di$n trong day ,
a) b) c)
trung tinh theo vec to' (Hinh 4). De kien tao vec to' cua
cac dong di$n, ta can suy nghTtruce nhu sau: Hinh 3: Vec too cua cac di~n ap trong rnach sac

Tlf Hinh 2e, trang 315 doi voi rnach sao ta co cac vec
to' di$n ap hlJ'ang vao diem sao (Hinh 3a). Ta dlJ'9'C
phep dich chuyen cac vec to' (Hinh 3b). Ta dU'9'c vec
to' co cunq gia tr] (Hinh 3e). vec 10'cua cac dong di$n
thuonq dU'9'Cthe hien hlJ'ang ra nqoai.
UlN
Neu tai tieu thu trang thi nghi$m 3 Ia cac dien tro thu'c,
cac dong di$n 11, 12 va 13 co cunq pha vai cac di$n ap Hinh 4: vec too cua cac dong di~n trong rnach sao

pha cua tai (Hinh 4). T6ng so hinh h9C cua cac dong
di$n day 11, lz va 13 (Hinh 4) bang 0, nhu the kh6ng co Vo'i tai can doi trang mot lU'ai di$n ba pha, dong
dong di$n chay trang day trung tinh. di$n chay qua day trung tinh [Link].
318 8 CO' ban ky thuat di~n

Cae di~n ap va dong di~n khi tai khong can dbi

Thi nghi~m 4: Ban hay noi ba dii;ln tro khac nhau VaG V2l
Z
lU'ai di~n ba pha voi rnach sac (Hinh 1). B<;Inhay do VlI VI2
cac di~n ap pha cua tai va wang do dong dii;ln day
", :; N

cua cac day L1, L2, L3 va day trung tinh. -' -'
Di~n eo pha cue rJi~n tro tai bang nhau. Cac dong rJi~n
13 ~ A 12 ~ A
day rJi qua cac day khOng bang nhau. C6 dong rJi~n
chev qua day trung tinh.
Neu trong mot lU'ai di~n ba pha, tling bong den hay
cac 6 di$n duoc dung voi cac cong suat khac nhau,
oU'Q'cn6i voi cac day pha va day trung tinh, ta c6 Sl)'
chju tc'likh6ng can doi. Trang cac day pha, wang do
dong di~n kh6ng giong nhau. Trong hinh vec to', cac
vec to' dong dien co chieu dai khac nhau (Hinh 2). Neu
ta dung phep cong hinh hoc cho cac dong dii;ln, ta co W1 V1
dong dii;ln cnay trong day trung tinh IN (Hinh 2). Dong
dien IN canq lon, neu cac dong di$n day 11, 12 va 13 di Hinh 1: M('Ich sao cua cac Iili (v6>i Iili khong can doi)
qua cac day (L1' L2, L3) canq khac nhau.

Khi phan bo cac rnach di~n xoay chieu theo tling

day rieng Ie cua h~ thong ba pha, chunq ta nen
luu y sac cho tai g~n b~ng nhau.

Thi nghi~m sb 5: B<;Inhay I$p lai thi nghiem 4, nhunq

kh6ng co day trung tinh. Ban hay do cac di~n ap day,
cac dien ap pha U1N, U2N,.U3N cua tai va cac dong
di~n qua day pha.

Cac rJi~nep day b{Jng nhau. Cac rJi~nep pha cue rJi~n
tro tai khec nhau. Cac dong cJi~n day kh6ng giong
~,
nhau va ngoai ra cac tti s6 rJo khOng con giong nhtr I .".
trang thi nghi~m 4. II

Trong hinh vec to' (Hinh 3), ta co th~ nhan th~y rang vlN
di~m sac N' da dich chuyen kh6i trung tam. Do day
trung tinh kh6ng duoc ket nOi, tal di~m sac t6ng so Hinh 2: vee to' cua eac dong di~n trong rnach sac va v6>i Iili
hinh hoc cua cac dong di~n 11, 12, 13 phai bang O. De khong can doi cua 1ll'6>idi~n bon day.
dieu kien nay duoc dap IYng, cac di~n ap pha cua tal
phai thay dol kh6ng nhCi>ngtr] so rna ca hU'ang cua
chunq. Ta co sl,l' dlch chuylm dillm sac va do v~y
dl~n ap pha cho cac tai trong h~ thong ba pha S6 yeu
di hay rnanh hon. H~ so ket chuoi -.J3 kh6ng con gia trio

Trong mot h~ thong ba pha, neu cac tai xoay

chieu co di~n ap khac nhau, thi day trung tinh da
bi dlYt hay kh6ng dU'Q'cnoi.

D~ dien ap giong nhau khi tal kh6ng can dOi, ta phai

dung lU'ai di$n bon day trong lU'oi di~n ha the.

Trong mot he thong dien ba pha voi bon day,

chiu tai kh6ng can doi (Hinh 1), ta do dU'Q'c
cac dong dien day L1, L2, L3 11 = 2,5A, 12 =
2,OA va 13 = 1,OA. Hay xac dinh wang do
dong di$n IN qua day trung tinh.
Hinh 3: Vec to' cua di~n ap day vii di~n ap pha trong rnach sao
Theo Hinh 2 ta dU'Q'C: IN = 1,2A v&i tai khong can doi, khong co n6i day trung linh N.
(T1Ie: 1 em 8 1 A)
 8.14 Di~n xoay chieu ba pha 319

8.14.4 M~ch tam giac (Ky hi~u: 1'\)

rn
Neu cac pha (nhanh) cua nguon cung cap, thi du cuon ....J N
....J
day cua may phat di~n duoc noi theo hinh tam qiac,
ta chi con ba day di den cac tal. M¢t lU'ai di~n nhu the
dU'Q'CgOi la lU'ai di~n ba pha vai ba day. LU'ai di~n cao
the (380 kV, 220 kV, 110 kV) la lU'ai di~n ba pha vai ba
day.
Trang rnach tam giac (Hinh 1), di~n ap day gifra hai day
dan dien (L1, L2, L3) bang dien ap pha Ustr cua cua tai.

Trang rnach tam giac, dien ap pha Ustr cua nguon

cung c~p hay cua tai bang dien ap day U12, U23, U31.

Cac dong di~n voi tai can dbi

Thi nghi~m 6: B9n hay noi ba tai giong nhau, thi du
cac di~n tro 1000 theo rnach tam giac (Hinh 1) voi
mot bien ap thi nghiem ba pha. B9n hay do cac dong
V2
- UStr
Vl

Hinh 1: M~ch tam giac cua cac tai (tal dOi xlPng)
dien day (L1• L2• L3) va cac dong dien pha qua dien
tro cua till.

Moi dong ai~n day Ian hon dong ai~n pha qua ai~n tra Cae di~n ap va dong di~n trang mach tam giac
cue tai 13 IJn.
Trong mach tam giac, cac dong di~n day re nhanh U = UStr [ = (3. [Sir
(Hinh 1). Khi dung quy tac diem nut, ta can chu y la
U fli~n ap day I D6ng di$n day
tiJong dong dien lech pha vai nhau. Do v$y can phai US•r fli$n ap pha I Dong di$n pha
SIr
dung phep c¢ng hinh hoc. Dong di~n day 11 la hieu so
hinh hoc 112- 131, 12 la hieu so hinh hoc 123- 112 va 13 la
hieu so hinh hoc 13C '23. (/12, 131 ... ta dong di~n pha
di qua cuon day hay tai - ND)
a) vec to' cua cac dong
di.;ln pha 1,2. 123• 13,
va di.;ln ap pha U'2.
Trang tmong hop cac dien tra nhanh cua tai la cac
U23. U3' a
nguon
dien tra th l,l'C , cac dong dien pha qua cac tai '12. 131 va
123 co cunq pha voi cac dien ap pha cua tai U12• U31
cung dip hay tal 8
va U23 (Hinh 2a). De xac djnh cac dong dien day '1.
'2• /3 ta co the dich cnuyen song song cac vec to cua
cac dong dien pha qua tal. Cac dong dien pha qua cac
tili '12, '31. 123 hinh thanh mot ngoi sao (Hinh 2b). Cac
dU'ong noi li€ln gifra cac dong dien qua tili tU'ong Lrng
voi cac dong di~n day 11.12 va 13 (Hinh 2b).
Trang Hinh 2b. cac dong dien '12• 131 va 123 hinh thanh
mot tam giac can vo'i g6c day bang 30°. Ta co the phan
chia tam giac nay thanh 2 tam giac vuonq. Dung cong
thuc 1U'Q'nggiac ta oucc:

i
I
= 131 • COS 30
0
= 131 .
{3
-2- => 1= IStr' {3
1,= 1,2 -131
(Hi.;lu 56 hinh h9C)
Trong rnach tam giac. dong dien day lion gap ~3
I~n so vai dong dien pha Istr a
nguon cung cap
hay tal.

Trang mot tai ba pha voi mach tam giac. dong

dien pha ',2. In. 131 chay qua nhanh cua nguon
cung cap hay tai 103 2.5A. Ban hay xac dinh
a/ bang each tinh va b/ bang do hoa cac dong
b) Vec to' cua cac dong di$n
dien day qua day L,. L2• L3 (tl Ie: 1A=10mm).
day I,. 12. 13 va dong di$n
13.;;'441 a) 1, = 12 = 13 = {3. IS•r = (3. 2,5 A = 4,3 A pha 1'2. 123• 131 6 nquon
cung dip hay tai
b) Lai giai theo Hinh 2b 123 = 2,5 A g 25 mm
1, = 12 = 13 g 43 mm g 4,3 A Hinh 2: Hinh vec to' cua mach tam giac
320 8 CO' ban ky thuat di~n

Cac dong di~n vai tai khong can doi

rn N
-' -'
Thi nghi~m 7: Hay I$p 19i thi nqhlern 6 voi ba dii;ln
tro thuc, tuy nhien voi tr] so dii;ln tro khac nhau (Hinh I,~
I~
1a). Hay do cac dii;ln ap pha a tal, cac dong dii;ln day _-U""2J--t----
va cac dong dii;ln pha a
tai. Hay so sanh cac dii;ln ap
voi nhau, cOng nhu cac dong dii;ln pha a tai va cac
dong di~m day. a) M;;ICh tam giac co tai
kh6ng can aoi.
Cac cJi~nap pha & fai biing nneu. Cac dong eJi~nday
khae nhau va cao dong cJi~npha qua fai eOng kht!lc
nhau. Cae dong cJi~nday va cac dong eJi(jnpha qua tai
khOng con theo ti I? .J3 m}a.

Cac di$n ap nhanh a

tai co tac dunq lam cho cac dong
dii;ln chay qua di~n tro khac nhau co CU'ang d6 khac
nhau (Hinh 1 b). Trong truonq h9'P cac dii,in tra trong
thi nghii;lm 7 103cac di~n tro thuc, cac dong pha tai a
112, 131 va 123 c6 cunq pha v6'i cac dien ap pha tai a b) Vec to' cua cac dong
U12, U31 va U23 (Hinh 1b). f)~ xac dinh dong dii;ln day, dien pha 112, 123, 131 dien
ap pha U,2, U23, U31 IT
ta can dlcn chuyen cac vec to' cua cac dong di$n pha
nguon cung cap hay tal
qua tai theo hU'6'ng song song (Hinh 1c). Cac dong
dien pha qua tai 112, 131 va 123 lam thanh mot hinh vec
to' khong can doi. Cac dU'ong noi giQ>acac vec to' cua
cac dong dien pha qua tai tuonq 0>ng v6'i cac dong
dien day 11, 12 va 13.

8.14.5 lrng [Link] mach sao va mach

tam giac
c) vec to' cua cac dong
dien day 1 12, 13 qua
Tren cac bien conq suat cua cac dong CO' ba pha c6
L1, L2, L3 va
" dong di~n
ghi dien ap thiet ke va rnach can thiet cho dien ap nay, pha ',2• 123• 131 0> ngubn
thi du '" 230 V. 8i~u nay co nghTa la mOi cuon day cung cap hay tili
pha stator hay di~n tro tai lam viec vo'i dien ap 230 V.
Trang tmong hop noi voi lU'ai dii;ln dii;ln ap day 400 V,
dong CO'phai dU'Q'C noi theo rnach hinh sao (Bang 1).
Hinh 1: M~ch di$n va hinh vec to' eua rnach tam giitc co tai
V6'i rnach sao, dii;ln ap pha cua nguon hay cua tai 103 khong can a6i
Uslr =
400 V : .J3 = 230 V.

Tren cac bien cong suat thuonq ghi ca hai dien ap cua Bang 1: Cac macn di$n cua cac dong co ba pha
1lJ'6'idien rna dQng CO'co th~ van hanh, thi du 400/230
V. Dien ap nho hon chinh 103dien ap pha a
nguon cung £)i~n ap cua ll1ai aien
cap hay tai cho phep,
400 V Y 6
Elien ap pha
Cac d~u cuon day (U1, V1, W1) va cac d~u cuoi cuon cho phep cua 230 V Y 6
day (U2, V2, W2) dlJ'Q'c d~Jn den cac di~m noi cua ban cuon day trcng
a(lng CO'
500 V 6
noi dii;ln (Hinh 2). Ta c6 th~ noi dQng CO' theo rnach
sao hay rnach tam giac nho ba cau cong t~c dai bang 289 V Y
nhau tren ban noi dii;ln (Hinh 2).

1. Hay cho biet dii;ln ap giQ>aa) cac day dan dien L1, a) Mach sac b) Mach tam qiac
L2, L3 Ili nqoai vao , b) day dan dien tu>nqoai vao
va day trung tinh duoc goi 103gi?
2. DlJ'6'i nhQ>ng di~u kien nao de day trung tinh
trong llJ'ai dii;ln ba pha khOng c6 dien?
3. C6 su tlJ'O'ng quan gi giQ>a dien ap day pha voi
dien ap pha cua cuon day stator hay dii;ln tro cua
tai va dong di~n day v6'i dong dien pha a
nguon
cung cap hay tai trong a) rnach hinh sao va b) Hinh 2: Cac rnach di$n trEm ban n6i di$n cho dong co Ibng
sac ba pha
rnach tam giac?
 8.14 £)i~n xoay chieu ba pha 321

8.14.6 Cong su~t cua dong di~n xoay chieu ba pha Cong suat v&i tiii din d6i

Ta c6 the xac dinh cong suat cua mot thiet bi duoc van hanh voi di~n
ba pha qua cong suat don Ie cua ba cuon day. Tren mOi ba nhanh
cua tai voi rnach sao cOng nhu rnach tam giac, ta c6 di$n ap pha [S]=V'A=VA=W
Ustr cua cuon day va dong di$n pha Istr di qua ba cuon day. Cong
suat bieu kien S cua mot cuon day do d6 la Sstr = Ustr . Istr. NhU' the P = (3 . U' I . cos <P
trong trU'ang hop tai can dOi, ta co cong suat bieu klen toan phan la
S =3 . Ustr . Istr. Thong thU'ang cac di$n ap day va dong di$n day d~ [P] = W
do hon cac tri so pha cua cuon day stator hay taL Do v~y trong cong
=
thuc S 3 . Ustr . Istr, ngU'ai ta dung den cac tr] so cua di~n ap day va
Q = f3 . U . I . sin <p
dong di$n day.
[0] = var=W

Cong suat di~n ba pha v&i tiii can d6i Cong suat billu killn
S
M,ch sac M,ch tam giae U Dien ap day

I I Dong di~n day

IStr =I
IStr = {3 P Conq suat thuc
a Conq suat phan khang

S = 3 . IStr UStr = 3 . I . U CDS rp He s6 hieu d~ng

• S =3'U ./ Str =3'U·~ (3
{3 Str sin rp H", s6 earn khang
'P Goc I",ch pha
S={3'U'I
Cong suAt vii dong dii;ln voi macn tam
Tuonq lfng voi P =
S . cos cp ta c6 conq sua! thuc cho di$n ba pha: giile vii mach sac
P = ;f3 . U . I . cos cp va vo'i Q = S . sin cp ta c6 conq suat earn khanq
cho di$n ba pha: Q = ;f3 . U . I . sin cp. PI> =3· Py
It; = 3 .Iy
NgU'ai ta tinh conq suat cho rnach sao va rnach tam giac voi
cunq cong thuc. P6 Cong suat tieu thu
voi rnach tam qiac

imImI M(>td(>ng CO' ba pha co dong di$n 8,7 A vol di$n ap day U 400 v Py Cong suat tieu thu
va coso =
0,83. Ban hay tinh a) cong suat thuc P, b) cong suat vai rnach sac
bi~u ki~n S va cl cong suat earn khanq QL. 16 Dong dien trong rnach tam giac 8
Iy D6ng dien trong rnach sac

'@MIl a) P = {3 . U' I· CDS 'P = (3 ·400 V . 8,7 A . 0,83 = 5 kW

b) S = f3. U' 1= (3 . 400 V' 8,7 A = 6,03 kVA L1
c) 0l = {3 . U· I· sin 'P = (3 ·400 V . 8,7 A . 0,56 = 3,38 kvar

So sanh 51! tieu th •••cong

tam giac
5U~t cua tal trong rnach sao va rnach
u~,j
Thi nghi~m 8: Ban hay nOi ba di$n treY 100 n voi lU'oi di$n ba pha U R2
400 V a) theo rnach sao b) theo rnach tam giac (Hinh). Do cac Iy do
an toan, ban hay dung thiet b] bao v$ dong ro RCD voi 1M = 30 mA. L3
Hay do dong di$n day cho ca hai rnach va tinh cong suat tieu thu cho L2
tlfng macho Hay lap ty so giiYa cong suat cua mach sao doi voi rnach
a) U=400 V UStr=230 V
tam giac.
I.
L1

1= 2,3 A 1= 6,9 A
P = {3 . U· I . cos <P P= {3 . U· I . cos <P
P
p""
= {3 . 400
1,6 kW
V . 2,3 A . 1 p= {3 ·400 V· 6,9 A·
p"" 4,8 kW
1
L~j - I,

L2
b) U=400 V

Voi cunq di$n ap lU'oi di$n, conq suat cua tai tieu thu trang Hinh 1: M"ch di~n v&i di~n tra
a) Trong mach sao
mach tam giac Ian gap ba Itln so voi rnach sao.
b) Trong rnach tam giac
322 8 CO' ban ky thuat di~n

1. M¢t di~n tlch 3· 105 As tac d¢ng mot Il)'C 25 mN. Cuo'nq d¢ di~n trll'ang la bao nhieu?

2. Hai tarn kim loai each nhau 10 mm duoc n6i voi mot di~n ap 2 kV.

a) Cuonq d¢ di~n tru'onq giCra hai tarn kim loai la bao nhieu?

b) M¢t cuon day co tiet dlen A =

15 crrr', chieu dai dll'ang sue trung binh 30 cm voi 1500 vonq day, chay
qua cuon day 18 mot dong di~n 1A . ClI'ang d¢ tll' truonq, mat d¢ tll' thong va tll' thong trang cuon day
la bao nhieu?

3. Hay rno ta ngan qon:

a) £)lI'ang bieu dien tll' tre.

b) Sl)' lien he giCra do tll' dll' va CU'ang do khanq tll' (Il)'C tll' tr~).

c) Sl)' khac nhau giCra dll'ang bieu di~n tll' tre cua mot v~t li~u tll' cling va tll' rnem.

4. Hai d~u cua mot vong day dien duoc nOi vol mot dien tro. Khi mot day dien dai 30 cm duoc di chuyen vai
van t6c 10 m/s xuyen qua mot tll' tru'ang d6ng nhat co mat dQ tll' thong 1,5 T, CU'ang dO dong dien la bao
nhieu?

5. Bong den day toe cua mot may do di~n ap vi so y de phat sang trang 7 gio. Neu CU'ong do dong dien la
,= 0,15 A, 11I'Q'ngdien tlch dll'Q'c chuyen cho la bao nhieu?

6. £)uoi den day toe ghi 9 V/O, 1 A. £)ien tro cua bong den?

7. Mot CI,lCpin cua den pin co dien ap trung binh 3 V cung cap mot dong dien 0,14A trang 30 gio. Neu gia tien
CI,lCpin la 1 Euro, gia tien cho 1kWh dien?

8. Mot dong CO'dien (4 V, 0,2 A) co hieu suat 0,6. Cong suat danh dinh cung cap cho dong CO'?

9. M¢t phan ap khong tai ouoc n6i vai dien ap 9 V. Tren R1 = 4,70 ta co di~n ap 3 V. Ta phai chon R2 bi3ng
bao nhieu?

10. Ta co: pnan ap co tai, U = 12 V, U2 = 0,7 V, 'L = 6 mA, ty Ie dong ngang a, = 5. Tim: R1, R2.

11. Hay tinh chieu dai song (buoc song) va khoanq each Ian truyen (T = 20 ms) cua mot dien ap xoay chieu
vai t~n s6 50 Hz.

12. £)e tao ra mot cuon day hinh vong khan voi chieu dai dll'ang soc trung binh 40 cm co cuonq d9 tu truonq
4500 AIm, tiet dien 10 ern", ta can day d6ng dai bao nhleu (? Cuon day 1200 vonq duoc n6i vo'l nguon di~n
ap U = 24 V. B<;In hay tinh CU'ong d9 dong di~n qua cuon day va dien tr& thuc (ohm) cua cuon day.

13. Theo ban ky [Link] day co dien earn bi3ng 3 H.

a) 8ii;ln khanq cua cuon day & 60 Hz?

b) £)ien khanq thay doi bao nhleu % khi tan s6 giam di 15%?

14. Voi may hien song, ta do duoc cac tr] s6 dinh cua mot tu di~n: is 1,6 mA va Us = = 3,5V. B<;In hay tinh dien
dung va di~n khanq cua tu dien khi tan s6 di~n xoay chieu la 1,5 kHz.

15. Tan s6 mot dien ap xoay chieu danq sin la f = 50 Hz. Tri s6 Cl)'C d<;lido dll'Q'c: Us = 326 V.

a) Tr] s6 hieu dunq cua di~n ap xoay chieu?

b) Khi ta do dii;ln ap vai may do di~n ap thong dunq, ta co tr] s6 bao nhieu?

c) Vao thoi diem nao ta co cac tr] s6 toe thl: U1 = 25V, u2= -30 V, u3= 211 V.

16. Ba dien tro cua 10 SlI'O'i deu co dien tro ta R = 16,255 O. Cac dien tro duoc n6i mach sao vao 11I'aidien ba
pha (400/230 V). Hay tfnh CU'ang 'do dong di~n day, cac cong s~fit pha va'toan bo ~ong suat danh dint, cua
10 suoi?

17. Hay tinh cac CU'ang do dong di~n pha, cac cong suat pha va tong cong suat cua mot 10sll'&i co cac dii;ln tra
nung deu bang R = 100 O. cac dien tro nay duoc noi voi 11I'aidi~n ba pha theo rnach tam giac (400/230 V).
 S.15 CO'ban linh ki$n di$n tlf 323

8.15 CO' ban linh ki~n di~n tLP

A K
Thonq thuonq linh ki$n di$n hi duoc ch~ t90 b~ng
+--------~~--------
chat ban dan. NgU'ai ta hi~u chat ban dan la chat ran
each di$n hay dsn di$n. £)ieu nay tuy thuoc vao cac
dieu ki$n mol truonq, thi du nhu' nhlet do, nang 1U'Q'ng
dU'a vao dU'oi dang di$n ap, dong di$n, anh sang ... Hinh 1: Ky hi~u diat
Sau day cac linh kien di$n tlf quan tronq nhat.

8.15.1 Diot

£)i6t la linh ki$n ban dsn co rnuc dich hllu nhu' chi cho
dong dien chay theo mi,it hU'ong. Chung co hai m6i
n6i, dU'Q'c99i anot (A) va catot (C) (xem Hinh 1). Moi
n6i catot thU'ang noi voi vo linh ki$n va dU'Q'Cdanh dau
b~ng mot vonq tron.

Khi co di$n ap va dU'Q'Cdo tll' anot den catot, neu

UAK > 0, diat duoc n6i theo hU'ong dan di$n; neu
UAK < 0, diot dU'Q'cnoi theo hU'ong khang dan dien.
Hinh 2 trinh bay d6 th] tieu bieu cua dial.
Hinh 2: Db th] diat

Dong di$n dan gia tang rat nhanh va rat rnanh khi
di$n ap VU'Q'tqua di$n ap ngU'O'ngUo. Neu dong di$n
vuot qua tr] 56 cho phep Imax se pha hong di6t. ThOng
thU'ang de tranh viec nay, mot di$n Ira duoc n6i tiep. +----------4-~~-- 8
Thi6tbi,
Tr] s6 dien ap ngU'O'ngUo tuy theo 109idial. £)iCit109i dungCl,l
germanium co Uo tll' 0,2 d~n 0,4 V va dial silic Ill' 0,5
den D,S v.

Hinh 3: £liat bao v~ sai CI,I'C

Neu diat dU'Q'Cvan hanh theo hU'ang nquoc, cho den

di$n ap -Usperr max ht.u nhu kh6ng c6 dong di$n chay
qua [Link] diat thonq thU'ang khi di$n ap thap hon
-Usperr max- diat b] pha hong.

Nhieu thiet b] dU'Q'cbao v$ bang cac diat chong noi sai

cue (Hinh 3). Neu thiet b] duoc n6i dung voi ngubn
DC, no hoat di,ing. Neu noi sai, thiet b] khonq h091 u
di,ing, nhunq khonq b] hU' hong.

Mi,it ITnhvue (Pngdunq khac la mach chinh hru, Hinh 4

Irinh bay bi,i chinh luu rura song. Tll' di$n ap d9ng sin
a ng6 VaG (dU'ang bieu dien xanh da trail duoc tao
thanh di~m ap mot chieu, Neu kh6ng c6 tu di$n, di$n
ap ng6 ra la dU'ang bieu dien rnau do. Trj s6 di$n ap
thap hon di$n ap ngU'O'ng"b] cat". Vo'i 11,1 di$n trong
nua chu ky duonq dllu tien, 11,1 di$n duoc nap di$n voi
trj so Uaus = Uein - UD. Trong khoang Uein - Uaus< UD,
diCitngat di$n va tu dien ph6ng dien qua di$n tro. Hinh 4: BQchinh llJ'umi>a s6ng
324 8 CO' ban ky thuat di~n

van toc dl:! thuc hi~n vi~c nay duoc dinh v6'i hang so
=
thcYi gian T R . C. Hang so nay xac dinh d9 gQ'n s6ng
UBR, d6 la hieu so giCfa tr] so CI,J'Cd;;1iva CI,J'Ctil:!u cua
dien ap ngo ra.

~u eus
Dl:! chuc nanq nay oU'Q'c hi$n thuc hi$u qua hon, '--- __ --.J
ngU'cYi dung rnach chinh lU'u oi~m giCfa (Hinh 1) hay
mach cau chinh luu (Hinh 2). Mach chinh hru di~m
giCfa chi can hai diot, nhunq doi hoi Sl)' lay di$n ap tll' Hinh 1: M~ch chinh [Link] di~m gii:l'a

di~m giCfa & bien ap. Mach cau chinh lU'u can bon diat,
can gQi la mach Graetz. V&i rnach nay, ta khOng c~n
I§y di$n ap tll' di~m giCfa cua bien ap.

Ban c6 th~ tlrn hi~u them cac rnach chinh ILI'u khac
trang "Carn nang CO' di$n tLv".

M9t ling dl,mg khac cua diat la diat bao v$. Trang Hinh 2: Cau chinh luu
Hinh 3, khi cong tac rno, cuon day se tao ra mot dlnh
di$n ap u. N~u oi$n ap nay cao hon di$n ap ngLl'5'ng,
diet se dan di$n va nho v~y dinh di$n ap S9 b] han che
khong lon hon UD.

[Link] Diat zener

Hinh 3: Diat bao v~ (chong di~n ap dinh)

C6 th~ n6i diet zener (diet Z) la met 10;;1idiot dac biet,

Bieu tuonq va d~c tuyen dU'Q'c trinh bay trang Hinh 4.
Diot zener dU'Q'c van hanh theo hLl'6'ng ngLl'Q'c. Giong
nhu diet binh thuonq, dLl'6'i trj so -Usperr max d6ng
di~n ngU'Q'c gia tang rat nhanh (/',.U//',./ ---> 0). Khong + __ A~D>lt--K_
giong voi diat binh thLl'cYng, tr] so nay ouoc dinh nghTa
ta Uz. Diot zener khang b] pha hong cho du noat dong
dU'6'i tri so nay neu dong di$n ngLl'Q'C CI)'C d9i khang
bi VLl'Q'tqua.

Diat zener dLl'Q'c dung de bao v$ chong lal Sl)' qua ap

(Hinh 5). Khi di$n ap ng6 vao chua VLl'Q'tqua tr] so Uz,
gan nhtr khong c6 d6ng di$n chay qua diet zener. Khi
tr] so Uz b] VU'Q't qua, diet zener dan di~n va di~n ap
duoc giCf gan nhu khong thay doi.

[Link] Diat phat sang LED Hinh 4: D~c tuy~n va ky hi~u cua diat zener

Diet phat sang c6n duoc gQi LED (Light Emitting

Diode) dU'Q'c van hanh trang chieu thuan (Hinh 1,
trang 325). Khi c6 dong dien chay qua LED, n6 phat
sang; tuy theo 10;;1ivat li$u, anh sang trai dal tll' hong
nqoai den CI)'Ctim. Thong thLl'cYng LED phat anh sang
thay dU'Q'c, dU'Q'c SLvdl,mg dl:! chi tranq thai c6 di$n ap,
earn bien hoat dong V.v ... LED cOng dU'Q'c Slr dvng
trang xe hot, thi du den tin hieu (den th~ng ... ).
Hinh 5: Bao v~ qua ap
 8.15 CO' ban linh kien dien tlf 325

8.15.2 Transistor A /,; K

+------~~~~------
V~ nquyen t~c, chunq ta c6 hai loai transistor: transistor U
AK
ILI'ang CI,I'Cva transistor hieu (/'ng trLl'ang (FET). Ca hai
khac nhau co ban v~ each di~u khien. Hinh 1: BilJu tU'Q'ng diot phat sang LED

Transistor ILI'ang Cl)'C co ba moi noi, Cl)'C goc (B), Cl,J'C [ [ r-

B~ ;tB-
thu (C) va CI,I'C phat (E) (Hinh 2). Nflu CI,I'Cgoc dLl'OOc
di~u khien, CI,I'Cgac cua transistor npn phai dLl'O'ng hori
CI,I'Cthu va CI,I'Cphat de c6 dong dien chay tll CI,I'Cgac
den Cl,J'Cphat cOng nhu dong dien IBC. Trong trLl'ang B~
hop transistor pnp, dien bien ngLl'OOc1<;Ii.
E- E+

£)e thll xem chuc nang transistor ILI'ang CI,I'Ccon tot

Hinh 2: Bieu tU'Q'ng transistor lU'ang CY'C
hay kh6ng, ta co the dung may do van nang de do xem
diot cue goc-cl,I'c phat va diot Cl)'C qoc-cvc thu con co
tinh chat diot hay kh6ng.

NgLl'ai ta dung transistor ILI'5'ng CI,I'C de khuech dai

hay d6ng, rno tin hieu. a day ta tan dunq mot tinh
chat cua transistor. Neu co mQt dong dien IB nho trong
transistor npn chay tll CI,I'Cgoc den CI,I'Cphat, mot dong
dien Ian c6 the chay tll CI,I'Cthu den cue phat.

Hinh 3: cac tr! so d~c trU'ng cua transistor lU'ang cue

Hinh 3 trinh bay cac tri so d$c trunq cua transistor
npn. Transistor c6 the van hanh voi ba rnach co ban
khac nhau: Vung di;ic tuyen di~u
Vunq di;ic tuylln ngo ra
khilln dong di~n
• Mach Cl,J'Cphat: ng6 vao : UBE, ng6 ra: UCE

• Mach CI,I'Cthu; ng5 vao : UCB, ngo ra: UCE 8

• Mach CI,I'Cgoc (nen); ng5 vao : UBE, ng5 ra: UCB

Vai rnach cue phat transistor dat duoc sv khuech

dai conq suat Ian nhat. Vi su' lien he giCfa cac tr] so
d$c trLl'ng thLl'ang kh6ng tuyen tinh, cac tinh chat ~h/mA:
cua transistor dLl'OOCthe hien qua bon vunq d$c tuyen I I
I I
(Hinh 4). Sau day ta tim hieu each thuc hoat dong cua
-
I I

bO khuech dai transistor theo Hinh 1, trang 326.

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-.-=:: Ie
Transistor duoc van hanh theo mach CI,I'Cphat. Qua
I
I
I U
I
I
CE I
-
dien tro truoc Rv, mot dong dien cue goc co djnh IB
UBE/V
duo'c chinh. Dong dien nay duoc chon sac cho trong
Vung di;ic tuyen ngo VaG Vung di;ic tuyen hbi ti€lp
rnach khuech dai, n6 narn a
giO>avunq dac tuyen ng5
,

ra (Hinh 2, trang 326). Hinh 4 : cac vunq d~e tuyl!n transistor

£)LI'ang th~ng lam viec dLl'Q'c xac djnh voi dien tro CI,I'Cthu Rc, dLl'ang th~ng nay di qua diem lam viec trong tinh
tranq tTnh. Tr] so Rc co duoc tll dong lc CI,I'Cd:;li cho phep cua transistor (vai UCE =
OV) va dien ap ngu6n cung
cap UB· Ta tim dLl'OOC =
diem thl1 hai cua dLl'ang lam viec khi transistor b] ng~t dien ik: OmA). Khi do dien ap UCE
= UB·

Neu bay gia tin hieu d~u vao Ue duoc phoi hop them mot tin hieu xoay chieu, dong IB thay d6i, lam cho lc va ICE
thay d6i theo. Vi mot thay d6i nho cua dong CI,I'Cgoc dLl'a tai thay d6i Ian cua dong CI,I'Cthu va nhu the cua dien
ap UCE, ta c6 khuech dai dien ap va ca khuech dai dong dien (Hinh 2, trang 326).
326 8 Coo ban ky thuat di~n

Mach di$n duoc trinh bay trong Hinh 1 c6 vai nhuoc

diem. Thi du nhu diem lam vlec tuy thuoc rat nhi€!u
vao nhiet do. Do khi lam vi$c, transistor n6ng IEln va
vi v$y lam cho diem lam vi$c b] dich chuyen. Nqoai
ra, transistor duoc dung de khuech dai tin hi$u xoay
chieu. 8i8U nay c6 nghia di$n ap ng5 vao 'J« thong
thuoriq knonq c6 thanh phan di$n ap mot chieu, Tuy
nhien, neu di$n ap ng5 vao co chua thanh phan di$n
ap mot chleu va thanh phan nay chi can thay dbi mot
it, n6 cOng lam diem lam viec dich chuyen. Do v~y,
u,
ngll'ai ta thU'ang dung hoi tiep dong di$n am cho
khuech dai transistor nhu trong Hinh 3.

Hinh 1: Khuyech d<li transistor

8iem lam vi$c duoc chinh qua phan ap CI,I'Cg6c voi
R1 va R2. RE duoc dung chu yeu de bn dinh diem
lam vi$c. Tl,J di$n CE duoc dung de ngan can thanh
phan di$n ap xoay chieu dich cnuyen diem lam viec.
Tl,J di$n CK1 cOng dung de ngan can thanh phan di$n
mot chieu & ngO vao cOng co the lam I$ch diem lam
vi$c. Tl,J di~n CK2 nqan can thanh phan di$n ap mot
chieu duoc chuyen tiep tai cac linh ki$n n6i vai ng5 ra. « «
I:
<,
E
<,
~ ~ tt---+-_ .....••
ro:--
Transistor cOng c6 the duoc dung nhu' cong tac
di$n tlf. Mach di$n CO' ban gi6ng nhu trong (Hinh 4
trang 325). Chi co khac biet la, di$n ap ng6 vao chi c6
the chap nhan hai tranq thai: "co mat" hay "khong c6 Hinh 2: Chinh diem lam vi~c
mat". Neu no khong co mat, UBE = 0 va transistor ngat
di$n, UCE co tr] s6 CI,I'Cdal. Neu n6 c6 mat, dong di$n
IB qua di$n tro truoc Rv phai ouoc chinh sao cho UCE
nho nhu c6 th€!oEliiim tro Rc nqan can tri s6 dong di~n
lc: Cl,J'Cdai cho phep khong bj VlI'9't qua. Toan bO d~c
tuyen duoc trinh bay trong Hinh 4.

Transistor loai khac c6 the tra cuu trong "Cam nang

co di$n tu",

u,
8.15,3 Linh ki~n di~n tu. cong suat
Ky thuat di$n tlf cong suat nghien cuu slf dl,Jng cac
linh kien di$n tlf trong viec d6ng ngi§t, dieu khien (thi
du dieu khien cat pha) va bien dbi di$n nang. Hinh 3: Khuech d<li transistor voi hoi tiep dong di~n am

Cac linh kien chu yeu (Hinh 1, trang 327):

• Diet cong suat

• Diac (Diode Alternating Current Switch)

• Triac (Triode alternating Current Switch) t la

• Thyristor (8iot di€!u khien duoc)

• GTO (Gate Turn Off Thyristor), thyristor c6 the ngi§t Cong t~c m&
~~--~--+--4~
dien bang c6ng gate

• IGBT (Isulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) Hinh 4: Transistor Iii cong t~c
 8.15 CO' ban linh kien di(in hi 327

[Link] Di6t c6ng suat

Eliot cong suat chu yeu dU'Q'c dung trong rnach chinh
luu kh6ng dieu khien (xem phan £long CO', trang 353)
cOng nhu di6t bao v(i, di6t ngat di(in. Trong vunq dan
di(in, n6 dan dong di$n Ian; trong vung kh6ng dan
di(in, n6 each di$n vai di$n ap lon.

[Link] Diac

£liac 18 mot diet hai chieu vai tranq thai di$n tro cao
va di$n tro thap, a di(in ap danh thung UD, n6 chuyen
tCPtranq thai di(in tro cao sang di$n tr& thap: khi dong Hinh 1: Cac linh kien cua dien tu. cong suat
di(in thap hon iD no tro ve tranq thai di(in tro cao. N6
co the l<;itsang tranq thai knac trong ca hai chieu dong
dien. Do v~y ngU'ai ta n6i diac la conq tac hai chieu
(Hinh 2).

lrng dl,mg cua diac: «

t
E
<,
•....
• C6ng tac d6ng rno kh6ng can tiep diem cho dong
di$n nho
,
U/v-- U
• £lieu khilm Triac o

[Link] Thyristor cong p

Thyristor cling p la mot triot co ba mOi nOi, anot A Hinh 2: £)~e tuyen diae, Uo di,n ap danh thung 8
(lap p), catot C (lap n) va CI,I'C dieu khien G a
lap
n. Neu di(in ap giG>a anot va catot UAK am, thyristor
khonq d~n di(in. Voi UAK duonq, d~u tlen thyristor
khong dan di(in. Bay gia neu & cong G co mot dong
di(in (Hinh 3) thyristor dan dien. Neu dong anot-catot

~~)
du ion, thyristor tisp tuc dan di(in ou khOng co dong
dieu khien & c6ng G. Neu dong anot giam thap hon
d6ng giG>iH, thyristor lal ngat di(in. Chu y: tCPtranq thai « « «
E E E
ngat di(in sang tranq thai dan di(in, thyristor can mot
thai gian.
1- UF ~ <>

0,1 ~ ~
•....

lrng dunq cua Thyristor: D6ng dien gili' 1H

600 V 500
• ChLYC nang cua mot diot dieu khien dU'Q'C
4 8 600 V 500
• C6ng tac d6ng rno kh6ng can tisp diem £)~c tUY'ln nglJ'O'c UF\--
...e' vung thuan \

• Chinh hru co dieu khien (xem chuonq £l(>ng CO')

t
Danh liYa b~ng
Dien ap I$t, dan dien
dien ap c6ng biing 0
Vung ngan can dong c6ng gate Dan dien khi dien
[Link] Triac ap I$t b] VU'Q'tqua
U F = di$n ap trang vung thuan
IH = dong dien trang vung thuan
Nguyen tac triac la rnach song song d6i nghich cua hai
UR = dien ap trang vunq ngU'Q'c
thyristor nhunq cunq c6ng gate. Nh6' v~y c6 the dieu Ie = dong dien trang vung ngU'Q'c
khien ca hai nua song cua di$n ap xoay chieu (£l.;ic
tuyen xem sach Carn nang). Hinh 3: Vung d~e tuyen thyristor
328 8 CO' ban ky thuat di~n

Cac linh VI,I'C (Png dunq cua triac:

• Di~u khien anh sang (b(l cat pha, b(l dieu chinh d(l
", r-, ", r-,
sang)
• Di~u chinh van t6c quay, b(> doi di$n xoay chieu
1/
/ '\.
,I\. )
V
/

AC-AC (tan so, bien dO, pha) (xem chuonq Dong '\. 1/
- £lien ap tLr
co dien}. ..•.
1U'6'idien v
• Dieu khien thi4t bi SlJ'oi dien I I
• Dieu khien cong su§t dien xoay chieu g~m nhir - Xung chuyen rnach

khong hao cong suat

Chu y: Trang rnoi trlJ'ang hop, rnach triac d~u can den
tu di$n va cuon day de khLPnhleu, vi khi lam bien danq
tin hieu dong di$n va dien ap, chunq lam phat sinh
song hai (song cao tan) dat den tan s6 lam nhieu tin o s 10 rrs 20 IllS

hieu radio (Hinh 1 ).vai thyristor GTO, ta co the dung

mot dong di$n cong gate am de lam thyristor khong
/ /
con d~n dien. Nhu vf).y,GTO se chuyen rnach tll' diem 1/ I v
lam vi$c A1 trong vung dan di$n sang diem lam viec
A2 trang vunq ngat di$n (Hinh 2). Vi GTO co cau true
- £lien ap sut tren triac -P~!.......i--l-+--+--!--l-+-I
voi nhCrng lap d$c biet, thyristor 10C;linay chiu dl,l'Og , ,I

duo'c nhCrngxung chuyen rnach Ian. Do vi;ly GTO d~c

biet thich hop trang b(>bien doi di$n mot chieu (xem ", I
...••..
chuonq D(>ngco dien). II
II .•••
II
II
8.15,3.5 Transistor ILI'cYng C,!C co c6ng gate II
di~n (IGBT1))
II
ngat ...••..
D6ng dien an6t

Cau true CO' ban cua transistor IO'ong CI,l'C cong gate
Hinh 1: £>ieu khien bang diac vai dc3th] di~n ap va dong
each dien la mot MOS-FET nhu'nq voi nhCrngtinh chat
d$c biet. Do vf).y,no ket hop tinh chat MOS-FET dieu
khien gan nhu: khong hao cong suat va tinh chat transistor lU'ang cue co dien
tro dan dien thap. IGBT khac bi$t so vai MOS-FET trong each tnuc chuyen
mach: trang tranq thai d~n dien, no co dien ap sut thap (Hinh 3).

\Jng [Link] cua IGBT:

• T<;Iodong han trong thiet b] han

• Thiet b] cung cap di$n bang chuyen rnach ,
r

• Dieu khien d(>ng co dien AC va DC

• BO bien tan trong ky thuat truyen dong Hinh 2: Cach th(rc lam vi~c cua
GTO
• Bo bien doi di$n mot chieu va b(>bien doi DC-AC
• Ngu6n dien chuyen mach voi cong suat Ian
• Dieu chinh van t6c quay d(>ng CO' bang each thay doi Ian s6
• MC;lChdanh ILPa,thl du dien tLPxe hoi

• He th6ng dien gio va di$n mat troi

Chu y: Vi IGBT la 10C;li

linh kien co tinh di$n gay nguy hiem, cho nen khi tiep
t---
xuc ta can mang vonq bang noi d~t va di giay d~n dien.

••• 1. Diet cong suat dlJ'Q'cn6i dien theo hO'ang nglJ'Q'c

nhu the nao?
Hinh 3: Cach thoc dong di~n cua

3. Cac tinh chat cua triac trang mach dien chinh?

4. Hay ve mot rnach ban cau vai IGBT (xem
IGBT

2. Mach di$n voi thyristor phai dlJ'Q'cn6i nhlJ' the chuonq D(lng co di$n) va giai thich mach dien
nao de mot xung kich duoc no d~n di$n? Dong (Bieu d6 xung).
anot nao co the chay?
1) IGBT: vi"'t tilt tlr Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
 8.16 CO' ban ky thuat do dii;ln 329

8.16 CO' ban ky thuat do di~n

8.16.1 Thu nh~n cac dai 1U'Q'ngdi~n: May do

Giac quan cua con ngU'ai khong the ghi nhan dU'Q'C dii;ln ap va
wang do dong dii;ln mot each true ti~p. Viec do cac dai 1U'Q'ng
dii;ln mot each qlan tiep doi hei phai bien doi chunq thanh nhCmg
dai 1U'Q'ngvat Iy khac. Sl)' hien thi cac dai 1U'Q'ngnay c6 the hoac
biing hinh thLPC analog hay digital (Hinh 3). Viec do dii;ln ap va
dong di$n mot each gian tiep b~t buoc se dan den nhCPng ngu6n
loi khac nhau:

• Sl)' hao hut khi bien doi nhCPng d<;li 1U'Q'ngvat Iy

• Loi hien thi do su chia nho do cac tr] so do

• Th] sai (Ioi doc)

Hinh 1: May do van nang kim chi th]
cac may do duoc d~c trunq voi di$n tro trang Ri•

Di~n kif! kim chi th]

Vo sat rnem
Dien ke chi th] kim (Hinh 2) bien doi cac d<;li 1U'Q'ng dii;ln (nang
1U'Q'ng)bang di$n tCPhay di$n dong thanh dal 1U'Q'ngCO' hoc (rnornen
quay). Chuyen dong quay lam cang mot 10 xo. Kim chuyen dOng
theo cnuyen dQng quay. ta co the doc tr] so tuonq LPng trsn mat Nam
chi th]. cham 16i

Hinh 2: Di~n ke khung quay

Do Sl,J'khonq tuyen tinh va anh hU'ang tu> bsn nqoai (nhi$t d9
v.v ... ), do chinh xac cua hien th] Ian nhat a
phan ba vung tren
8
cua thang do. Dii;ln tro trang thay doi rat Ian trang cac vunq
khac nhau cua thang do. Hilln thi
digital

TUy theo thiet ke, di$n ke chi th] kim dung de do cac dai 1U'Q'ng
di$n, thi du nhu do di$n tro, cong suat, tan so, nang 1U'Q'ng(cong
to dien). Cong tac
chuyen rnach
(thang do)

May do van nang digital (Hinh 3)

May do da nang digital bien doi cac dal 1U'Q'ngdii;ln analog thanh
dai 1U'Q'ngdi$n digital nho rnach bien doi analog-digital, va nho v~y
cac dai 1U'Q'ngdi$n c6 the hien th] thanh so. May do da nang digital Hinh 3: May do V,1n nang digital
kh6ng co Sl)' tieu hao CO' hoc (Sl,J'co xat) va vai chi th] so kh6ng co
loi th] sai. NhU' vf)y hai nguon sai so bi xoa bo, cac sai so nay c6
the lam sai lech ket qua do. Sai so do cua may do da nang digital Cong tac Khuech
B6 bien B6
tuy thuoc phan Ian vao chat 1U'Q'ngcua bo bien doi analog-digital. chuyen dbi d<;ling6
dbiAiD nh<i'
May do da nang digital khonq c6 cac linh kien CO' hoc va xU>Iy cac thang do V80

d<;li 1U'Q'ngcan do vai bo lac va rnach khuech dai di$n tU>.

Di$n tro ngo vao (di$n tro trang) cua may do da nang digital
giCPdU'Q'c co djnh trong tat ca cac vunq cua thang do dii;ln ap,
no co mot tr] so cao. Hinh 4: SO'de. kh6i m6t may do van nang digital
330 8 CO' ban ky thuat di~n

8.16.2 Do di~n ap Bang 1: Bi€!u tU'(;l'OgtrEmthang do

_ Eli~nxoay chi~u ,,/

/".../ va met chillu ~ El~t nghieng 30°
f)tJ do di$n ap, may do dien ap can phai noi song song voi dien ap
sut muon do (Hinh 2). Neu dien ap sut cua R2 khong co SI)' ann May do c6 K~ hieu dien ap
hU'ang len may do dien ap, ta co cong thuc lien h$ giCra ty Ie dien r?\ rnacn khu~ch ki€!mIra: s6 trong
\,l:,,( d<ti A ngOisao la di.;ln
ap va dien tro nhv sau: W ap kit1tmtra theo
..1 D~I dlJ'ngIhilng
g6c
kV (ngOisao. ..
khOngco 56. dl!;!n
ap ki~m tra 500 VI

n D~t nam ngang & cno y

•
(Bang hlJ'6>ng
di\n SLPd\mg)
Dien k~ khung
f)i$n ap sut cua R2 b] thay doi do SI)' ann hU'ang cua dien tro trong
RiV cua may do di$n ap, f)e tinh dU'Q'c sai so ket qua do, ta phai
[l]
~
Quayvai nam
cham vTnhcu'u o Che cnan chOng
tli truoong
thay the R2 trang conq thuc tinh U2 b~ng R2iV: cap bac, can ell>
tAl Dien k~ khung
J!i- Quayv6>ichinh 1,5 theo tri so cuoi
1 1 1 hru cue thang do
--~-+-
R2iV R2 RiV

RiV canq ton, thanh phan R2iV canq nho va do co sai so do canq
nno, Sai so nay do dien tro trang cua may do di$n ap gay ra.
--I

Dien tro trong cua may do di$n ap phai Ian hon nhieu so voi
di$n tro trang cua di$n tro can do.

8.16.3 Do dong di~n

f)e do d6ng di$n trang mot rnach dien, d6ng dien phai dU'Q'c d§n
qua may do dong diE;'!n,dieu co co nghia may do phai duoc rnac
Hinh 1: M<;IchnOi tiep dien tra
n6i tiep. CU'ang dO d6ng dien trong rnach di$n (Hinh 3) b] dien tro
trong cua may do lam anh hU'ang. SI)' thay doi nay dU'a den sai s6.

• CU'ang do d6ng dien duo'c tinh khi khOng co sai so do may do

dong dien:

1= UG
(R, + R2)

• Neu di$n tro trang RiA cua may do dU'Q'c ktJ den, CLYang dQ G
d6ng di$n S8 la:

I f)ien tr? trong RiA cua may do dong dien can phai canq nho
cang tot.
I
Hinh 2: Elo dien ap

May do chi th] Kim can dU'Q'c SLe dunq mot each chuyen nghieP
(sting 1). f)~c biet vai viec do dong di$n, conq suat, nang ILYQ'ng,
ta phai chu y den quy dinh an toan cua nha san xuat, Vi khi do
wang do d6ng dien, may do phai dU'Q'c nOi vao rnach dien, do vf?,y
trang nhieu trU'ang hop, tot non nen dung kem khong tiep xuc de G
do dong di$n.

f)tJ tranh sai so do va thi sai, khi dung may do ta phai chu y
den bang huonq d§n SLP dl,lng va cac bieu tU'Q'ng tren thang
do (Bang 1).
Hinh 3: £)0 dong dien
 8.16 CO' ban ky thuat do dien 331

8.16.4 M~ch sai s6 di~n ap

Mach sai so di~n ap duoc dung de xac dinh di$n tro mot each gian
titlp. Vai rnach nay, dong di$n thuc S\,J'di qua di$n tro can xac dinh
duoc do. Do v~y, mach co ten: rnach dung dong hay rnach sai so
dit;ln ap (Hinh 1)

Cach tinh c6 sai so di~n tro din xac dinh: G

Ta duoc sai so tll'O'ng doi:

f (UMess- UR) ·100 % Hinh 1: M"ch sai s6 di~n ap

UR

Mach sai so dii;!n ap dung de xac dinh di~n tro Ian.

Sai so do canq nho ntlu hit;lu so giCPadii;!n tro R can xac dinh va
dien tro trong RiA cua may do dong di~n canq Ion.
U R

8.16.5 M~ch sai s6 dong di~n

£)e xac dinh di$n tro mot each gian tiep, ngll'ai ta c6 the bo tri
may do sao cho di~n ap do duoc dung la dien ap sut cua di~n tro.
Cuonq d9 dong di$n cua rnach sai so dong (Hinh 2) baa gom hai
Hinh 2: M"ch sai s6 dong
nhanh dong di$n: phan dong di$n di qua di$n tro can xac dlnh va
phan dong di$n di qua may do dien ap.
Thi du:

Ta co: 'mess = 0,24 A, Urness= 80 V 8

RIV = 1 MQ
Ntlu ctuinq ta kh6ng chu y den thanh phan di$n di qua may do di~n U 80V
Giai: Iv =R= 1 MQ = 0,08 mA
ap, ta c6 sai so do tuonq doi hay sai so h$ thong: IV

1 80 V
Rv = RiV = (240 mA - 0,08 mAl = 330 Q

Sai so dong do di$n tro trong cua may do di~n ap gay ra. Dua vao
dinh luat Ohm, ta nhan thay sai so dong di$n ty 1$nqhich voi di$n
tro trong cua may do dii;!n ap.

Mach sai so dong di$n dung de xac dinh c6 di$n tro nho,

Vai rnach sai so dong, di$n tro trong RiV cua may do di$n ap phai
Ian hon nhu c6 the so voi di$n tro R can xac dinh. Hinh 3: May hi~n s6ng analog

8.16.6 Do cac d~i 1lJ'Q'ngdi~n phu thuoc thai gian

£)e do cac tin hi~u di~n bat ky dQc I~p vai s\,J'thay deSitheo thai gian cua chunq, ta can thiet b] do d~c biet
(Hinh 3). Ta thll'ang dung cac may do da nang (digital hay analog) do tin hieu quen thuoc nhunq voi dieu ki$n
phai bitlt tin hi~u c6 dano nao, de c6 the hi$u chinh cac d9 Ian cho xoay chieu hay mot chieu.
332 8 CO' ban ky thu~t di~n

Cac dai 1U'q'ng do xoay chieu chuan 121cac dai 1U'q'ng xoay chleu
di€Ju hoa, tuan hoan. danq sin.

May do da nang (analog hay digital) luon do gia tr] hieu dunq
cua cac dai 1U'Q'ngdi$n xoay chieu tuan hoan, Cac may do da
nanq thong thU'ang dU'Q'c thit~t ke de do cac dai 1U'Q'ngxoay
chieu danq sin.

Dl)'a theo h$ so dinh, cac may do tinh dtroc tr] so hieu dl,lng (xem
chuonq 8.11.6). Do v$y truoc khi do, ta phai biet do th] theo thai
gian cua dai 1U'q'ng can do va chinh may do tU'O'ng (mg.

Do cac d<;li1U'Q'ngdi~n val may hi~n s6ng (dao dQng ky)

Do thi
Vai may hien song (oscilloscope), ta co the do duoc di$n ap theo di$n ap
thai gian (tieng La tinh oscillare: dao dQng, tieng Hy L<;Ip scope:
vunq hien thi). Thong thU'ang may hien song chi do va hien th]
duoc di$n ap. De do diroc CU'ang dQ dong di$n, ta can mot di$n tro
Hinh 1: ChLPC nling trigO' trong may h;~n s6ng
Shunt (thuan Ohm) biet truoc tr] so. Cac trl so tLYCthai cua CU'ang
dQ dong di~n duoc tinh theo dinh luat Ohm:
Bang 1: Hinh Lissajous

. uMess
1=-- Hinh hiEln thi Danh gia
RShunt

Nguyen tac hoat dQng cua may hi~n s6ng (Hinh 1)

U = U;
M(>t may hi~n song tan dl,lng tinh chat cua ong den Braun. Trong f = fn
tp = 300
ong den nay, tia electron ducc di~n tmang theo hU'ang X hay Y
lam I$ch di. Tia electron den mat cua ong den thuy tinh va lam sang U = u;
f = fn
len cac vunq nay. De trinh bay do th] cua di~n ap, ta can mot di$n
tp = 90° hay
ap I$ch (Iech theo chieu X) mot each tuan hoan voi danq hinh rang tp = 2700
cua cho tia electron. Chieu dai chu ky cua di$n ap rang cua tU'O'ng
U = U;
LYng voi thai gian chuan. £)i$n ap can do duoc khuech dai va lam
f = fn
I$ch tia electron theo chieu Y. De hinh anh cua do thi di$n ap do tp = 1800
dtroc dLYng yen, thai diem khoi dQng cua tin hi$u hinh rang CU'a

•
cho di$n ap do phai dU'q'c kich hoat dung luc (triqo').

I SI)' I$ch thai gian dU'Q'Ckich hoat bang mot tin hieu dU'Q'c gQi
la triqo'.
I III
U = Di$n ap do, f = t~n s6 do, UN = D;$n ap SO
sanh, fN = tan s6 so sanh, !/J = g6e I$eh pha
Do 51! I~ch pha

Ta nOi di$n cho may hien song sao cho de mot di$n ap can do lam
I$ch tia electron theo hU'ang Y va mot di$n ap can do khac lam I$ch
tia electron theo hU'ang X, cac di$n ap danq sin co cunq tan so se
tao nen cac hinh Lissajous. Voi cac hinh Lissajous (Bang 1) ta co
the dQC duoc su I$ch pha va tinh duoc goc I$ch theo conq thLYC -'"
sau (Hinh 2).

.
Sin <P
a
=7) cos <P = V 1 _ ( ..~b .y Hinh 2: cac h$ s6 d~ tinh sl,!' I$ch pha
 333

9 May di~n
May di$n duoc dung dll san xuat, truyen tai va sUo dunq di~m nang. Trang nha may di$n ngU'ai ta sUo dl,lng may
phat di$n dll san xuat di$n nang tll>co nang. May bien ap duoc dung d~ truyen tal di$n nang trang nhCi'ngrnanq
1U'<Yi
co di$n ap khac nhau. 89n9 co di$n se chuyen doi di$n nang a
dau vao thanh CO' nang true d9n9 CO' a
(T8ng quan).

Tbng quan vI. may di~n

Bien ap m9t pha Billn ap ba pha Bien ap do IlJ'ang

May di9n
cb djnh (tinh)
Bi~n ap 10Qinho

Bi~n ap d?c biet

£)(>ng co di~n ba pha £)(>ng co di~n v6>i be?dao chieu

May di~n
£long CO' kh6ng d6ng bo £long co dit)n mot chreu
•
quay £long co d6ng bo £long CO' da nang

£long CO' co
bo £long co dien voi
daD chieu dien tll' rotor hinh Cia

MAy PHAr DI~N (xem trang 342)

May phat di~n May phat di~n B9 bien dbi (£)9n9 co

xoay chieu m9! chieu may phat di~n)
334 9 May di~n

9.1 May biEm ap

May blen ap" bien d6i di$n nang thanh di$n nang Bang 1: May bi~n ap vii pharn vi cong sua!
nhU'ng thay d6i di$n ap va cU'cYng d(> dong di$n. Dua
El~caitlm Thidu
vao cong suat cua bien ap ngU'ai ta phan biet: bien ap
Bi~n ap n6i rnanq
nho va bien ap lon (Bllng 1). s, a~n 16kVA lU'oi
U d.§n 1000V Bi.§n ap an toan
f d.§n 500Hz
Bi~n ap di~u khi.§n
9.1.1 Bien ap met pha
Bi.§n ap cung cap
Bi~n ap loai Ian
s; tren16kVA
nguOn
U tran 1000V
Tren nguyen tac, may bitm ap m(>t pha (may bien Bi.§n ap cong nqhiep

ap xoay chieu) gom c6 hai cuon day quan tren cunq

mot 16i bang vat li$u c6 the tli h6a. L6i thU'&ng diro'c
lam bang cac 113 thsp silic (Hinh 1). Cuon day 6>dau
vao nhan dang di$n xoay chieu va qua d6 nhan nanq
1U'Q'ng di$n. Nang 1U'Q'ng nay se duoc chuyen vao
trong 16i sat qua tli thong xoay chieu. Vi tli thong thay
doi d(l lon va hU'&ng cung voi tan s6 di$n ap dau vao
nen n6 earn Ll'ng mot di$n ap trong cuon day dau ra.

8i$n ap earn Ll'ng 6>cuon dau ra c6 cunq tan s6

voi di$n ap dau vao,

[Link] Dil\!n ap khong tal

niing
f)i$n ap khOng tai la di$n ap & dau ra khi khOng ket n6i
tai tleu thu nao, (y nhCrng may bien ap vol conq suat CUQn day dau ra N2
thiet ke tren 16 kVA ngU'ai ta cho biet di~n ap thiet ke Hinh 1: C&u tao cua may bi~n ap
(Hinh 2). 8i$n ap earn lfng dU'Q'c tinh theo dinh lu~t
=
earn (Png (uo -N' ""(/JIM). Voi tli thong bien doi theo
danq sin ngU'ai ta tinh duoc tr] s6 dinh cua di$n ap.
PhlJ'O'ng trinh chinh may bi~n ap

/\ A A /\ Vai danq sin. cong thtrc 1\

Va = cP . tu . N = B . AFe . W . N = 2 . 1t . B . AFe . f .N sau day c6 gia tr]: Vo = 4,44 . B . AFe . f· N
2.1t 1\
==>U=-·B·A
a {2 Fe
·f·N 2iz1t = 4,44 £lien ap khong tai
Mal dQ tlJo Ihong (Ir! s6 dinh)
Ti.§t dlen 16i sat
Tr] s6 di'Ah Do cua di$n ap khong tai phu thuoc vao tri T<lin 56
s6 dinh B cua mat d(l tli thong (earn lfng nr), tiet di$n se v6ng day
16i s~t AFe, tan s6 g6c w va s6 vang day N.

Theo phU'O'ng trinh ehinh may bien ap, ta nhan thay

di$n ap khong tai tl 1$thuan (tuyen tinh) voi s6 vonq day.
o o
NhCrng lop each di$n cua la thep lam cho phan tiet
Nha san xu at
dlen hCru ich cua 16i sat nho non tiet dien do duoc cua
Ki~u s6 0 Nam san xuatl20011
Cong SU<3t
thii\t ki\ kVA ~ LO<;li[TI) Tan s600
no. 8ieu nay dU'Q'C the hien bang h$ ~6 lam d~y cua
(Ioi) sat 'Fe' Tuy theo loai each di$n cua la thep, h$ s6
£>i$nap thiet kfl v I 6000 t I 230 I van hanh []I]

'Fe thay doi tCr 0,8 cho tot 0,95. D6ng di$n thiet ke A I 3,44 I m:J Nh6m macn di(in [JJQJ
o
£>i$nap ng~n
m~ch %
o=J D6ng dii\n ng~n
m~ch kA
c:=J 0

1) tll' chii transformare (ti~ng Latin) = bii\n dbi. bii\n d,mg Hinh 2: Bi~n cong suat bien ap mot pha
 9.1 May bien ap 335

[Link] TI so bien d6i

Ti so bitln dOi di~n ap va ti so bien doi dong di~n

Thi nghi~m: Ouan hai cuon day, cuon 1 c6 s6 v6ng gap hai Ian cuon
2, thi du nnu' 1200 vonq va 600 vonq VaG chung mot 15i la tnep hinh
chCi' U vai thanh ngang. G~n cuon day voi s6 vang quan Ian non (1200
vonq) nhu cuon day dau VaG vai mot ngu6n dien xoay chieu nho thi du
40V. Hay do dien ap & cuon day dau ra (600 vonq).

Quan sat: Bien ap dau ra chi bang khoanq m¢t nLr8 dien ap dau vao,

Nllu cunq mot tLr thong di qua ca cuon dau VaG va cuon dau ra, Hinh 1: Di~n ap va dang di~n trong may billn ap
ta n6i hai cuon duo'c n6i k€lt tLr truonq c6 dlnh voi nhau (Hinh 1).
Trang cong nghi,i nanq 1U'Q'ngchu yeu dung may bi€ln ap n6i k€lt tLr
trU'&ng c6 dinh (Hinh 2).

o nhCi'ng may biEln ap Iy tU'eYng (n6i ket giCra cuon dau vao va
cuon cau ra la 100%, ttrc khong c6 lieu hao), ta c6:

o may bien ap khonq tal, ty Ie dien ap & hai dau bang ty li,i
s6 vonq day cua hai cuon.
TY Ie cua dii,in ap dau vao so vai dien ap dau ra gOi la tl s6
bien d6i 0.

Hinh 2: May billn ap mQt pha

Ti so biEln doi thh~t ke cua mot may bien ap la ty Ie cua dien ap
thiet kll cao so voi dii,in ap thiet k€l thap cua may bien ap d6 (tieu
chuan DIN VDE 0532).
Ti so billn doi (trong may billn ap Iy tll'cYng)
o mot may bien ap Iy tU'eYng thi conq suat dau vao 51 lon bang
cong suat dau ra 52 U,,,,N, u= U,
U2 N2 U2

•
!.i '" N2 u=!£

.«
12 N, I,
o may bien ap chiu tai, dang dien trang cac cuon day ty Ie
nqhich voi s6 vonq day cua moi cuon.
Z, ",N,2 =>
Z2 Nl N2 Z2
Trong may bi€ln ap thl,l'c c6 tieu hao, vi v~y dang dien chi ty Ie
nqhjch gan dung vai s6 vonq day cua hai cuon,

Ti so biEln doi di~n treY U, f)i~n ap dau vao

U2 f)i~n ap dau ra
N, se vonq cuon dau VaG
Trang ky thuat vien thong, ngU'ai ta dung may bien ap de thich
N2 s6 vonq cuon dau ra
nghi dien tro. Conq suat t6i da duoc truyen tai khi dien tro trong
cua nguon dii,in bang voi dii,in tro cua tai tieu thu. N€lu dii,in tro
a Ti 56 biE!ndOi
1, CU'ang dQ dong di~n cuon dau vao
cua chunq khac nhau, ngU'ai ta se n6i them mot may bien ap giCi'a
12 CU'ang dQ dong di~n cuon d<l!u ra
chunq nharn cho dien tro cua chunq thich hop voi nhau.
Z, Tra khanq (di~n Ira billu ki~n) dau vao
Z2 Tra khanq (dien Ira billu ki.§n) dau ra.

Hay tinh tl s6 bien d6i cua may

bien ap c6 dien ap U1 = 230 V va
U2 = 50 V.
Mi,it may bien ap truyen di$n tro theo binh phU'O'ng f so
bien d6i.
336 9 May dl~n

[Link] Khong tal va co tai Di~n ap o~u vao

Kh6ng tal t
May bi~n ap 0 tlnh tranq khong tai khi cuon day dau ra khonq noi vol tai
ui!-----+-"*"-+---7-
tieu thu. a
bien ap khong tai thi cuon day dflu VaG se tac dong nhu earn
Lrn9. CUQn day d~u ra se khong co dien chay qua va khong chlu tal qua
di~n tro

Khi ta d~t mot di~n ap xoay chleu hinh sin 0 dflu VaG thi S8 xuat hi~n Dong oi~n tif hoa

dong di~n tll' h6a tre pha 90°, Dong dien nay sinh ra mot t(P thong eung
pha (Hinh 1), TlI' thong thay dOi hinh thanh mot di~n ap tal cuon day dau
ra. Trang trU'ong hop may bien ap 19 tU'ong, dien ap nay S8 tn~ pha 90°
tt
so voi dong dien tll' hoa,

Bien ap khonq tai heat dong nhu mot cuon day co dien earn Ion.

Dien ao dau ra

Bien ap se bi pha hong neu nhu ta g<fln vao no mot dien ap qua Ian. Bien
ap qua Ian doi hei mot mat do tll' thong rat Ian trang 16i va dan tai dong
dien tll' hoa Ian hon. Do 16i sat tal dien ap thitlt ktl da gan dat toi rnuc bao
hoa, nen dong dien tll' hoa se tang IEm rat Ian pha hong cuon day.

Hinh 1: 51,1' tao ra di~n ap trong may bilin

Khi cac dU'ong SLrCtll' di ngang qua khonq khi, ta can co mot dien the tll' ap Iy tll'ang
dong (thong 1U'Q'ng)Ian hon trang rnach tll' nnarn tao ra cunq mot mat d9
tll' thong. Do do ma dong dien tll' hoa S8 tang len khi khe khonq khi Ian
non. Nqoai ra, dong dien khonq tai con phu thuoc VaG cac 101;livat lieu tll'
dU'Q'CsUodung.

C6 tal

May bien ap a
tinh tranq co tai khi cuon day dau ra dU'Q'Cnoi voi mot dien
tro tieu thu. Dong dien co tai (dong dien dau ra) theo quy t<flc Lenz lam
yeu di nguyen nhan tao ra no, nghTa 113lam yeu di tll' truonq xoay chieu,
Dong dien dau vao vi vay se tang len, trang khi do tll' thong co ich trong
16i sat gan nhu khonq dol.
_ Tifthong

TlI' thOng o6i nghich

Khi bien ap chay khong tal thi gan nhu toan bo tll' thong di vao 16i sat.
_ Th6nglll'qngro
Khi co tai thi dong dien tal CU9n day dau ra tao ra mot tll' thOng dEli nqhich
lam tll' trU'ang t<;li cuon day dau vao yeu di. Vi v$y cuon day dau vao phai
Hinh 2: DlI'6>ng sue tLP cua bilin ap khi
nhan canq nhieu dien hon, sac cho tll' thong c6 lai tr] so ban dau. Mot co tai
phan cua cac dU'ang SLrCtiJ>S8 khonq di qua 16i sat, rna di ra nqoai, thi
ou nhu di qua khong khi. Phan tll' thong nay duoc 99i 113thong ILPQ'ng ro
(Hinh 2) va chay tach rieng VaG tll'ng cuon day.

Cuon day c6 dU'ang SLrCtiJ>ro di qua heat d9ng giong nhu mot cuon earn
khanq. May bien ap luc d6 S8 heat dong nhU' mot nquon tao ra dien ap
xoay chieu, dien tro trang cua n6 bao gem dien tro Ohm va dien earn
(rnach dien tU'O'ng duonq, Hinh 3).

Vi may bien ap phat sinh thong 1U'Q'ng ro (phat tan) nen trong ky Hinh 3: MilCh di~n tll'O'ng dLPO'ng dll'c;>'c
thuat truyen tin can phai che chan. gian hoa cua bilin ap
 9.1 May bien ap 337

[Link] Di~n ap ngan rnach

L1 ~ 50 Hz 230 V

N
Bi(in ap ngan mach la mot d<;li 1U'Q'ngdi;ic trU'ng cho di(in tro trang
(trc khanq - di(in tro bi~u kiiln) cua mot may bien ap (rnach di(in
tuono dU'O'ng Hinh 3, trang 336) va cho Sl)' thay doi cua di(in ap Si~n ap ai{)u
chinh duoc
khi chiu tai. Dien ap nay duoc do trang thi nqhiern ngan rnach.

Thi nghi~m ngan mach: Dung mot may bien ap hi$u chlnh duoc, tJ1n

tai tc'ln s6 thiet ke ta tang oan di$n ap d~u van cua n6 bat dau hi D, Dong thi~t k~
cho den khi dat oU'Q'c dong di$n thiet ke tai oau van cua bien ap, allu vao
Dau ra cua may bien ap duoc nOi tat (Hinh 1). 1.2
May bi~n ap
can oo

£)i$n ap ngan rnach la di(in ap dau vao, tal dien ap nay may 2.1 /2n 2.2
bien ap nhan dong di(in thiet ke trang khi dau ra dU'Q'c nOi tat. ~ D6ng thiet ke
Elf,u ra aLl'9'cn6i ng.!mmacn d~u ra

Bi(in ap ngan rnach dU'Q'c bi~u thi dU'ai d<;lng di$n ap quy chieu Hinh 1: Do di~n ap ng1\nrnach
(tU'O'ng dOi) UK b~ng % cua di(in ap thiet ke.

£li~n ap ng:in mach

M¢t may bi~n ap 230 V/24 V, 1 A/9 A co cuon 24 V nISi tttt
a
phai can mot di$n ap 23 V dau vao de co dong di$n thi~t
ke la 1 A. Hoi di$n ap ngttn rnach quy chieu UK cua may bi~n
ap nay bllng baa nhieu?

iMi.!UQ Uk = ~: . 100% =
2
2 :0~ ,100% = 10% Uk Eli~n ap ng~n rnach quy chi~u (%)
Uk £)i~n ap ng~n rnach do dLl'Q'c(V)
Un £)i~n ap thiet ke cua may bien ap (V)
Di~n ap ngan mach va tai
MQt di(in ap ngan rnach quy chieu nho (UK %) co nghTa la mot di(in Bang 1: £li~n ap ngfm rnach
tro trong nho: Khi co tai dien ap dau ra kh6ng giam nhi~u, thi du
nhu o' may biiln ap ba pha (Bang 1). Dong di(in khi nOi tat S9 cao. May bien ap DLI'ai 1%

Bi~n ap ba pha
Tai 200 kVA 4%

I
May bi€!n ap co di(in ap ngan rnach thap gQi 103bi€!n ap di(in TLP250 kVAcho den 3150 kVA 6%
ap cunq. NhCmg may co dien ap ngan rnach cao 99i 18 bien TLP4 MVA cho den 5 MVA 8%
ap dien ap rnern. Tren 6,3 MVA 10 %

Bien ap mQt pha

Anh hlJ'cYng cua di~n ap ngan mach, TLYthong ro cua may bien
ap co thl! dU'Q'Cthay doi trong vung rong de thich hop vai rnuc dich Bien ap an toan 15 %
Slf dunq (Hinh 2), thi du nhU' bo tri khac nhau cua cuon day tren Bien ap cho chuonq cua 40%
mot hoac nhieu loi quan, hoac c6 th~ di;it VaG trong may bieln ap SiEmap thi nghi~m 70%
(c6 the thao l1\pduoc)
mot loi sat ro tLY. NhCmg may bien ap vol thong 1U'Q'ngro nho s8 c6
Sien ap danh 11I'a 100%
dien ap ngan rnach thap.

Loi sat
ro tlr

£)i$n ap ng1\nrnach thap: Eli~nap ng<immach cao: Dien ap ng;ln rnach roltcao:
thong ILI'Q'ngro nho thong ILI'9'ngro trung binh thOngILI'Q'ngro I&n
• Cu¢n di~n ap cao !m Cuon ai$n ap tnap

Hinh 2: Anh hlJ'o>ngdi~n ap ngan milch theo nhCPngeach bo tri cuen day thich hop
338 9 May di~n

[Link] D6ng di~n ngan rnach Dong di~n ngan rnach lilm tuc

a
Neu dau ra cua mot may bien ap dU'Q'Cket n6i voi di$n Ira gan bang 0, Ikd=1000/0·-
In
ta goi d6 la Sl,I'ngiin rnach. May bien ap cung cap dong di$n ngan rnach, Uk

I'd D6ng ngiln mach lien tuc

Mot vai chu ky xuat hi$n ngay sau khi xay ra ngan rnach & d~u ra dU'Q'c t« D6ng di$n thiet ke
gQi 18dong di~n ngan mach lien tuc 'kd' o
nhCmg may c6 di$n ap ngan Uk Eli$n ap ngan rnach quy chieu
mach nh6 thi dong di~n nay S9 ton, va a
nhCl'ngmay co di$n ap ngan
rnach Ian thl dong di$n nay se nho, Dong di$n ngan rnach Ian c6 the pha
huy cuon day, conq tac, b(l phan ph5i, Ihanh g6p dien va nhCl'ngthiet bi
khac.

Sl,I' ngan mach gay nguy hiern d6i voi nhCmg may bien ap c6 di$n
ap ng~n rnach nho .

••mm a dau ra cua mot may bien ap mot pha dung de tao ra di$n ap bao
v$ nho 230 V/24 V, 1 N9 A, Uk ~ 5% dlfOOC
nISitiit. Hoi dong di$n
ngan macn lien tuc bang bao nhleu? Dong
dien tai
Th6'j gian ---.-
13·,..441 Ikd~ 100%' ~k = 100%' ~~ = 180A
Hinh 1: Dien biEm dong di~n khi bi~n ap
nOi ngan rnach
Dong di$n dau ra xuat hien ngay sau khi rnach duoc noi tat (bien dQ dau
tien) dU'Q'cgOi 113dong di~n nglin rnach xung (ban d~u) is. Dong di$n
Dong di~n ngan rnach xung
nay c6 the Ian nhieu hon 2 Ian so voi dong ngan rnacn lien tuc (Hinh 1).
i;:z 1,8 . {2 ·Ikd
ubi. Tinh d6ng ngtm mach xung & thi du 1 trang tmang hop xau nhat? is ~ 2,55 . Ikd
is D6ng dien ngan rnach xung
13-;;'441 is;:: 2,55 . Ikd= 2,55 . 180 A = 459 A I'd D6ng dien ngiln rnach lien tuc

Clfang do cua dong ngan mach xung phu thuoc VaGdong ngan rnach lien tuc va vao tri s6 tLPCthai cua di$n ap
tai thai diem n6i tM S6 bat IO'ineu n6i ngan rnach xay ra khi di$n ap dau ra cua may bien ap dang bang 0 vi khi
do dong di$n tlJ' hoa va mat do tlJ'thong dat tr] s6 Cl,I'Cdai. Theo dinh luat Lenz thi cuon thLPcap dlfO'C nISitat S6
earn LPngmot dong di$n nham cISgiCl'nquyen tlJ' trU'ang nhu luc rnach dU'Q'cnISitat. Sau nhieu chu ky thi dong
di$n ngan rnach S6 giam ve tri s6 cua dong ngan rnach lien tuc (Hinh 1).

Dong di~n khi b~t di~n

Trang nhieu trlfong hop khi bat di$n (d6ng di$n, khai dQng) bien ap S6 xuat hien nhCl'ngdong di$n dau vao rat
ton, ngay ca khi may bien ap khong tal. Dong dien khi b~t di$n c6 the Ian gap 10 Ian so vai dong di$n thiet ke.
Truonq hop xau nhat la vao thai diem bat di$n, di$n ap cua Ilfai di$n bang 0 va khi trong 16isat cua may bien
ap van con mol phan 1lJ'du. Khi la bat di$n, tlJ'thong S6 phai thay dOi de tao ra di$n ap. Neu pnan tiJ>thong con
dU' c6 cunq hU'ang voi tiY thong moi dU'O'ctao ra, thi 16isat se b] bao hoa rat nhanh. Trong trlJ'ang hop nay chi
c6 nhCl'ngdong di$n tiY hoa th~t Ian mol c6 the tao ra di$n ap can thiet. Dong di$n thiet ke cua nhCl'ngthiet bi
bao v$ rnach vao cua may bien ap vi the phai Ian hon khoang 2 Ian so voi dong di$n thiet ke cua may bien ap,

1. Bi$n ap khong tai cua mot may bi~n ap phu thuoc VaGnhCl'ngdai 1U'Q'ngnao?
2. Nhfrng d<;liIU'O'ngnao S6 thay doi khi ta thay dlli dien ap dau vao cua may bien ap?
3. Hay giai thich dU'ong SLPC
cua tiY trU'ong ro?
4. Bi$n ap dau ra cua may bien ap S6 thay dlli th~ nao neu ta dung tai la tu di$n?
5. NgU'oi ta do di$n ap ngan rnach nhU' th~ nao?

6. MQt di$n ap ngan mach nho S9 anh hU'cYngnhu the nao den dien ap dau ra khi c6 tai?
 9.1 May bien ap 339

[Link] Hi~u suat cua may bien ap Hi~u suat may bi~n ap

Hi~u suat la ty I~ giCi'a conq suat thuc d~u ra voi conq suat thuc d~u vao,
Do tieu hao a
16i sat va cuon day nen conq suat thuc d~u VaG luon Ion
hon cong suat thuc d~u ra.
T] Hieu suat
MQt bien ap 250 VA voi h~ so cong suat hi~u dl,mg cas rp = 0,7 P ab Cong suat tieu thu
duoc chay vol tal toi da. Ton hao do l15is~t ta 10 W, ton hao do PVle Conq suat tieu hao & 16i s~t
cuon day la 15 w. Hay tinh hieu suat cua bien ap? Pvwi Cong suat lieu hao (y cuon day

[Link] Pab = 5 . cosrp = 250 VA· 0,7 = 175 W

Pab 175 W 175W
1) = Pab + PVFe + Pv Wi = 175 W + 10 W + 15 W 200W =0,875 1,0

t 0,9
0,8 /
I
I
(as 'P = 1

I
1
:~ 0.1 / I
(as 'P=0.2_ r---
Tieu hao trong loi sat. Tlr thong qua 16i sat khong dbi dQc I~p voi tal. (/)

::J 0,6
I /~ - -r'---~--
Neu dien ap dau VaG khong doi thi ton hao do Sl,l' cao tlJ' va do dong di~n .(J}
I
I
I I
j" 0,5 ,
xoay (Foulcault) cOng se khonq doi Khi bien ap chay kh6ng tai thl khong I I

co tieu hao cuon day trang cuon day d~u ra. Vi bien ap chi nhan dong 00' 20 40 60 80 100 120
di~n nho nen lieu hao a
cuon d~u VaG cOng rat nho do d6 co the be qua. Tai tinh theo % cua
Trang thi nghi~m chay khong tai (Hinh 2a) cong suat thuc & dau VaG cong suat thil'it kl'i ---

cOng chinh la cong suat tieu hao trong 16i sat. Tieu hao trong 15i sat
Hlnh 1: Hi~u su~t cua may bi~n ap khi
cOng duoc qoi la tieu hao khong tai. tai co

L1 ~50 Hz 230V
Tieu hao trang l15isat dU'Q'Cdo trang thi nghiem chay khong tal, N

Tieu hao trong cuen day. a

cac cuon day cua may bi~n ap S9 co cac
dong di~n khac nhau chay qua tuy theo tai, gay ra tleu hao nhiet. Tleu
hao nay phat sinh do dien tro cua cuon earn duoc gQi la tieu hao cuon
day. Tleu hao nay tang theo binh phU'O'ng voi tai. N6 phu thuoc vao dong
di~n va do d6 phu tnuoc VaG cong suat bieu kien cua tai tieu thu giftn VaG
bien ap (Hinh 1) va khOng phu thuoc vao cong suat thuc,

Bil'in ap
duoc
Tal tieu thu co he so cong suat hieu dunq canq Ion thl hieu suat cua
ki~m tra
may bien ap S6 canq tot.

Khi tien hanh do dien ap ngiftn rnach, tai cuon day S6 xuat hien dong
alII blO
dien thiet ke va gay ra tlln hao nhiet trang cuon day. [Link] do dien ap ngiftn Hinh 2: Do c<lng su~t tieu hao
rnach, chi co mot tlJ' thOng nho chay qua 16i sat vi bien ap chi c6 mot di~n a) thi nghi~m khong tai
b) thi nghi~m ngan mach
ap thap va ngan rnach. Trong thi nghi~m ngan rnach (Hinh 2b) g~n nhu
khonq co tieu hao 15i sat, conq suat thuc a
dau VaG may bien ap chinh la
cong suat tieu hao trang cuon day tai cong suat thiet ke.

Tieu hao trang cuon day dU'Q'Cdo trang thi nghi~m ngan rnach.

Hi~u suat narn cua may bien ap la ty Ie giCi'a conq phat ra (tieu thu) va cong nhan VaG (don vi kWh) trang suet
mot narn. 8ien nang nhan VaG Ian hon vi n6 bao gem ca tlln hao trong 15i sat va cuon day, Hieu suat narn S9
giam di khi may bien ap c6 dien liEm tuc, nhU'ng chi hoat dong voi tai tLPng thai kY. Nguyen nhan la do tieu hao
16i sat khonq phu thuoc VaG tal,
340 9 May di~n

9.1.2 Bitm ap loal nho a

a I Nha san .uat
oal k"';~':-:V--;:[ill]=23=0
D!'---::Coi-'-';$n'!"a-"'p t""hi~-?t []QJ

I
I Bi,en ap loai nhe, co ~on~ suat thiet ke den 16 kVA, di$n ap diiu vao
den 1000 V va tan so den 500 Hz.
Cong suat thi~t k.i VA 15000
a cap each di$n CD •
I Tim s6
~
Hz[]Q]
a

Thong so ve di$n ap ghi tren bien cong suat (Hinh 1) co gia tr] khi tai Ian Hinh 1: Biim cong suat cua rnQt bilm ap

=
b<iing conq suat thiet ke va h$ so cong suat hieu dl,mg cos rp 1. Bien ap
10ili nho

loai nhe san xuat cho nhQ>ng ngU'oi khong chuyen can phai duoc che tao
dac bi$t an toan, thi du bien ap dung cho do choi tre em.

Mi;lt dQ dong di$n cho phep cua bien ap loai nho la VaG khoanq giQ>a
1 Almm2 va 6 Almm2 tuy theo kich thuoc va each lam nguQi.
ill
Kh6ng chiu duoc
CD
Cniu dlJ'O'c
ng~n rnacn ngan rnach

Cac loai bit~n ap nhe>

Cac loai may bien ap nho cucc ky hieu nhu trong hinh ve (Hinh 2). £)i~n
ap tal thlet ke (di$n ap diiu ra tai tai thiet ke) co the nho hon dang ke so
voi dien ap khOng tal.
8 ill
Bien ap each Iy Bien ap tl!' ngau
gia dung
Dung sai doi voi di$n ap d~u ra:

+ 10% cho cac bien ap befit bUQC phai chiu dU'O'c ngan rnach

± 5% cho cac bien ap I0<;'1 i nho khac.

Cac biEm ap khong chju dU'Q'c ngan mach phai duoc bao v$ nno cac
9
Bien ap an toan
Q
Bilm ap dung
trong do choi
thiet bi bao v$ gan truoc n6 de bao ve chong lai cac hau qua cua ngefln
rnach,

Bien ap chtu dU'Q'c ngan rnach co di$n ap ngan rnach Ian. Dong di$n
ngan mach cua bien ap nay nho den rnuc bien ap khong b] hu hai nao
du ngan mach keo dai.
6
Bien ap chuang
cu.a
[Link]X)
Bien ap den
earn tay

Bien ap chlu ngan mach co dieu ki~n c6 mot cau chi n6ng cMy, mot Hinh 2: Ky hieu dung cho cac billn ap
conq tac bao ve chong qua dong, hoac mot thiet bi gi6'i han nhiet dQ tl! 10ili nhe

dong ngat di$n khi ngan mach.

Bien ap each Iy 103cac I0<;'1 i bien ap co cac cuon day khOng noi ket dlen
vol nhau co tac dl,Jng each Iy de bao v~ (Hinh 3). CU9n day dflu VaG cua Quai xach
bien ap each Iy phai bao dam each Iy an toan khoi nhQ>ng ket noi khonq
mong muon voi cuon day d~u ra, thi du nhU' dung 16i cuon day rieng re, Nhu'a due
hoac 16i cuon day co lap ngan. Bien ap each Iy co the di chuyen can phai
co each di$n bao v$. Cau chi
Q,63A
Bien ap tl,l' ng~u (Bien ap tiet ki~m) hoat dQng nhu mot bien ap loat
nho, thi du nhu' de dieu chinh di$n ap phu hop voi di$n ap thiet ke cua
thiet b] khi nguon di$n ap cung cap qua cao hoac qua thap. £)i$n ap thiet
o earn co
nap d?y
ke toi da cho phep doi vot bien ap tl! ngau gia dunq la 250 V. Bien ap tl!
ngau phai du'o'c lap rap sac cho sol day bao ve cua llJ'oi cung cap dien Day dien vai phich earn
cOng phai co hi$u luc tai dau ra. (bee cao su dii luu h6a)

Hinh 3: Bien ap dung trong bao v$ each

Bien ap noi lU'o>i di~n c6 mot hoac nhieu cuon thti cap, khOng noi ket
Iy
dien voi cuon so cap. N6 dlJ'Q'c dung de noi cac may truyen thanh va
truyen hinh v6'i llJ'oi di$n.

Bien ap an toan (bien ap bao vel (Hinh 3) cung cap dien ap thap a dflu ra cho mach di$n SELV (an toan dien
ap r~t thap) va rnach PELV (bao ve adien ap thap). Cong suat thiet ke cao nhat cua bien ap nay la 10 kVA, tan
so thii'll ki'l cao nhat la 500 Hz. 8i$n ap thlet ke tai d~u ra co gia tr] t6'i 50 V, thi du: 6 V, 12 V hay 24 V. Bien ap an
toan phai chiu duoc ngefln rnach hoac ngefln rnach c6 dieu kien. Cuon dien ap cao phai duoc each Iy doi voi cuon
di$n ap thap mot each can thi;ln bang mot lop each di$n giQ>achunq, de khi cuon day doi cho hoac c6 nhQ>ng bO
phan kim loai roi xuonq, se khOng xay ra ket noi giQ>acuon sO' c~p va cuon thti cap.
 9.1 May bien ap 341

Chi co cac bien ap an toan theo chuan EN 60742 rnci duoc phep 1 L1 ~ 50Hz BOV
SlY dunq dll bao v$ bang di$n ap thap (SELV va PELV). 1 N

t/,
Bien ap chuang clYa co di$n ap thiet ke dau ra khang VU'Q't qua 24 V va
phai chiu duoc ngan rnach. Noi di$n dau ra phat tiep can duoc ma khang
phal dll ho nOi di$n dau vao,
t I,

May bien ap tl! ngau co hai cuon day, cuon song song va cuon n6i tiep.
1.1

---
II - I, 1.2

n6i tillp
Ca hai dU'Q'c rnac nOi tiep voi nhau (Hinh 1). Cuon day song song la cuon
di$n ap thap. Cuon day nay dU'Q'c noi song song vO'i tai trang trU'cyng hop
giam the. Cuon di$n ap cao bao g6m cuon song song va cuon nOi tiep
rnac noi tiep nhau. May bien ap tl.,J'ngau nho dtro'c che tao dU'O'i danq
may bien ap di~u chinh dU'Q'c voi 15i dl;lng vonq (Hinh 2) tuonq tl.,J'nhir
bien tra xoay.

V6'i may bien ap tu ngau ta co thll di~u chinh di$n ap giam xuong Hinh 1: M~ch cua mot may bitm ap 11,1'
ngau
noac tang len.

VO'i may bien ap tl.,J'ngau (khang tieu hao) Cuon day 1 lap Cong t~G truot
ta cOng co:

(y may bien ap tl.,J'ngau, cuon day dau vao ouoc nOi true tiep v6'i cuon
day dau ra va khonq co SI.,J'each Iy dien the doi voi rnanq 1U'6'idi$n cung
cap.

Bien ap tl.,J'ngau (tiet kiern) khonq duoc phep dung dll tao ra di$n
ap thap,

Tong conq suat phat ra cua mot may bien ap tl.,J'ngau duo'c gQi la cong
suAt truy€m suot SD' Mot phan cua cang suat nay S8 dtro'c truyen qua

•
dU'cyng dan di$n cua cuon day dau vao va phan can lai SEl duoc truyen
tai qua tlY thong cua 15i sat. Khi tr] so cua tl s6 bien doi a
canq tien den 1,
Hinh 2: May bien ap di~u chlnh v&i loi
thi cong suat S6 do di$n earn sinh ra canq nho khi conq suat truyen su6t
vang
=
SD U2 . '2 khonq doi. TlI' cang suat S6 ngU'CYita S8 xac dinh kich thU'o>c
cua bien ap tl.,J'ngau.
Cong suat thiet ke

(y may bien ap tl.,J'ngau ta tiet kiem dU'Q'Cvat li$u cho day dan va loi u, > U 2:

sat, vi the no can duoc qoi ta may bien ap tiet ki~m.

- U,- U2
SB---- • S0
U,
So voi may bien ap co cuon day rieng, may bien ap tl.,J'ngau co thll tiet
kiern canq nhieu, khi tri so di$n ap dau ra canq gan di$n ap dau vao. Hieu U2> U,:
suat cua bien ap tl.,J'ngau len den 99,8% khi di$n ap hai dau chi chenh
I$ch nhau 10%. 8i$n ap ngtm rnach thuonq thap, phi ton each dien cho SB = U2 - U, . So
dau vao va dau ra nhu nhau. May bien ap tl.,J'ngau khong phai la bO phan
U2
ap earn Ll'ng, rna heat dong nhU' may bien ap thuc SI.,J'nho co lien ket tlY.
Sa Cong su~t thi~t k~
[Link] may nay duoc SlY dl,mg nhi~u trang conq ngh$ di$n vi co tieu hao U, 8i$n ap d§u vao
thap va di$n ap dau ra dOc lap vO'i tal.
U2 8ien ap oau ra
So Gong suat truyen su6t
Lrng dl,mg: 8i$n ap tl.,J'ngau dU'Q'c SlY dunq lam may bien ap khai dong
cho dong co di$n ba pha, bien ap di~u chinh trong cac manq IU'O'icao ap
va bien doi sieu cao the thi du tlY 220 kV len 380 kV.
342 9 May di~n

9.2 Truyen dQng di~n

Truoc day, cac may di$n nhU' may ti$n, may khoan
co dlnh duoc trang b] b~ng mot dong co chung duy
nhM Bong CO' nay noi vai cac may cong CI,Jqua cac
bo phan truyen dong de giup may heat dong (Hinh 1).
Ngay nay cac giai phap truyen dong Slf dunq dong
co rieng Ie c6 toe do quay thay doi (voi noi ket co
hoc) bao gem phan cunq va phan memo Thanh phan
Hinh 1: a) Truyen dong b) Truyen dan
ohan cLPng, g6m co d(>ng CO' di$n, b(> phan truyen
dong, may conq CI,Jva bo d~n dong di$n tlf, c6 phan
rnem bo sung. Phfm rnern nay cung cap tinh thong
minh nqoai vi (phan tan) va bu dap cho nhCfng khiem
khuyet thi du nhu toc do quay khong deu cua phan
cLPng (Hinh 2). Nham thoa man yeu cau tl,!' dong h6a
thai nay, thay vi chuyen doi nang 1U'Q'ngtap trung SEl18
chuyen doi nang 1U'Q'ngphan tan bang nhCfng modun
dong co duoc thich nghi d~c biet (thi du nhU' h$ truyen
dong voi bo bien tan). BU'Q'c h6 tro bang cac rnach
di$n tlf vai diot, transistor va thyristor, cac h$ thong
phan tan nay nqay canq dam nhan nhieu nhiern VI,!
rna tnroc day cac h$ thong dieu khien trung tam dam
nhiern. NM do co the thoa man nhCfng yeu cau nhu
dinh vi chinh xac, quay toe do deu trong nhCfng qua
Hinh 2: Ky thu~t truylm dQng thong minh ngo'i\i vi
trinh san xu at nqay canq phirc tap rna do kh6ng co bO
phan noi ket co hoc, nen khong b] bao man va khong
phai bao tri. Ph~n di(in Iii Ph~n co' hoc

K~t cau cua he truyen dong di$n co toe dO quay thay

doi bao gom cac thanh phan (Hinh 3): Thi.!,t bi
LU'oi di(in truyen d6ng

• CO' cau tac dong, bO IQc (phan di$n tlf) Hinh 3: Nguyen tilc hi! truYfm dqng co toc dq quay thay dbi

• Bong co di$n 3 AC -500 V 150 Hz

• BO phan truyen dong, tai (phan CO' hQC)

Bong co di$n ba pha cOng nhu dong co di$n mot Dien ap

chieu deu c6 the Slf dunq trong h$ truyen dong c6 toc BO di€Ju thay dbi
chinh
dO quay thay doi. Truce day, dong co di$n mot chteu
phai c6 thiet bi dao di$n co hQC, do b] bao man rnanh
a)
nen thU'ang chju phi ton bao dU'ong. Bay gia nho
c6 bO chinh hru (bo bien doi dong di$n) tu- lU'ai di$n 3 AC -500 VI 50 Hz
(Hinh 4a) nen c6 the thay doi di$n ap phan Ling va do
d6 ca toc do quay cua dong CO' di$n mot chieu trong
mot pharn vi rong rna khonq b] tieu hao. COng v$y, thay
doi dong di$n phan Ling co the dieu chinh hay giai han
momen quay. Nho v$y dong CO' c6 the kh&i dong nhe
nhanq va khong gi$t, c6 the gi[io nquyen toc do quay
da chon doc I$p voi tai va co the lam vi$c vai tinh nang
dong cao. Bong CO' di$n ba pha voi rotor ngan rnach
truyen tai di$n nang tu- stator VaG rotor khong b] mai
man CO' hoc nho tu- tnronq ba pha, nhU'ng toc do quay
Hinh 4: H~ truylm dqng co toe de) quay thay dbi
phu thuoc VaG tan s6 lU'ai di$n. BO bien tan (Hinh 4b
a) dong di~n me)t chieu b) dong di~n xoay chieu
 9.2 Truyen dong di$n 343

trang 334) qiup thay doi toe dO quay, sao cho toc dO quay cua rnoi dong co ba pha chuan d~u c6 th~ dU'Q'c di~u
chinh tuy y trong pharn vi di~u chinh toc dO. BO bien tan giup thich nghi toi tru voi dac trunq cua may cong cu.

9.2.1 CO' ban ve may di~n b) £)i$n n1\ng

May di$n la nhD'ng thiet b] bien deSinang 1U'Q'ngdi$n tli',

dU'Q'C Slr dl,lng lam dong co hay may phat di$n. Trong
che dO van hanh d9n9 co', chunq lay nang 1U'Q'ng tli'
lU'ai di$n va cnuyen thanh CO' nang & trl,lc may. Che do
CO' n1\ng CO' nang
van hanh phat di~n thU'ong dU'Q'c ap dl,lng trong nqanh
tl,l' dong hoa va che tao xe hoi de ham lai chuyen dong Hinh 1: 8ilm d6i nang 1U'9'ng
a) nguyen tac dqng co di~n b) nguyen tac may phat di~n
quay. [Link] d6, may di$n S6 nh$n duoc CO' nang tli' true
may va co the thu duoc di~n nang tli' dau noi (Hinh 1).

Stator

80ng co di$n g6m co phan tTnh la stator va phan

quay la rotor.

Nguyen tac can ban cua mol dong co dien dua tren
Il,I'c tac dunq cua tli' truonq len mot soi day co dong
di~n chay qua (Hinh 2). (y dong co di$n xoay chieu,
tli' tmong xoay chieu do dong di~n xoay chieu sinh ra.
Hinh 2: 51,1'hinh thanh Il,I'c va momen quay t'!li rotor
(y dong CO' di$n mot chieu, mot tli' tmong tTnh do dong
di~n mot chieu sinh ra.

Thi nghi$m: Noi ba cuon day bo tri each nhau 1200

trong stator (Hinh 3a rnanq hinh sao) vao mQt 1U'&i
di$n ba pha va dong dong dien. 8<\lt mot kim nam
cham co the quay vao gifra.

Dong di$n ba pha lam phat sinh trong ba cuon

day bo tri each nhau 1200 mot tli' trU'ong quay.
Vo'i ba cuon day ta co trU'ong quay hai cue,
Hinh 3: a) Tu- trU'ang quay
b) TrU'ang quay hai cI,I'c
I
NhU' trong hinh 3b ta thay co coc bac va cue nam,
nghTa la so doi cue P 1. =
TrU'ong quay quay voi toe dO nao? N6i each khac, toe
dO quay cua tli' trU'ong quay la bao nhieu? Neu thay

L3*~ "Bi'
L3 m
ba cuon b<1ingsau cuon day Ii;!ch nhau 600 trong stator

L2
(Hinh 4a) S6 cho ra mot tmong quay bon cue voi hai
doi eve (p = 2). Trong mot chu ky cua dong dii;!n, moi N 5 hinh sao
cue S6 quay dung mot vonq neu co hai cue nhU'ng chi
quay dU'Q'c nlya vonq stator neu co bon cue (Hinh 4b).
rec dO quay cua trU'ong quay chi b<1ing rura so voi a) L1 b)

truonq hop hai cue. Hinh 4: a) 86 tri cuen day cho hai deli cI,I'c
b) Tu- trU'cl'ng quay b6n CI,I'C
Gifra toe dO tli' tmong quay ns, t§n s61U'&i di$n f= 1fT
va s6 doi eve p co lien quan voi nhau nhU' sau:
344 9 May di~n

Toc do tmang quay ns dU'Q'c dinh

boi tfln s6 rnanq luoi di$n f va s6
doi CI,I'Cp.

Hinh 1 minh hoa SI,I' lien quan giCfa

t6c 0(> tmang quay va tan s6 rnanq
IU'&i ('y mot tmang quay hai CI,I'C.
Trong mot chu ky, cap CI,I'CS8 quay
chinh xac 3600 nghTa ta dung mot
vonq.
Hinh 1: Quay cua doi C","C
Ben canh t6c dQ trU'ang quay can co mot thong so quan tronq cua
may dien nCfa, 06 la momen quay. Vi cac cuon day rotor phan b6
dilu tren mat trong cua rotor, Il,I'c tac dong len moi SQ'1day vi cac
sQ'1day c6 dien chay qua (Hinh 2). [Link] F khOng tac dong len tam
di~m cua rotor ma ('y khoanq each r b~ng ban kinh cua rotor.

Momen quay M = [Link] F x Khoanq each r

Hinh 2: 51,1' hinh thanh cua momen quay M
M [Nm]= F [N] x r [m] Nm: Newtonmeter

Nha een xuat

T!lt ca cac may dien deu c6 bi€!n cong suat. 8ay ta mot d,;mg he,
Kieu
so ghi tat ca nhC'Pngthong s6 quan trong cua may oien, trong d6 c6 I Dong CO' ba pha II ss
cac tr] s6 thiet ke nhU' dong dien thiet ke IN hay toe do quay thiet ke I 6. 400V I 1"12~4;=;Af=====1
nN' 86 ta nhCfng tr] s6 do nha san xuat quy dinh cho may dien. Neu 111 kW 81 II cas <p 0,79
tren bi~n khong ghl che 0(> van hanh thi may duoc thiet ke cho che I 1445/min 11:=5~0=H,;;z======i
dO van hanh lien tuc (S1) (Hinh 3). Tuy theo qua trinh lam viec rna I Rotor y V II A
may dien heat o(>ng chiu tai khac nhau. Cac chuan VDE') ghi nnan I each dien F IP 54 I ~11~50ITkg:=======j
10 che 0(> van hanh cho dong CO' dien. Trong che 0(> van hanh lien I VDE
h,lC thi may oi$n chiu mot tal co dinh va thoi gian van hanh du dai,
Hinh 3: Billn cong suat
sac cho dong co dat dlln tranq thai 6n dinh nruet d(>. chll d(> van
hanh S2 la che 0(> van hanh ngan han va 83 la che do van nann
b<f!Utat theo chu ky (Hinh 5). Cong suat thu PI

Tieu hao e;
NhU' trong Hinh 4, may dien khonq nhC'Png chi cung cap CO' nanq
(tai) rna can gay ra tieu hao nhiet trong qua trinh chuyen doi. Chi s6 rAt-l--;:: '--t-lh./ s~t
Tieu hao loi
cho toan bo tieu hao trong may dien la hieu suat f/ (eta). lieu hao day dong
Tieu hao ma sat

I P, = P, - PI I
Hinh 4: D6ng cong suat cua met d';;ng coo di~n
Hieu suat '7 103ty Ie giCfa conq suat phat P2 va conq suat thu
PI (Hinh 4).

Vi momen quay khong co tren bien cong suat nen momen nay
ducc tinh nhu sau:

•• s: Conq suat phat P2

Hieu suat = . ;
. Cong suat thu P1

Momen quay va conq suat :

PI [W] = --/3 . U [V] . I [A] . coso Hinh 5: Cac che dO;;v~n hanh

P2 [W] = M [Nm) . w [s-'] w: toe dQ g6c

iiD
W [s-1] = 21'[ n [min-']I 60 Tinh conq suat thu Pt , momen quay thillt kll
MN va hieu suat T) cua dc)ng CO' dien co thong
s6 nhU' tren bi~n cong suat Hinh 3 khi dc)ng
M [Nm] = P2 [W]
CO' ph at ra conq suat thiet ke P2 = 11kW va
(2 7t n [min-']I 60)
n = 1145 rnin'.
 9.2 Truyen dong di$n 345

is.,i.& Monen quay thiet ke:

MN = 11000W 1 (2 n : 14451 60s) = 72,73 Nm
Gong SU<3tthu:
Hieu suat:
P1 = 13 400V' 24A' 0,79 = 13135 W = 13,14 kW
T} = 11000 W 113135 W = 0,84

9.2.2 I>{,"g co khong dong be;,ba pha Ouat lam

nguOi
Di;ic dillm cau true cua dong co khong dong bO la don
gian, re, van hanh an toano Tuy theo kl!t c8U cua rotor,
ta phan biet:

• Dong co long soc, dong co rotor ng£n mach

(Hinh 1)

• Dong co vonq truot (Hinh 2)

Khi n6i dong co voi mot di$n ap xoay chieu ba pha,

trU'ang quay cua stator earn LPng mot di$n ap & rotor,
lam ph at sinh dong di$n. Dong dien rotor tao ra mot Hinh 1: DQng coo rotor long sac ba pha
tLP trU'ang lam phat sinh mot momen quay. Momen
nay lam quay rotor cunq chieu voi tmong quay cua
stator. Rotor se khong bao gio dat toi toe do quay cua
trU'ong quay vi neu v$y tLPthong s6 khOng con thay dbi
(bang 0), dan dl!n di$n ap earn LPngtrong rotor va qua
do momen quay cOng bang O.

Tec do quay truot f1n bang hieu s6 cua toe do

tmang quay ns tnr di toc dO quay cua rotor n.

Hinh 2: Rotor vong truoQ1

Toc dO quay truot f1n duoc tinh bang % con dU'Q'c gQi

•
la do truot S.

Vi dong co nay co trU'ong quay cua stator luon

quay nhanh hon rotor (kh6ng dong bo), nen co
ten la dong co khong d6ng bo. a) b) c)

Hinh 3: Hinh diln9 ranh a) ranh tron b) ranh doi (don dong)
c) long sac
Tinh nang van hanh cua dong co khong d6ng bo tuy
thuoc chu yeu vao hinh danq cua rotor. Rotor long see
co thll dU'Q'c che tao thanh rotor thanh tron hay rotor MA momen kh&i d(>ng
don dong (Hinh 3). V~ nquyen tac, tal thai diem khoi Ms momen yen ngt,J'a
dong khi rotor con dlfong yen, dong co khonq dong bo c
Q) », MKmomen I~!
billu hien nhu mot may bien ap. Rotor thanh tron tac
dong nhu mot cuon earn, di$n tro Ohm cua 16ng soc
E
o
=,,0''"
::J MN momen !hill! kll _-0.....,.-------.
rilt nho. Do do dong di$n rotor (co the Ion bang 8 den
10 Ian dong di$n thiet ke) tr~ gan 90° so voi di$n ap
rotor. Sl,I' I$ch pha nay cOng ap dunq cho dong di$n va
T6c d(> quay !hill! kll
di$n ap cua stator. Vi v$y, h$ so conq suat coscp cOng
gan btmg O. Dong co hau nho khonq tieu thu conq
suat thuc, Vi Sl,l' I$ch pha nay cac momen quay rienq
Ie cOng triet tieu Ian nhau va canq nhieu khi trj so coscp T6c d(> quay __
tien tai gan O.
Hinh 4: Duoc)ongbieu dien momen quay cua d(>ng coo khong
dong b(>
346 9 May di~n

H~ so cong suat tang len theo toc do quay, nghTa la dO li;lch pha giCPadi~n ap va dong di~n rotor nho di. Do d6
momen quay cua dong CO' khong dong bo tang len.

Momen quay cua dong CO' khonq dong bO tuy tnuoc VaG toe dO quay; rotor ranh tron co momen khai dong
nho du dong di~n khol dong Ian.

f)U'ong bieu dien mamen quay (Hinh 4, trang 345)

minh hoa SI,J' lien quan giCra mamen quay va toc dQ
quay. Momen kh60i d¢ng MA la momen d¢ng CO' khi
khai dong. Mornen yen ngl,l'a Ms 18 mamen nhe nhat
trong qua trinh khai dong. T9i rnornen thiet MN, ke
dong co dat dLPQ'c toc dO quay thi~t k~ nN. Mornen
I~t MK 18 momen Ian nnat ma dong co c6 the tao ra.
N~u momen tal Ian non momen rat, dong CO' bj l.;it, co
nghTa la no dung lai.

Tinh nanq cua dong co khi co tai dU'Q'c thay r6 rang

hon khi toc do quay dLPQ'c bieu dien tuy thuoc VaG
momen quay (Hinh 1). Trong khu VI,!'Ctuy~n tinh, t6c
M' Marnen ---
dO quay chi giam khong Ian. Mot su thay dEli cua tai
11M trong khu VI,!'Cnay dan d~n SI,!'thay dEli theo ty 1$ Hinh 1: £lLPcYngbillu dilin tai cua dQng co khong dong bQ
cua do truot 11s. N~u tai qua Ian VlPQ'tqua momen tat,
toe d(> quay S8 giam xu6ng b~ng o. Vi h~ so conq suat
cosc:va hi$u suat T] deu tuy thuoc vao tai nen tich s6
cua hai tr] so tren nen canq Ian canq tot.

8(>ng CO' khong dong bO dLPQ'cthi~t k~ sac cho

tich so cua COSqJ va T] dat toi da.

8(>ng CO' khonq dong bo can dLPQ'Cthich nghi tuy theo

yeu cau conq suat cua may cong cu. N€:u tai tronq
thap, d(>ng CO' thLPong se co hi$u suat thap, 8(>ng
CO' phal thiet k~ nhu the nao de qtarn dong di~n knoi

d(>ng? Trong thai diem khai d(>ng, di~n tro Ohm cua
rotor can phai Ian va di$n tro earn khanq nho nhLP
co the. Qua d6 d(> I$ch pha se nho va d(>ng co S8
co mornen khoi d(>ng Ian. Khi van nann lien tuc, vi
phai bat tieu hao nhiet, cuon rotor can co mot di~n tro
Ohm nho nhunq mot di~n tro earn khanq Ian hon. Giai
phap thiet ke la rotor don dong (danq khe xem Hinh Hinh 2: So sanh rotor thanh tron va rotor don dong
3b trang truoc). Cac thanh ben nqoai rnonq hon dLPQ'c a) dLPcYngbi~u dien M-n
thi€:t k€: cho luc khoi d(>ng, cac thanh day hon narn b) dLPcYngbi~u dien dong di~n
dLPai dLPQ'cdung chu y~u cho luc van nann lien tuc,

80ng CO' khong dong b(> voi rotor don dong co momen khoi d(>ng Ian va dong di~n khoi d(>ng nho
(Hinh 2a, b).

Chieu quay cua d(>ng CO' khonq dong b(> co the dEli de dang. Khi d(>ng CO' dLPQ'cg~n voi rnanq ILPai di$n qua ba
SQ'iday nqoal L 1, L2 va L3 noi vci ba dau noi U1, V1 va W1, d(>ng CO' S8 quay chieu phai. Neu hai SQ'iday nqoai
thay dEli cho nhau, d(>ng CO' S8 quay chieu trai.

N~u nguoi quan sat nhin vao true may thay true may quay theo chieu kim dong ho thi d(>ng co quay chieu
phai, chieu quay nquoc kim dong ho la chieu trai.
 9.2 Truyen dong di$n 347

Trang luc van hanh phai IU'u y ton tronq cac tr] so thi~t k~ ghi trsn bien cong suat.

• Neu di$n ap Ian hon UN, dQng CO' 58 nhanh ch6ng n6ng len ty 1$voi di$n ap tang dan den pha huy cac cuon
day.

• Neu dii,in ap IU'ai dii,in qua thap rna tai van khong doi 58 lam tang dong dii,in dan den hu hai lap each dii,in cua
cucn day. De tranh truonq hop nay, tal va cong suat pMi qiarn ty li,i voi dQ giam di$n ap.

• Dong co khong d6ng bO cOng c6 the gc1n voi IU'ai dii,in c6 tan 56 tlf 40Hz den 60Hz. Khi d6 momen thiet ke
khong doi nhU'ng toe do trU'ong quay va cong suat thay doi theo ty 1$ tU'O'ng (mg.

Dong CO' khong d6ng bO c6 gia thanh thap, it bao dU'6'ng va khonq gay nhieu. Chung dU'Q'c SLr dunq de van
hanh cac may conq CI,.I co cong suat nho toi vua, Vi trang thai diem khoi dong, dong CO' doi luoi dii,in cung cap
mot dong di$n lon (tCr 4 den 10 Ian dong dii,in thiet ke) nen c6 the gay ra sut di$n ap trong rnanq cung cap. Cac
conq ty phan phoi di$n de ra cac dieu kien ky thuat ket noi dong CO' va quy djnh cong suat gi&i han cua dong
co nhu sau:

• Khai dong true tiep: cho phep dong co co cong suat toi khoanq 4kW

• Khai dong theo cac phuonq phap khoi dQng nhu may bien ap kh&i dong
hay dung rnach sac - tam giac.

V&i phuonq phap kh&i dong sac - tam qiac (cho dong co toi 11kW) dong co
duoc noi rnach sac khi khai dong. Nho do dii,in ap pha giam xuong can 0,58
(0) @ 8
Ian so voi rnach tam giac va dong di$n cOng vay. Momen kh&i dong giam
@-----@----@
xuong can 1/3. Do vaY trong phU'O'ng phap nay phai IU'u y nh[Jng dieu kien
sau: Hinh 1: M~ch sao

• Mach sac chi cnuyen ve rnach tam giac khi dong co dat duoc toe dQ quay
thiet ke (Hinh 1, 2).

• Trong giai dean khoi dQng, dQng CO' khonq dU'Q'c chay vot toan tai.

• Tren bien conq suat phai c6 ghi di$n ap thi du t:,./Y 400/690 V. Dien ap nho
hon 113dii,in ap toi da cho cuon day cua dong co. 6 mach sao, dien ap pha
la 690 V nhunq vi hi,i so lien ket 103..J3nen di$n ap hai dau cuon day van chi
la 690 V/..J3 = 400 V. Khi dong CO' oat dU'Q'c toe do quay thiet ke S8 chuyen
tiep qua rnach tam giac. [Link] nay cuon day c6 di$n ap 113400 V.

Dong co khong dong bo vai di$n ap dU'Q'c ghi la

400/690 V c6 the dU'Q'C khoi dong bang phuonq
phap rnach sac - tam qiac (Hinh 3). Neu ghi 113
230/400 V thl dong CO' chi thich hop cho mach
Fl I J r~ r~
sac (Phuonq phap sac - tam giac S8 pha hong
dong CO').
K2 l-\-~
F2 I[ ~ ~ I
Dong co khong dong bo dU'Q'c bao vi,i bang conq tac
bao v$ hay rote bao vi,i (bo kich heat IU'6'ng kim) hay
bO klch heat nhanh dii,in tCr (bo kich heat ngan rnach).

a dQng CO' vanh truot, dau cac cuon day rotor cuoc
noi voi cac vanh truot each dii,in vai nhau nam tren
true may (Hinh 2b, trang 345). Nho cac giai phap thiet
ke, co the gan them VaG rnach rotor nhCPng dii,in tra
thay doi.

Hinh 3: M\"ch di~n chinh Y/I1

348 9 May di~n

Cac dien tro khai d¢ng tao ra dong dien khoi d¢ng nh6 va momen
khai d¢ng Ian. Sau khi dat dU'Q'c toc d¢ quay thiet ke, cac dien tro
nay diroc noi tat de cac cuon day rotor hoat d¢ng giong nhu trong
mot dong co long soc (Hinh 1).

80ng co khonq dong b¢ cOng co the hoat d¢ng voi di~n ap xoay
chieu met pha. Tuy nhlen dong CO' khong the tl! khai d¢ng dU'Q'C
rna can bien phap khai d¢ng nho rnach Steinmetz. NhU' trong £)i~nIra khai d(>ng
Hinh 2, dong co co cuon day stator thiet ke cho 230/400V (rnach Hinh 1: Rotor yang tnrot
tam qiac) can mot tu di$n Van hanh Ca (Ca = 70 ~F/kW) d~ khai
dong.
z

Nho rnach Steinmetz rna d¢ng CO' khonq d6ng bO co th~ hoat
dong voi dien ap xoay chieu mot pha. Momen khci d¢ng chi
con b~ng 30% so voi dien ap xoay chieu ba pha. Cong suat a)
cOng giam con 80% conq suat thiet ke.
z

8~ nang cao tinh nang khoi d(>ng, ta rnac song song voi tu
di$n van hanh m¢t tu di$n khai dQng CA (CA = 2Ca) trong giai
doan khol d¢ng. b)

Hinh 2: M<;Ich Steinmetz

a) DQn9 co chieu trai
b) DQn9 co chieu phili
1. Hay rno ta cau true cua d¢ng CO' khong d6ng bo.
2. Vi sao d¢ng CO' khonq d6ng b¢ co d¢ truot?
3. Tai co anh hU'ang nhu the nao IEm d(> troot cua 6(>n9 co kh6ng 66ng bo?
4. Ve dU'ong billu dien M-n cua d¢ng CO' khonq d6ng bO, dien cac momen MN, MA, MK va Ms va giai thich
chunq.
5. Rotor long soc va rotor vonq truot khac nhau a di~m nao?
6. DU'ai tai nao d¢ng CO' khonq dong bO co che dO Van hanh tot nhat?
7. 8au moi cua d¢ng CO' khonq dong bO duoc noi vai nhau nhu the nao a rnach sao va mach tam giac?
8. Can bien phap nao & rnach dien dll dong co khong d6ng b¢ co the hoat dong 6' lU'ai di$n mot pha?

9.2.3 I>Qng co xoay chieu mc;,t pha

Khong phai noi nao cOng co lU'ai dien xoay chieu ba z

pha. 80ng CO' khong dong b¢ co th~ sCPdunq nhu may

truyen dong voi t~t ca uu diem cua no nhir 103dong CO' F,
dien xoay chieu khonq dong bo. 80ng CO' nay co stator
voi hai cuon day rnac song song: cuon day chinh vai
dau noi U1 va U2, cuon day phu voi dau noi Z1 va Z2.
Cuon day phu nam lech mra buoc chia CI!C so voi U2
cuon day chinh (Hinh 3). cuon day
chinh
U,

a dong co xoay chieu mot pha hinh thanh mot

truonq quay khi mtlc noi tiep cuon day phu voi:
- mot cuon earn
!HAt
-- IHI

Cuon day
phu

- mot tu dien
- hay mot dien tro Ohm
© Z1 Z2

Hinh 3: flQng co xoay chieu mQt pha

 9.2 Truyen dong di$n 349

Vi dong co xoay chieu mot pha vot pha pht) di$n trey
co dong di$n kh&i dong cao, va dong co voi cuon earn
khanq trong pha phu co momen khoi dong thap so voi
F,
dong co co tu di$n, nen dong CO' xoay chleu mot pha Cuon day
vai tu dien van hanh thU'&ng dU'9'c SLPdunq, D~ lam chinh
tang momen kh&i d¢ng, mot tv di$n khoi d¢ng dU'Q'c
rnac song song vol tv di$n van hanh (Hinh 1).

Dinh co tv di~n: Hinh 1: £)\'>ng coo mQI pha vai II,! di~n v~n hann, I", di~n kh6>i
dQng va cong tile dung h,l'c Iy lam
Do Sl)' hap thu nhlet qua rnuc nen moi kW cong
suat thiet k€! cua d¢ng CO' can:
- tv di$n van hanh thu nhan dU'9'C conq suat
phan khanq khoanq 1 d€!n 1,3 kvar
tu di$n kh&i dong khoanq 4 kvar

Neu dtroc trang b] tv di$n van hanh va tu di$n kh&i

d¢ng, momen kh<Yid¢ng co the tang len hai den ba l<'in
so voi momen thiet ke. Hinh 2 minh hoa Sl)' lien quan Toc do quay d~ ngat CA ree d¢ quay ---
giO>a momen khoi d¢ng, tv di$n van hanh, momen
quay va toe d¢ quay. Hinh 2: £)lI'o>ng bieu diEm momen cua dQng coo I", di~n

Vai tu di$n van hanh va tu di$n kh&i dong, dong

CO' khong d6ng bO mot pha co the tl)' kh&i dong
ngay ca khi co tai.

Chi~u quay cua di;>ng CO' kh6ng d6ng b(> mot pha co
the thay deSi bang each deSi ngU'9'c chieu dong di$n
cua cuon day phu (Z1 , Z2) (Hinh 3). Dong CO' loai nay
Cs Tv dien van hanh
duoc phan bi$t de dang vot cac loai d¢ng CO' khac

•
nho co thong so di$n dung du'o'c ghi tren bien conq
suat (Hinh 4).
Mach dien chi~u quay trai Mach dien chi~u quay phai

Dong co mot pha co trU'ang quay hinh b<'iu due, Hinh 3: £)ao ngll'Q'c ehieu quay
d¢ng CO' ba pha co trU'ang quay hinh tron,

1445/min I~
D¢ng CO' khoi d¢ng bang tu di$n co tinh quay d€lu, tUeSitho cao va it phai bao
dU'ong. Chung thU'ang duoc dung trang may gia dl,Jng, may born, may cong
1,5fJF I~
cu (thi du may khoan, may mal, ... ), may xay dl)'ng cOng nhu may cat co.
Hinh 4: MQI phan bilm cong suat
Chung dU'<?,csan xuat cho cong suat thiet ke toi khoanq 2 kW.
cua dQng coo II,! di~n

Cu¢n day kieh tu Hop kep nOi day

9.2.4 £)9ng co diE)n m9t chieu ~;;::t.~ Rotor Jtator. bilng tam thep
/ Ouat lam ngu¢i
TCP khi kharn pha ra trU'ang quay ba pha, d¢ng CO'
khonq d6ng b¢ ngay canq pheS bien so voi d¢ng co
di$n mot chieu, Du v$y, d¢ng CO' di$n mot chieu voi
d$c tinh di€lu khien va di€lu chinh tot van can thiet trang
mot so ITnh Vl)'C nhat dinh. Thi ou dong co servo mot
chieu dU'9'c SLPdunq nhu dong CO' can thep, bo truyen
dong true chinh cua may NC (may conq CI,Jdi€lu khien
Gia do chOi va;
so), b¢ truyen dong dan tien djnh vi trang may conq CI,J,
chOi than
cOng nhU' dong CO' nh6 (tCPvai watt d€!n vai tram watt)
Hinh 5: Kel eau dQng coo dien mQI ehieu
350 9 May di~n

dung trong d6 choi tre em, may ceo rau, may quat Rotor(b6
nuoc, 80ng CO' dien mot chieu thu'onq 103dong CO' CI,!'C tam thep)
nqoai, nghia 103CI,!'Cnam cham duoc b6 trl trong stator.
CI,!'Cnam cham nay c6 th~ dU'Q'ckich thich:

- b~ng dien mot chieu (dong co tren 10 kW)

- voi nam cham vTnh cuu.

80ng co di$n mot chieu chu y€Jug6m c6:

• CI,!'Cnam cham d0>ngyen, 103stator

• Cuon day quay duoc, 103rotor, can gQi 103phan 0>ng

• Vanh g6p hay cOng gQi 113 bO dao dong di$n

(Hinh 1). Hinh 1: Rotor cua dQng coo di~n mot chillu

Dong di$n duoc dan vao rotor qua cac chei than tnrot
tren vanh g6p. Nho bi;) dao dong rna dong di$n cua
cuon day rotor dU'ai cac CI,!'Cluon luon chay cunq
hU'ang. Cac qia do ch6i thU'ang nam a vi tri trung hoa
giCracac CI,!'C.

[Link] each v~n hanh cua dQng coo di$n mQt

chleu

- True cua tll' tnl'cyng kich thich

__ --- True cua tll' trU'cyngphan (rng
Cuon day kich to>c6 dong di$n mot chieu chay qua s
S9 tao ra mot to>trvonq klch thich. 8U'ang SLPCtCP
dU'Q'c d6ng lai qua rotor. Trong tCPtrU'ang nay mot Hinh 2: TLv trlJ'ang kich thich va tLv tflJ'ang phan (mg (Quay
cuon day rotor c6 dong di$n fA chay qua tao ra mot tral)

tCPtnronq 0>[Link] kich thich va tCPtmang 0>ng

quan vao nhau va tao ra mot tCPtruonq t6ng hop, TCP T lr trU'(mg kich thich
a
trU'6'ng nay teo ra mot momen quay vonq ngoai rotor CI,I'C kich
a
(Hinh 2). Chuyen d¢ng quay ngCPng vunq trung hoa, (CI,I'C chinh)
khi tm6'ng kich thich va truonq LPngc6 cunq chieu va
momen quay b~ng O. Nh6' dong nang luc dau, rotor _ G6ng tll'
quay VLl'Q'tqua vunq trung hoa toi Cl)'Cnam cham ke
tiep thi crueu dong di$n cua cuon 0>ngphai nquoc lai
d~ trLl'ang LPngdao CI,!'Cva rotor tiep tuc quay. NhU'vf).y
cac cuon day 0>ngdU'ai cung mot CI,!'Cnam cham lu6n
c6 cunq chieu dong di$n. SI,!'dao CI,!'Cchieu dong di$n
do bO dao dong dam trach.

Hau qua cua SI,!'d6i chieu dong dien la hinh thanh

mot di$n ap tl,!' earn trong rotor nharn can tro SI,!'dao
dong. 8~ trung hoa duoc phan h6i cua phan 0>ngdo
nhCrngdong di$n LPngIan (di;lng co Ian hon 1 kW) gay Hinh 3: DQng coo di~n mQt chillu kich thich tLv dc;;c l(ip (quay
ra, ta quan them nhCrng cuon day bu trong gu6c CI,!'C trail

cua CI,!'Cchinh. Cuon LPngc6 canq nhieu vonq day thi

momen quay canq deu va dong co van hanh canq em.

a dong CO' di$n mot chieu momen quay do trU'ang kich thich va tCPtmang phan 0>ngsinh ra.
 9.2 Truyen dQng di$n 351

[Link] Cac loal dQng co diE)n mot chieu

£>9ng co di~n met chleu kich tLPdQc I~p (Hinh 3,

trang 350) dU'Q'ccung cap boi hai nguOn di$n mot
chieu co di$n ap khac nhau. Vi dong di$n kich IE dQc ~I ~llfE~
tap vai dong di$n (Png IA nen tmong kich hau nhu ~T
khong d6i. Doi voi momen quay thl M -IA.
a) b) 11--

Hinh 1: a) Di?ng co kich IlP di?c I~p; A1, A2 cuen (Png; F1, F2
Toc dO quay cua dong co mot chleu kich tCfdoc euen kich IlP di?c I~p
I~p hau nhU' co dinh doc I~p vai thay d6i tal. b) DU'Oong biAu dien Ibc di? quay - momen

Khi chay khong tat, dong co dat dU'Q'ctoe di,i quay toi
da gOi ta toe dQ quay khong tai no·

a dQng co di~n mQt chieu kich tLPsong song, cuon

kich va cuon (Png nOi song song va co cunq mot di$n
ap. N§u di$n ap lU'ai di$n khong doi, dong co kich tCf a) b) 11--
song song co tinh nang van hanh gan giong voi dQng
Hinh 2: a) Dong co- kich IlP song song; A1, A2 cuon (Png; E1,
co kich tCf dQc I~p. Tuy nhien khi co tal, toe d9 quay
E2 cuen kich IlP song song
giam hon so vai d¢ng co kich tCfd¢c I~p (Hinh 2). b) DU'Oong bi€:u dien Ibc c1Qquay - momen

U
I
I
--'
t
I Toc dO quay cua d¢ng co ~i$n mot chieu kich tCf
song song giam khonq nhieu khi co tal.
c::

a d¢ng co dien mot chieu kich tCfsong song, phai luu 02 01

y tranh truonq hop sut giam tmang kich qua Ian hay
ng~t di$n trU'ang kich khi di,ing co dang van hanh.
a) b)

Hinh 3: a) £long co kich IlP nbi lillp; A1, A2 cuen (Png; 01, 02

•
cuen kich Iii' nOi tiep
8¢ng co dien mot chieu kich tCfsong song co the

<.
b) DU'ang bi~u dien Ibc c1i,1quay - mamen
"b] hong" n§u t~t mach kich thich, co nghTa la toe
d¢ quay vuot qua giai nan co hoc cho phep, [Link]
Iy tam & rotor co the pha huv dong co. n
c
•
>-
'"
::l
e-
nN
<!,
>-

a d«)ng co di~n m«)t chieu kich tli' n6i ti~p (Hinh 3), ,0-
'0
~
'0-
'0
U
cuon (fng rotor va cuon kich tCfdU'Q'crnac noi tiep vai -0
f- _0
c
f-
nhau. Ca hai cuon day dU'Q'Ccunq mot dong di$n chay a) MomentaiM ~ b) MomentaiM ~

qua. NgU'Q'cvoi d¢ng co kich tCf song song, dong co

Hinh 4: £)U'ang biAu dien tal cua
kich tCf noi tiep co cuon kich di$n tro thap, Khi chju a) Dong co kich IlP noi tiflp
tai ion, dong di$n qua d¢ng co tang len de tao ra mot b) £lOng co kich IlP c1Qc I~p
momen quay Ian.
£>«)ngco kich tli' d«)c I~p duoc sUodunq trong
may conq cu hay bang chuyen noi dol hoi toe d¢
8¢ng co di$n mot chieu kich tCf nOi tisp co quay khong doi.
momen khai d¢ng Ian nhtJt trong cac loai d¢ng
co di$n mot chieu, £>«)ngco kich tli' song song duoc sUodung khi
chi co mot ngu6n di$n. Pharn vi sUodung cOng
tU'O'ngtl,l' nhU' d(Jng co kich tll' d(Jc I~p.
Khi cnay kh6ng tai, dong di$n qua cuon (fng va cuon
kich tCf deu giam va toe dQ quay tang len, Giarn sut £>«)ngco kich tli' n6i tiep duoc dung trong cac
trucnq kich lam tang toe do quay len dan dsn pha huy xe chay di$n nhir tau di$n, xe IUoava xe nang
d¢ng co. hang.
352 9 May di~n

Bong CO' kich tll' noi tiep "b] hu" neu khonq c6 tai. Do d6 n6 dU'Q'C noi
c(fng voi tat.

NhU' trong Hinh 4, trang 351, toc dO quay cua dong co kich tll' nOi tiep phu
thucc rnanh vao tai trong khi dong co kich tll' doc I~p c6 toc dO quay hau nhU'
co dinh doc I~p vai tal.

Be dao nquoc chieu quay cua dong co di~n mot chieu chi can doi chieu
dong di~n Crng.

NhU' d§ nhac a
phan dau, dong CO' dien mot chieu c6 d~c diem la di€lu khien
va dii!u chinh tot. Biem nay S6 duoc diem giang sau day cho loai dong co kich
Hinh 1: £)Qn9 co kich tIP dQc I~p
tll' dOc I~p (cOng nhu dOng CO' kich tll' song song) (Hinh 1).
Sau day la cac phuonq trinh chinh cua dong CO' kich tll' doc l;iip trong tmang
hop heat dong binh thuonq tuc la voi toe dO quay va tai khong doi trong mot
thai gian nh~t djnh. Tinh tranq cho biet tinh nang cua dong co.
Cong thuc 1: UA = RA· IA+ Uq (xem Hinh 1)

Conq thu'c 2: Uq = c . cP . n
c . cP . IA
Conq thuc 3: M; =
2·n
Voi UA: di~n ap phan Crng; RA: di~n tro phan Crng; IA: cuonq dO dong di~n Crng
Uq: tll' khanq phan Crng; c: h~ng so dong CO'; CP: tll' thong; M;: momen quay
trong va n: toe do quay.
Tll' cac phuonq trinh tren ta c6 the tinh toe do quay n
Cong thvc 4: n = UA - RA· IA Hinh 2: £)Qng co v6>i di~n tr6>
c· cP (trll'6>c, noi tiep)
Toc dO quay cua dong CO' kich tll' doc I~p co the dU'Q'Cthay doi b~ng each thay
dbi cac tr] sO UA, RA, fA hay CPo
Be thay d6i toc do quay b~ng dien tro (Hinh 2) ta g~n nOi tiep voi RA mot dien
tro truce (dinh ap) Rv va dieu chinh di~n tro nay trang tuc cP va UA giO> tr] a
so thiet ke CPN va UAN.

Rv> 0
Thay doi di~n tro dinh ap Rv chi anh hU'ang len do doc cua dU'ang bieu
dien. Toc do quay khong tai noN giO>nquyen khonq doi (Hinh 3).

Hinh 3: £)1I'6>ng bieu di~n toc dQ

Vi phuonq phap nay cho hieu suat thap nen chi ap dunq cho dong co nho, quay I momen quay

Trang phuonq phap thay d6i toc dO quay b~ng each thay doi dien ap phan
Crng UA, tll' thong kich tll' cP giO>nquyen tr] so thiet ke. Bien ap phan (fng c6 the
noN , U.;;:.A_=_U.:A;;.N _
thay doi tll' 0 toi di~n ap thiet ke tOi da UAN b~ng each dung bo bien ap di~n
tiJ>(xem ben dU'oi).
n_ -
U < UAN! -
t- r
-
a dong CO' kich tll' doc l;iip va kich tll' song song, toc dO quay c6 the a)
thay doi b~ng each bien doi dien ap phan lfng trong pharn vi dieu chinh
phan Crng.

Trang pharn vi dieu chinh phan Crng, toe dO quay thay d6i ty Ie voi dien ap
phan Crng (Hinh 4). Vi tll' thOng cP giO>nquyen nen momen quay M ty Ie voi
dong dien lfng lA, M-/A.

Hinh 4: £)lI'o>ng billu di~n M/n

Khi dii!u chinh toc do quay b~ng tmang kich tll' cP thi Rv 0 n va UA= UAN, = a) £)Qng co kich tIP dQc l(ip
dien ap phan Crng biing dien ap thiet ke. Truonq kich tll' thay doi theo Sl)' thay b) £)Qng co kich tIP song
song
 9.2 Truyen dong dien 353

dbi tlr thong trong khoanq (/)min < (/) < (/)N' TrU'ang kich
£lU'ang gi&i han
tlr yeu di d~1nden teScdo quay tang cao hon teScdo momen quay cho IN
quay thiet ke nN. rec dO quay thay dbi trong khoanq
Ch~ dO van
nN ~ n ~ nmax. Trong che dO van hanh tlr truonq yeu, hanh dong CO'
vi dong di$n IA qua rotor se tang IEmneu tai (momen)
khonq dbi nen phai luu y giai han dong di$n (Hinh 1).
Sl,I' phat nhiet trong cuon day chi cho phep dong CO'
van hanh lau dai vot dong di$n thiet ke IN nen trong
che dO van hanh tlr trU'ang yeu, dong co khong duoc
phep c6 tai bang momen thiel ke.

Trong pharn vi dit§uchinh Ilr trU'ong kich thich, tlr

trU'ang duoc lam yeu de t6c do quay dong CO'c6 Hinh 1: Tang toc dO quay bang each lam yllu tll> trU'o>ng
the nhanh hon teSC do thiet ke (2 - 4 Ian nN). LU'u
y la phai giam momen quay t5i da cho phep, Ly
do la dong di$n ling khong duo'c phep Ian hon
tr] seSt6i da cho phep,

Thuc te 18 trong cac may cong cu, ngU'ai ta pheSinop -,

I
ca hai phU'O'ngphap bien dbi di$n ap phan ling va bien I
I
dbi tiY truonq kich thich. Nho d6 t6c do quay c6 the I

duoc dit§u chinh trong mot pharn vi rong hon.

®I
I
I
I
n I
[Link] Thiet b] dieu khil!n di~n ap t~i llJ'o>i ---------
di~n xoay chieu
Hinh 2: Nguyen t~c diliu khilin di~n tip cua d9ng co kich thich
tll> d9C I~p
Doi khi lU'oi di$n xoay chieu 18 ngu6n cung dip di$n
duy nh~t cho dong co dien mot chieu. Trong trU'ang
hop nay phai can bo biEmdong. Hinh 2 minh hoa vt§
nguyen tac diu tao mot dong co kich thich tiY song
song dung bO chinh luu (bo bien dbi dong di$n). BO
chinh ILI'uG1 dung de cung cflp dien ap cho cuon kich
thich tiY (F1, F2), G2 cung cap cho cuen ling. DeSivci
G1 co the Slf dunq cau dit§u khien ban phan (cho dong
co nho) hay toan phan (Hinh 3). Cho bo chinh luu
L1

N
L1
N
V1
••
V3 < ~ < ~ V2 V3
G2 thuonq Slf dl)ng bo chinh ILI'ucau ba pha rnach
B6C (Hinh 4). Cac thyristor dU'oocdieu khien bang cac a) b)
xung do don vi dieu khien hay dieu chinh phat ra (xem
Hinh 3: a) C~u diliu khilin ban ph~n
Hinh 2). Neu dong co kich thich tiY song song dLl'OOc b) C~u diliu khilin toan ph~n (S2C)
cau B6C dieu khien, thi dong CO'heat dong trong che
dQ van hanh 2Q, c6 nghTa 18 dong CO'c6 hai chieu
quay va mot chieu momen, d6ng nghTa voi di$n ap
c6 the dbi cue nhunq chieu dong dien giiY nguyen. Vi
cac may cong cu heat dong ca hai chieu phai - trat
c6 che dO ham hLl'ang dan nen can h$ truyen dong
4Q. Trong che dO van hanh nay, he truyen dong co
hai chieu quay va hai chieu momen. Do viily phai can
mot bO chinh ILI'ugbm hai cau B6C rnac song song d6i
nqhich (Hinh 4b).
V4 V5 V6
a)

Hinh 4: a) Cau S6C

b) M\lch song song doi nghich cua hai c~u S6C
354 9 May di~n

BQ chinh hru bien doi h$ thong di$n xoay chieu voi tan so va bien
dQ co dinh tnanh h$ thong di$n mQt chieu c6 bien dQ thay doi.
Hinh 1 chi nguyen tac cua bQ chinh luu noi llJ'ai voi 4 cong tac
(van) V1-V4. Trang nlJa s6ng dlJ'O'ng d§u cua di$n ap llJ'ai Uj, cong
;0
F'------------1@I----
tac V1 va V4 d6ng, trang nlJa s6ng am ke tiep, V2 va V3 d6ng. Nho
do dong di$n tai IL luon chay cunq chieu, V~3~ -+ _

Hinh 2 chi di$n ap llJ'ai Uj hinh sin thong qua cac van lac dQng
tu-ng doan len tai, sac cho chieu dong dien qua tai kMng dol. Tr] so
trung binh cua di$n ap mot chieu U2 tal tai tuy thuoc VaG g6c dieu
-
Hinh 1: Nguyen
U2

t~c bQ chinh lU'u

khien O. G6c dieu khien nay dlJ'Q'c tinh tll' thai diem dan di$n tv
nhien (vi tri 0 cua di$n ap) cua van (diot, thyristor). G6c di€!u khien
a canq nh6 thi di$n ap U2 canq Ian.

May di$n kich thich tll' song song c6 the heat dong trong che
dO van hanh bon g6c 40 (Hinh 3) tuv thuoc vao g6c dieu
khien (tll' 0° - 360°).

Vai g6c di~u khien 0° < a < 90° ta c6 che dO van hann
chinh hru, nanq 1lJ'Q'ngchay Ill' llJ'ai di$n vao dong co.

Neu g6c dieu khien 90° < a < 180° di$n ap mot chieu
doi dau, Vi dong di$n dlJ'ai tac dl,mg cua cac van giCl'
nquyen chieu nen chieu nang 1lJ'Q'ng thay doi. Nang
1lJ'Q'ngchay tll' phia mot chieu qua bQ chinh luu vao llJ'ai
di$n xoay chieu, Ta qoi d6 la che dQ van hanh chuyen
mQI chieu thanh xoay chieu, Dieu kien can la phia mot
chieu phai phat di nang 1lJ'Q'ng,trll'cmg hop khi d9n9 co
duo'c ham lai. Do v$y, g6c dieu khien c6 the lam doi Hinh 2: Cach van hanh cua be chinh hru v60i
chieu dong nanq 1lJ'Q'[Link] c6 the cho phep dong di$n dilln ti€'·n di~n ap .
doi chieu, phai rap them mot bQ chinh IlJ'U song song doi
nghich.

May phat di$n Dong co dien

-QuaypMi ® n
CD - Quay phai

9.2.5 Thay d6i toc de;>tw tnJ'cYng quay cYde;>ng co

khong d6ng be;>

NhCl'ng yeu cau nqay canq tang cua tv dong h6a cho cac may
di$n la mot mat san xuat phai re hon, mat khac phai c6 nhi€!u conq
[Link] non. Giai phap cho viec nay ta ket hop chirc nang cong suat
voi chuc nang di~u chinh, c6 mot hay nhieu true truyen dong vo'i
h$ dieu khien chuyen dong chen nhau. Ngay nay, dong CO' khOng
d6ng bO voi bo bien tan c6 the cung cap nhCl'ng chuc nang sau cho
conq nghi$p che tao may va thiet b]:
Dong cO' - Quay trai -n May phat - Quay trai
• Di€!u chinh toc dO quay - momen.
Hinh 3: Ch€. dQ v~n hanh 4Q cua may di~n
• Di€!u chinh viec phat I thu nang 1lJ'Q'ngde tranh nhCl'ng tac dong
nquoc khong tot len llJ'ai di$n.
• Crurc nang dinh vi.
• Clurc nang khoi dong.
• Truyen nquoc nang 1lJ'Q'ngtrang che dO van hanh ham.
• N~mg cao hi$u suat trong h$ truyen dong di$n (bo bien tan c6 the giup giam tieu hao (& 16i sat) cua dQng CO'
khOng dong bQ khi lam viec vo'i tai thap).
 9.2 TruY€lndong di$n 355

[Link] Nguyen tac cua bQ billn tan

NhU'da trlnh bay trong chuonq dong cc khonq dong bo, toc dO quay cua mot dong CO'ba pha (dong CO'dong bO
hay khong dong bO)tuy thuoc VaGtoe dO tll' truonq quay nf cua stator. Tll' trU'ang quay nay lai tuy thuoc VaGtan
so t cua di$n ap cung cap va so doi cue P cua dong CO'.Tll' phu'onq trinh nf = rip, ta suy ra 103co thfl dung tan s6
cua di$n ap cung cap de thay doi toc do quay dong co, vi so doi CU'Cdong co 103 mot tri so thiet k~ co dinh. Tuy
nnien vi bien do va tan s6 cua IU'ai di$n cung cap la nhCmgtrj s6 co dinh nen dong co quay theo vong quay c6
dinh tuy IU'ai di~n. adong CO'khonq dong bo can lU'u y den trl s6 truot (thay dElitheo tail dien ta SU'khac bi$t
tU'O'ngdoi giO'at6c dO tll' trvonq quay va t6c do quay rotor.

T6c dO quay rotor voi momen tai khong dOi c6 the thay dOi bang each:

• Thay doi s6 doi CU'Ctrong nhO'ng dong CO' doi

CU'Ctheo nhO'ng ty 1$ nhtlt dinh (thi du dong CO' B¢ chinh luu B¢ chinh luu
Dahlander: ty 1$ toe dO quay 1:2). Voi each nay, phia rnano lU'oi M<;lch phia tai
dong CO'co thfl c6 bon toe dO quay c6 djnh. Tuy trung gian

nhien khong the di€!u khien vo cap tee dO quay.

• Thay doi bien dO va tan so cua di$n ap cung cap.

Chung co thfl co nhO'ng tri so tuy y de di,lng CO' co B6 chinh hru B6 chinh luu
the dat dU'Q'Ct6c dO quay bat ky trong khoanq giai ~¢t chieu xoay chieu
(AC~ DC) (DC----. AC)
han nhat djnh. Voi bO di€!u chinh thich hop, rotor
co the co btlt ky toc do quay nao doc I$p voi tai va
Mach dieu khien va dieu chinh
quay tai bat ky vi tri nao

Hinh 1: SO' db nguyen tok rnach cua b9 bien tan

Be? biE!n tan n6i vao dong co (Hinh 1) co d$c tinh co
thfl thay doi bien do va tan s6 cua di$n ap cung cap tuy
thich va cung LPngchunq cho di,lng co.

f)i$n ap lay tll' IU'ai di$n ba pha c6 tan s6 50 Hz dU'Q'c

t Tri 56 trung binh

I
-3 -
bO chinh luu dElithanh di$n mot chieu rOi 19iouoc bO
chinh IU'u dOi thanh dien ap xoay chieu ba pha bat Ud,
kY. Be} chinh tuu met chieu (AC -+ DC) duoc r<3P
theo rnach cau, co thfl dieu khien (voi Thyristor) hay
khonq dieu khien (vol di6t). No sinh ra di$n ap xung t ____
mot chieu (Hinh 2). M~ch trung gian c6 nhlern VI) lam
nhan cac s6ng di$n ap mot chieu bang rnach trung a) b)
gian di$n ap (bO chinh di$n ap U) hay rnach trung gian
Hinh 2: a) 89 chinh IlJ'U mach cau kh6ng dieu khien (68U)
dong di~n (bo chinh dong di$n I) (Hinh 3).
b) £)i~n ap xung met chieu Udi

Trong cac bo bien tan hi$n nay, bi,l chinh di$n ap U

thU'ang dU'Q'cdung vi gia reo

Hien tU'Q'nglam nhan dung tu di$n dua tren tinh chat

phonq di$n cua tu di$n co tac dong lam tre SU'sut di$n
ap (Hinh 1, trang 356).

a) b)

Hinh 3: a) 89 chinh di~n U b) 89 chinh di~n I

356 9 May di~n

8fl nang cao tinh 6n dlnh di$n ap, ngU'erita dung mot Nap di$n I Ph6ng di$n 8i$n dung toan b¢
binh di$n gbm hai tu hoa rnac noi tiep nhau. Song
song veri tu di$n co rnac cac di$n tro can bang hay t
~
1
-=-+-
Cg C
1 1
C
doi xlmg nharn giup hai tu di$n nap di$n deu nhau. 8fl o
o
cho dong di$n qua tu di$n luc bat rnach nh6 nhu co
thfl, mot dien tro nap gan vao trvoc rnach trung gian Qua trinh nap dien
nharn han che dong dien cOng nhu han che dong di$n t
qua rrurc. Sau mot theri gian nhat dinh, bo dieu khifln t-- Uc = Udi (1 - e-r)
di$n to>se noi tat di$n treYnay bang role chuyen mach t
ic=lo·e- r
d€Jtranh tleu hao kh6ng can thiet (Hinh 2). B9 chinh
hru xoay chieu (DC -t AC) Ie'! kh~1Ucuoi cua be bien ,= R· C
t~n. N6 dOi dong dien va dien ap mot chieu thanh cac I _ Udi
0- R
dai 1U'Q'ngxoay chieu, Cac thanh phan chinh cua b(>
chinh luu xoay chleu la cac linh ki$n ban dan co dieu Hinh 1: Dien biEln di$n ap & dong di~n i:I tu di~n cua rnach
khieln duo'c xep tling cap trang ba nhanh rnach di$n trung gian
(Hinh 3). Trang nhCmg narn qua, cac thyristor trang
b(>chinh luu xoay chieu da dU'Q'ccac transistor "hien
dai" thay the: R

• Transistor lU'iYngCI,I'C(LTR)
Uz =C6djnh
• Transistor don CI,I'C(MOSFET)

Hinh 2: M\lch trung gian v&i di~n tri:l nap; b9 chinh di~n U

G
J t--lD
f-]
Ky hieu rnach cua MOSFET veri cac
dau noi (S)ource (=CI,I'Cngubn), (D)rain
f-i5 (=CI,I'Cthoat) va (G)ate (=CI,I'Ccua).
Nu-a cau

S1
• Transistor lU'ong CI,I'Cvo'l eve cua each di$n (IGBT)
L1

V[ Ky hieu rnach cua IGBT veri cac dau noi L2

G
J ~ (E)mitter (=CI,I'Cphat), (C)ollector (=CI,I'C
E thu) va (G)ate (=CI,I'Ccira).
L3

54

So veri cac thyristor, cac linh kien nay c6 U'Uthe la

c6 th€Jb~t hay tat tu>cthai, trang khi thyristor chi cat Hinh 3: Nguyen tac mach cua be;,chinh Ill'u xoay chiflu
(DC -> AC) v&i ba nll'a C3U
di$n khi kh6ng c6 dong di$n chay qua. Do d6 khu
vue tan so chuyen rnach cua bO chinh luu xoay chieu
(DC -t AC) duo'c n&i rong tli 300 Hz len 15 kHz. Dong
Nu-a cau 1 Nu-a cau 2 Nu-a cau 3
di$n dong co c6 the dat dU'Q'Chinh danq gan hinh sin.
Nho d6 tieng bn va t6n hao cua d(>ng co dU'Q'cqlarn
thieu va rator quay chinh xac ngay ca a toe d(>thap.
Cac linh klen nay cOng gay ra it t6n hao do chuyen
rnach dan den hieu suat toan b(>cua h$ thong truyen
L1
d(>ngtot non. L2
L3

B(>chinh luu xoay chieu (DC -t AC) trang Hinh 4 gbm

c6 ba niJoacau, m6i cai gbm c6 hai IGBT. Ba nhanh
rura cau nay sinh ra di$n ap tren ba pha dau ra L1,
L2 va L3.

Hinh 4: B9 chinh Ill'u xoay chiflu (DC -> AC) v&i ba nll'a c3U
CaC niJoacau nay dU'Q'cbcWtat nhU' sau: va dilot bao v~
 9.2 Truyen dong di$n 357

• Nua cau BAT (ON) ~ bat IGBT tren, tat IGBT duoi

• NLra cau TAT (OFF)

dU'ai
~ tat IGBT tren, b~t IGBT ~t --------------1
1

1 Chu ky I
2/3 Uz I
1/3 Uz
Do d6 nho dieu khlen d6ng va rno rieng tCmg transistor
rna di$n ap Uz cua mach trung gian chuyen den cac
pha dau ra tuonq Lmg. Cac di$n ap sinh ra a
dau ra
c6 danq hinh xung (Hinh 1). Tan 56 cua dien ap dau
Hinh 1: Di~n ap dAu ra danq xung cua mQt nll'a cAu
ra tuy thuoc vao t6c dQ cua trinh tl! chuyen rnach cac
. ,
nua cau.

NhU' da de cap, bO chinh lu'u xoay chieu (DC ~ AC)

xli' Iy dien ap Uz co dinh thanh cac xung tao thanh dien
ap dau ra co tan so thay doi. Vi dong CO'van hanh can r- r- r- £Jilin ap
mot dien ap thich nghi voi tan s6 dua theo d?c tuyen dong co'
u/f, mot tCr thong chinh co dinh phai duoc bao dam I;'"
I- ....
trong vunq hieu chinh. Bien ap cung dip phai thich
hop sac cho dong dien cuon day gan nhu' co danq r--
hinh sin. Hai phuonq thuc dung xung de tao dien ap
thich hop la:
k
~ ~~
r-
j..-"

• Bien dieu (dieu bien) dO rong xung

a)
• Bien dieu vecto di$n ap

t
Lay thi du bien dieu dO rong xung de thay di$n ap dong
" r-v
co duoc tao ra bang each nay.
V i\
Trong phuonq thuc biem dleu dO rong xung ngU'ai ta t---
gifr bien de;, cua xung dau ra tU'O'ng dU'O'ng voi tr] so
Ian nhat co the cua Uz va thay doi dO rong xung va
khoang each gifra cac xung sac cho di$n ap tich phan
f\~~~ 1I
a

•
cua cac xung co d<;lng hinh sin. toc dO quay nho,
b)
de;,ng co chi can mot dien ap nho nen ty Ie dO rong
xung voi do ha xung thap (Hinh 2a). Vi do ha xung Hinh 2: a) Di~n ap dQng coo t'ili toc dQ quay thap
qua Ian dlln den dong CO' quay kh6ng deu, ngU'ai ta b) Di~n ap d';'ng coo t~i toc de} quay cao
nhip xung vo'i tan so cao va c6 nhieu xung hep, 6 toe
dO quay cao, ngU'ai ta kh6ng the tang tan so xung tuy
y nen xung rQng hon va do do co tan so xung thap
non (Hinh 2b).
t Vung di,§u chlnh
~I-._V_u_·n~g_d_ie_u_c_hl_nh_d_ie~-n_a~·p
__ ~~t~~t~r~~a~n9

Vung rnornen
[Link] Tinh nling cua dQng co khong d6ng
bQ vai be? dieu khi€!n t~n so Marnen g§n nhu
khonq doi Vung conq suat

Qua Sl,J' trinh bay a

tren, ta biet co the hieu chinh toe Conq suat g§n
de;,tCrtnronq quay it tieu hao va v6 cap bang each thay nh~ khc'ing dbi
doi tan so cua di$n ap cung cap. Be de;,ng co kh6ng
dong bO co the heat dong ve mat tLr tinh tot nhat thi tCr
thOng phai gifr kh6ng doi. Do do khi hieu chinh toc dO
quay bang tan s6 thi dien ap cung cap cOng can phai
r---
thay doi cling chleu ty 1$ theo t€tn so. Hinh 3 chi ra
quan he trong dieu khien d~c tuyen Ulf. Hlnh 3: D~c tuy~n di~u khilm u/f cua d';'ng coo kh6ng dbng b';'
358 9 May di~n

Tai di~m thiet k€l, d¢ng CO' c6 di$n ap va tan so thiet

kilo N€lu muon tang toc d¢ quay cao hon thi phai tang
tan so len nhunq di$n ap khonq duoc tang theo. [Link]
nay d¢ng CO' van hanh trong vung tLPtrU'6'ng yeu. Dac
tuyen u/f can cho th!:iy, n€lu tan 56 nho di thi di~n ap
-
Djch chuyen

d¢ng CO' cOng nho di. De tranh tinh tranq tLP hoa sut 8i€!rn Ihi€ll k€!
qiarn, di~n ap trong vunq tan 56 thap dU'Q'c nanq cao
len b~ng Urnin, can 99i ta ehe dQ boost. NhCl'ng thay
doi tai cua d¢ng CO' khong dong b¢ doi hoi mot momen
Ian hon trong thai gian ngan hon va do d6 doi hoi m¢t
dong di$n Ian hon.

f--
C6 th~ dat dU'Q'c nhCl'ng dieu nay nho Sl,l' nanq len
d¢ng cua d~c tuyen Ult, duoc 99i 113phep bu dQng Hinh 1: Nang ap cua d~c tuy~n di~u khilln Uif
(Hinh 1). M¢t bien th§ cua phep bu nay la chuc nang
tt! tang ap (auto-boost thi du trong thiet b] keo bang, thiet b] quan day).

Cac kha nling hi~u ehinh tal bQ bien tan:

• Chon d~c tuyen U/t (Xac dinh tan 56 qoc) Ch€l d(> ham
• Tang ap Umin, ch€l d(> boost 85i chieu quay phailtrai
• Phep bu truot Thai gian bat Itat may

9.2.6 H~ truYEm dc}ng servo (tro dc}ng)

H$ truyen d¢ng servo thU'ang dU'Q'c dung de dlnh vi thi du nhu trong may conq CI,I, cac robot conq nghi$p va
thiet b] lap rap tl,l' d¢ng. Tal day, cac thanh phan may duoc ChUYEln d¢ng theo nhCl'ng dU'ang dinh si'in trong mot
khoanq thai gian nhat dinh va toi vi tri cuoi cunq mot each chinh xac. NgU'ai ta doi hoi nhCl'ng yeu cau cao nhat
doi voi d¢ chinh xac dinh vi va doi voi tinh nang d¢ng.
Yeu c3u cho h~ servo:
• Pharn vi dieu chinh toe d¢ quay Ian (0,01 d€ln • Kha nang qua tai ngan han cao
10.000 vonq/phut).
• Loai bao v$ d¢ng CO' cao
• Chay deu, khong I$ch tam a rnoi toc d(> quay • Conq suat thi€lt k€l tCP khoanq 100W d€ln 20kW
• Momen quay Ian (momen khai d(>ng tai 500Nm) • 8(> chinh xac dinh vi va laP l<;Iicao
• Tinh nang d(>ng cao (momen dinh gap 6 Ian Mo)

NhU' trong Hinh 1, trang 359, h$ truyen d¢ng servo noi chung gom c6:

• B¢ cung cap tr] so dinh truoc (may tinh tl,l' d¢ng hoa thi du b(> dieu khien NC).
• B(> dieu chinh (dieu chinh dong di$n, vi tri, toc d¢ quay) digital, analog.
• B(> chinh nang 1U'Q'ng(phan conq suat), linh kien ban dan cong suat, b(> chinh di$n.
• H$ bien doi nang 1U'Q'ngnhu' d¢ng co di$n mot chieu. d¢ng CO' dong b¢, d¢ng CO' khonq dong b¢, d¢ng CO'
buoc.
• H$ do dac cOng nhu' h$ earn \Jng (thl du may do toc d¢ vonq quay, b¢ rna h6a gia so, b¢ giai g6c hay b¢ phat
tin hieu toc d¢ quay).

Cac thanh phan k~ tren duoc ket hop voi cac phan truyen co h9C nhu hOp so (quay hay tuyen tinh) thanh mot
h$ thong chat che ma cac thanh phan cua n6 dU'Q'c xem la mot the thong nhat (Hinh 2).

GL ZW WR
1----'------1 r--------,
--r \

M<;Ing
ee loc
---l*-
~ GJr: \
.
-

ee truyen \ L....- -'

lU'ai di~n \
- He: do dac
A'
uong ---1
\ May cong Cu
Ph§n rnern, di€lu khi€Jn, di€lu chinh L
8(:>ng co servo
BO chinh di~n servo

Hinh 2: So> do khoi cua h~ truyin dQng servo

 9.2 Truyen dQng di$n 359

May cong CI,I: h~ di~u khi~n

Killmtra
Nhi~m vu
an toan

PLC

Tr] s6 vi tri cai d~t

Ph~1nc6ng suat

M.,ch di~u cntnh vi tr! 1

M<;lch dillu chmh vi tri 2
Mach dillu chinh vi trl, ..
H$ truyen d¢ng servo

Hinh 1: May cong cu vai h~ truy~n d6ng servo cho dan tien

BQ chinh di~n servo la mot yllu t6 quyet dinh cho chat lU'oongcua h$ truyen dQng servo. Phan rnern CO' ban cua
n6 c6 the can b£ing cho nhCl'ngthillu sot cua dong co servo (quay I$ch tam) va cua h$ truyen CO' hoc (i$ch vi tri).
£>Qn9co servo c6 the la dQng CO' khong dong bQ, dQng CO' d6ng bQ co nam cham vTnh ciru, dong CO' dien mot
cnteu khong choi than, dong co dien mQt chieu c6 nam cham vTnhcuu, dQng co buoc. Trong thai gian gan day,
dong CO' khong dong bQ va dQng CO' dong b¢ da th~ng the.

8Q chinh xac cua he servo (Hinh 1) tuy thuoc vao su

ph6i hop giQ>aco hoc va dien ttJ (Hinh 2). He truyen
dQng servo heat dQng canq chinh xac neu Sl,l' hOi dap
tCPphan co hoc canq ti mi. Thi du nllu vi tri rotor dU'ooc
bQearn bien (bQ earn bien gia s6, bQgiai g6c) thu nhan
I
canq ra rang thi dQ chinh xac cua h$ servo canq cao.

Truyen dong
a
Thi du robot va may cong CI,J, chuyen dQng CO' hoc b;jjng ren tron Di~n tLP:
phai duoc ham nen dQng co servo dung bQ chinh San truot
£)ong CCY
di$n hoat dQng thong thU'ang trong che dQ van hanh Modun true
may phat dien. N6 cung cap nang lU'oongdien nquoc He do dac
lai vao bQ chinh dien servo. BQ chinh lU'u xoay chleu Hinh 2: CO' hQC va di~n tLP cua h~ servo
(DC -> AC) heat dQng nhu mot bQchinh lU'u (van hanh
dao nquoc) va cung cap di$n nang vao rnach trung
gian (Hinh 3). Nhunq dien ap mach trung gian phai H$ do dac
GL ZW WR
duoc gi&i han vi n6 c6 the lam hU' hai cac linh kien
dien ttJ. SI,I' gi&i han nay dU'oocthuc hien b£ing each:

• G~n n6i voi mot dien tro ham (ham tieu hao) Nang 1lJ'C;mgham

• Cung c§p nang lU'oongngU'oocvao 1U'&idi$n (ham loi BO chlnh iuu voi c~u di~n ap mot chillu (van hanh dong co)
va cau di$n ap xoay chillu AC (van hanh may phat di$n)
ich c6 nang lU'oonghoi quy)
Hinh 3: Ham lQ'i ich cua h~ servo
360 9 May di~n

Nho c6 b(> di€lu chlnh truyen d(>ng trong b(> chlnh di~n servo nen CUQn
cac chuc nang an tOEIn nhu dLl'ng lai an toan, toc d(> quay gicYi han kich tli
an toan hay dCPngyen an toan duoc bao dam. Guoc Lai rotor
CItC Rotor =
DQng coo dong bQ dU'Q'C cap di~n til' b(> chlnh di~n xoay chieu banh xe
duoc dung phan lon trong cac h$ truyen d(>ng can momen rnanh CItC

va tinh nanq d(>ng cao, thi ou nhu' may cong cu hay trong xe hoi.
Cac di;jc tinh cua d(>ng CO' nay dU'Q'c xac djnh chu yeu bang rnach giam xung
til' va nang luc cua b(> chinh dien xoay chieu AC. Ve nquyen tac, (thanh giam
Ranh, rang xung)
mot d(>ng co d6ng b(> g6m c6: stator
Hlnh 1: Nguyen tAc du tao d9n9 co dong b9
• Stator vol cuon day ba pha d~ tao ra til' trU'cYng quay nhu a
d(>ng CO' khong d6ng b(>.

• Rotor voi nam cham vinh CLPUhay cuon day kich thich til' nh$n Ch.§d¢ khang tai
dong dien mot chieu d~n vao qua cac vann truot (tac dunq nhu
nam cham di~n, banh xe CI)'C Hlnh 1).

Sau khi d(>ng CO' bat di$n, til' trU'cYng quay stator 58 c6 ngay toe
d(> quay tuonq CPngvcYi so doi CI)'C va t§n so lU'cYidl$n. Vi cac CI)'C
rotor dU'Q'c cac CI)'C stator khac chieu (dau) hut VaG r6i ngay sau
d6 lai bj cac cue cling chieu d~y ra nen dong co d6ng bO khonq
tl)' minh quay duo'c, G6ctai,9

Nho cuon day giam xung ngan rnach nen dong co d6ng bO c6 th~ Hlnh 2: oee tal cua de;.ngcoodong be;.
dU'Q'c khoi dong nhu mot d(>ng CO' khOng d6ng b(>. Khi rotor g§n
dat dU'Q'c toe d(> trU'cYng quay, hai til' trU'cYng quay 58 d6ng b(> h6a vcYi nhau va
rotor quay cunq toc d(> voi til' trU'cYng quay. Neu true rotor co tai, rotor 58 bj d~y
dan h6i ngU'Q'c nen quay tre di mot g6c tai so voi trU'cYng quay (h$ so truot s
= 0%), tuy nhien rotor van giiP dU'Q'c toe d(> quay cua til' trU'cYng quay Hinh 2.
Momen quay Ian nhat (momen lat) cua d(>ng CO' narn giiPa hai CI)'C stator (g6c
iV?\----
~
c:
".... ....,
~ IL-----:g=-=oc:-,
:§1 Goc quay banh xe
----:,c7
CI,l'C __
S0
=-,
tai 90° cho d(>ng co hai cue), vi CI)'C chay truce 58 hut rotor theo chieu quay - Dien ap toan phlin
con cue chay sau 58 d~y n6. Khi tai Ian non momen I~t thl 51)' ket nOi til' giiPa - - Di$n ap ban phlin
stator va rotor 58 milt. Rotor quay theo khong kip nen dCPng lai (Hinh 3). £)(>ng
CO' d6ng b(> c6 the khai d(>ng va d6ng bo h6a tot hon vo'i b(> bien tan. VcYi 51)' Hlnh 3: Momen quay tuy thuec vao
goc tal
tro giup cua n6, d(>ng co c6 the tiJ>til' kho'i d(>ng tiJ>dCPng yen tcYi toc d(> quay
danh djnh, r6i d6ng b(> h6a sau d6. B(> giai g6c (b(> phat tin hieu toc d(> quay)
do lien tuc vj tri cua d(>ng co, va qua d6 b(> dieu khien di$n tLi tinh dU'Q'c toe So chinh di$n
xoay chi~u
d(> quay thuc 51)'.
cungcap~- 3
dien mot SM Tal
chillu -

Hlnh 4: SO'do h~ truyl!n de;.ngblP60c

9.2.7 flQng co blJ'&c

D(>ng co buoc dU'Q'c dung trong ky thuat truyen d(>ng va dieu khien nharn dinh

n-
vi nhanh va chinh xac cac thiet b] CO' hoc nhu may in, may V8, may quet, cac Tiin so buoc
may phay nho va cac robot nho. Cac d(>ng co buoc quay til'ng buoc ngU'Q'c
voi cac d(>ng CO' thOng thU'cYng chuyen d(>ng lien tuc. Stator d(>ng CO' nay
thU'cYng c6 nhiPng CI)'C vau vot cuon day duoc b(> chinh di$n xoay chieu dieu "1 0 0 - • t
khien. Cac cuon day nay nhan nhiPng xung di$n theo chu ky, tiJ>d6 hinh thanh I I I I I
as I I I I I
mot trU'cYng quay hinh bac thang.
J as
I I I as I I
He truyen d(>ng d(>ng co buoc van hanh trong mot chubi dieu khien rno a g.
J as
(Hinh 4) nen moi xung di$n phai tac d(>ng sao cho til' truonq quay stator quay J as I I I I

them mot g6c buoc quay co dinh as. Neu c6 nhieu buoc hay xung dieu khien
voi chu ky Ts djnh truoc dU'Q'c phat ra noi tiep nhau, thi d(>ng CO' buoc cOng
thuc hi~.n cung so buoc voi g6c as. NhU' v~y g6c toan phan ages dil thuc hi$n Hlnh 5: TIPO'ngquan gliPa tan s6
blP60cva goe blP60c
la b(>i so cua g6c buoc as (Hinh 5 trang 360). Vi d(>ng CO' buoc neat d(>ng
 9.2 Truyen d¢ng di$n 361

theo nquyen tlic d6n9 b¢ nen tCPtrU'ong buoc duoc tao ra trong stator va rotor
Cuon dily Stator
di theo trU'ong stator voi g6c buoc tU'O'ng ll'ng.

NhQ>ng buoc quay nh6 xiu nay cho phep rotor quay toi bat ky mot vi tri nao
tren chu vi chuyen d¢ng vonq cua n6 mot each rat chinh xac. TUy thuoc so
cuon day stator dU'Q'c nhan di$n cunq luc (Hinh 1) rna c6 hai che do Van hanh
khac nhau.

Trong che dQ v~n hanh toan bU'ac ca hai cuon day stator luon luon c6 di$n.
Neu cuon day c6 m day pha thi g6c buoc dU'Q'c tinh nhu' sau: as 2n /2m. =

Trong che dQ van hanh nll'a buoc thl giQ>a moi bvoc toan phfln chi c6 mot Hinh 1: Cau tao di,ing co buoc
cuon day stator c6 di$n. Nho v~y so bucc trong moi vonq quay duoc tang h3n
gflp dol. Trong che dQ nay thi momen giam can mi;lt n&a nhunq s6 ouoc gflp
doi lam tang len di;l chinh X8C dinh vi (as = n /2m).

r--------,
80'n vi dieu khi~n cac cuon day g6m c6 phan conq suck bo chinh di$n xoay
I1~ •••••••
•. Vl =13 SM T"
chieu va phan logic. Phan logic thU'ong 113bi;l vi Xli' Iy nharn x& Iy cac thong tin I Xli' IY _ I a.
I •
ngU'oi dung dU'a vao nhu chieu quay, chuoi xung va che di;l Van hanh (Hinh 2).
If)~~
'1~e~~hi.~~:
TUy theo chleu dong di$n trong cuon day ta phan bi$t hai 10C,lidieu khi~n. (J
Hinh 2: DO'n vi dieu khilln ilQng cO'
10C,lidi~u khien don CI,I'C dong dii;m chi chay theo mot chieu qua cac cuon
bU'o>c (SM)
day stator.

LOC,lidi~u khien lU'ang CI,I'C cho phep

dong di$n chay ca hai chieu. 8~ slf
d~ng d¢ng cO' bU'oc cho nhQ>ng CPng
dl,mg dit?Jukhi~n tuyen tinh, n6 thlJ'ong
duoc noi ket voi true rang hinh 16m cau
(Hinh 3).

9.2.8 Bao v~ truy£m dQng

di~n

8i;lng co di$n thU'ang dlJ'Q'c bao v$

chong qua tai nhiet, Cac thiet b] bao v$
Hinh 3: a) Di~u khi~n lU'o>ng cl,J'c

Bang 1: Tbng quan bao v~ di,ing co

•
danh cho chunq 113: Vo; nhiet V6oI1IrOng kim va
V6ollll'i7ng
Bio vt d9n9 CO' khl
kim dif.!:-g" nhltt "lfn tn7
PTC

• Thiet b] bao v$ phu thuoc dang di$n Qua tai trong van hanh lien tuc + + +
ghi nhan nhiet do cuon day qian tiep Qua trinh khoi d¢ng va ham keo dai (+) + +
qua dong di$n chay qua may, d6ng
vai tro nhU' cong tlic bao v$ di;lng co Mach di~n luc rotor b] ket (dong CO' (+) + +
co stator d~ n6ng)
vai kich hoat llJ'ong kim.
M<;lchdi~n luc rotor bi ket (d¢ng co (+) (+) (+)
c6 rotor d~ n6ng)
• Thiet b] bao v$ phu thuoc nhiet dQ Chay rnot pha + + +
ghi nhan nhiet dO cuon day tnrc tiilp -
Che do van hanh gian dean kh6ng deu + +
qua bQ earn bien nhi$t dQ glin trong Tfln s6 chuy~n rnach qua cao + +
cuon day. Do d6 c6 th~ ghi nhan thi
Dao d9n9 di~n ap va tfln s6 + + +
a
du nhiet dQ cac vi tri toi han (dtiu
cuon day, (; true) b~ng cac di$n tro Nhi~t d¢ chat lam mat tang + +
nhiet (PTC) (Bang 1) Lam mat b] can tra + +
362 9 May di~n

Theo chuan EN 60034-5 c6 cac loai bao v$ nhau cho dQng co di$n. Cac loai bao v$ duoc bieu th] bang hai chi
so: chi so dau la rnuc dQ bao v$ chong tiep xuc va chong vat 1<;1 con chi so sau bao v$ doi voi nuoc xarn nhap
(Bang 1).

Bang 1: Cac loat bao v~ may di~n chon IQc: chi so thu> nhat va thu> hai
Chi sO
MIi'Gd9 bilo vt (bao v~ ch6ng tiep xue va ch6ng v~t Ie)
thli "hAt

o Khong co bao vt; nao d(ic bi(it

Bao v(i chOng SI,I'xam nbap cua vat la & th~ r;§n c6 dlJ'ang kinh ton hon 50 mm (vat la Ian)') Khong bao v(i
truoc xarn nhap c6 Y. thi du voi ban tay, tuy nhlan ph':m than thi! Ian non duoc chan tlr xa.

2 Bao vf; chOng S\l' xarn nnap cua vat la (y the ran c6 dlJ'ang kinh Ian hon 12 mm (vat 1<;1 trung binh)')Chi;in duoc
ng6n tay va cac dO v~t tU'O'ng tu.

3 Bao v(i chOng SI,l'xam nhap cua vat 1<;1 ath~ dm co dU'ang kinh Ian hon 2,5 mm (vat 1<;1 nhO)')2)Chan duoc tlr
xa cac dl,mg CI,I,day di(in hay cac vat tU'ang tl,l' day han 2,5 mm.

4 Bao vf; chOng su xarn nhap cua vat 1<;1 (y the r~n co dU'ang kinh Ian non 1mm (vat IGlbo!ing hat g<;lO)')2)Chan
dU'Q'c cac dl,lng CI,I,day dien hay cac vat tuonq tl,l' day han 1 mm.

5 Bao ve chOng dong bui. Khonq ngan chan hoan toan bui xarn nhap nhU'ng bl,Ji khong thi! xarn nhap nhieu den
rrurc lam cho thiet bi hoat dong kho khan (chOng bl,Ji)3).Bao v(i hoan toan chOng tiep xuc,

ChOng bui xarn nhap (kin bui). Bao vf; hoan toan chOng tiep xuc,

') Trong cac thiet b] co rnuc de?bolo v$ tti 1 den 4 ngan cnan xam nhap cua cac vat 1(1 co hinh thu d~u dan hay khong d~u dan co kich thuoc voi
ba mat th~ng goc voi nhau I&n hon tr] so dU'ong kinh tlJ'ang ting.
2) 06i v&i moc dil bao v$ 3 va 4 cho cac thiet bi co 10 thoat hay 16 thong khi mat thi Slf d~ng bang nay thuoc trach nhiern cua uy ban chuyen
man thich hop.
3) Ooi vai rnuc do bao v$ 5 cho cac thiet b] co 16 thoat thi Slf d~ng bang nay thuoc trach nniern cua uy ban chuyen man thich hop.
4) Trong chuan EN 60034-5 rnuc dil bao v$ nay khong duoc xac dinh cho may diijn quay.

Chis€>
th(r hai M(rc d~ bao v, (dOi vai neoc xam nhaP)

o Khong co bao ve nao d(ic biet

Bao ve chOng nuoc nho giot roi thilng xuOng. KhOng dllQ'c gay tac hai nao (Nuoc giot).

2 Bao vt; chOng ruroc nho qiot roi th~ng xu6ng. Du thiet bi nghieng tOi da 15' so vai vi tri binh thU'ang van khong
duoc gay tac hGli nao (Nuoc giot roi nghieng).

3 Bao vt; chOng SI,1'ph un nuoc theo g6c bilt ky tOi da 60' so voi dU'ang th~ng dting. NU'ac khOng dllQ'c gay tac hGli
nao (Nucc phun).

4 Bao vt; chOng nuoc xit theo rnoi hU'ang len thiet b], Khong dU'Q'Cgay tac hai nao (Nurre xit).

5 Bao ve chOng lai tia nuoc tlr mot voi ph un theo rnoi hU'ang len thiet bi (vo may). NU'ac khong dU'Q'Cgay tac hai
nao (Nuoc tia).

6 Bao ve dOi voi tia ruroc rnanh hay bien dong. LU'Q'ng nooc xarn nhap thiet bi khong du gay tac hai (Nqap nuoc).

7 Bao ve dOi voi nqarn thiet bi (vo may) xUOng nuoc dU'ai dieu ki(in ap suat va thai gian dinh truoc. LU'Q'ng nuoc
xarn nhap thiet b] khong du gay tac hai (Nqarn ruroc).

Thiet bi (vo may) thich hop de ngam xu6ng nuoc lau dai & nhfrng dieu kien do nM san xu at quy dinh
(Nhan chim).

') Mtic bao v$ nay thU'ong co nghla 103 thiElt bi bit kin. Trang milt vai thiElt b] nhat dinh, nvoc co th~ VaGdlJ'O'cmi~n khong gay tac hai.
 9.2 Truyen d(>ngdi$n 363

May di$n mot chieu hay ba pha thuonq c6 muc bao v$ IP 23 neu lam thoanq khi ben trong hay IP 44 hoac IP 54
cho thoanq khi b~ mat nqoai. Vai rnuc bao v$ IP 44 hay IP 54, may S8 Ian hon nhieu va do d6 dat non so voi
rnuc IP 23, voi cunq mot momen quay tai true quay.

Ellnh cO> day di~n cho d¢ng coo kh6ng dong be'?: Bang 1: Tiet di~n day di~n noi vol dQng co

[Link][A)
Cac day nbi dU'Q'Cdinh cO>dua theo IEC 60204-1. Khi Tlit dltn can thi6t
Cach d,t day a 40 C
c
a
n5i banq kep, chon day nOi vo'i V8U day phu hop voi A [mm,)

kich co cua bu 16ng kep. Bang 1 chi dong dii;ln cho B1 B2 C E

phep theo EN 60204-1 doi voi cac day di$n dung each 10,4 6,9 11,7 11,5
dien PVC c6 day dEinbang dong va d~t day theo each 13,5 12,2 15,2 16,1 1,5
C (day cap va day dien doc theo tU'ang hay narn trong 18,3 16,5 21 22 2,5
ong dan day). 25 23 28 30 4
32 29 36 37 6
H$ s6 hi$u chinh din CLP theo nhii;lt d(> mol trU'ang
44 40 50 52 10
(# 40 DC)va each di day xem trong EN 60204.
60 53 66 70 16
O~ng thiflt kfl 77 67 84 88 25
97 83 104 114 35
Cac d,;mg thiet ke cua d(>ngco di$n duoc ghi trong EN 123 123 50
60034-7. Bang 2 trinh bay nhieu danq thiet ke khac 155 155 70
nhau. 192 192 95
221 221 120

Bang 2: Oo;lng thiet ke may di~n theo EN 60034-7

O\ln9 thiet ke Ghli thich

Stator each lip c:r*t Cach gan hay

Ky hl.u tit Hinh 89' true
(vomay)
Trl,lc
t6ng quat d ••••
ng lim

IM21B3

e 2 bo true Co chan D€iu true 1\1'do KhOng co Dt,l'ng Iren nen

•
1MB6 2 bo true C6 cnan 8au true tl,J'do D,mg thi~t k~ G~n tren tlPong

•
83, bo true
quay 90 0

neu cAn

1MB7 2 bo truc C6 cnan DAu true 1\1'do D;;mg thiet k~ G~n tren tlPong
83, bo true
quay 90"
n~u can
~

1tr
1MB8 2 bo true C6 chan 8au true tl,J'do Danq thi~1 k~ G~n tren tran
83, bo true
quay 180 0

n~u C~1n

IMVl 2 bo true KhOng chan Dau true tl,J'do G~n voi go Go db' ben dlPai

-
do gan {) true
phla ban truyen
d¢ng,vaol(P
ben va may

1MV5

$t 2 bo true C6 cnan 8au true tl,J'do KhOng co G~n len tlPcmg

hay tren n~n

211M
"International mounting" I L~p d~1 quae Ie
364 9 May di~n

9.2.9 Thiet ke mQt h~ truylm dQng thay d6i cho mQt wng [Link]
£>inh nghia conq vi~c: Tl)' dong h6a vi$c di ChUYEln mot vat toi chinh xac (y vi tri cuoi (Hinh 1). Sang each toi U'U
h6a don vi dinh vi, ta thu duoc dU'cmg bieu dien van toc va gia toe trong Hinh 2. NhU' vf?y d(lng co S6 dat dU'Q'c
toe dO v = 0,6 m/s (y thoi di€lm t1 (=0,4 s). Gia toc trang khoanq thai gian nay co dinh a = 1,5 rn/s". 80'n vi dinh
vi nen heat dong voi lU'ai di$n 400V I 50Hz. Ph~n rnern thiet ke (t.d. Tools Sizer cua hang Siemens) c6 the giup
xac dinh loal dong co NhU'ng truce do can dinh ro cac so li$u sau:
• Lrng dunq (c~u truyen dong Hinh 1)
• CO' hoc (khoi 1U'Q'ngrieng (von c6), dU'eYng kinh h$
truyen dong, hieu suat) Thi du: Cau truyen dong biing day dai rang

• DU'ang bieu dien cua chuyen d(>ng (Hinh 2) £lLrang d~n

• DO>li$u ve bO truyen dong (hOp so gan them, hop

B9 truyen
so hanh tinh)
•
•

•
DO>li$u ve diEln bien tai (Hinh
DO>lieu conq suat (thi du momen
quay trung binh, v.v...)
H$ dan dong: each dieu chinh servo
3)
hieu dunq, toe do
@@ BO Iy hop
G6e nghieng

• DO>li$u can ban 1: bo earn bien dong co, each lam Hinh 1: C§u truytm d9n9
nquoi, each ham
• Loai dong CO' CO' ban (dong co servo co hOp so , , ,
hanh tinh) - DlJ'ang bieu diiin gia tbe
- - DlJ'ang bieu dien tbe do
• DO>li$u can ban 2 (thi du do dung sai chinh tam,
2,51-'/'----"'<-----1---+-#--+---10,50
each bao v$)
t
t
• Danh sach dong CO' (danh gia cac earn bien, dO> m/S2~ \,__ m/s

li$u d~t hang) 0,0[-'---t::;j;;=r---Hr-----,rIr-~-+-_l 0,00

~ ~
Dua tren cac dO>lieu da cho, phan mern S9 de nqh] vai
-2,51----+---t-I---iil--+-+----I-0,50
dong CO' servo thich hop. NhO>ng dO>lieU ve dong co
dtro'c cho dU'cYi day:
-5,00'-----'-----'---.1:-.---'---.1..-----1 -1,00
• Momen diYng 1,60 Nm 2,5 5,0 7,5 s 10,0
t---
• D6ng di$n diYng 2,25A
• ree dO quay thiet ke 60001/min Hinh 2: DLPc'mgbieu dien cua chuyen d9n9

• Dong dien toi da Imax 1,7 A

• Dong di$n thiet ke 1,55A
,...--, - Toe dO quay tai
• Momen thiet ke 1,10 Nm 1,00
Nm I
,, - Mamen tai 2000

Trang hinh 4 c6 the thay r6 rang, momen tai toi da t 0,50

h.
--
1 __ -
1/min

1
cOng nhtr momen tai tU'O'ng doi (y dong di$n hi$u dl,lng
deu narn dU'ai dU'eYng giai han di$n ap. COng v$y ~ 0,0
II 0
2000
I
nhO>ng diem momen tai han deu narn dU'ai dU'ang van -0,50 ~ /
4000
hanh lien tuc S1. Do d6 co the ket luan dong co nay
dU'Q'c tinh toan phu hop cho Lmg dunq. t _ 6000
2,5 5,0 7,5 s 10,0
Ph~n conq suat (Hinh 1, trang 365) la mot rno dun voi
cac tr] so d~c trunq sau: Hinh 3: DiP Ii~u ve dien bien tai

• Dong di$n thiet ke 3,00A

• Dong di$n dinh 6,00A 5,0 '.

• Dong di$n san sang 3,00A

Nm GiGi han dien ap /' I '1-- ....
Mamen tal tlJ'O'ngdOl t,,, dong d"~n h,eu dl,lng'" .
• Dong di$n dinh san sang 6,00A t
~ 2 ,0
3,0 I £)inh tal
....'.'.
Cho rnach trung gian ZK c6 nhO>ng tr] so sau: 1 0 f- ..- -1-- "-"- .._ ..+1.._.1 .1.51-"-
, n _
II I
• Cong suat rnach trung gian toan phan can thiet 0,00 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 1/min 7000
0,06 kW
• Cong suat rnach trung gian t6i da din thiet 0,47 kW Hinh 4: £)LPong d~c trLPng d9n9 co
 9.2 Truyen dong di~n 365

Hinh 1 va hinh 2 chi dan so d6 n6i day cho cac don vi dlJ'Q'cchon:

3 AC 380V-480V +
L1 L2 L3 PE

CU9n earn
khang manq
1U'6'i

I -: I Modun
1~111 cong
1 TI suat
1- __ I
PM340
Giao dien
PM-IF tai dan
vi di€lu chinh
CU310 8i~n tra
ham2)
R2

8au noi cho

DCP/Rl
rale an toan
ham

1) chi co trang PM340

vai b¢ IQC tich hop

2) day noi v6i di$n tra
ham phai dugc chan
nhj~u

Hinh 1: SO' db n6i day cua mo dun cong suAt PM340

Lien h~ giCPacac thanh phan trong Hinh 1 toi Hinh 3

duoc dien ta trang Hinh 5. Mo dun cong suat PM340, L1; L2; L3; PE

bO chinh di~n AC-AC truyen thong voi don vi dieu

chinh CU310DP thOng qua giao di$n PM-IF. 80'n vi Fl

•
dieu chinh nay la me dun (ban rnach di$n) dieu chinh
trung tam, 0 day cac chuc nang di~u khiem va dieu CU9n earn
chinh duoc thuc hien cho me dun cong suat, Cong t~c ng~t
tai voi cau chi I I I
+ conq t~c phu
PM-IF (Power Module Interface) la mot giao di$n, kich hoat sorn
thong qua d6 bO chlnh di~n va rno dun dieu chinh lien
ket voi nhau. Hinh 4 trinh bay each thiet g<;>ncua ke
don vi dieu chinh va me dun cong suat,

+ ::;:

c: X 124
~!!2' LL Don v]
'0,
0;2 di€lu chinh
.~ o,
(9 X120 X121

ur
c, '----v-----'
£l~u vao digital
tCP PLC

Hinh 3: D('>ng coo Hinh 4: DO'n vi dieu chinh Hinh 5: N6i day CU3310DP v60i PM340
366 9 May di~n

1. Mot dong CO' 16ngsoc ba pha noi vai rnanq lU'ai dien 3 x 400 V, 50Hz. £)j$n ap pha cho phep la 230 V.
1.1 Cac cuon day phal duoc n6i 0 bimg noj dj$n nhu the nao?
1.2 Hay ve bang noi di$n dong CO' voi cac ky hi$u cua bang, cac cau noi va each noj vao lU'oi cho chieu quay
phai.

2 Mot dong co long see ba pha voi bien cong suat theo Hinh 1 dU'Q'cvan hanh voi cong suat thiet ke va
truyen dong mot may conq Cl,J qua banh dai truyen co dU'6'ng kinh 120mm.

2.1 Xac dinh so Cl,J'C va do truot.

2.2 Tren bien conq suat con thieu dong di$n cho rnach sao. Hay tinh dong di$n nay.
2.3 Tinh hieu suat dong CO'.

2.4 Tinh momen quay.

2.5 [Link] nao se lac dunq & quanh banh dai truyen?

.1ii
Hang san XU<3!
I ::l

"'rn
I I se may
c
fl9n9 co ba pha
I '0
o
'<1>
,6, IV 400 V/690 V 1110,7A/~ I o
>
·ro
.0

5,5 kW S1
I I cas <P0,88 I o
'19
1450/min II 50 Hz I '"
c
·0
U
I CTBV CS' loai B IP54 II DIN VDE 0530 I
Hinh 1: Bi{,n cong suat

3 Cho biet che dO van hanh cua dong CO' theo Hinh 1 va rnuc do bao v$ chong tiep xuc, vat 1<;1
cOng nhu doi
voi nuoc.

4 Phan biet gifra dong CO' di$n mot chieu song song va noi tiep.

4.1 Dac tinh cua toe dO quay trong truono hop tai thay doi va khong tal,

4.2 Cau tao cua cuon day kich t(P.

4.3 Khi cuon day kich tiY bi ngat.

5 Mot h$ truyen dong co toe dO quay thay doi g6m nhfrng thanh phan nao?

5.1 Cac dong CO' nao co the dung trong h$ truyen dong co toe dO quay thay doi?

5.2 Co nhfrng loai may bien tan nao?

5.3 BO bien tan gom co nhfrng thanh phan nao?

5.4 Mach trung gian dam nhan nhlern Vl,J gi?

5.5 Giai nghTatiY "Boost".

6 Ve so do nquyen tac cua h$ truyen dong servo?

6.1 Cac 10<;li dQng co nao duoc dung lam dong co servo?

6.2 f)U'6'ng bieu dien chuyen dong cua dong co duoc dien ta phu thuoc vao dai lU'qng gi?
 9.3 Tinh tLPangthich dien tiJ>(EMC) 367

9.3 Tinh tU'O'ngthich di~n tli' (EMC1))

£lien tru'ang £lien tmang
£lien trU'ang dbng nh:flt trai dlit
S6ng di$n tiJ>la mot thanh phan quan tronq trang cuoc khong dong nhat
s6ng h~ng nqay, mac ou con ngLPb'ikhang earn nhan
dLPQ'[Link] thanh, truyen hinh va dien thoai di dong
la ba li'ng dl,mg SlY dunq chunq, Sl,J'truyen s6ng di$n
tiJ>co loi ich Ian nhu vf:)y,nhunq lac dong cua n6 cOng
kho chlu va nguy hi~m tai sinh manq doi vai ngLPb'ihay
thillt b] lien quan neu va tinh khong chu '1 (Bang 1).
.,@),,":
1(
\7
Tang~
Ion
Khong phai la khonq co 1'1 khi dien thoai di dong b] earn
(J
1Il~
Moi trU'ong
stY dl,mg trong b$nh vii;ln hay may bay. De tuan thu
nhCPngquy dlnh ngLPb'ita dung ky thuat do EMC d~c
biet. Oau chli'ng nhan CE dLPQ'cap dunq nhLPta mot
cong cu quan tronq cho viec thong thuonq hang hoa Thi~t b] gay
anh hU'ang @
tl,J'do trong th] truonq noi d!a Au chau. Vo'i viec gan ky va b] anh
tl,J'CE (viet tat cua Conformite European. chuan hoa hU'ong

Au chau) len mot thiet b] hay san pharn nao, nha san
xuat xac nhan la thillt b] da tnoa man rnoi quy djnh cua
Lien minh Au chau (EU). Quy dinh EMC dinh ro nhCPng
giai han cho tal ca cac Ihiet bi dien. No khong chi lien
() \ Tll'tmong

ct""",
quan tai bli'c xa do thillt bi phat ra rna ca den birc X<;I
rna thiet bi phai nhan rna khonq lam r6i loan chvc nang
cua ca hai thiet b] (bo phat va bo nhan). Nho v$y co
~'"
svc '" cua
the tranh dLPQ'ctflPc'rng hop thi du he thong tl,J'dong mot day co dong
hoa va may tinh gay roi loan cho nhau. dien chay qua

~
TiJ>nqay 1.1.1996, mol thiet bi deu phai co dau ky tl,J'
Hinh 1: Cac tr!pang nhiElU do t!pO'ng thieh di~n tll'
CE & vi tri de nhin thay. Qua d6 nha san xuat xac nnan
thiet b] phu hop vai cac quy d!nh cua Lien Minh Au
chau ve EMC. Bang 1: Tac dc?ng cua di~n tr!pang

£)i~ntrwng Tacdl,lng

£lien trironq tTnh Toe dl,l'ng dlrng, dien hoa va phonq

di('m
MQt thi~t b] co tinh tU'O'ng thich dil$n tIP (EMC),
£lien tmong Tao kich thich len cac te bao earn

•
khi no: giac. than kinh hay b;1p th]t
tan so thap
1. Khong gay nhieu cho cac thiet b] khac,
nghTala giCPdLPQ'ctri s6 giai han phat nhillu. £lien trU'ang Lam iim do nhiet, lam iim mot ph~n
tan so cao than the nhat djnh qua hap thu cac
2. Khong b] cac thiet bi khac gay nhieu, nghTa buc X? dien tiP
la mien nhieu.
EMC theo y nghTa do khong gay tac hal d~n
cac h~ sinh hoc,
Bang 2: cac san pharn rna SI,J' v~n hanh khang d!PQ'c anh
h!pang bai cac tr!pang di~n tll>

a) May thu thanh va truy€m hinh tU' nhan

cac Iinh ki~n khong can ghi dau nhu' cac nhorn linh
ki$n OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer), nhu thi b) Trang thiet bi ky nghe

du cac rno dun PC d~c biet, bo dieu khien may hay c) May vo tuyen di dong
ban rnach dieu chlnh, dLPQ'ccung cap cho cac cong ty d) May vo tuyen va dien thoai vo tuyen thuonq rnai
de lap rap vao trong cac he Ian hon, Trong trLPc'rnghop e) Dunq cu y khoa va dl,lng cu khoa hoc
nay, nha san xuat tillp theo co trach nhiem thuc hien
f) May IT (thiet b] cong nghe tin hoc)
cac quy dinh EMC.
g) Thiet b] gia dunq va trang b] gia dunq dien tiP
h) Thiet b] vo tuyen cho nqanh hanq khong va hang hai
i) Thiet b] qiao due dien tiY

j) Thiel bi va cac lU'oi truy€m tin

k) Thiet bi ph at song cho dai phat thanh va truyen hinh
1) EMC: villi t~t tll' Electromagnetic compatibility I) Den va dim neon (huynh quang)
368 9 May di~n

£)€l co th€l bao dam cho cac thi§t b] di$n tl1 heat dong voi nhau hay canh nhau rna khong bi nhieu, co quan lam
luat da li;lp ra bQ luat quy dinh va tieu chuan do sQ: luat EMC ducc thong qua thanq 11 narn 1992 (EMVG). TLP
nqay 1.1.1996, bQ luat EMC nay da chuyen lui;lt EU thanh luat £)(rc va co gia tr] khong gioi han trong nlJ'OC £)(rc.
Trong d6 quy dinh cac tri 56 qioi han cua b(rc xa tnronq di$n tLPva dQ mien nhieu. C6 th€l ki€lm tra lai viec giCr
dung cac tieu chuan nay b~ng each do dac trong ph6ng thi nghi$m do EMC. Tren th§ gioi quyet djnh chu yeu la
cac chuan IEC, 0 Lien minh Au chau (EU) la cac cnuan EN, do co quan CENELEC dinh nghia.

Theo CENELEC (European Commitee for Electronical Standardization, HQi dong Au chau chuan h6a dien) c6
ba loai cnuan dlJ'Q'c phan biet:

Bang 1: TiEW chuan

Tieu chuan co ban Tieu chuan co ban dinh nghTa cac pnuonq phap do va thLPcho cac hien tU'Q'ngEMC khac nhau

Tieu chu~n ngimh Tieu chuan co ban cho nqanh di,\t nhOng yeu cau tOi thi~u cho thi~t bi trang moi lrl1'ong nhat dinh.
Chung dinh nghTacac lieu chuan co ban nao dU'Q'ckillm Ira va ta! nhO>ngIri 50 killm Ira nao,

Tieu chuan Cho nhOng san pharn di,\c bi$1 (thl du Ihii!ll b] IT cong ngh$ tin hoc) c6 lieu chuan san pharn chi r6
san pham nhO>ngyeu cau killm Ira. Tieu chuan san pharn c6 uu tien tren tieu chuan nqanh.

NhlJ' da de cap, ky hi~u CE chunq nhan san ph am da dap (rng nhCmg yeu cau ve an toan va sire kh6e theo
quy dinh cua CO' quan tieu chuan Au chau, Nha san xuat li;lp ra van ban cho vi$c giai thich cac tuonq hop, ma
nQi dung c6 ghi ro nhan hieu voi ky hieu rnau rna va nha san xu at cOng nhu liet ke cac quy dinh va tieu chuan
EU hay qu6c gia.

Ky hieu CE chi c6 gia tr] voi cac san pharn thuoc linh VI)'C (rng dunq cua quy dinh EU. Cac h$ th6ng, linh
kien, thiet b] va san pharn neu khong c6 ky hieu CE khong duoc phep luu hanh.
Tuy nhien ky hieu CE khong phai la ky hieu ve chat 1lJ'Q'ng.

Bang 2: Trich tu. cong baa cua Lien Minh Chau Au (EU)
T6 ch(rc djnh chuin
HO sO' lien quan va ten tt,ra eua chuAn
Chau Au

CENELEC EN Tinh tuonq thich di$n tll' (EMC) - Phan 3-3: Tr] 56 gi&i han - Gioi han SI,J'thay dbi
61000-3-3 di$n ap, SI,J'dao d(>ng dien ap va Flicker (nhieu dien cua cac thi€!t b] tieu thu khac
- Flicker = nhap nhay bong den) trang 1U'&idien cung cap ha the cho nhO>ngthiet
b] voi dong di$n Ihiet ki!l $ 16A / mOi day va khonq chiu dieu ki$n n6i day rieng bi$t
(IEC 61000-3-3)

CENELEC EN Tlnh tuonq thlch di$n tll' (EMC) - Phan 6-1: cac tleu chuan CO' ban nqanh - Tinh
61000-6-1 mien nhieu - LTnh VI,J'Cnha a, nha kinh doanh va co wang nho (IEC 61000-6-1:
1997 (co sLPad6i))

CENELEC EN 8ieu khien logic li;lp trinh dtroc PLC- Phan 2: Yeu cau ve thiet b] san xuat va cac
61131-2 kiem tra (IEC 61131-2: 1992)

9.3.1 £)0 dac EMC

8€l giam sat cac tri 56 gioi han, cac kiem tra va do llJ'ang sau day duoc thuc hien:
 9.3 Tinh tuonq thich di$n tLr (EMC) 369

Ki€!m tra tinh mien nhieu (theo EN 61000 Phan 4)

• chong ph6ng tinh di$n tai 16kV (Phan 4-2)

• chong trU'ang di$n tLr c6 tan so tLr 27 MHz d~n 1000 MHz voi wang do di$n tnronq toi 10 VIm (Phan 4-3)

• chong cac tr] so nhieu qua do nhanh (tarn thai) tai 5 kHz va tai 4 kV (Phan 4-4)

• ch6ng cac tr] so nhieu do day voi tan 56 tLr 0,25 MHz d~n 230 MHz va vai di$n ap toi 30 V (Phan 4-6)

• ch6ng tLr trU'ang c6 tan so nanq 1U'Q'ng50 Hz va wang dO tLr trU'ang toi 300 AIm (Phan 4-8)

£)0 phat nhieu

• do di$n ap nhieu (toi 500 A I day nqoai)

• do cong suat nhieu

• do blic X<;I nhieu

• do do suy giam nhieu nho rap them bo loc

• buc xa nhieu; do tLr trU'ang cua s6ng hai va do Flicker

Hinh 1: Day cap TP

Cac ki~m tra va do dac nay dU'Q'c thuc hi$n vua trong ph6ng thi
nqhiern vua a hien truonq.

9.3.2 Cac bi~n phap bao v~ EMC

[Link]J
• N6i d<fltthong qua thiet b] noi d<flt (ground) c6 dien tich tiep xuc
ton, thi du nhu van chat mot soi cap noi d<fltc6 kh6i 1U'Q'ngIan ju.
R

[I ju.
•
vao mot tarn lap rap kim loai cua tu chuyen rnach

Chan nhieu (man chan cho day cap vai kep kim loai d€! n6i
d<flt: thi du trong cap TP (twisted pair) Hinh 1)
Hinh 2: M,!ch thong th~p
I
• [Link] nhieu (bo loc EMC co ban la rnach thong thap voi di$n tro
va tu di$n, Hinh 2)

•
R = 8i$n tro Chieu dili
C = Tl,J dien + s6ng

Ue = di$n ap dau vao (tuy thuoc tan 56)

Ua = di$n ap dau ra

8i$n trU'ang va tli trU'ang c6 lien h$ chat che voi nhau. 8i$n
trU'ang lam chuyen dong cac di$n tich, di$n tich chuyen dong tao
ra tLr trU'ang va tLr trU'ang xoay chieu lai tao ra di$n trU'ang (earn
ling). Sl,l' n6i ket chat che qua lai nhu v$y canq rnanh hon neu tli
trU'ang thay dOi cane nhanh non. (y tan 56 cao tren 30 kHz, di$n Hinh 3: £)U'o>ng billu dien cua m.;,t s6ng hinh sin
trU'ang va tli trU'ang kh6ng th~ quan sat rieng Ie dU'Q'c. NgU'ai ta
qoi chung ta di$n tLr tnronq,

£)0 dao
8i$n tLr trU'ang c6 th~ tach ra kh6i ngu6n, thi du nhu' cot ang ten, Qua trinh
d';'ng
va truyen di rat xa trong kh6ng gian. 8c;lc tinh nay duoc dung d~ dao dong
truyen tin, thi du trong vo tuyen di dong. CU'ang dO cua s6ng a
moi vi tri c6 th~ ghi nhan bang wang do cua di$n trU'ang va tLr
tnronq. D;;mg s6ng don gian nhat va thU'ang xuat hi$n nhat la Diem :g.
s6ng hinh sin (Hinh 3).
dLrng .~
yen iD
Ben canh s6ng, hinh sin, cac loal s6ng khac nhU' xung hinh vuonq
hay tin hi~u bien dieu cOng duoc dung trang ky thuat (Hinh 4).

Hinh 4: Tin hi~u bi~n di~u

370 9 May di~n

9.3.3 T~n ph6 cua di~n t.:r TLYtrU'ang tTnh Tiin s6 Chieu dai
trU'img s6ng

Song di$n ICr cOng nhir di~n tCr 0.3 Hz 1 Mio. km

Dong di~n
trU'ong hay hire xa bao ham mot dai a. DOngdien 3 Hz 100.000km cho xe lu'a
..•ro cho xe lua 16xx Hz 18.000 km
tan so rong (Hinh 1). £; 30 Hz
"0 Dong dl~n 50 Hz 6.000 km
~ ba pha 300 Hz 1.000 km
«o
r- 3 kHz 100 km
Vung tan so
thap co tan so t&i 30 kHz 10km
100 kHz. Vung tan so
cao bao ham 300 kHz 1 km
tan so tCr 100 kHz den 300 MHz. Radio 3 MHz 100m
0
Vunq tCr 300 MHz den 300 GHz ro TV
30 MHz 10 m
E o
diroc 99i 103
vung vi s6ng. ·ro '0
E
I/)
300 MHz 1m
:!!1 c:
·,ro Vi s6ng 3 GHz lOOmm
0> r-
c:
'0, 30 GHz 10mm
Cac tia tLr nqoai, tia X hay tia gamma '0
.r-o., 300 GHz 1 mm
dU'Q'clon-hoa mang theo nang 1U'Q'ng
3THz 100 urn
co ban cao nen co the lam tach sl,l' HOng ngo~1 Vi song Radar
30THz 10~m
ket nOi giO'a nhO'ng nguyen Ill> hay
300THz 1 urn
phan tLr trang co the.
3.1015 Hz 100 nm
3.1016 Hz 10 nm

Bang 1 trlnh bay cac nguon phat l1aX 3·10" Hz 1 nm

xa song di$n tll' voi loai bien di$u 3.1018 Hz 100pm

bien dQ (A = Amplitude), tan 56 (F = l1agamma 3.1019 Hz 10pm
Frequency) va pha (P = Phase). 3·10z0 Hz 1 pm

Hinh 1: Tan ph6 cua cac bli<c x~ ion-hoa va kh6ng ion-hoa

Bang 1: Cac h~ th6ng truy~n vo tuyin v60i diii tan 56 va cong suat phat

Ngu6n
Tan so I Bien di~u Khoang Trj s6 cong suAt tren
Ghi chu
A,F,P each dltn tich tieu bieu

S6ng trung binh 1,4 MHz (A) 50 m 21 W/m2 Cong suat 1,8 MW
300 m 537 W/m2
S6ng ngan 6-10MHz(A) 50 m 2W/m2 Cong suat 750 kW
220 m 20W/m2
Vo tuyen CB, WalkielTalkies 27 MHz (A) 5cm bis 200 W/m2 Cong suat vai Watt
12cm bis 20 W/m2
tJiii truyenthanhs6ng C\I'C ngAn(UKW) 88 -108 MHz (F) ea. 1,5 km < 0,05 W/m2 Tai 100 kW
VHF-TV 174 - 216 MHz (A, F) ea. 1,5 km < 0,02 W/m2 Cong suat 100- 300 kW
UHF-TV 470 - 890 MHz (A, F) ca. 1,5 km < 0,005 W/m2 Tai5MW
VO tuyen di d(ing manq D 900 MHz (P) 2-5km < 10 W/m2
C(it phat s6ng manq D 900 MHz (P) > 50 m < 0,01 W/m2 Ngoai trai
< 0,001 W/m2 Trong nha
Vo tuyen di d(ing rnanq E 1,8 GHz (P) 1-5 km < 5 W/m2
Cot phat s6ng manq E 1,8 GHz (P) > 10 m < 0,05 W/m2 Ngoo3i trai
< 0,0005 W/m2 Trong nha
VO tuy{m di dong rnanq UMTS 1,8-2 GHz (P) 2- 50 em < 10 W/m2 Phong ehLYng
C(it phat s6ng m;;mg UMTS 1,8 - 2 GHz (P) > 50 m < 0,05 W/m2 Phonq chLYng
Dien thoai khong day 1,9 GHz (P) 1-5em < 0,5 W/m2
6 nhi~m bLYCxa HF 6> May ph at thanh, 0,0005 W/m2 Tri so trung binh 6>mot vai
khu trung tam may phat truyen hinh, 0,1 - 0,4 W/m2 di~m trong cac thann phO Ian
dien thoai di dong 6>CHLB DLYC(1965)
Lo vi s6ng 2,45 GHz 0,3 m < 10W/mz Truonq hop xau nhat, nghia
0,5 m < 5 W/m2 103dat 50 W/m2 6>khoang each
1m < 1 W/m2 5cm
An toan eh6ng trorn 0,9 - 10 GHz (P, A, F) < 0,002 W/m2 Trong bLYCxa hQ<ud~ng
Radar giao thong 0-35 GHz (P) 3m < 0,25 W/m2 Cong suat 0,5 - 100 mW
10m < 0,01 W/m2
Giarn sat may bay 1-10GHz(P) 0,1-1 km 0,1-10 W/m2 Cong suat 0,2 - 20 kW
Radar quan S\l' > 1 km < 0,5 W/m2
 9.4 Cac bien phap bao v~ 371

9.4 Cae bi~n phap bao v~

9.4.1 Nhfrng hi~m nguy khi lam vi~c vai di~n

Tai nan thU'ang xay ra do Sl,l' b!!t elm khi lam viec vai dien. £l~ tranh hay giam thieu hi~m nguy ta phai th~t
than tronq khi SLr dunq nang 1U'Q'ngdi$n.

[Link] Tac dQng cua di~n trong cO' the con ngU'ai

Dong di~n nguy hillm doi voi ngU'oi va sinh vat vi nhieu Iy do. Dung dich trong co the nhir m6 hoi, nuoc bot, mau
va dung dich t~ bao deu co tinh di$n pharr, nghTa la t!!t ca deu dan di$n.

• CO' th~ ngU'oi va dQng v~t deu dan di$n.

H~u h~t mol bO phan trang con ngU'oi d€lu heat dQng NglfCrngtri NglfCrng Nglfong
do tac dvng xung dien xuat phat tLr nao bo. Thi du cac giac bu6ng bo rung (tirn)
xung di$n y€!u trang con ngU'ai khoanq chiJ'ng 50 mV 10000
ms T a) b) c)
dieu khien Sl,l' chuyan dong cua CO' bap. Xu!!t phat tLr 5000 dh6c Ich6~ d~n -'
nao bO, xung di$n duoc dan doc theo day than kinh I "lIn Ill' vong do
2000 tflcdl,lng(!l$n -
d~n co bap, Khi day th€tn kinh b] ngat doan, co bap S6
b] li$t va khang heat dQng duoc nQ>a. GiQ>a cac trung t 1000
-;;, 500
I

I \ t-,
tam nao bQ nhu trung tam th] giac, trung tam CLr dong yt.,
hoac trung tam earn nhan dau don deu co cac xung
c
'0-
CD~ CD CD "1'\ 't..:.J
':3 200
dien trao doi qua lai. NgU'oi ta do cac dong di$n nao s
c 100
I 1\
bo de xac dinh su tLr vong (bO nao da chet). .!!1
0> ~~~c tuy~n kh&i' / 1\
:0 0- d¢ng cong lac bolo,v\ \
s: ~ong d;~n ro FI va;
>-
Nhieu dong di$n (dien trang co-the con ngU'ai) co the ghi
nhan va do duoc bang cac di~n cue. Thi du di~n tam
Of- l/In'; 30 mA "t- ~
1o I I I I I
d6 ECG (Electrocardiography) do dQ heat dQng di$n 0.10,2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 100200 5001000mA 5000
cua tim. Di~n nao do
EEG (Electroencephalography) D6ng (Mn Ik ch",y qua CCY the ~

do cac hoat dong cua bQ nao.

Pharn vi Phan (fOg co Ih~

I
CD CO' th~ kh6ng phan tYng

• Cac dong di$n cua co the c6 the do dU'Q'c. CD Khong co tac dong nguy hi~m

CD Hil1m nguy dan d~n rung tam that

Tim hoat dong dU'Q'c nho dong di$n do tim tl,l' tao ra,
kh6ng phai dU'oi Sl,l' dieu khien cua bO nao. Tim tao
-m C6 !hI! dan dAn tll' vang

khoanq 80 xung di$n trang mot phut, CO' tim dap tYng
tLrng xung nay bang each co that lai. N~u s6 xung can Hinh 1: Ph(lm vi tac d9n9 eua di~n xoay chleu 50 Hz dbi vai co
thi~t trang mot phut cung cap kh6ng du, tim S6 d~p the nglJ'oi trlJ'ang thanh (Thea lEe 479)
cham lai.

Dong di$n tLr ben nqoai co the anh hU'ong den chtrc nanq cua cac bQ phan trang CO' the.

Khi co dong di$n chay qua CO' the con ngU'ai, thi du nhu cham VaG day dang dan di$n, CO' bap se b] co lai neu
dong di$n tLr nqoai VaG Ian hon nhieu so voi dong di$n cua CO' th~. Khi d6 nan nhan kh6ng con kha nang d~ but
ra kh6i ch6 tiep xuc, Phan tYng di$n len co the tuy theo thai gian tac dvng va wang dQ dong dien chay qua CO'
the. Qua nhieu thLr nghi$m ngU'ai ta chia ra bcn pharn vi tac dunq (Hinh 1).

Khi dong di$n xoay chieu chay qua tim, nhjp tim S6 d~p theo cac xung nhanh non va manh hon cua dong di$n
ben nqoai. Tim S6 co b6p nhanh hon. £lieu nay dan deln su r6i loan nhip tim. Khi tac dQng cua di$n roi dung VaG
khoanq "co th~ bi ton thuonq" S6 dan den Sl,I' rung tam that nguy hiem. Hau qua tat yeu ta tim ngU'ng heat dong
va Sl,l' tuan hoan S6 b] ngU'ng han. Do thieu dU'iYng khi, chi trong mot thai gian ngan gay tac hai den cac te bao
bo nao, Qua trinh nay tiep tuc S6 d<fln di!n Ill' vong.
372 9 May di~n

CU'ang 00 cua dong oi$n chay VaG co the khi ti~p xuc vat dan oi$n quyet
oinh rmrc 00 tac hai cua tai nan v~ di$n. Qua kinh nqhiern, chi can wang can th~n!
do dong di$n 50 mA ta c6 the dan dEm ttJ vong khi dong di$n nay chay
• CU'ang dO dong di$n tren
qua tim.
50 mA gay nguy hiem den
tinh rnanq.
• Cucmg dQ dong dien canq
Dong di$n IK chay qua CO' the con nquoi tuy tnuoc VaG di$n ap va di~n Ian va thai gian tac dOng
tro cua co the. Di~n tro- coo th~ RK bao g6m di$n tre,. trong than the Gang lau thi muc dO nguy
RKI va cac di$n tro tiilp xuc R01 va R02 a noi dong di$n di VaG ve di ra hiem canq cao.
co the (Hinh 1).

Dien tro chuyen ti~p cOng tuy thuoc di~u kien ben nqoai, Da kh6, quan ao I, ~
kh6 ngU'Q'c l<;Iic6 di$n tro Ian. a
do am cao, thi ou nhu c6 m6 hoi hoac
RK Rul
san am nuoc, thi di$n tro chuyen tiep nho va di$n tro cnuyen ti~p canq
£li~n tra
nho khi mat ti~p xuc canq lon. CO'thll

Vai wang do cua dong di$n xoay chieu khoanq 50 mA chay qua CO' the
G
con ngU'ai va di$n tro CO' the RK bao g6m Ro va RKi la 1000 n thi di$n ap
tiep xuc Us bat d~u nguy hiem cho con ngU'ai dU'Q'c tinh nhu sau:
\u
UB = RK . IK = 1000 Q . 0,05 A = 50 V

• £)i$n xoay chleu cao hon 50 V nguy hiem d~n tinh rnanq
(cho thu vat tll' 25 V). R01 £lien tra chuyen ti~p gili'a day dan
di$n va CO'the (dong dii)n chay vao).
• Dien mot chieu cao non 120 V nguy hiem den tinh rnanq RKi Elii)n tra (rang than th~.
R02 Elii)n tr& chuyen ti€.p giiia CO'th~ va
(cho thu v$t tll' 60 V).
day diln di$n (dong dii)n chay ra).
RK Eli$n tra CO'the.
• £)i$n xoay chieu voi tan s6 50 Hz nguy hiern hon di$n
mot chieu bai vi tan s6 nay du d~m den rung tam that.

Hinh 1: Di~n tr& coo thl!

H~u qua va tac dQng cua di~n gi~t

M(Jt chuyen vien co-dien tll> khi sCfa
a wang do cao, tac dong nhiet cua dong di$n se d6t chay va tao ph6ng cnoa may Robot cham vao dii:m xoay
chieu U = 230 V.
not dong di$n di VaG va di ra. a
nho>ng not do S9 c6 "vilt (dau hi~u)
phong di~n". Cac tia ItJa h6 quang c6 the lam cac ph~n co th8 chay a) Tinh ctronq d(J dong di$n IK chay
thanh than (pheng cap 4). Hau qua cua phcnq n~ng la than S9 b] qua tai qua co the.
va dan den ttJ vong. b) Nguy hiem nao xay den cho nglJ'ai
bi nan khi tac dI.,Jngcua dong di$n
keo dai t = 0,1 s? (Hinh 1, trang
Dong di$n c6 the di$n giai (di$n phan) rnau, nhat la khi thai gian tac dl.,Jng 371).
keo dai S9 dan den hi~n tU'9'ng ngQ dQC n~ng. Hau qua cua benh tranq
nay c6 the sau nhieu nqay rnoi phat hien ra. £)e phonq ngll'a can di kharn
bac SI du ngay luc d6 kh6ng thay dau hieu thuonq tich nao.

1 Vi nguy co tai nan, earn lam viec voi cac vat the c6 di$n ap.

!3.,..q
Chi duoc phep lam viec voi b(J phan dang co di$n ap tren 50 V a di$n U 230 V
a) IK = RK = 1 kQ = 230 mA
xoay chieu noac 120 V a
di$n mot chieu khi cac bO phan nay kh6ng duoc
phep ngc1t di$n vi Iy do quan tronq. Trang trU'ang hop nay chi chuyen vien b) Nguy hiem narn trang pharn vi @
di$n dU'Q'c huan luy$n d~c biet mot duoc phep thuc hi$n. Hac vien dang gay te cCrng CO' bap va nguy co
trong qua trinh dao tao cOng kh6ng duoc phep (DIN VDE 0105). rung tam that.
 9.4 Cac bien phap bao v$ 373

[Link] Ti~p xuc di~n tn!c ti~p va gian ti~p

L1
Theo DIN VDE 0100 phan 200 nglJ'Cl'ita phan PEN
biet cham di$n trvc tiep va gian tiep. Cham
va
Cham di~n true ti~p 103 khi nglJ'Cl'ihay gia sue
cham van vat dEindien dang co dien ap,

cham di~n giim tillp 103 khi nglJ'Cl'ihay gia sue

cham vao vo cua thiet b] di$n dang c6 di$n ap
do thiet b] co loi. a) Cham di$n true ti~p b) Cham di$n giim ti~p

Hinh 1: Cham di~n tru-e tiep va cham di~n gian tillp

cham di~n tru-e tiep nghTa la CO' the tiep xuc voi vat luon co di$n ap nhu day di$n (Hinh 1a). De trann cham
di$n true tiep, day di$n can dU'Q'cboc bang vat lieu each di$n hay diroc che kin (Trang 374).

Cham di~n gian ti~p xay ra khi vat lieu each di$n co loi lam cho mot bo phan thiet b] binh thU'Cl'ngkhonq co di$n
nay c6 di$n ap, thi du nhu vo nqoai cua may di$n (Hinh 1b). Trong truonq hop nay su dan di$n do each di$n
b] hong duoc qoi ta cham vo.

[Link] Cac khai ni~m chuyfm man ve bi~n phap bao v~

• Phan co di~n hoat dQng la mol day di~n hay rnoi vat dan dien c6 dien chay qua khi thiet b] heat dong. Day
trung tinh (day N) cOng la phan co di$n heat dong, nqoai trLPday PEN.

• Thiet b] di~n la nhO>ngphuonq tien nharn san xuat di$n, cnuyen doi, truyen tal, phan phoi hoac SLPdunq nang
1U'Q'ngdi$n. nhu may m6c. may bien ap, thiet b] chuy~n rnach va thiet b] di€:u khien. thi~t b] do lU'ong. thiet b]
bao v$, day cap va day di$n, thiet b] tieu thu di$n.

• Thiet b] tieu thu di(in Ia nhO>ngsan pharn dung de chuyen h6a di$n nanq thanh cac danq nang 1U'Q'ngkhac 9
nhu anh sang, nhi$t nanq hay CO' nang.

• D~t la danh tLPchi phan dat dan di$n c6 di$n the 0 v.

• Day dat la vat the dan di$n co tiep xuc tot vai dat va t90 Sl,.l'ket noi di$n voi dat.

• Dong ro 103 dong dien sinh ra do loi each di(in.

• Lai each di(in la tranq thai loi trang viec each di$n.

• Vo thiet b] la phan nqoai cua thiet b] co the dan di$n va tiep xuc, chi c6 di$n ap neu thiet b] c6 loi.

• Cham vo la su truyen di$n cua phan hoat dong den vo thiet b] khi thiet b] c6 loi.

• BQ phan d§n di~n la cac vat the kim 109idung de dan di$n thi du day di$n, conq tac di$n.
Day trung tinh (day N) la day duoc noi voi diem giO>a(trung tinh) cua rnanq di$n phan phoi.
Day PEN (protective earth neutral). day noi oat c6 chLPCnang trung tinh Ian chuc nanq bao v$.

Thea quy dinh VDE thi cac thiet b] va dl,lng Cl,lSLPdl,lng di$n ap xoay chieu cao hon 50 V hoac di$n mot
chieu cao hon 120 V phai c6 bien phap bao v$ ph6ng khi c6 Sl,.I'tiep xuc qlan tiep, 813 dam bao moi bien
phap an toandooc tnuc hi$n thi chi chuyen gia di~n rnoi oU'Q'cphsp lap d~t, dieu chinh, bao dU'ang hay
slia chO>athiet b] dien.
374 9 May di~n

9.4.2 Quy djnh an toan cho h~ thong di~n ap thap

Cac quy dinh an toan de ph6ng nglJ'a tai nan v~ di~n Bang 1: Ky hi~u ki~m tra VDE (theo DIN VDE 0024)
ap dl,mg cho cac phuonq ti~n sari xuat thiet b] cOng
Dinh danh va thi du
nhu trong vi~c Ittp d~t h~ th6ng thiet b] di$n. Cac nha
san xuat, lap rap hay bao dU'5'ng, van hanh cac thiet b]
di$n, dung cu lam vi$c, do chol Ire em, may gia dung Ky hieu VDE cho cac san pharn dien, thi du
d~u phai tuan thu cac luat phap, cac quy dinh cOng cong tac dien lap d~t, Ihi€!t b] dien.

nhU' cac di~u 1$ bao vr;.

Ky hieu ki~m Ira dien Iu>VDE cho linh kien,
ban rnach dien t.y, thi dl,l bo nguon I/a bo
chinh dong.
Thiet b] di$n khong dU'Q'c phep gay ton thuonq
den con ngU'O'i, d9n9 vat hoac gay thlet hai vat DAu hieu diic trU'ng VDE cho cac day di~n
chat. CO' so phap Iy la b9 sach tieu chuan VDE.
£)en do
va day cap coboo each dien theo tieu
cnuan qucc gia.

Ky hieu cap dien VDE cho day dien. day

Cac thiet b] gia conq (tu lieu hay phuonq tien san dien co boc each dien. cap dien va cac ong
xuat) va may m6c da dU'Q'c kiem tra qua CO'quan VDE
<JVDEC> dung d~ I~p rap.
duoc mang ky hi$u kiem tra VDE1) (Bang 1). May
m6c hoac may gia dunq diroc mang nMn hi~u an Ky hieu chong nhiiiu vO tuy~n cua VDE cho
toan GS (GS: GeprOfte Sicherheit, cuoc kiem tra an dl,mg CI,Jdien.
toan) khi da dap Cmg duoc cac lu~t an toan thi~t b],
tU'O'ng lJ'ng vai cac quy dlnh an toan lao d9n9 va luat
bao h9 tai nan. Day di'in di$n co ghi chu "harmonisiert" Ky hieu ki~m tra VDE-GS dl,J'avao luat an
toan cho cac Ihi€!1 bi da duoc ki€!m tra, thi
(harmonic, hai hoa) (Bang 2) duoc cac nuoc tham gia du may cOng cu.
CENELEC2) cho phep SLY dunq.

Ben earth quy dinh VDE, con phai tuan thu cac quy
dinh v~ dieu ki~n ky thuat ket noi day (TAB) cua co Bang 2: Ky hi(iu kiem tra CEE (Thea DIN VDE 0024)
quan v~n hanh rnanq phan phol llJ'ai di~n (VNB)
cho viec thiet ke va l<1p rap. f)i§u ki$n nOi rnanq di$n Ky hi(iu anh Dinh danh va (Png dyng
di§u chinh su noi day vao rnanq dien ha ap cua CO' Ky hieu
hai noa VDE cho day va cap bee
<JVDEC><lHARC>
quan van hanh rnanq phan ph6i lU'ai di$n VNB va d~c each di~n,
biet con bao gom cac quy dinh ca biet ve each dang Dau hieu di)c IrU'ng hai hoa VDE cho day
nhap, Ittp d~t van hanh, 0 earn di~n nha va cac thiet bi Den d6 I/ang va cap bee each dien.
do. Ngoai ra con co quy djnh ve cac dieu ki$n cho Sl,l'
Van hanh thi4t b] dien nhU' d9ng CO' dien, den huynn Ky hi~u kiem Ira CEE3) cho dien may va v1)1
lieu each di$n dl,J'atheo quy dinh GEE.
quang, 10 SU'ai dien va cac thiet b] duoc di~u khien cat
pha vai cac bien phap bao ve duoc quy dinh truoc.
Ky hieu GE4) cho san pham cong nghiep
9.4.3 Khai ni~m va d~c trlJ'ng
CE: dap (mg cac quy dinh thich hop cua cong
dong chung chau Au.

[Link] Cac cap bao v~

8e tranh hiem nguy trong gia dinh, trong CO' wang, Bang 3: Ky hi~u nh~n d~ng cua cac cap bao v~
(theo lEeS) 417)
van phOng hay tmO'ng hoc, thiet b] dien phai duoc
trang bi cac bien phap bao ve de khi co loi tranh dU'Q'C cAp Ky hieu
StY dl,lng voi bien pnap bao ve:
bao ve nhan dang
dien gi$t. 8e tranh dien gial, cac Ihiet b] dU'Q'c phan
chia theo cac cap bao v~ I, II va III Illy theo each

@ Vai day dal bao ve (Ihi~t b] gia cong

thiet ke nharn tranh cham dien tnjc tiep va gian liep
I dU'Q'c g~n vao he thong day bao ve.
(Bang 3). th i du dong co di~n).

VDE: HiephQidien, dien t':'. ky thuat thong tin (y £>':'c(dil dang k)i) viet tAt

[gJ
1)

cua Verband der Elektrotechnik Elektronik Informationstechnik e.v. each dien bao ve (thi~t bi gia cOng voi
2) CENELEC: Uy ban Au chau quy dinh tieu chu~n va ng,onhdien (Comit" II ch~t each dien CO'ban cong Ihem cach
Europeenne de Normalisation Electrolechnique) dien khac, thi dl,l den chi~u sang).
3) CEE: Uy ban qu6c te va viec c;\p cherngchi phu hQ'p(tlYangthich) cho thiet
Dien ap th~p (chi stY dung cho m<;lch

<8>
bi dien (International Commission for Conformity Certification of Electrical
Equipment) dien SELV- va PELV, thi dl,l dEm chi~u
III sang nO'i kin va am [Link], xem hinh &
4) CEoCi)ng dong chung Au chau (Communaute Europeenne)
Irang 320).
S) IEC: Oy ban Quac Ie ky Ihu~t di~n (International Electrotechnical Com-
mission).
 9.4 Cac bien phap bao v$ 375

[Link] cac loal baa v~ IP (thea DIN VDE 0470)

Thiet b] gia dunq, thi du may say toe hay may suoi quat, phai co nhCmg
10trong cho khong khi vao va ra. £)~ tranh tai nan thi cac phan dan di$n
phai dLPQ'ccau tao sac cho ngLPCYistYdl,Jngkhong cham den cac bQ phan
co di$n cua thiet bi gia dung va may m6c.

TUy thuoc vao rnuc dich sCr dunq va noi di;it trang thi~t bi, ngLPCri
ta
can bi$n phap bao v$ d~ tranh Sl,l'tiep xuc vai phan dan di$n, chong
sv xarn nhap cua vat 1<;1
cOng nhu' cua nuoc. Hinh 1 £>ong co di~n v60i 10(li baa ve IP 54

Ky hieu bao v~ g6m mau tl,l' Ip1)va hai so theo sau, thi du IP 54. Sau chfr
IP va hai s6 co the kern them rnau tl)' thi du IP 23 CS. Cac mau tl,l' kern
them A, B, C va 0 la ky hieu bao v~ tranh tiep xuc, thi du C la bao v$
khonq cho dunq Cl) di vao. Mau tl,l' H, M, S, va W cho them chu thich, thi
du S: ngLPngchay trong luc kiem tra dQ kin nuoc cua thiet b] (xem them
sach Cam nang).
Ii
Chong nuoc
nho giOI
Chong tia
nuoc ph un
Va may va hop n6i di$n, thi du cua dQng co chuan ba pha co lam mat
Hinh 2: Loai baa v~ chong nwoc xam
mat nqoal (Hinh 1) phan Ian dap li'ng loal bao v~ IP 54 (Bang 2). £)Qng nh~p
co dLJQ'cbao v~ ch6ng SI,I' dong bui va tia nuoc ban vao tll' moi huonq.
£)~ bao v~ ch6ng su xarn nhap cua nuoc, ta co nhieu loai cau tao tuonq
Bang 1: Billu tU'c;>'ng
li'ng (Hinh 2).

Thiet b] dien dLJQ'cdi;it trong cac phonq am uot hay cac tram di$n ngoai a
troi co mal che t6i thieu phal dLJQ'cbao v$ ch6ng nuoc nho giQt (IP X1).
Chongtia
Cac thiet b] di~n trong cac tram di~n nqoai troi khong co rnai che phai dap
nuoc ban &&
li'ng t6i thieu IP X3. Thiet b] dLJQ'cbao v$ IP 68 phai ke khai them ap suat vilo IPX5
cho phep khi van hanh dLJai nuoc, thi du 3 bar.
Kin nooc l l

I
, , dllai ap sullt • b•
IP X8 ... ar
Ben canh ky hieu nhan d<;lngcac loai bao v$ qua rnau tl,l' va so, cac thiet
b] lap di;it va cac thiet b] tieu thu con dLJQ'cnhan bi~t qua ky hi~u hinh

(bi~u tU'c;>'ng)thi du nhu _d_i$_n_{_B_3_n_9_1_).

a bong den, may SLJai'_d_l)_n_g_c_u_. +_--,
Bang 2: cac 10\1ibao v~ thiet b] gia eong

se MLic do bao v~:

thil' nhat Baa vi; chang ti~p xuc va ch6ng v~1 I" xam nh~p

o Kh6ng can baa ve nao d(ic biel. o Kh6ng can baa vi; nao d~c biet.
Bao ve ch6ng SI,I'xarn nhap v~t I<Jc6 dllcmg kinh Baa ve ch6ng nuoc nho qiot Ih~ng xuong
~ 50 mm.
2 Baa ve chong Sl,l' xarn nhap v(it 1<1c6 dlf&ng kinh 2 Baa ve chong nuoc nho qiot th~ng xuong, thiet b]
~ 12,5 mm. nghiEmg toi da 15'.

3 Baa ve ch6ng Sl,l' xarn nhap vat 1<1

c6 dll&ng kinh 3 Bao ve chong SI,I'phun nuoc voi g6c t6i da 60'
~ 2,5 mm. sa vai dU'ang th~ng d(rng.

4 Baa ve chong SI,I'xarn nhap vat 1<1c6 dll&ng kinh 4 Bao ve ch6ng tia nuoc tLr rnoi hU'ong.
~ 1 mm.

5 Baa ve chong d6ng bui (ch6ng bui). Baa ve hoan 5 Bao ve d6i voi ph un nuoc tLr moi hU'ong.
toan ch6ng SI,I'ti~p xuc.

6 Ch6ng SI,I'xarn nhap bui (kin bui) va baa ve hoan 6 Baa ve d6i voi ph un nuoc rnanh hay bien dong.
toan ch6ng rnoi SI,I'tiep xuc,

7 Baa ve chong nuoc tham vao khi d(it may chim

Khi chi can mot s6 d~c trU'ng cho rmrc dO baa ve canh ky tl,l' IP trang nuoc dU'oi cac dieu kien ap suat va thai gian.
thi noi s6 trong duoc thay vao miiu tl,l' X, thi du IP X4 hay IP 3X.
8 Baa ve ch6ng tham nuoc khi thiet bi d(it c6 dinh
trang nuoc.

1) IP, chQovi';'t t~t cua Internationale Protection (ti,;,ng Philp) = Baa Vf) chuan quoc Ie.
376 9 May di~n

[Link] Bi~n phap bao v~ khi lam vi~c v&i thiet b] di~n

CO' quan bao v$ lac d(>ng trong nqanh CO' khi chinh xac va 8i$n da danh Bang 1: Tal nan di~n
gia va phan tich 40.000 banq cau hei v~ tai nan dien a
8LrC trong khoanq
thai gian 15 narn (Hinh 1). Thea thong ke, ngU'ai kh6ng chuyen va ngay Tain<;ln
Di~n ap
ca chuyen gia di~n cling thU'o>ng danh gia sai cac tinh huang nguy hi~m. Tong cilng Ch~t n911.'
Hien nay van con xay ra tai nan dbi voi chuyen vi£m djj~n do sl! cau tha f)€!n130V 1563 6
va thieu ki~n trnrc. Theo khao sat tren, phan lon cac tai nan (83%) xay ra 130Vden 400V 34399 516
trang pharn vi di$n ap tLl>130V d~n 400 V. Phan I&n tai nan chet ngU'o>i 400Vd~n 1000V 1762 25
xay ra trang pharn vi nay. Dien ap th~p 37724 547
1kVdEm20kV 3154 429
20kVdEm11OkV 365 57
Ve CO'ban earn lam viec voi thiet b], dl,Jng Cl,Jdang c6 di$n ap, 11OkVden 400kV 21

f)i~n ap cao 3540 487

Cac trU'o>ng hop nqoai 1$ dU'Q'c ghi trong DIN VDE 0105. Cac trU'o>ng hop TOngs6 41264 1034
nay co gia tri cho di$n ap tren 50 V xoay chieu hoac tren 120 V mot chieu
khi viec ngat dien gay nguy hiem cho ngU'o>i hoac gay thiet h'ili vat chat
nqhiem tronq thi du nhu' 0>xU'ong thoi thuy tinh hay XU'ong luyen thep.

Chi chuyen vien dien noac ngU'&i d§ duoc chi dan ky thuat m&i
duoc phep lam viec voi thiet bi c6 di$n ap. Trang trU'o>ng h9'P nay
phai di;ic biet chu y den quy dinh an toan.

8e han ch~ rui ro va nguy hi~m cua tai nan di$n doi voi chuyen vi en
di$n (Hinh 1) ta can giG>5 quy tac an toan (Bang 2) de tao tranq thai
kh6ng dien ap khi lam vlec. Truoc khi bat d~u lam viec phai d~1 bang earn
Hinh 1: Thiio be;. nai cau chi NH
(kh6ng dU'9'c bat dien) (Hinh 2). DU'&i SI! qiarn sat cua ngU'&i co tharn
quyen, noi lam vi$c chi duoc du-a vao SlY dunq khi tllt ca 5 quy tac an
toan Ian Il1'O'ttLl>1 dEm 5 duoc thuc hi$n. Chuyen vien di~n hoac nglJ'Ooi
da dlJ'Q'c chi d~n ky thuat phai xac djnh tranq thai kh6ng di$n ap 0 thi~t
bi (Hinh 3). Cong viec b~t di$n lai chi dU'Q'c phep khi cac quy tac an toan
I€ln Il1'O'tdl1'9'C giai tnr theo chieu ngl1'9'c (tiJ>5 den 1).

Bang 2: 5 quy tac an toan trong khi lam vl~c (y tr~ng thai
kh6ng di~n ap (Theo DIN VDE 0105)
1. Ngatdi~n • Ng"t dien tat ca cac bO pnan cua thiet bi noi lam viec
(Hinh 1),
• Ng11tcong tac bao ve dlfong day (cau dao), thao cau chi.
2. £lam bao tranh • Kh6a co che d6ng dien thi du d6i vo'i conq t11cbao ve
b,t di9n tra I,i dlfong day bang each dan bang keo, earn theo bO n6i Hinh 2: Bang earn khi lam vii)c vai thiet
cau chi, kh6a cong tac bang chla kh6a, dl,l'ngbang "earn b] dii ngi\t dii)n
bat dien" (Hinh 2).
3. Xac nh,n tinh • Xac nhan tinh tranq khong dien ap qua chuyen vien.
tr\lng khong • Kiem tra dien ap vai may do dien ap hai C\,J'C (Hinh 3).
dl~n ap

4. Nai day dit va • Dau tien tao S\,J' tiep dat va n6i ng~n mach cac phan tll'
t\lO ngan m,ch c6 dien hoat dOng vai day dolit(phai dlfQ'Cnhin tholiytCP
va.l day dit not lam viec). Quy t~c 4 nay khong can cho thiet bi dlfai
1000 V, thi du he th6ng cap dien, nqoai trll' cac day nqoai
trot,

• Thiet b] dlfai 1 kV thi each dien bang khan hay vat each
dien 103 du. Cao non 1 kV thi phai d.;itthem chlfang ng<;ii
vat nnu bang earn, day rao, bang canh bao ..
• Bao ve than the, thi dt,ln6n bao ve c6 che mat, rnac qUfm
90 sat nglfoi va co mang gang tay. Hinh 3: Xac dinh khong co dien ap
 9.4 Cac bien phap bao v$ 377

[Link] Cae loai loi iY thi€!t b] di~n 3~50Hz 400 V

Du co lap di;it can than va 5Crdl,Jngcac thiet b] an toan, loi van co thll xay
ra trong cac h$ thong thiet b] di$n, thi du nhu hU' hai lap each di$n dU'ai
danq cham va, ngan mach, cham day hay cham dat (Hinh 1).

Cham vo la 51,J'
cham di~n true ti~p giCl'avo thiet b] va phan co di$n
hoat dong cua thiet b! di$n.

Ngan rnach la SI)' cham di~n true ti~p giCl'acac day dsn di$n co
di$n ap, Trong trU'ang hop ngan rnach, rnach di$n ro kh6ng co
di$n tra (ohm, thuc),

Cham day la loi khi cac day dsn di$n cham nhau. Trong rnach ro
co chua di$n tro hCl'udunq hay mot phan cua no. Hinh 1: Phan 10il; 10;

Cham dat la 51,J'cham di$n giCl'aday dan dii;ln hay day trung tinh
3/N~50Hz 4001230 v
voi dat hay voi cac bo phan noi dat.

Trong 51,J' cham vo (than may), ngan rnach hay cham dat hoan toan,
dii;ln tro ro (dii;ln tro khi co 51)'co) '" 0 O. Neu noi cham rnach tao ra mot
dii;ln tro, thi du nhu' do tia ho quang, 51)'cham rnach 58 kh6ng hoan toano
Cham rnach khong hoan toan thuonq nguy hai hon, vi thU'ang kh6ng
<iU'Q'cphat hien kip thai. Dong dii;ln lam nonq qua rnuc cho phep co the
gay ra hoa hoan.

[Link] £)i~n ap trong trU'C1ng hop eo loi

Do each dii;ln bi hong, vo thiet b] co the co dii;ln ap doi voi diem nOi <i~t
gan nhat, nhU' dat hay v<%ltnoi d~t (ong nuoc). Dien ap nay duoc gQi la
di~n ap ra (di~n ap khi co SI! co) UF (Hinh 2).

Hinh 2: Di~n ap ti~p xuc, di(!n ap r6

•
£)i~n ap th~p xuc UB1) la <iii;lnap giCl'ahai bQ phan co the tiep xuc
dong thai khi each dii;ln thiet b] co loi.
Bang 1: £)i~n ap ti€lp xuc

• Cho nglJ'6'; AC50V,DC120V

£)i~n ap th~p xuc Ian nhat UL2) cho phep 51)'tiep xuc lien tuc duoc qu6c
te phe chuan (Bang 1). Dien ap den giai han nay thU'ang kh6ng dan den • DO cnoi tre em
tCrvong doi vai ngU'ai va dong vat.
• DEm nOi hoi AC 25 V. DC 60 V
• H;~n d;(!n trang
Day dan dii;ln nqoai troi bi dlPt co the gay ra cham dat (Hinh 3). Chung vung nuo; thu 6'
quanh noi day 58 co mot dii;ln ap (di~n ap ti~p dat) va dii;ln ap nay 58 trang trai.
giam dan khi khoanq each canq xa.

£)i~n ap bU'oc U5 la dii;ln ap giCPahai chan cua mot ngU'ai voi buoc chan
a
1 m (Hinh 3). £>ii;lnap nay Ian nhat g~n noi day dii;ln cham dM

1. Trinh bay a) ngan rnach, b) cham vo va c) cham day.

2. Giai thich khai niern <iii;lntip ro va dii;ln ap tiep xUC.
Khoiln9 each
3. Thea DIN VDE thi di$n ap ti~p xuc cho phep la bao nhieu?
IUE
Us Di$n ap buoc
UE D;~n ap do; va; dat

1) UT thay vi Us. ky tl)' T (tiling Anh touch = cham) Hinh 3; Di~n ap khi day di(!n ngoai tr6>i
21 so
UL• ky tl)' L (ti€ongAnh limit = giai han, tr] gia; han) bi dlrt
378 9 May di~n

9.4.4 Bao v~ chong di~n gi~t

Thiet bi di$n hoat dQng va bao trl theo dung quy djnh khong duoc gay tai nan cho ngU'oi hay thu nuoi va cOng
khong gay thiet hai vat chat. Vi th4 de tranh va phOng ngll'a tai nan ve dii;!n thi phai tuan theo cac bi$n pnap bao
v$. Do do, khi xay ra su co, phai co bi$n phap tranh xuat hien 6i$n ap tiep xuc cao hoac thi4t bi phai tl)' dong ngat
6i$n. DIN VDE 0100, phan 410 "Lap d~t h~ di~n cong suat (di~n n~ng) co di~n ap dlnh mLPCden 1000V"
quy 6jnh cac bien phap bao v$ ch6ng di$n gi$t, gom ca oao v$ con ngU'oi chong cham di$n true tlep va cham
di$n gian tiep (T6ng quan).

Tong quan: Bi~n phap bao v~

Cac bien phap bao v~ thee DIN VDE 0100, phan 410

Bao v$ chong dien gi~t 6' di€.u kien Bao Vfech6ng di$n gi~t khi c6 SI,J'co
Bao Vfechong cham di~n true ti€.p va
binh thlJ'ang (Bao v~ ch6ng tiep xuc (Bao Vfech6ng tiep xuc gian tiep hay
cham di$n gian tiep
true liep hay bao ve CCY ban) bao ve khi SI,J'c6)

Bao v~ b6'i: Bao vfe b6'i: Baa v$ boi:

f)i~n ap thap (ELV')

1 Cach dien b9 p.h?n co di!)n hoai
dong
Thiet b] II,J'dong ng~t ngu6n
di~n

• SELV (di~n ap thap an • Trang he th6ng TN

•
toan)

PELV (di$n ao thap voi 1 f)~y hoac bao kin

•
•
Treng h~ th6ng TT

Trang h$ th6ng IT
an toan each Iy ngu6n)
-1 Dat chlJ'ci'ng nqai vat j
-1 Tao khoang each ~.

Can biing di$n the

I
•
I
Giai han nap di$n
~ Cach dien bao v$
I
Tang wang bao v!) voi: Ph6ng kh6ng d~n di$n
I
I Thi€.t b] bao v$ di$n r6 (RCDS2)i
Can b~ng di~n the cue b9
kh6ng ti€.p d~t
i

1) ELV, vi~t t~t cua Extra Low Voltage = dii)n ap cl,J'cthap

cacn Iy bao v~
I
2) ReO, viet tat cua Residual Current Protective Device = SO baa vi) chong dii)n r6

9.4.5 Bao v~ chong cham di~n trl,l'c ti~p va cham di~n

giim ti~p

Bao v$ tranh di$n gi$t dat duoc khi cac thiet bi hoat dQng voi di$n ap nho
non di$n ap tiep xuc cho phep AC 50 V hoac DC 120 V (di~n ap trong
pham vi 1). Bi$n phap nay bao v$ con ngU'oi khi tiep xuc true tiep bQ
phan co 6i$n trang luc van hanh hay tiep xuc gian tiep khi thiet b] co loi.
Trang truonq hop nay chi mot dong 6i$n nho khonq nguy hiem chay qua
CO' [Link] ITnhvu'c co-dien tll', dc;lCbi$t tll' phia dieu khien, nhu cau

bao v$ cac linh ki$n di$n-khi nen, dien-thuy ll,J'cva cac bo dieu khien l.;tp
trinh PLC va cong ngh$ h$ thong Bus d6i voi di$n ap thap moi luc mot
cao (Hinh 1).
Hinh 1: Van dien - khi nen dung dien
apth~p
 9.4 Cac bi$n phap bao v$ 379

[Link] Bao v~ bangdi~n ap thap SELV va PELV

Cac bien phap bao v$ biing di$n ap thap SELV va • SELV, vi€.t t~t cua: Safety Extra Low Voltage ; £)i~n ap
C,!C th~p an toan
PELV chi cho phep sU>dung khi oi$n ap d!nh danh Ian
nhat 50 V AC hoac 120 V DC. • PELV, vi€.t t~t cua: Protective Extra Low Voltage ; £)i~n ap
cnoc nang Cl,J'C thao c6 each Iy an toan

M~ch di~n SELV (djnh danh cO: £li$n ap bao ve thap) • FELV, vi4t t~t cua: Functional Extra Low Voltage; £)i~n ap
va PELV khac biet nhau a
each thuc tiep dat. V6'i chuc nang cue thillp, khOng each Iy an toan
rnach di$n SELV, rnach thu dip kh6ng oU'Q'c noi vai
oat hoac vol h$ thong rnach di$n khac, (Hinh 1). L1 ~ 50Hz 230 V
N
M~ch di~n PELV (dinh danh cO: £li$n ap thap chuc
PE
nang co each Iy an toan), Vi Iy do van hanh, vo thiet b]
hay day noi di$n ap thap cua manq thli cap dU'Q'C nOi
dat (Hinh 2), thi du nrur trong h$ thong do O<;lC,h$ oiE§u
khien hay h$ thong vien thong.

Khi di$n ap trong rnach SELV hay PELV khong vuot

qua oien ap ojnh rmrc AC 25 V hoac DC 60 V (khonq
co song hai1)) thl kh6ng can bao v$ chong tiep xuc BiE!!nap vai
true tiep. Tuy nhien trong linh VI)'C an toan cao nhu Bi4n ap chlnh luu tao
00 choi tre em van nann biing oQng CO' di$n, thiet bi y tao di~n ap di$n ap thilp
khoa, den chieu sang earn tay hoac thiet b] dung trong thap mot chieu D[~120V
n6ng trai hay nha wan thi du dien ap nho hon AC 25
Hinh 1: Bien ap cho milch di(!n SELV
V hoac DC 60 V v<fln can co bao v$ chong tiep xuc true
tiep. Cac thiet b] y khoa thi du nhu may nQi soi dung
de kharn nghi$m ben trong CO' the thl oi$n ap khOng L1 ~ 50Hz 230 V
VU'Q'tqua 6 V. N
PE
£le co duoc Sl)' each Iy di$n the (galvanic) voi nguon
di$n thi phai bao dam tao ra duoc di$n ap thap (T6ng
quan).

Chi) each Iy

Khong duoc phep dung bien ap tiet ki$m, rnach Bi4n ap

phan ap biing di$n tro, hay di$n tro nOi tiep (dinh an toan theo

•
Ti4p dat ben
lieu chuan
ap) de tao di$n ap thap tLFIU'ai di$n. di~n ao thap
EN 60742

Phich earn di$n, 0 earn (Hinh 3) hoac bQ phan nOi day Hinh 2: Nguon di$n cho milch PELV

dung trong rnach di$n SELV va PELV phai thoa man

cac d6i hoi sau: Tong quan: Tao nguon di~n ap thap
• Phich earn va 0 earn cua rnach di$n SELV khong • Bi€.n ap an toan
duoc c6 cong tac bao v$. • May phat di$n, dong co di~n vai nhieu cuon day each Iy
• Phich earn di$n cno rnacn di$n SELV phai thiet ke • Nguon dien tu h6a nang, thi du pin
sac de khong the nharn vai cac phich earn co di$n • May phat di~n duoc chay biing dOng co no
ap khac.
• Phich earn SELV khong duoc phep earn VaG 0 dien
PELV va ngU'Q'c 1<;Ii.
• Phich earn di$n cho rnach di$n PELV co conq tac
bao v$. Phich earn loai nay co ngan phu de khonq
the nharn dU'Q'c doi vai phich earn cho rnach di$n
SELV va voi phich earn dung cho di$n ap cao hon.

M~ch di~n FELV (djnh danh cO: £lien ap thap ChLFC

2 cnau I kh6ng 3 chau I c6
nanq khOng each Iy an toan) khonq co bien phap bao ng~n phu f = 50 Hz ng~n phu
v$ va dU'Q'c quy dinh trong DIN VDE 0100, phan 470. U = 20 ... 25 V va 60 Hz U = 40 ... 50 V
Mach di$n FELV kh6ng dap LPng dU'Q'c d6i hoi vE§sv Mil rnau: tlrn Ma rnau: tr~ng
each di$n an toan cua cac rnach SELV va PELV.
Hinh 3: 0 earn cho thi6t b] di$n ap thap

l)khong co song hili; £>,;, qon s6ng nho han 10% s6ng hi$u dung vai di$n xoay chi.§usin h6n hop.
380 9 May di~n

[Link] Bao v~ bang gi6'i han di~n tich L1

N
Khi nguon di$n cung cap cho nang 1U'Q'ngphong di~n khong qua 0,35 !...!PE'---,~_--+-_-+- _
J thi khong can cac bien phap bao v$ chcSngti€!p xuc true ti€!p,thi du nhu
o tu di~n dil nap di$n hoac hang rao di$n canh gia sue,

9.4.6 Baa v~ chong di~n gi~t trong dieu ki~n binh

thU'cYng(Baa v~ chOng titf!p xuc true tiep hay
baa v~ co ban)

Hinh 1: Bao v~ bang each di~n co ban

Bao v$ CO' ban (bao v$ chcSngti~p xuc true tiep) can thi€!t khi dlen ap
dinh rnuc Ian non 25 V 0 di$n xoay chieu va60 V 0 di$n mot chieu,

Bao v$ hCfu hi$u la khi con ngLl'ai khOng thfl cham d~n duoc cac phan
dan di$n trong dieu ki$n van hanh binh thLl'ang (Hinh 1). Cac may cong Hinh 2: BilO v~ biing each di~n
Cl,Jhay cac thi~t b] tieu dung chay bang dong CO' dien phai duoc bao v~
chong tiep xuc tn,l'c tiep du dtro'i AC 25 V hoac DC 50 V.

Bao v~ bang each each di~n cac phan co di~n hoat dqng. T~t ca cac
phan tLYheat dong phai duoc boc boi chat each dien co dO ben CO' hoc
(Hinh 2). Vat li$u each dien phai duoc cau teo sac cho neu muon thao bo
chi c6 thfl bang each pha huy chunq. Cac lap oxit, vo bao bang soi, son
hay phu lap men deu khong dap Lmg dieu kien nay.

Bao v~ biing each d~y hay bao kin. Baa v$ bilng bi$n pnap d$y hay
bao kin, thi du conq tac dien hay 6 earn dien d6i voi SI,Y ti~p xuc true tiep Hinh 3; Bao v~ b~ng che d~y hoac bao kin
(Hinh 3). Cac bien phap nay phai dap CPngtoi thiflu bao v$lo<;li IP 2X noac
IP XXB. a cac noi che phu phl1ng ngang phai dap Lmg toi thieu 10<;li bao
v$ IP 4X hoac IP XXD. [Link] bao v$ IP 4X ngan chan cac vat 1<;1 xarn nhap
vao trong thi~t bi qua cac 10ho. Viec di;ly hay bao kin phai d6ng lai chac
chan va chi mo ra dLl'Q'cvai dunq Cl,Jthich hop,

Bao v~ bang v~t can, Thanh chan bao v$, khu biet lap, ILI'oicnan bao v$
dLl'Q'cmot phan d6i voi SI,!' tiep xuc tnrc tiep (Hinh 4). Tuy nhlen cac vi;lt
can nay chi duoc phep SLYdunq trang ph6ng oc conq xLI'ong kh6a kin, la
noi rna chi chuyen vlen mot duoc phep vao thi du tram bi~n th~. V<;itcan
co the dai di dLl'Q'Crna khong can dl,JngCl,J,nhLl'ng vat can can phai duoc
gan chac chan dfl khong the vo y dai di.
Hinh 4: Bao v~ bang 41 can

Bao v~ qua khoang each, f)LI'ang day ngoai troi va dLl'ang day cho
xe dien phai co khoanq each du Ian de con ngLl'ai khong the cham d~n
duoc (Hinh 5). Khu biet lap, rao can hay ILI'oican phai thiet k~ sac cho 0
khoanq each 2,5 m con ngLl'ai khong thfl cham cunq luc vao cac phan co
di$n the khac nhau (g~p doi khoanq each tam tay).

Tang cU'cYngbao v~ voi thiet b] bao v~ (ReDs). SLYdl,JngRCDs (xem

trang 384) vai dong dien sai biet thi~t k~ I"'n ~ 30 mA (truoc day: dong
di$n ro dinh rrurc) d~ tang cuonq bao ve
chong ti~p xuc true ti~p nhLl'ng
bien phap nay khong ouoc dung dong dien ro nhu' bien phap bao v$ duy
nh~t.
Hinh 5: Bao v~ bang khoang each an tean
 9.4 Cac bien phap bao v$ 381

9.4.7 Bao v~ ngan ngu.a di~n gi~t khi coloi (Bao v~ chong cham di~n gUm tiep hay
bao v~ khi co loi)
Bao v$ ngan ngLPa di$n gi$t khi co loi nharn bao v$
L1
cho ngU'ai va gia sue trong tmang hop bien phap bao L2
ve CO'ban khonq con hCfu hi$u. N€Ju khong con bao v$ L3
ch6ng cham dien true ti€lp vi each di$n hU', va neu dien
PE
ap van hanh cao hon 50V AC, thi du nhu (y 230 V, thi
tiep xuc vai phan co di$n co thll gay nguy hiem cho Dong
sue khoe con ngU'ai (Hinh 1). Thiet b] co loi phal duoc diE!!nqua
CCY the
ngat dien ngay trong thai gian that nqan, thi du 0,4 s.

Neu day dat (PEt» dU'Q'c n6i voi vo thillt b] di$n, Hinh 1: Bao v~ bang each ngat di~n
ta goi bien phap bao v$ nay la tuy thuoc h$ thong.
Day bao v$ (PE) va day (PEN2» dU'Q'c danh dau
Bang 1: Ky hi~u cac h~ th6ng di~n ba pha
hai rnau xanh-vanq. Day PEN co them ky hieu
rnau xanh dU'O'ng nhat a
hai dau day. Thi dl,l: H~ thOng TN-C

1. Mau t ••••
th(P nhat: each ti€lp d€!t phan ngulln thi
du a
tram bi€ln ap
Vo'i nhCfng h$ th6ng rna thillt b] khong duoo phep ngat
T: NOi d€!t trvc ti€lp tai mot diem thi du 0 di{,m sao
ngay ngu6n di$n khi c6 loi I~n thli' nhat, thi du nhu T qua dily d~t.
trong ph6ng giai phiiu, thi bO phan bao v$ phai bao I: each diE?nIta ca cac bo phan co dien hoat dong
dong bang tin hi$u (H~ thong IT, trang 387). vai aM hose noi voi d§1 qua mot Ira khimg

2. Mau t ••••th(P hai: each liep dat cua vo thiet b] trong

[Link] H~ thong di~n ba pha mot he thong dien
N T: Va thiet bi troc ti€lp noi dat

Trong rnanq di$n ba pha di$n ap thap (ha the), ngU'ai N: Va thi~t b] noi voi day dat cua ngulln tao dien ap

ta phan bi$t h$ th6ng phan ph6i di$n cua conq ty

truyen tai dien VNB (Verteilung Netz Betreiber) va cua
3. Mau tI,Pth(P ba: So
trt day Irung tinh N va cac day

cac h$ th6ng tieu thu dlen, Cac h$ th6ng phan ph6i

di$n c6 ky hieu qu6c te voi cac rnau tl,l' thi du h$ th6ng
c dat PE trong he TN
S: PE va N khong nOi vai nhau
C: K~I h9'P PE va N chung thanh mot day PEN
TN, TT va IT (Bang 1). NgU'ai ta phan biet ba loei h$

•
Chii> viet tat: T tll' chfr Terre (ti~ng Phap) = dat, I (isota) = each
thong TN: TN-S, TN-C va TN-C-S.
Iy, each dien N (neulre) = Irung tinh, S (separe) =
tach ra, C (combine) = kel hop
Trong h~ TN, diem sao cua ngu6n dien duo'c n6i
thang voi dat. V6 thiet b] di$n (y tai tieu thu duoc n6i
voi diem sao nay cua bien ap (Hinh 1). L'
;::=; L2
a h~ thong TN-C, day n6i voi vo thiet b] la day PEN, r ==== I'
L3
PEN
day nay vua la day trung tinh vLPa ta day dat bao v$
(Hinh 2). Trong h~ TN-S thi day trung tinh N va day
• it t
bao v$ PE la hai day rieng biet (Hinh 4). Trong h$
th6ng thiet b] tieu thu, h$ TN-C va h$ TN-S c6 the
_ RB
l !@ I I @I
du'oc ket hop lai thanh h~ TN-C-S (Hinh 3).
Hinh 2: H~ thOng TN-C

L1 L1
;::=; L2 ;::=; L2
==== ,
L3
N ==== , L3
N
r PE
, i I{~ I~,~
'r
, ~.~
T PE

':' RB l @II !@II @I -e- RB l @I I @~

Hinh 3: H~ thOng TN-C-S Hinh 4: H~ thOng TN-S

1) PE. viet tat Protection Earth (ti~ng Anh)= day bao ve (day dAt)
2) PEN, viet tilt Protection Earth Neutral (ti(mg Anh)= day Irung tinh co choc nling bao v$
382 9 May di~n

Trong h$ TT, mot dil!m cua nguon di$n dtroc nOi

true ti4p voi d~t. Vo thiet b] tieu thu duoc nOi d~t
ri€mg. Di$n CI!C d~t nay duoc tach ri€mg vai noi
-=-
=

~
- ,
L1
L2
L3
N
d~t cua ml;lng phan phoi di~n. ~ ~
@L 1... PE

_'- RB
I I ~RA
H$ TN va h$ Tf cOng co the van hanh ph5i hop vol
nhau. (y cac nong trai va co sa trang cay xanh, nhCmg
Hinh 1: H~ th6ng TT
thillt b] di$n cho cac tea nha dU'Q'c phep lap di;lt theo
h$ TN. H$ thong di$n trong cac phonq OC trong nong
trai, thi du chuang sue vat, chuang phan hay kho hat L1
giong c6 thl! dU'Q'C lap di;lt theo h$ n. Cac rnach dien L2
L3
6 earn can dU'Q'c bao v$ b~ng thi4t b] bao v$ ro di$n PE
RCD vo'i 1M s 30 mA.

Trong h$ IT. diem sac cua ngu6n di$n ap va cac

Thillt bi giam
bo phan c6 dien hoat dong khong dU'Q'c phep noi sa! each dien
dat. Mi;lng phan phoi di$n duoc phep nOi dat qua
mot tro khanq Ian. V6 thillt b! duoc noi voi d~t Hinh 2: H~ thOng IT
(Hinh 2).

Bang 1: BQ bao v~ dU'Q'c phep SIP dung

[Link] Bi~n phap bao v~ trong h~ th6ng TN
Trong h~ thong TN-S Trong h';' thong TN-C

• B9 bao v~ ch6ng dong • Chi c6 b9 bao v';' chong

qua tai dong qua tai
Trong h$ TN, cham vo phai d§n d€!n ngan rnach
va thi4t b] c6 loi phai dU'Q'c khai dong ngat di$n • B9 bao v';' ro di';'n (RCD)

b~ng bO bao v$ qua tai mac nOi tiep,

3/N/PE~SOHz
4001230 V L1
Qua do, ngU'ai ta ngan chan dU'Q'c Sl! hinh thanh dien L2
ap ti4p xuc cao hon cho phep a
v6 thi4t b], L3
N
PE

H$ TN doi hoi dil!m sac cua bi€!n ap phai nOi dat true
tiep. T~t ca vo cua thiet bi phai duoc noi true ti€!p voi Day PEN
dil!m nOi d~t nay cua rnanq cung cap qua day bao v$ bi cut

PE hay PEN. Khi c6 loi, thi du nhu bi cham VO, rnach

di$n ro se d6ng lai qua day bao v$ va bO phan bao ve
se ngat nqucn di$n (Bang 1) va (Hinh 3). NOi d~t (y he
thOng biiln ap

-------=-
Gia SlY h$ thong tieu thu kh6ng c6 di$n CI!C dat rieng / Dong dien chay
R qua dilt
va day bao v$ PEN b] dLPt truoc khi nOi voi hop phan Dien CI,J'C dilt cua
mong nha
cap dien nha (Hinh 3), thi du kh6ng cham vo van c6
mot di$n ap nguy hiern a vo hay a day bao v$ doi vo'i Mach di';'n ro 2

cac thiet b] dung di$n mot pha. Trong tmang hop c6

Mach dien ro voi day PEN Mach dien ro vai day PEN
loi, di$n th4 cua day bao v$ cOng nhu day PEN chi khOng co 10i bi dm
khac biet rat it so voi di$n th€! dat, can dam bao phai
Bien ap -+ Day di (L 1) Bi';'n ap ~ Day di (L 1)
c6 dong di$n ngU'Q'c tro v~ dil!m sac cua bien ap. £)l!
- NO'i xay ra SI)'c6 -Va may -- NO'i xay ra 51! co --+ Va may
dat dU'Q'C di~u nay phai c6 them nhD>ng diem tiep d~t -+ Day vfl (PE va PEN) ~ Day ve (PE -+ Thanh can b~ng
trai d~u trong lU'ai di$n, dac biet a
nhD>ng dil!m nOi -+ Diem sac (BiI~n ap) dien the)
-+ £)i$n CI,J'C d§t cua mong nha
trong toa nha, thi du b~ng each noi voi di$n CI!C d~t
_£>at
cua m6ng nha. -+ Phan oat v~n hanh - £)i~m seo

Hinh 3: Bao v~ bang each n6i dat trong h~ TN-C-S

 9.4 Cac bien phap bao ve 383

8€l baa ve an toan, tong di$n tro cua tat ca noi Can di~n ap
dat c6 tr] so 20 la duo

N~u 16ng Ira kh6ng dap (Png dl1'Q'Ctri so 20 thi di~u

kien tiep con gQi la "can di~n ap" phai dl1'Q'cdap (Png
RB T6ng diem tra tat ca cac dien cue dat
(conq thu>c, Hinh 1). Neu giQ>duoc dieu ki$n nay thi
dien ap ti€lp xuc a
day PEN, day baa ve hay vo thi~1 bi RE Dien tro chuyen li~p gia dinh nho nhat cua
56 kh6ng Vl1'Q'tqua di$n ap cho phep UL' vat d~m di$n voi dat khi kh6ng noi voi day
baa v$ va cham dflt.
Tiet dien day di$n va b¢ bao v$ phai duoo thlet ke sao 50 v Gioi han cua dien ap tiep xuc cha phep.
cho khi co su c6 giQ>aday pha voi day baa v$ hay voi Uo £lii;ln ap djnh rnoc cua day ngoai doi voi day
b¢ phan duoc noi voi day PEN, viec ngat di$n tt)' d(lng n6i dllt, day PEN, day trung tinh noac day
phai duoc thuc hien trong thai gian da dU'Q'cquy dinh baa v$.
trong DIN VDE 0100 phan 410 (Bang 1).

8ieu kien nay cuoc cap lJ'ng neu tlch so cua treYkhang
vong Zs va clI'eYng dQ dong di~n ngat la kh6ng Ian ~------r----t--i I'
hon dien ap djnh danh d6i voi day dat (Zs . la ~ Uo). R[

Tro khanq vonq trong mach co 16i diroc hi€lu la tro

khang cua may bien ap, cua rnanq lU'oi dien va cua h$
thong day (Hinh 3, trang 376). Tro khanq nay cuoc
xac djnh bang each do dac hoac tinh toano

Bang 1: Thai gian ngit di~n toi da trong h~ thong TN

(Iheo DIN VDE 0100, ph&n 410)
Mach di~n £)~n ap Uo Thai gian ngilt

• Mach di~n cuoi t(f cac 6 earn '" AC 120 V: 0,85

di~n hay di~m noi co dinh " AC 230 V: 0,4 s
cho cac thi,j,t b] gia dunq hay es AC 400 V: 0,25 Hinh 1: Can di~n ap trong h~ TN
cac thiet b] kh6ng co dinh co > AC 400 V: 0,1 S
cap bao v$ I.
Dieu ki~n ngih di~n trong h~ TN

I
• Mang di$n phan phoi treng cac loa nha
55
• Mach di$n cuoi cho thiet bi co dinh

mIUI Kiem tra bi~n philp bao v~

Zs Tro khanq vonq eYrnach di$n ro
MQt rnach di$n tll> 6 earn co ua = 230 V va co cong 11k
baa Vf; qua tai loat B 16A. Tro khanq vonq do duoc la Zs l« Dong di$n ng~t rnach, a
wong d(l nay h$
= 1,84 O. 8ieu ki$n ng~t dien tt)' dQngtheo DIN VDE 0100 bao ve di$n qua tai tU' d(lng ngat dien trong
thai gian djnh truce,
,!.,'.d
phan 410 c6 duoc dap Cmg hay khonq?
Dua vao dU'ang bieu di~n ngat di$n (sach
Carn nang) ta c6 wang dQdong di$n ngat la:
Uo 8i$n ap djnh rnuc d6i voi dat.

t. = 0,4 s:
Bang 2: Til!t di~n va dieu ki~n liip diiit day
1. = 5· In = 5 ·16 A = 80 A
trong h~ TN
Dong di$n ngan rnach lK =!!JJ. = 230 V = 125 A • U\p dijt day co dinh voi tiet dien toi thi~u
z, 5Q TN-C
10 rnrrr' cho dong hoac 16 mm2 cho nhorn.
Ik> dong di$n ngat la. £lieu kien ngat dien dU'Q'C
thoa man.
• Day d6ng tiet dien < 10 rnrn?
TN-S
• Day dU'Q'Cphep di dong
Neu stYdung conq tac bao ve dong di$n r6 (RCD) nhu
b(l bao v$ thi thay vi dung dong dien ngat la ta dung
Day PEN va day bao v$ khOng dU'Q'Cphep bao v$
dong dien sai biet dinh rmrc 1M 1).
biing bO bao v$ qua tai. Day PEN va day trung tinh
kh6ng dU'Q'c phep noi rieng Ie.
8lJ't cac day PEN trang M thong TN-C co the gay ra
nguy hiem Ion. Do d6 h$ th6ng TN-C chi duoc phep
ap dung trong nhQ>ngdieu ki$n nhat dinh (Bang 2).
111M D~ng dil1>nsai biet dinh moc lam cho b9 baa v~ di~n r6 tll dong
ngat di$n trang thai gian dinh truoc.
384 9 May di~n

[Link] BQ bao vi; dong dii;n ro (ReO)

TlI' IlJ'ai dien

BO bao v$ dong dien ro FI (RCD1)) thong dunq
c6 nhiern Vl,Jngat ngu6n di~n tat ca cac CI,l'C cua RCO
thillt b! di$n trong mot thai gian ngan, thi du 0,2 S . Ngal dii;!n 1--
bang dien tLr
hoac 0,4 s khi SI)' each di¢n co loi tao ra di$n ap
Nhan
tiep xuc nguy hiem. thli
nghiem

80 bi~n dOi
Trim thuc te thai gian ngat di¢n cua ReD thU'ang
don'g 16ng hop
ngan hon nhieu, B6 bao v$ dong oi~n ro do d6 cung
Dim noi lieu dung
cap mot SI)' bao v$ hCru hi$u chong di$n gi~t.
Hinh 1: Nguyen tac cua cong tac bao v~ FI (ReO)

T~t ca day c6 dien heat dong (L 1, L2, L3, N) tiY llJ'ai

di$n den thillt bi can dtroc bao v$ phai qua bQ bien
d6i dong t6ng hop (Hinh 1). Trong tranq thai khOng Nut thli nghiem
K€JInOi
co 16i, tong so wang do dong dien chay VaG va chay Iu'ai dien
ra biing O. TiY trlJ'cYng xoay chieu cua cac day di$n
trong bQ bi~n doi dong tong hop tri$t tieu 1i3n nhau.
Trong trlJ'cYng hop nay, khong co di$n ap earn iYng fy
cuon day d~u ra cua bo bien doi dong tong hop.

Khi mot day cham oat hay thlet b] cham v6, mot phan
dong di$n chay xuong dat ve lai ngubn cung cap. Do
LS
d6, tong s6 dong dien vao va ra khong con bang 0
nua. Mot oi$n ap duoc earn iYng fy cuon day d~u ra
cua bo bien doi dong tong hop se kich hoat b(> khfyi
d(>ng ngat dien biing di$n tiY (Hinh 1). BO khfyi d(>ng
nay lam tat tat ca cac CI)'C cua bo RCD. Vai mot nut
thLi nqhiem ngU'fyi ta c6 the rno ph6ng su c6. Qua do
chi co Ih§ ki§m Ira chuc nang ngat cua bQ RCD rna
khonq kiem nghi$m du'o'c tinh hCru hi$u cua bien phap K€JInOi Ihi€JI bi lieu dung
bao v$.
Hinh 2: K~t hop RCD/LS, 40 A I 30 mA, hai eve

BO ngat dien tl)' dong RCD phai dlJ'Q'c kiem tra

mOi nqay lam viec doi vai cac h$ th6ng khOng
thlJ'cYng true (co dlnh) va toi thieu 6 thanq mot I~n
Reo (Cong I~c baa ve
dong dien ro FI)
cho cac h$ thong thuonq true.

BO billn doi dong

long hop
Trong mach di$n mot pha, ngU'cYi ta sLi dunq bO RCD
hai CI)'C. Trong h$ di$n dfyi rnoi va de cai tien chuc
nanq bao v$ fy h$ di$n dfyi cO, thi du nhu' luc lap d~t Nut thli
them rnach di$n cho phonq tam, nglJ'fyi ta ket hop nqhiern
RCD va cong tac bao v$ dlJ'fyng day (Hinh 2). Loai
thiet b] voi rnach ket hop nay giam bat dlJ'Q'C day nOi L1
lien giCra RCD va conq tac bao v$ dlJ'fyng day. L2
L3
Conq tac bao v$ RCD (Hinh 3) duoc quy dinh phai co N

trong cac thiet b] fy phonq tam, conq trinh xay dunq, PE

trang trai vuon ruong, h6 tam cong cong, phonq y te,
phonq thi nqhiern, trll'fyng hoc va co sa
dao tao cOng
nhu xU'fyng may de h6a hoan.

1) ReD, vi8t t<1tcua: Residual Current Protective Device (I. Anh.) = B¢

bilO ve
dong dien ro. Hinh 3: Thi du cua me;.t be;. bao vii! RCD trong h~ n
 9.4 Cac bien phap bao v$ 385

Thi~t b] bao v$ ro di$n (RCD) cOng giup ch6ng hoa Bang 1: Cong suat nol xay ra Slf co "
hoan do dong di$n SI)' c6 chay qua dat gay ra. Bang 1 di~n ap AC 230 V
ben earth li$t ke cong suat t6i da co th§ dat o~n tal not
xay ra su c6 a di$n ap 230 v khi ma bo ng~t oi~ln RCD
Cling suat [WI
hay b¢ phan bao v$ dong oien qua tal van chua kich
hoat. Bo ngat dien RCD phonq chay tot hon rnoi bien
[t.n =
30 mA 6,9
= 0,3 A 69
phap bao v$ khac, B¢ bao ve
r6 di~n Reo nh~y earn
[M
[an = 0,5 A 115
co dong di$n sai biet thi€lt k~ tiY 10 mA d~n 30 mA con
C~u chi hay cong t~c bao ve
bao v$ chong ti~p xuc (cham) true ti€lp. 2300
dU'6'ng day 10 A

C~u chi hay cong t~c bao ve

3680
du'dng day 16 A
£)€l tang cU'(Yng chLYCnang bao ve, cac 6 earn bao v$,
day 0 dien hoac phich earn an toan duoc ket hO'P v&i
conq tac bao v$ di$n ro co Il'>n ::510 mA hoac 30 mA
(Hinh 1).

Va cua thiet b] bao v$ diroc noi true tiep vot day PEN
o eilm eo bao ve
trann tiQP xuc
a dau VaG cua cong tac bao v$ di$n trong h$ TN-rc
C-S va noi voi day dat bao v$ {y h$ TN-S (Hinh 2). Noi Nul thu- nghiem
voi day PEN hay day PE (Hinh 1) lam rut ngan thoi
gian ngat oi$n khi co Sl,l' c6.

a rnach di$n co linh ki$n ban dlln, thi du mach chinh

luu, rnach di~u khi€ln bang cat pha va cho thi~t b] tieu
thu co rnuc bao v$ cap I thi conq tac bao ve ro dien
RCD phai khai dong co hieu qua ngay ca vai dong
dien ro xung mot chieu.

Khi gaP Sl,I' co. thoi gian ngat dien cho bo RCD thong Khop n6i dien
dung khong ouoc vuot qua 0.2 s, khi co dong di$n ro
sai biet dlnh rnuc 1M d6i v&i dong di$n xoay chieu hay Hinh 1: Phich dim an toan v6>i RCD 30 mA
1,4 x I,~.n doi voi dong di$n xung mot chieu. Khi dong

•
ro xoay chieu dat t&i 5 Itm dong di$n sai bi$t dinh rnuc
1M hay dong di$n ro xung mot chieu dat 5 x 1,4 X 1M 3/N/PE~50Hz 400/230V L1
thi RCD phai ngat dien hCi'u hi$u trong thoi gian 0,04 L2
s (Hinh 3b). L3
N
PE

Sl,I' kich heat cua b¢ RCD cOng phai ngcflt di$n

hCi'u hi$u ou day trung tinh hoac/va mot hay nhieu
day L 1, L2, L3, N, PE khong heat dong.

Conq tac bao v$ RCD dai rnoi co the phan LYng trl Hinh 2: Be;.bao ve RCD trong miiln9 TN-S
hoan vci xung that ngan va chiu cuoc xung di$n sec.
Tinh chat nay ngan chan sl)' ngcflt di$n khong dung
do cao ap trong khi quyen, thi du nhU' khi giong bao,
ciing nhu do cao ap co tan so cao trong cac dan may
conq ngh$, thi du nhu mach di$n co bu {y trung tam a) b)
~$0
c) d) e)
hay thi~t bi di$n earn. Cac tinh chat ca biet nay duoc Hinh 3: Bieu tlJ'Q'ng nhan danq cua be;.bao ve RCD
bieu th] trong Hinh 3. De dam bao chuc nanq chon lee a) Oau kiem djnh VDE
trang rnach co nhieu ReO, Reo IOlili tri hoan, loai S b) Dung cho dien ro xoay chieu va xung di~n ro mQt
(selective = chon lee) dU'O'c phep n5i lien tiep vai RCD chieu
c) Chju dlJ'Q'c ng~n rnach t6>i, thi du 6 kA
thOng dung. RCD chon loc duo'c LYng dung chu yeu
d) Cho v~n hanh (y nhiet de;.thdp, thi du -2SoC
trang cac rnach phan ph6i dien va co thai gian ngat e) Cong t~c bao ve RCD loai S (chon IQc), th60i gian
di$n::5 1 s. ng~t di~n S 1 5 chi khi dong dien l6>n gap hai 1M
386 9 May di~n

9.4.7.4Bi~n phap bao v~ trong h~ thong TT

Vai bi$n phap baa v~ trang he thong Tf, Sl)'

cham vo S8 d~n o&n Sl)' noi o~t. Dong dien ro se
ngat dien thiet b] nho bo baa ve dong dien qua
tai hay bo baa v$ RCD.

Tat ca cac vo thiet b] phal nOi VaG day dat chung RA.
Biem sac cua may bien thtJ co nOi dat rieng (Hinh 1).
Bien tro dat RA phai nho de khi co Sl)' co, bO bao ve se
Hinh 1: Bao v~ bang each ng~t di~n v60i thillt b] bao v~ qua
ngat dien truce khi dien ap tiep xuc UL vol vo thi~t b]
tili trong h~ TT
vuot qua muc cho phep,
Bang 1: Th60i gian ng<1t di(in trong h~ TT
Boi voi dien tro oat thong thU'ang, khi cham va, dong (theo DIN VDE 0100, Phan 410)
dien ro S8 rat nho, Do d6 trong he thong Tf ngU'ai ta Cac thiet bi bao vi: ThOi gian ngat
uu tien sUodunq bo baa v$ RCD (Hinh 2). So bao vi: qua tai voi d~c tuyen khai dong tuy
thuoc VaG wang dO va thOi gian, thi du cau s5s
chi n6ng chay gG (gL)
So bao ve voi d~c tuyen kh&i dong khiing trl s 100 ms
Tmang hop sv co, bo baa v$ phai ngat dien noan, thi du cau dao cling suat bao vi:
trang khoanq thai gian cho phep (Bang 1). Be So bao ve dien r6 RCD loai thong thU'ang ,,200 ms

bien phap bao ve heat dong hCl'u hieu thi phai So RCD chon IQc, thi du loai S s1s

thoa di~u kien RA' la S UL.

RA £lien tro tiep d~t t~t ca cac vo thiet b]
Trang thi du sau day thiet bi trang Hinh 1 bi cham vo. '. CU'ang do dE!.bo bao ve tt,J'dong ngat
Kiem tra bien phap baa ve vai cong tac bao ve cong ngu6n dien
suat LS: UL £lien ap tiep xuc cho phep ton nhat

1. Bo bao ve qua tai phai ngat ngubn I~p tuc

(tasO,1s).
2. Bien ap tiep xuc (doi vai dat) khong VU'Q't qua AC
50 V.

iiDImI Ki~m tra bi~n phap bao v~

Trang rnanq di$n 230 V. tong tro a

rnach di$n c6 Sl,J' co la
5 0 va di$n tro dat RA = 2 O. Kiem tra bien phap bao v$
voi cong tac bao v$ cong suat 10QiB 16 A.

'[Link]
1 . D·ong d'ten
• < x I J:!.rL = 5Q
ngat nguon: a = R
230 V 46 A
=
Ges

2. Bi$n ap tiep xuc: UB = RA . la = 2 . 46 = 92 V

K~t qua: Cong tac bao v$ conq suat B 16 A khong duoc
phep stY dunq. Theo dU'ong bieu dien (sach Cam nang) Hinh 2: cum lieu thu di~n trong h~ TT v60i bq bao v~ RCD
thi phai can dong di$n ngat ngutSn la 80 A => Dh~u ki~n 1
khong dap (Png. RA Tong dien tra tiep d<ftt cho phep lon nhat
Bi$n ap tiep xuc vuot rrurc cho phep AC 50 V => Dieu trong cum tieu thu dien
ki~n 2 khOng dap (mg. '60 dong dien sai biet thiet ke
Khc1c phuc:
• Chon cong tac bao v$ cong suat v&i dong dien thiet
Bang 2: Tr] so lOonnhat cua di~n tra tillp dat RA
ke nho hon,
• Dung conq tac bao v$ di$n ro RCD. DQ sai biel dong £lien tro dat RA
dien thi~t k~ UL = 50 V UL = 25 V
So RCD dap ling sl,J' baa v$ hCl'u hieu vi dong di$n
ngat nguon bang dong dien sai biet thi~t k~ IAn. Voi O,Q1A 5000 2500
bO RCD (Bang 1), he thong thiet bi S8 duoc ngat dien 0,03 A 1665 832
0,3A 165 82
trang thai gian 0,2 s hoac 1 s khi g~p Sl)' co. Tr] so toi
0,5A 100 50
da cho dien tro dal diroc ghi trang Bang 2.
 9.4 Cac bien phap bao v$ 387

9.4.7.5Bi~n phap bao v~ trong h~ IT

Khi c6 SI,l'ccSIfln dflu (cham vo) he IT S8 bao

d9n9 thay vi ng~t dien. B9 phan giam sat se bao
dong b~ng den va/hay am thanh khi g.;lp Sl,l'co
Ian dflu.

Tat ca vo cua thiet b] can bao ve phai ncSichung oiem

tiep dat. f)iem sac cua tram bien ap lU'ai oien hay may
phat dien phai each oien hay noi vai dat b~ng mot tro
khang lon (Hinh 1).

Hinh 1: Baa v~ trong h~ th6ng IT

He thong IT duoc quy oinh dung trang cac ph6ng
ClPUcap, phang mo cOng nhu trang xu'ang IUY$n Dieu ki~n trong h~ IT
thep va co xU'ang dl,mg I~u. H$ thcSngnay cOng
duoc SLYdunq trang xU'eYngsan xuat h6a chat, RA . Id " UL
hay nhu ngu6n di$n thay the trang ClPUhoa va RA Teng tro cua CI,l'Coat va tat ca day baa ve
tren tau thUy.
Id Dong di$n ro giCl'aday pha va vo thiet b] khi co
SI,!'cOIan dau
Khong nhu trang cac h$ thcSngTN va TT nguon dien UL Gi6'i han cua di$n ap tiep xuc cho phep
S8 bi ngat khi c6 sv co Ian dflu (thi du cham vo), trang
h$ IT chi c6 bao hi$u. Khi chi c6 mot SI,l'co xay ra, xuat
hien dang ro nho va oien ap tiep xuc con thap hon L1
cho phep, f)i~u ki$n RA· Id S 50 V phai duoc dap lPng. L2
Day bao ve S8 c6 cunq dien the cua day dan di$n c6 L3
loi. Vi tat ca vo may c6 cung oien the qua day baa v$ PE
nen khong c6 nguy hiem. Qua trinh cong vi$c, thi du
giai phau, c6 the oU'O'Choan thanh. BQ giam sat each
di~n lien tuc kiem tra va thong bao di$n tro each dien
cua he theng (Hinh 1). Loi (cham oi$n) duoc bao hieu
dau tien phai duoc sua chua nhanh ch6ng, neu khonq LOi 1 Baa hieu + LOi 2 Ng~1 dien
he bao ve S8 ngat dien thiet b] khi c6 loi tiep theo xay

•
Hinh 2: H~ IT vai 2 16i
ra eYmot day nqoai khac (Tong quan).
Tong quan: 89 bao v~ trong h~ IT
Dang di$n ro hay dong di$n ngat rnach chay qua rnach BO giam sat each dien
oi$n cua thiet b] c6 loi. Do d6 tra khanq trang trll'eYng Bo bao ve qua lai
hop nay ton non tro khanq trang mach TN (Hinh 2) khi Bo baa ve ReD
g$p loi don gian. Dieu klen ngat di$n khi c6 loi Ifln thlP
hai la tro khanq vonq phai dap lPng Zs S U : (2 . la).
Trang h$ IT voi day trung tinh phan bcS(1U'&ioi$n bon
day) thol gian ngat di$n keo dai gap hai lan. U
Zs" 2 . Ia
Zs Tr6>khang vonq 6>mach dien col6i (kh6ng day Irung tinh)
U £lien ap djnh rnuc giOoacac day pha
I. Dong dien kh6>i dong ng~1 dien II)' dong (thai gian ng~t
1. Hay cho biet SI,l'khac biet giCl'acac h$ TN, TT va dien nhU' Irong he TN)
IT?
2. Thoi gian ngat di$n cho phep trong h$ TN 113
bao nhieu?
3. Tro khanq vonq la gi? N6 c6 tr] se ton nhat la baa nhieu?
4. Day PEN tiep dat qua CI,!'Cdat cua m6ng nha c6 y nghTagi?
5. £)i$n tro dat RA trang h$ theng TT phai thoa man nhCl'ngoieu ki$n gi?

6. Bo baa ve ReD co IO'ioi~m gi so voi bo bao ve qua tai?

7. Tai sao bO baa v$ RCD du'oc khuyen ngh! lap O$t trang h$ thcSngTT?
388 9 May di~n

[Link] Bao v~ bang each SLPdl,mg thi~t b] co bao v~ cap II ho~c dung each di~n tlJ'O'n9
dlJ'O'ng (bao v~ each di~n)

Bi$n phap bao v$ theo killu bao v$ b~ng each di$n

ngan chan di$n ap nguy hillm tren cac be phan cua a) Ky hieu: sac ve
each dien
I0 I b) Ky hieu: Kh6ng
c6 day bao ve
thiet b] c6 thll tiep xuc duoc neu phuonq phap bao v$
b~ng each di$n co ban b] 16i. Thiet b] loai nay duoc
Hinh 1: Ky hi~u cho bao v~ each dien
danh d~u b~ng ky hi$u cua each di$n bao v$ (Hinh 1a).

Khi lap d.;it h$ thong, neu c6 them mqt lap each di$n
thl thiet b] nay dU'Q'c danh dau b~ng each gG'lch be ky
c) each dien
hi$u noi dilt (Hinh 1b).
tang clfang
hay b6 sung
6 phuonq phap bao v$ bang each di$n (bao v$
cap II) tat ca cac phan thiet b] c6 the cham d€m
va c6 dien ap khi c6 loi phai dU'Q'c che kin h3Udai
b~ng each dien CO' ban va con duoc them lap Hinh 2: Cae loai each dien
each dien tang CU'ang hay b6 sung (Hinh 2).

each di$n bao ve cOng dU'Q'c thuc hii;!n b~ng each

lap VaG mot chi tiet khong dan dii;!n co dinh, thi ou Va bang viit lieu
banh xe rang bang nhua (Hinh 3). Thiet b] khong co cacn oien
dinh c6 each di$n bao vi;!, heat dong voi dien xoay a) Bao ve each dien
toan phfm (bee cac
chieu dung day dii;!n kep voi phich di$n (diro'c due
bo ph;!tn kim loai
thanh khoi) khong can cnau bao vi;! va khOng din day bang nhua kh6ng
dat. Khi sua chua day noi, day rnau xanh-vanq phai dan dien)
duoc noi VaG phich earn, thi du cua loai day ong mern
H05W-F3G1,5. T<;Iithiet bi, day bao v$ dU'Q'c cat ngan
va duoc each dien. N6 khong duoc phep noi tlep vai
bat Clf phan dan dii;!n nao ben trong thiet bi. Phuonq £long CO'
b) Bao vi) bang OlfQ'Cboc kin
phap bao vf# b<'lng each di$n dU'Q'c lfng dunq trang cac eacheachdien
bang v€ltlieu
thiet bi nho, thiet b] gia ounq, dl,mg CI,.Idien (Hinh 3), giO>acac b¢ ph~n
each oien
bQ earn phan phoi dii;!n, bang cong to' dien, den chieu Cach dien giO>a
sang va nhung va ngoai thi du cua phich earn theo d¢ng CO' va bo
chuan CEE. truyen o¢ng

Hinh 3: May khoan vcYieach di~n bao ve

[Link] Bao v~ each Iy

NgU'CYita dung bo bien ap each Iy de each Iy dien £lau vao £lau ra

the giQ>a rnanq dii;!n va thiet b] tleu dung.

May bien ap each Iy ngan dii;!n ap tlf nguon dien c6

tiep dat xuat hien tren thiet b] tieu thu. C6ng ra cua
bien ap khonq co dii;!n ap doi voi dat. [§ '------:---'
oem 16A
£)e co duoc each Iy dien the phai sCPdunq biE!n ap Bi.§nap each Iy di dong
each Iy theo DIN VDE 0550 hoac t6 hop dong CO'I
may phat dien theo DIN VDE 0530. Hinh 4: Bao v~ each Iy

Neu bien phap bao vi;! bang "each Iy bao ve" (Hinh 1) b] quy dinh bat bUQC vi nguy hiem d~c biet thi du nhu che
tao noi hoi, thl chi mot rnach tieu thu phai noi voi bien ap each Iy. Tich so tOi da cua dien ap va chieu dai day dan
dien kh6ng VU'Q'tqua 100.000 Vm. Chieu dai day dan dii;!n khonq VU'Q'tqua 500 m.

Cac phich earn cho rnach dien lieu thu kh6ng duoc co chau bao ve (Hinh 4). Bien ap each Iy di dqng phai co
each dien bao ve· Mach tieu thu dien khonq duoc phep nOi d~t va cac bo phan cua he thong cOng khong n6i diftt.
 9.4 Cac bi$n phap bao ve 389

9.4.8 Ki~m tra cac bi~n phap bao v~ TAng quan 1: Kiem tra cac h~ th6ng di~n
H$ thong di$n va phuonq ti$n van hanh phai duoc • Ki~m tra dau tien theo tieu chuan VOE 0100 ph~n 610
killm tra an toan truce khi ban giao. • Kiem tra nhieu dot thee quy dinh BGV') A2 (trang 390)
• Kiem tra an toan cac thiet bj di~n theo lieu chuan DIN
Cac van ban quy dinh cua VDE va cac lu~t dinh VDE 0710
ph6ng ch6ng tai nan ve "H$ thong thiet bi dien va • Bang kiem tra E-Check cho h~ thong va thiet bi dien
thiet b] gia conq" (BGV1) A2) khac nhau ve each (khuyen nghi)

thuc ki~m tra (tang quan 1). Theo cac quy dinh
nay, cac nha san xuat hoac co sa lap rap van Tang quan 2: Ki~m soat bang quan sat
hanh he thong thiet b] dien phai co trach nhlem
kiem tra qua ky thuat vlen dien truoc khi dua • Phu kin, thunq che, vat chU'ang nqai
vao van hanh cOng nhu sau moi Ian sua doi, rno • Day va cap d~n dien c6 dU'Q'c chon hra thich hO'P voi
danq I~p dat, voi sue tai cua day dien va st,J'sut dien ap
rQng, nanq cap hay tu sua.
cho phep kh6ng
• Dong dien khoi dc;,ng ng~t dien trong cac he bao ve va
Ki€!m tra dau tien theo VDE 0100, phan 610 giam sat c6 dU'Q'c chon I\l'a va dieu chinh phu hop kh6ng
Truo'c khi dua vao v$n hanh I~n d~u tien (sau moi Ian • Tat ca cac day dU'Q'c danh d§u bflng mau va ki~m tra chi)
rno r(Jng, sua
doi hay tu sua) he thong thiet b] di$n dim day trung tinh va day bao ve
phai cuoc ky thuat vien kiem tra b~ng quan sat, thu. • Ky hieu cua rnach dien va thi~t bi dien trong he thong va
trong so do macn dien co thong nh~lt kh6ng
nghi~m va do dac,
Ki~m tra bang quan sat. Trang khi I~p diilt he thong
ngll'6'i ta co the kiem tra b~ng quan sat (T6ng quan 2), TAng quan 3: Kiem tra bang thlr nghi~m va do dac
thi du chon Ii,ra dll'6'ng day hoac cap thich hop, tiet
dien co dung kich co
phu hop voi bQ bao ve qua tai • Kiem tra tinh lien tuc cua dily bao ve, day can b~ng dien
hay khonq, Qua quan sat ngll'6'i ta kiern tra thi du day the chinh, day can b~ng dien th~ bo sung
trung tinh, day bao v$ va day PEN co duoc an toan
• £)0 dien tro each dien giO'a tlfng day c6 dien va d§t
hay khong va rnau nnan dc,lng day dien co dll'Q'c giO>
dung quy dinh hay khonq. Kiem so at bang mat la dieu • Kiem tra SI)' each Iy cnac chan cua each Iy bao ve cOng
kien tien quyet cho thCPnghi$m va do dac sau nay. nhu' trong cac rnach dien SELV va PELV

• Do di$n tra cua san nha (each di.;.n) va tU'ang (each di$n)
Killm tra bang quan sat xac dinh quy trinh I~p d~t
h$ thong phu hop voi tieu chuan khi h$ thong • £)0 va tinh toan dong dien kh&i dOng ngat mach trong he
khong co dien. thong dU'Q'c bao ve bflng each tt,J'dong ngat nguOn dien

• Ki~m tra cue di~n ap: Cong t~c mot CI)'C chi dU'Q'c phep
Thu. nqhiem va do dac (T6ng quan 3). Khi dQ Ion

•
dung cho day ngoai
hay chuc nang nao do khong the xac dinh chac chan
bang quan sat thi phai duoc kiem tra bang thCPnghiem • Kiem tra hU'ang trU'O'ng quay phai noi phich earn dien
va do dac, thi du dien tro each dien hoac dien tro vonq. ba pha
Qua thCPnghiem va do dac phai chu>ng minh duoc la
he thong va thiet b] dap tYng dll'Q'C yeu cau theo DIN
VDE 0100.

Qua thCP nghiem va do dac, ngll'ai ta xac dinh

-+-
--
~Nr·5487B3

thiet b] co dap tYng chuc nanq va cac bi$n phap

bao ve quy djnh co hO>uhieu hay khonq. o

Bien ban ki~m tra va bang bao cao chuyen giao

phai duoc thuc hien khi qua trinh kiem nghiem ket ____ 0 __ '-"'_0 0
- 0 0
thuc (Hinh 1). Cac tri s6 thuc t€! do dac phai dll'Q'c ghi ---
- 0__
0 •••
__ 0
0 0
0
___ 0 a n
trong bien ban kiem tra. Chung S8 la bang chtYng khi -- 0_ 0 0

co khieu nai hay co CaG van de trach nhiern ve sau. ~ 8 ~"'--g _ ...
__ 6>0 g
-- - --:- :. .:=- 8
Ki~m tra nhieu dQ't theo quy dinh BGV A2
--I ~-
Can phili kiem tra 19i sau tli'ng quanq thai gian nnat
dinh (Bang 1, trang 390) vi thiet b] gia cong dien nao
Ll
cong bien d6i do thoai h6a va hao men sau thai gian
heat d(Jng. Hinh 1: M9t phan trich tlr bitng nao cao chuYlm giao vii biim
ban ki~m tra
,> BGV, vi';'t tiit Berufsgenossenschaftliche Vorschriften (Quy dinh cua hi$p h¢i ngh€. nghi~p)
390 9 May di~n

Bang 1: Ki€!m tra va djnh ky ki€!m tra cho h~ thong di~n va thi~t b] gia cong (theo BGV A2)

Dinh ky ki~m Ira Loai ki~m Ira

------'--
H~ thong va thiel b] gia cong: 16ng qual. Kil!m tra trooc khi v~n hanh I~n d~u tien, Kil!m Ira linh tranq hoan chinh neu
sau moi dot mo rong, thay doi hay lu sIYa. khong co bang X8C nban cua ngU'ai
I~p dat,

H~ thong dien va Ihiel bj gia cong co djnh. it nh~1 4 narn mot h\in. Ki~m Ira tinh tranq hoan chinh.

Thiel bi gia cong dl dong, day nOi dai co Moi 6 thang (neu co SlY dl,mg). Khuyen Kiem tra linh tr<;lng boan chinh.
phich voi 6 earn dien. nghi mOi 3 thanq a
cac conq trU'ang.

Bien phap bao ve dien ro Reo (conq t~c it nhal mOi Ihang mi)l I~n. Kil!m Ira cong dunq,
bao ve dien ro FI) a
he di di)ng.

Baa ve dien ro FI va FU: Kich hoat he kil!m Ira.

• He Ihong co dinh. it nhal 6 thanq mol I~n.
• He thong khOng eo djnh. moi ngay lam viee.

ouan ao bao ve each dien. lt nhal 12 Ihang mol I~n (neu co SlYdunq). KitJm tra ky thuat an loan va tranq thai
hoan chinh.
TrU'Q>cmoi I~n SlY dl,Jng. KitJm Ira SI)' hU' hong 10r6.

B9 kitJm Ira dien ap, dunq CI,Jeach dien, TrU'<YcmOi I~m SlYdunq. Kiem soat sl,J'hong hoc 19 r6 va ki~m Ira
he baa v~ each dien. chtrc nang hoan chinh.

[Link] Kiem tra phuonq phap baa v~ SELV, PELV va bao v~ each Iy

D5i voi cac bien phap "Bao v$ a

di$n ap thap theo 8ElV hay PElV" va phlJ'O'ng each bao v~ each Iy, ta
phai kiem tra SI)' each Iy ch~c chan giCPacac rnach di$n b~ng each do dac.

M<;Ich di~n di~n ap thap (mach di~n SELV) khong duoc phep noi dilt (vo thiet b] khong n5i dilt) va cOng khonq
dlJ'Q'c n5i vot rnach di~n c6 di~n ap cao hon. Can phai do di$n ap de chLPng minh 103khong VlJ'Q't qua tr] s5 cao
nhat cho phep AC 50 V hay 25 V hoac DC 120 V hay 60 V. Kiem tra di$n tro each di$n b~ng each do tilt ca cac
dlJ'ang day di$n hoat dOng d5i voi dilt (Bang 1).

81)' each dien cua thiet b] gia cong a

di$n ap Ian hon AC 25 V va DC 60 V phai chju dl,l'ng duoc dien ap thfr
nghi$m AC 500 V trong thai gian mot phut.

Mach di$n PElV ouoc kiem tra nho rnach di$n SElV. De do di$n tro each di$n, phai t~t rnach di$n n5i voi day
dilt neu c6.

Bao v~ each Iy. Ta phai kiem tra SI)' each Iy chac cnan d5i voi cac rnach di$n khac va d5i voi d~t qua vi$c do
di$n tro each di$n a
di$n ap Un < 500 V (Bang 1). Khi c6 nhieu thiet b] tieu dung cunq n5i vao mot bien ap each
Iy thi phai kiem tra them 0 earn di$n dau ra c6 dau bao v$ hay khong. Dau bao V$ phai duoc n5i voi day can b~ng
di$n the tai cho khong tiep d~t. Phai kiem tra va chtrnq minh SI)' ng~t dien hCPuhieu sau khi su c5 thLP hai xay ra.

Thi~t b] gia cong co bao v~ each di~n a

dien ap dinh danh tai AC 500 V phai chiu dl)'ng duoc di$n ap thiJo
nghi$m AC 4000 V trong thai gian mot phut. £)i$n ap thfr nghi$m la di$n ap giCPabo phan chu dong cua thiet b!
va bo phan dan di$n a
nqoal, khong thuoc rnach di$n Van hanh,

[Link] Do treY khang v6ng

Tro khang vonq Zs (dien tra cua rnach dien ro) phai du nho de khi xay ra cham vc, cuonq do chay qua h$
bao v$ dong qua tai phai du Ian de khoi 6(>ng ng~t rnach.
 9.4 Cac bien phap bao v$ 391

Vi dang di$n ng~t rnach trong h$ thong tieu thu khong

L1
do true ti€lp duoc, nen nglJ'ai ta xac dinh dien tro vonq N
giQ>a day nqoai va day bao ve PE bang each do 6' 0 PE
earn dien cho thiet b] tieu dung (Hinh 1).
vonq &
rnach dien
_RB COS\l'CO
Bang may do, ngU'ai ta do dien ap 6' tranq thai khong
tai di$n va 6' tranq thai co tai. Qua di.J chenh lech cua Hinh 1: £)0 tra khanq yang
dien ap khonq tai va dien ap c6 tal cunq voi dong dien
co tai, tr] so tr6' khang vonq duoc xac djnh va hien th]
true tiap tren may do.

TrOokhang vong va dong di~n ngat mach

Tr6' khanq vonq 18 tong cua tat ca di$n Ira cua manq
lU'ai di$n va cua cac day dien d~m tol rnach dien tieu
thu, Vai chleu dal day dEln di$n 20 m cua rnach tieu thu
loai NYM 3 x 1,5 rnrrr', tra khanq vonq c6 tr] s6 khoanq
1 O. Khi dien Ira do duoc c6 Iri s6 2 0 hoac 3 0 vai Zs Tra khang vong
cung chi~u' dai nhu tren, ta c6 ihe ph6ng doan c6 loi
Ua £lien ap giOoaday nqoai khong tai va day PEN hoac day PE
trong he thong, thi du nhu' do m6i kep do khonq tot.
U Di$n ap co tili (g:!mdi$n tro kiem tra)
I D6ng dien Iili
I. D6ng dien ng<iitrnach cua he bao v$
IK Dong dien ngiin rnach
[Link] Do di~n tr& each di~n trong h~ th6ng
di~n

Pht!n Ian cac 10i trong h$ th6ng dien xay ra do b] h6ng Bilng 1: fJi~n tro each di~n toi thieu
phan each di$n vi vat lieu thoai h6a theo thai gian
fJi/[ln lrey
hoac boi tac [Link] nhiet, tac [Link] h6a hoc hay co hoc, H~ thong di~n fJi~n ap do
each dii)!n
thl du day difm dii)!n b] u6n cong qua rmrc. Viec ki~m
tra thuonq duoc thuc hi$n bang thiet b] do SI! each Mach dien va thi~t bi gia
di~n khi khong n6i voi cac thiet b! tieu thu, cong (y dien ap thap SELV DC 250 V ",0,25 Mil
va PELV

•
Dien ap dinh rrurc S 500 V
DC 500 V ",0,5 Mil
Truoc khi do can phai kiem Ira xem co bi.J phan di$n (nqoal Ini' dien ap thap SELV
tli nao trong rnach di$n khonq, £)13 bao ve cac Iinh kien va PELV)

dien tli khi do voi di$n ap mot chieu cao, thi du vai DC
Dien ap dinh rrurc > 500 V DC 1000 V '" 1,0 Mil
500 V, thiet bi dien tli phai dlJ'Q'c tach ra kh6i he thong
dien trong luc do hoac 1<;10 cau n6i true tiap giQ>a day
nqoai va day Irung linh (Hinh 2).

L1

Kiem tra each dien dlJ'Q'c thuc hien vai dang dien mot
chiElU 1 mA (Bang 1).

Phai do dien tro each dien giQ>a moi day c6 dien

heat [Link] va dat.

Day nqoal va day trung tinh diroc phep noi true tiep
voi nhau de giam bot cong dean lrang khi do. Day
Irung tfnh phai tach roi kh6i day dat, tuy nhlen khong
phai day PEN. Trong he TN, day PEN duoc SLr dl,Jng
nhu day dat, do do duoc phep do giQ>a day dEln va
day PEN. Hinh 2: Do di~n tra each dien
392 9 May di~n

9.4.9 Bao v~ ch6ng tich tl;!tinh di~n

Voi viec sif dl,mg may tinh trong h~u h~t cac linh
vue cong vi~c va dai song, vi~c bao v~ chong tich
II,! tinh di$n tra nen rat quan tronq, Cac h$ truyen tin
dung nhi~u linh ki$n di$n tif, thi du MOS, rM nhay earn
Eli~n tich du' Tharn nhua
doi vO'i sl! ph6ng finh eMn (ESO)1)
tich tu a d~ giay t6ng hoop

£)oi vai cac thi~t b] di~n tLt>,thi du nrur cac ban mach
di~n co cac linh ki$n hay cac cum linh ki$n dien tu-
nhay earn voi tTnh dien (EGB)2), nha san xuat hay ~~
ngU'ai sif dl,lng phai bao dam cho cac linh kien nay ""
duo'c bao v$ chong su tieh tu tTnhdien.
Hinh 1: Tich tu tlnh di(in
He tnan kinh cua con ngU'ai kh6ng earn nhan r6
rang du Sl,l'tich tu tTnh dien len d~n vai nqan volt, bai
vi nang 1U'Q'ngph6ng tTnhdi~n thuonq rflt nho.

Khi di tren tharn (Hinh 1) co the chunq ta c6 the nap

tinh dien len d~n 35 kV. Nhflc mot tam nhua PVC
monq tlJo mat dat, ta c6 th{) nap tT~h di~n d~n 7 kV.
Trong tranq thai da nap tTnhdien, n€!uta cham den cac
cum linh kien nhay earn voi tinh di~n, chunq co th{) b]
hU' hong hay pha huy.

£){) tranh su tich tu tinh dien doi voi cac he thong xif
Iy dQ>lieu di$n tif, tam tham ban lam viec va san d~n
dien dlJ'Q'cSlYdl,mg. Chung phai duoc n5i qua day dat
co dien th~ o.

Tnroc khi cham VaG cac ban rnach di~n c6 linh ki~n
Hinh 2: Bao bi chbng tlnh di(in SLr d\lng cho linh ki~n nhay
dien tif nhay earn voi tinh di~n (Hinh 2) thi du nho
earn vai tinh di~n
trong dich Vl,Jbao dlJ'ong hay treng co sa san xuat,
ngU'oi ta nen cham VaGb9 phan nOid~t d{) ph6ng tinh
dien da nap trong nglJ'ai.

Cac cum linh kien, thi ou ban rnach in c6 linh kien

dien tif, chi diroc van chuyen vO'i bao bi goc (c6 Ch'U y.
"
tinh d~n dien).
LU'uY quy
djnh thao tac
Ky hi$u canh bao linh ki$n di$n tif nhay earn voi tinh
dien (Hinh 3) vai hang chQ>"Chu y! LU'u Y quy dinh Linh kien nhay
thao tac, Linh kien nhay earn vai tinh di$n". earn vol tTnhdi$n
£){) xac dinh Sl,l'tich tu tinh dien, ngU'ai ta do wang d9
di~n trU'ang giQ>acac dien cue earn bien c6 ti€!p d~t va
be mat c6 tinh di~n.
Hinh 3: Ky hi~u linh ki~n nh~y earn v60i tinh di~n theo DIN lEe

1. Thee DIN VDE 0100 phan 410, c6 nhQ>ngphU'O'ngphap bao ve nao chong ti~p xuc true ti~p?
2. Phich earn va 0 earn dien can c6 nhQ>ngdieu kien nao de dap Lmg doi hoi cua phuonq phap bao ve fy dien
ap thap?
3. Liet ke vai thi~t b] di~n dU'Q'Cquy dlnh phal c6 each dien bao ve.
4. Tat sac Sl,l'ph6ng tinh dien nguy hai d~n linh kien dien tu-?
5. Dau hi$u EGB tren linh kien co y nghTagi?
6. Tai sac can cham VaGb9 phan ti€!p dat truoc khi cham den linh ki$n nhay earn voi tinh dien?

') ESO vi"t tilt Electrostatic Discharge = ph6ng linh dien

'I EGB viet lal tll>tieng Elll'C "Elektrostatisch Gefaehrdete Bauelemenle = Linh ki~n nhay earn vai tTnh ilien"
 393

10 Ky thu~t di~u khi~n

Tuoi tho ngan ngui cua sari pham buoc cac nha che tao trong hau h~t cac lanh VI,I'C conq ngh$ phai c6 phuonq
phap san xuat linh heat. Qua d6, phai bao dam loi ich kinh t~ khi san xuat chi ti~t theo bat ky tuan tl,l' nao veri s6
1U'Q'nghang sari xu at thay doi theo tLrng dot. Chi dat dU'Q'c di~u do khi dl,l'a V80 viec tl,l' dong h6a phan lern cac
san pharn.

Khal ni$m tl,l' dong h6a theo tieu chuan DIN IEC 60050-351 duoc hi€lu nhU' SLPdl,lng cac phU'O'ng tien ky thuat
d€l thuc hien tl,l' dOng cac quy trinh. f)i€lu khi€ln va dieu chinh dam nhan phan lon khau tl,l' dOng h6a cua mot qua
trinh san xuat. Qua trinh san xu at (y day la visc thiet k~ sac cho cac thanh phan CO' khi, di$n, khi nen hay thuy
luc c6 thl! heat dong tl,l' dong - thong thU'erng dl,l'a vao may tinh. NhG>ng khai niem (thu?t ngO') quan tronq trong
ky thuat di€lu khilln va dil!u chinh duoc quy djnh theo tieu chuan DIN IEC 60050-351.

10.1 Cac khal ni~m co ban

V(illi~u H~thbng V~t liE)u
£)\li £)<Ji
NEflumuon mo ta don gian qua trinh thiet k~ ky thuat IU'O'ng
ky thu~t
IU'O'ng
phuc tap, ngU'oi la sO>dl,mg nhung khai niern ve h$ ngo vile vai mol
Niing Nilng ngo ra
qua trinh
thong theo tieu chuan DIN (xem chuonq 6). hay CI<;li hay CI;;ti
IU'O'ng luoQ'ng
1U'Q'ng IU'Q'ng
nguyt!!n bianh
nMn Thong Th6ng
hU'Oong
He thong 18 sl,l' bo tri cac thanh phan cau tao c6 lin tin
quan he veri nhau, vi$c b6 tri nay bi gieri han veri
rnoi trU'ong xung quanh b~ng nhO>ng dieu kien
Hinh 1: HE)thong ky thu~t tbng quat
cho tnro'c da xac djnh.

Tin hi$u ap suat

Qua mot qua trinh - hic la nhieu quy trinh trong mot
h$ thong - cac vat li$u, nanq IU'O'ng va thong tin dU'Q'c
truyen tai, bien danq va hru trG>(Hinh 1 va 2). H$ th6ng
lon c6 th~ duoc phan chia tnanh nhO>ng h$ thong nho
hon (xem chuonq 6).

Tuy theo qua trinh trong h$ thong ta phan biet dieu

khi~n (c6 nghTa la khong so sanh tr] so mong muon
veri tr] s6 thuc t~) veri dieu chinh (so sanh tr] s6 mong
mu6n veri tri so thuc tel.

10
10,1.1 Qua trinh diEm khien

Theo tieu chuan DIN, dieu khil!n la mot qua trinh

trong mot h$ thong, trong d6 mot hay nhieu dai
1U'Q'ng ng6 vao anh hU'Qong len dai 1U'Q'ngng6 ra
theo nhung nguyen tac cua h$ th6ng.
Nhling tin hi$u ng6 vile

£)$c diem Qoqua trinh dieu khil!n la mot dU'ong tac Chi tlet - Chi li.§! gia cong
dong ho, dai 1U'Q'ngng6 ra b] anh hU'Qongcua cac dai (Phoi) (Phan CIagia cong)
1U'Q'ngng6 vao, nhU'ng ng6 ra khonq tac dong tiep tuc Ga kep
Niing 1U'Q'ng
Niing luoQ'ngCli~n thuy h,Pc
va khonq tac dong trQolai len cac dal 1U'Q'ng ng6 V80 vc)oi i de ap suat
cua chinh n6. Nang luoO'ngde : Nhi~1 thai ra
qua trinh
ap suat I
kep
Tin hi~u Tin hi$u ng6 ra
NhO>ng sai I$ch cua dai 1U'Q'ng ng6 ra so veri tr] ng6 vao
so mong muon khonq dU'<;>,cghi nhan va cOng
khOng dU'Q'c hi$u chinh 19i. Hlnh 2: H~ thong ky thu~t: ga kep thuy h,l'c
394 10 Ky thuat di~u khi~n

Mot he thong dieu khi§n nhU' the con co th§ duoc

ket noi chi tiet hon voi cac thanh phan nhu co cau Ph;}n cong suAt
tin hi~u, co cau dieu khiEm, co cau tac dQng (tac
chin h) va co cau v~n hanh (Hinh 1). TU'O'ngLl'ngnhu
the dong tin hi$u di tli CO'cau nhan tin hieu qua CO' cau
dieu khien va CO'cau tac dong dtln co cau van hanh.

Trong mot h$ di8U khien, CO'cau nhan tin hi$u va co Giao dien, chuy~n d6i tin hi$u
c8U dieu khien thuonq sU>dunq di$n ap va ap suat
thflp hon a
CO'cau tac dOng va co cau van hanh. If Phan tin hi$u

I C
K~t nbi tin hieu qua
Trong tU'O'ngquan nay. ngU'&i ta noi ve phan tin hi~u
va phan cong suat cua h$ di8U khien (Hinh 1). I CO' c~u di~u khj~n
Van (xu pap)
Ghlfong trinh

Tnroc het. dieu nay mang lai nhieu U'Udiem, d$c bi$t Ireo c~u nhan tin hi~ul E Mach dien
Gong tk nut nhan b~ng co khi
Gong tac. nut nhan bang dien
khi CO' cau van hanh cong suat Ian va dU'&ng day dieu COngI~c, nul nhan b~ng khi nen
II
khien dai. NhCfng CO'cau phat/nhan tin hieu va dU'&ng
day tuonq LPngc6 the duy tri voi do sai lech nho ve Hinh 1: Chuo; diiiu khh~n

kich thuoc giCfa thuc ttl va dinh muc, tuy nhien CO'
cau tac dong phai thich nop voi nhCfng thong so d$c
trunq cua CO' c8U van hanh. Trong nhQ>nghi(i thong
dieu khien bang khi nen, dien-khl nen hay dii(in-thuy £lU'ong ong dEIn khi nen cam bi(m 61
do vi trl
Il)'c, CO' cau tac dong (tac chin h) co chLPCnang lam .•..
giao dien giCraphan tin hi$u va phan cong suat, vi tin .'" I 82 cu6i 81
o
-o
hieu ng6 ra duo'c hinh thanh do cac tin hieu ng6 vao '"'CIc" , I'. gO'
ktlt nci logic voi nhau va di tli phan tin hieu dtln phan ro

cong suat,
'0
e
(J Xi lanh .-
.c ~
a.;::
"
.1;>

.",
s:
M6' £l6ng
0
CUoa .~
~ E
leu·
ra vim

.~
C1. c~
Thi du ve dieu khi~n :c
z
/
Trong Hinh 2 co mot cua ra vao dU'Q'cd6ng va rno
bang khi nen, £)§ dieu khien, tal moi bLPCtU'&ng c6 r )~ l~f514) (53)
M6' £l6ng
Hinh ~
c
'<1>
;0
gan mot cong tac co tiep diem (conq tac) thU'&ng dong o 0
chiE§ub~ng :::0
.(j).
(S1; S4) va tiep diem thU'cmg rno (S2; S3). Ngoai ra :c
Van sUo
con co cac earn bien (B1; B2) d§ ki§m tra nhCfng vi tri M& £l~ng :§
:;:'" cua ra vao
.(j).
dung lam (Sl) (S2) s-,
cUDicua xi lanh. c co C{lU I ·ro

.'"
s:
:;::;
c lac dong
giao di~n ~ A1 ! r-S1
f-S2 :2J "0
OJ
c
.e
10.1.2 Phan loal h~ dieu khien C1. Ket noi f-S3-
f-S4-
~"
logic
A2 f-Bl
82
Cac he dieu khien duoc phan loai theo nhCfng CO'sa
khac nhau (Hinh 3).
Hinh 2: Diiiu khit!.n cu>a ra vao (phac thao h~ th6ng)

II Cac lo~i diiiu khit!.n

J
I
I I I
Phan bi~t dl,l'a theo
Phan bi~t dua theo Phan bi~t dl,l'a theo
PMt trit!.n thl,l'c hi~n
each xU> 19 tin hi~u Trinh tl,l' (tu§n tl,l')
phan mem

I I I
1 I I I I I I
f)ieu Dieu khit!.n PLC (dillu
£li{,u khi~n
£lieu Dieu khit!.n Diiiu khit!.n
khi~n kilt n6i day khit!.n logic
khit!.n kilt theo thai theo qua
dling bo kh6ng dll'Q'C I~p I~p trinh
n6i logic gian trinh
d6ng bQ trinh dll'9'c)

Hinh 3: Tieu chi de phan bi~t h~ dillu khi~n theo DIN 19226 Phan 5
 10.1 CO' ban ky thuat dieu khien 395

Dieu khien trinh tl,J' (tuan tl,J'). Trong h$ dieu khien

nay nhQ>ng dieu ki$n chuyen tiep chi tuy thuoc vao thai
gian, do thai gian dieu khien (Hinh 1). Dieu khien
trinh tl,J' theo qua trinh 10310<1idieu khien trong d6
nhQ>ng dieu ki$n chuyen tiep tuy thuoc vao qua trinh.
BU'ac gia conq ke tiep chi bat dau khi buoc gia cong
truce d6 da cham dot. Thi du nhu trang Hinh 2 cac
tam ton duoc uon cong. Xi lanh 1 chay ra, u6n so bO
tarn ton tnroc va chay tro ve. Sau d6 xi lanh 2 chay ra,
uon tarn ton hoan tat va keo tro ve. Hinh 1: Dieu khien theo th6>i gian

Trong h$ dieu khien dong bQ viec Xli' Iy tin hi$u dU'9'c

thuc hien d6ng bQ voi xung nhip, SI)' dieu khien khong
dong bQ heat dQng khonq c6 xung nhip, Tin hii;lu thay
dbi chi dU'9'c kich hoat do 51)' thay dbi cua tin hii;lu ngo
vao, NhCmg tin hii;lu ngo VaG trong nhieu h$ dieu khien
duoc phoi h9'P voi nhau theo nhQ>ng quy tac logic cho
truce, Trong truonq h9'P nay ta gOi la dieu khilm ket
n6i logic (Hinh 3).

Thong thU'ang trong cac hi;l dieu khien phuc t9P va

nhQ>ng h$ thong Ian c6 hai loai dieu khien tuan tl)' xuat
hien chung voi nhau. Thi dl,J nhU' khi de dim va kep
cac chi tiet, mot xi lanh chay ra trang mot khoanq thai
gian nhat djnh, trang khi d6 mot xi lanh khac kep chi
Hinh 2: Dieu khien trinh tI,P(tulin tit)
tiet. Hai xi lanh phai chay ra va chay VaG thea mot so
d6 tuan tu.

Dieu khien n6i day dlJ'Q'C I~p trinh la loai c'lieu khien
B1 AND B2ANDS1=A1 "-"11
trang d6 cac chuc nang cua chunq duoc dinh truoc
qua nhQ>ng thanh phan cau tao (cau ki$n) va nhQ>ng I
kilt n<Sicua Sl,I'di~u khi~n (dLl'ang day dlin di$n, dU'ang
truyen ap suat) cOng duoc dinh truoc. Neu mot cnoc
I
nanq trong dieu khien nay thay dbi thi nhQ>ng dU'cmg I
day phai thiet ke 19i va cac thanh phan cOng pMi trao
doi. Dieu khi€!n logic I~p trinh dlJ'Q'C (PLC) la loai ·CS
dieu khien (y d6 cac chuc nang cua chuonq trinh phan B1
rnern (I$p trinh) dU'9'c lU'u trQ> trong bQ nho. Khi c6 Cong tac
ch6ng
chuc nang thay doi thi bO nho chtra chuonq trinh (thi ~ Cong tac BAT
qua nhiet
cu nhu ROM, EPROM, EEPROM) cOng phal thay the (ON)
(Hinh 4). Hinh 3: Dieu khien kilt nbi logic
10
Kilt nbi day dU'Q'CI~p trinh Dieu khien logic I~p trinh dU'Q'c (PLC)

+24V
1111111111111
1B1

E3
S1 AND S2 = 1M1
1B1 = 1M2

A3
S21:--

K1
OV OV

Hinh 4: Phan bi~t dieu khiiln theo each I~p trinh

396 10 Ky thu~t dieu khi~n

10.1.3 Qua trinh di€!u chinh : D~i ILY9'nggay nhieu

Thi du khi phai duy tri chinh xac nhiet do cua mot
may (16) sU'ai trong ti€ln trinh tl,l' dong hoa san xuat, ta
khong th€l thuc hien dU'ooc vlec nay b£ng mot he di€lu
khi€ln thong thU'ang. a day, dai llJ'oong ngo ra (nhiet
dl,) phai dU'ooc ki€lm tra lien tuc va khi c6 do sai lech
voi tri so mong muon trong qua trinh, thi nhiet dO phat
duoc dieu chinh lai (qua lanh - bat 16 sU'ai; nhiet dl,)
dat tot tr] 56 giai han - tat 16 suoi). Dal ILYQ'ngchuiln

Hinh 1: Yang \lieu chinh

Neu trong mot qua trinh tr] 56 thuc te phai duoc dieu
chinh lai cho can bang voi trj 56 mong mu6n tcei ol)t),
ta 99i 103dieu chinh (Hinh 1). Yang kh6a van b1lng tay May nen khi Binh ctura
(Thiet b] dieu khi{,n) (Dai ILYQ'nggay nhii\u) khi nen
OLYcmg6ng V~n t~LY9't.
(CO'
8i€lu chinh la mot qua trinh, trong do mot dai hut khi vao cau tac dong) ::::::>
1U'Q'ng- dai 1U'Q'ngdi~u chinh - cuoc do (thu nhan)
lien tuc trong suot qua trinh, no phai so sanh voi
DO rno r¢ng
mot dai 1U'Q'ngkhac-do 113d<;li llJ'oong chuan va dai con truot
1lJ'Q'ngdU'Q'C di~u chinh nay duoc tac d(lng sao (D"i ILYQ'ng
cho b~ng voi d<;lilU'oongchuan. tac d9n9)
8~c trunq cua dieu chinh la mot quy trinh tac dunq Hinh 2: £lieu khien ap suiit
kin, trong d6 d<ili 1U'Q'ngdieu ehinh anh hlJ'ang lien
tuc len tu chinh n6 trang tuyen tac dl,mg cua vonq
dieu ehinh. Vii d~ hi$u +
chinh
(Tr,so JL
Thi du sau day giai thich ra ve SI,I' khac biet giCra dieu mong muon)
Cong t~c dieu Tr] s6 ap suat
khi§n va dieu chlnh, Vo'i 51,1'tro giup cua mot thi€lt bj chinh ap suat thuc te
dieu khi§n (Hinh 2) hay thiet b] dieu chinh (Hinh 3) ap
suat trang mot binh chua khi dU'ooc chinh lai, Neu ta Binh chua
di€Ju khi€ln luu 1U'Q'ngnQP khi b~ng each d6ng va rno khfnen

con truot (thi du cua van dieu tiet) thi ap suat trong DLfong ong
hut khi vao
binh chua khi duoc chinh lai. Tuy nhlen, khi co 51,1'co
xay ra nhu' lU'oonglieu thu kha nhieu, ma vi trl con truot
van khong thay d6i, thi SEl sinh hau qua ta ap suat ha
xuong rat nhanh. Khi ap suat duo (Ian hon so voi ap
suat khi quyen) cua khi trang binh chua hinh thanh,
thi may nen khi cOng khong th§ tat duoc.
Hinh 3: £lilou chinh ap sui'it

Khi dieu chinh ap suat trong binh chua khi, ta din phai gan them mot bO phan co nhlem Vl,l so sanh tri 56 thuc
te (tLfc thai) voi tr] so mong muon va duoc dieu chinh lai khi co sai lech. Trong tfU'ang hoop nay do la bO conq tac
dieu khi§n ap suat, BO cong tac nay bao dam rang khi lU'oong khi nen tieu thu tang manh, ap suat qiarn xuonq
d(lt ng(lt, thi may nen khi SEl rno ra va do d6 ap suat mong muon dU'OOcchinh lai. Khi ap suat da dat duoc tr] so
hieu chinh t6i da thi cong tac dieu khi§n ap suat cua may nen khi SEl d6ng IQi.

8ieu khi§n dU'ooc du'a VaG stJ dunq khi 51,1'thay dbi do dai lU'oong gay nhieu b] be qua. 8ieu chinh co y nghia
khi dai lU'oong gay nhieu anh hU'ang rnanh len dQi lU'oong ng5 ra va tac dunq gay nhieu cua n6 khong b] be
qua.

1. Hay thuc hien he dieu khi§n theo thai gian dieu khi€ln trong Hinh 2, Trang 395 va giai thich 51,1'khac biet
giua n6 vai he dieu khi§n theo quy trlnh.

2. Cho biet ten va mo ta nhung 51,1'dieu chinh trong heat dong CO' xU'ang hang nqay cua ban,

3. Hay phac thao hai thi du, mot cho he dieu khi§n va mot cho he dieu chinh. Hay giai thich SI,J' khac biel.

4. Hay rno ta va giai thich nhung he dieu khi€ln trong rnoi truonq xung quanh a co xU'ang cua ban.
 10.2 Ky thuat s6 397

10.2 Ky thu~t s6 UN
6
4
10.2.1 cac d~ng tin hi~u 2

HE\'!th6ng CO'di$n tLr thu nnan, XLr Iy va xuat nhli'ng tin hieu, Cac tin hieu
nay la nhli'ng dai 1U'Q'ngdi$n nhu' di$n ap, CU'ang d<','> dong di$n v.v ... hay UN
6
nhli'ng dai 1U'Q'ng khac nhu quanq dU'ang (hanh trinh), rno ment quay, 4
nhiet dQ V.V.., chunq duoc do lU'ang trong hE\'!th6ng CO'di$n tLr. 8e XLr Iy 2
thong tin, nhCl'ng dai 1U'Q'ngnay dU'Q'c trinh bay dU'6'i danq nhG>ng tin hieu Tin hieu digital t
analog (lien tuc, tU'O'ng t(p), digital (ky thu~t s6) hay nh] phan (Hinh 1). Tin (tln hi¢u analog ducc s6 h6a)

hi~u analog mo ta nhli'ng dai 1U'Q'ngvat Iy thay dbi lien h,IC theo thai gian,
thi du nhu di$n ap, Do d6, d<;li1U'Q'nganalog co the tiep nhan cac tri s6 bat
ky (a rnoi thai diem) trong gi6'i han vat Iy cua n6. Tin hi~u digital1i3 mot
dai 1U'Q'ngvat Iy cuoc thu nnan tire thi. Cac tr] s6 do cua dal 1U'Q'ngnay
MO'c
cao
Mlfc
thap
-rn
WVi
D
Tin hi¢u nh] phan
khong dU'Q'c tiep nhan a
rnoi thai diem. Chung dU'Q'c phan chia tuy theo Hinh 1: cac d\lng cua tin hi~u
d<','>
chia nh6 nhieu hay it. Tin hi~u nh] pnan chi co hai tranq thai: rrurc cao
(High Level) c6 tr] s6 logic "1" va rnuc thap (Low Level) c6 tri s610gic "0".
dung thong tin cua n6 du'o'c ky hi$u ta Bit (binary digit). SI,I' ket hop
N<','>i UN Vung mire cao
5
nhieu bit tao thanh mot tin hi$u digital (8 Bit la 1 Byte).
4
H tlJ'O'ng lfng voi
tranq thai logic "1"
Trong thuc te pharn vi bien d<','>(ngU'6'ng) di$n ap xac djnh rrurc cao 3
Vunq rrurc thap
2
H-Level hay rmrc thap L-Level (Hinh 2). NgU'6'ng di$n ap nay tuy thuoc L tlJ'O'ng lfng voi
1
vao ket cau nhG>ng nhCl'ng linh ki$n dien tLr nh] phan (xem cac no cua tranq thai logic "0"
mach di$n).
Hinh 2: NgU'ii'ng cua tin hi~u

10.2.2 NhiPng k€!t noi logic co ban (c6ng logic, ham)

Ng6 vao Ng6 ra
Trong ky thuat s6 tat ca nhCl'ng ket n6i logic dU'Q'C thuc hi$n qua Sl,/' ket
hop chung cua ba ket n6i CO'ban AND (va/giao), OR (hoac/hop) va NOT El~
E2 Ket n6i logic A
(phu dinh).
En
NhO'ng ket n6i logic phai b6 tri cac tranq thai logic a
nhli'ng ngo vao E
Hinh 3; Bil:u 1lJ'(;mg cua ket n6i logic
dU'Q'c ket n6i sao cho co ket qua gi6ng voi tranq thai logic dl,/' tinh ngo a
ra A (Hinh 3).

Ket n6i logic co the dU'Q'C rno ta qua: Bang 1: Bang bf> tri

• Bieu tU'Q'ng chirc nang (ky hil[iu hinh) va bieu tU'Q'ng logic theo lieu Biin s6 ell Ky hi~u thi~t b]
chuan EN 60617-12 ngo vao v~n hanh
El [Link] chan bao v¢ E 1 = 1
• NhO'ng bang chirc nang va bang Sl,l' that cho biet tranq thai cua ngo ra da cuoc dong lai
vai tat ca cac kha nang ket hop logic cua cac ngo vao,
E2 Vi tri c6ng tac E2 = 1
• Phuonq trinh cnuc nang (phuonq trinh ham) BAT (ON) 10
• Bieu d6 xung, so d6 tin hiE\'!u- thai gian, tai day SI,/'lien h$ gili'a nhli'ng
A £)('>ng cc may A1 = 1
bien s6 a
ngo ra va a
ngo vao duoc trinh bay theo thai gian dap hoat d(,>ng

• Danh sach cau lE\'!nhhay so d6 bac thang (so d6 cong tac) (chi co a
dieu khien logic I~p trinh dU'Q'c PLC).
Cong tac
8e rno ta mot each ro rang tranq thai logic giO'a nhli'ng bien s6 ngo vao cho llJ'cri chan
bao v¢
va ngo ra ta dung ky hi$u (ky hil[iu nh?n dfijng) thiet b] Van hanh, SI,I' sap
xep cac tranq thai tin hi$u cua cac bien s6 duoc ghi vao bang (Bang 1).

Ket noi logic AND (vA - Phep giao) ~ Ky hieu logic la 1\ Hinh 4; May dap biing khi nen

IiblN Vi Iy do an to~n mol may dap chi dLPQ'ckh&i dong. khi ILPoichan bao v~ da dLPQ'cdong (E1 da dLPQ'ctac dong)
va nut barn bang lay E2 (Hinh 4) dLPQ'C
lac dong.

Khi bien 56 E1 = 1
-
Bien s6 E2 =1

Ng6 vao
EJ
Ket n6i logic
thiA = 1

Ng6 ra
doc la:
khi
AND
thi
E1 = 1
E2 = 1,
A = 1
398 10 Ky thu~t dieu khien

El E2 A
000
El-r-:-J
E2~A
.. El!D n UEl
U E2
=A
0 1 0 Bieu tU'qng chuc E2t 0 C Danh sach cau
1 0 0 nang
lenh (Statement
1 1 1 At 0 list-STL)
ElI-V~
Bang crurc n<'lng SO' dO xung
ChLYC nang AND

K~t nOi logic AND tU'O'ng Li'ng

A Van AND E2~V I tnuc hien bang dien
Van ap sua! kep K A
voi rnach dien n6i tiep
E1HE2 ChLYC nang AND
thuc hien bimg khi nen

Hinh 1: M6 Iii kal nOi logic AND

Kilt nBi logic OR (HOAc - phep hQ'p (tuy~n) - disjunction)

iiltl!!!fl May dap (Hinh 4, trang 397) co th~ khCYid(>ng, khi nut nhan E2 OR (hoac) E3 d§ dlJ'Q'ctac d(>ng (Luoi cnan
d§ dong san).

Khi bien s6 E2 = ~
~bi~e~n~SO~'~E~3_=_1~ ~~~-----------
1
r:::l thi A = 1
doc 103:
khi E2 =
1
Ky hieu
logic v E2-f~1_A
OR E3 = 1
E3~
thiA= 1
Bieu tU'O'ng chuc nang

~.PhlYO'ngt;inh chilc nang E2vE3 = A I (FBD)

~:trAI
E2 E3 A
0 0 0
A
I I
-- ---
0 1 1
Thuc hien
1 0 1 (E2~(E3)
1 1 1 E21-~31- bla~g di~n Pl P2
Bang cnuc SO' db bac thang
Thtrc hien bang khi
nang SO' db xung LAD
nen qua van chuyen
r-~----------------------------~~~--~ K A doi (van logic OR )

~--~~--~~~~--~~~~~
Ket n6i logic OR tU'O'ng Li'ng v&i rnach dien song song

Hinh 1: Me tit ket nbi logic OR

Ket n5i logic NOT (Phu d!nh I dao]

ultl!!tfl Sl,I' tac d(>ng vao may d~p dlJ'Q'c giam sat b~ng mot man chan
anh sang. May dap co th~ kh&i d(>ng, khi tat ca tia (true) anh sang
kh6ng b] gian doan.

a ket noi logic NOT ng6 ra co logic "1", khi ng6 vao co logic "0"
va nglJ'Q'c lai. Bien so ng6 vao va ng6 ra co tac dl,lng nquoc nhau.

Hinh 3: May d~p vai man chan anh sang

A
1 EltrA

o Bieu tlYO'ng chuc nang -~

Bang choc
n<'lng El-8-A
Van dan hU'&ng 3/2
Bieu do xung (van doi chieu) b~ng
Bieu tlYQ'ng chtrc nang Ket nbi logic NOT kh i nen keo ve b~ ng
thuc hien b~ng dien lo XO, tac dong nhan
D~u g;;.ch ngang tren mot bien s6 lam phu dinh UNEl = A dong khi d~n vi tri 0
chinh no, thi du E = 1 thi E = 0 Danh sach cilu lenh (khi b] ngat)

Hinh 4: M6 Iii kal noi logic NOT

 10.2 Ky thuat so 399

Trang ky thuat so ngLY6'i ta khong chi SLr dl,mg don

LS Rao chan quang
thuan nhCmg k~t noi logic CO' ban. Da so k~t noi logic
dLYQ'chop thanh tCr nhieu chuc nang.
iiD Mot cling ra VaG dLYQ'cdieu khien tCr phia trong
mot can nha. Cling S8 d6ng IQi, khi nut nhtln S1
(0 can nha) hay nut nh~n S2 (g~n i'y c6ng) dLYQ'c C6ng t§c vi Q Q C6ng t~c vi
tac dong va earn bien dtnh vi tri cuoi SE1 khong lricu6iSE1 ~ "~lricu6iSE2
Bang bo tri
b] tac dong (tiep diem thuonq d6ng khong bi lac
dong c6 logic = "1 ") va rao chan quang LS (anh
Bien sO
ng6 ra Thi{lt bi van hilnh Ky hi~unhan d~ng
Sl 1
Tranq thai logic

Slm-1
sang) kh6ng b] ngM (qian doan),

Sl£]-l
E1 Nut nhan SI Tac dong =
E2 NutnhAn82 rcc d¢ng S2 =1
~ 7 ~ 7
E3 cam bienVItri cuoiSEl Tac dong SE1 =0
& E4 Carn bi€!n vi tri cu6i SE2 Tac dQng SE2 =0
SE1 & A1" A1
E5 Reo chan quang(LS) Gian coen LS =1
LS 1 SE1
LS Bi~n s6 ngo ra
A1 £)ong co ma
c6ng fl¢ng co chay A1 =1

PhlJ'O'ng trinh chuc nang: (S1 v S2) " E1 " LS = A 1 Hinh 1: Dieu khiion cAng ra vao

l~hLvC nang AND va ChLvCniing OR co

the dlJ'O'Cm& r6ng cho nhieu ngo vao
Elm &
E2 & A = Elf:} &
E2 A gE1Q[} "" E10 ?
A =: ~; A
E3 E3 E4 E4

E1AE2AE3
=A ElvE2vE3vE4= A
Hinh 2: Chwc nang logic AND va OR v60i nhi~u ngo ra

El E2Al NAND NOR

E1B-O- El:8- 0 0 1
& 1 A & A
E2 E2 0 1 1
1 0 1
AND + NOT NAND 1 1 0
El E2 A
E2t n 0
0 0 1
E1-rJ-D-A E1D A
[Link] E2~
0 1 0
1 0 0 AOOO [ t
1 1 0
OR+NOT NOR Bang chuc niing

Hinh 3: Cac chwc nang dlJ'Q'c hop thann

Trang thuc t~ khi che t90 ngLY6'i ta thLY6'ng dung cac

chuc nang (cling, ket n6i logic) NAND (AND phu dinh)
El=E}--cE}-
E2 & & A A= E"1ill = ElAE2
10
hay NOR (OR phu dinh). M<;ic du phai SLr dunq nhieu
Hinh 4: Chwc nling logic AND dlJ'<?,cthl,l'c hii~n v60i c6ng NAND
cling riemg le, nhtrnq khi che tao cling don gian non,
tiet ki$m dLYQ'Cgia thanh.

El
TCr bang chuc nang cho cling NAND ta biet bien s6
A A= E1 E2= El E2
ngo ra A phai bi phu djnh mot liln niia, de cho no phu
E2
hop vai A cua chLYCnang logic AND (Hinh 4 va 5).

Hinh 5: Chwc nling logic AND dlJ'<?,cthl,l'c hi~n v60i cAng NOR
Nhung k~t n6i logic d~c bi~t

Mot den bao co hai cong tac E1, E2, moi cai co g~n
mot tiep diem thLY6'ng dong va mot tiep diem thLY6'ng
mo. Ben phat sang khi mot trang hai conq tac dLYQ'c
El E2 A
o
0
0 0
1 1
El~ & )1 A
E1B
E2 =1 A

d6ng 19i. Khi hai conq tac cung bi tac dong dong thoi, 1 0 1 K~I nOi
1 1 0 E2 &
den kh6ng phat sang. Mot ket noi nhu the goi 113ket nOi logic kh6ng
Bang ChLvC tuonq duonq
khong tLPO'ng dLPO'ng hay Exclusive OR (Hinh 6).
nang E1AE2vE1AE2
=A (exclusive OR)

Hinh 6: Chwc nang kh6ng tlJ'O'ng dlJ'O'ng I Exlusive OR

400

T<;Iik~t noi logic Exclusiv OR ng6 ra A co tr] so logic "1 ".

khi ca hai ng6 vao co tr] so khac nhau. Bay gia mot a E1 E2 A
1 &
rnach di$n logic voi hai ng6 vao co tr] so giong nhau,
thi ng6 ra a
bang cnuc nang a
Hinh 6, Trang 399 phai
°°
0 1 0
1
E2
Elgcr
& ;;'1 A
E1--l:l-A
E2~
b! phu dinh (Hinh 1). Ket noi logic equivalent
dU'O'ng) duoc SLPdl,mg cho rnach nay.
(tU'O'ng
day, ket noia °°
1 1 1
TU'O'ng dtronq
Bang chuc (exciusiv NOR)
equivalent cho ng6 ra co logic "1", khi ca hai ng6 vao niing
co gia tr] gi6ng nhau, hie 18 IU'O'ng du'O'ng voi nhau.
Hinh 1: Chu-c nang tLPO'ng dlJ'cl'ng (hay Exclusiv NOR)

10.2.3 Cac ho mach vi di~n tw l Equivalence = kh6ng tU'O'ng duonq

813 c6 thll lhiel ke cac m<;lng chuy€m rnach dua vao

cac linh ki$n di$n tCP,rnach phai thich ling voi: Bang chirc n13ng ENl El E2 A
ba tranq thai 1 x x Z E1U
• Dien ap van hanh (cung cap) E2 -e-
0 0 1
• Thai gian chuyen rnach va thai gian troi qua cua Z: ; Tranp tMi
° 1 1
'tti] EN
tin hieu di~n
x: =
tny dll lon
b~t ky, "1" 0 ° °
1 0 1
• Bien d(> (rmrc do - ngU'ang) cua ngo vao va ngo ra 1 1
• D(> Ian cua khoanq each nhieu
hay "0"
° °
Hinh 1: Linh ki~n co ba tr~ng thai

Ngo V30 kh6ng SLPdl,mg (Hinh 3)

Ngo vao kh6ng dung trang rnach di$n duoc n6i vai
cac di$n th~ nhu sau: ng6 VaG kh6ng SLPdl,mg cua 1. Hay thuc hi$n chuc nang OR dua vao cong
cong AND noi voi di$n ap van hanh (H-Level): ng6 vao NAND
con tr6ng cua c6ng OR n6i dtH OV (L-Level). Ta cOng 2. Hay cau tao chuc nang OR dua VaG cong NOR
co the n6i nhCi'ng ng6 VaG nay vci ng6 vao dU'Q'c SLP
dl,mg cua cunq mot c6ng.

M~ch di~n song song co ngo ra TTl (open collector = Cl,J'Cg6p rno) kh6ngE~
SLvdl,mg & ;;'1 A
De thich hop voi cac rnach vi dien tLPTIL (Transistor-Transistor-Logic), E2
cac rnach di$n dieu khien ro Ie c6 dien ap van hanh cao non, cac linh kien
,,0"
TTL dU'Q'c sCPounq co ng6 ra mo. Ng6 ra duoc noi vai di$n ap dieu khien
Us qua mot di$n tro keo (pull-up). Ky hieu rnach nhCi'ng linh ki$n logic nay Hinh 3: Nhiing ngo vao khong sU>dl,mg
duo'c bieu tU'Q'ng hinh thoi. Dliu g<;lch ngang a
dU'<Yihinh thoi cho biet cue
g6p collector cua transistor lU'ang Cl,J'Crno (open collector). Khi n6i nhieu
ngo ra ghep song song cua cac cong vai ng6 ra collector rno, ta sa co Us
Al A2 ~
dU'Q'Ck~t n6i logic AND, duoc ky hi$u 113 AND wired (n6i day) (Hinh 4).
0 0 0
0 1
Ngo ra co ba tr~ng thai (Tri-State) (Hinh 2) El
1 °
a nhCi'ng linh kien logic ba tranq thai, ben canh hai tranq thai H-Level
L-Level a ng6 ra, con c6 mot tranq thai thu: ba la ng6 ra c6 di$n tro
va
rat
E2
E3
1 °1 °1
Ian. NhCmg linh kien nay co cong khai d(>ng EN (viet lal liJ enable) de Bang
E4
cnoc nang
dieu khien ng6 ra. NhCi'ng linh kien nay dU'Q'C ling dunq trang ky thuat K~t n6i Wired AND wired AND
may vi tinh (bo nho SRAM).
Hinh 4: K€!! nOi day Wired AND
H~ so tai cua linh ki~n di~n tLP (Hinh 5)

Ng6 ra cOng nhu ngo vao cua linh kien logic kh6ng the chiu tai qua Ian.
A ; " 1n D6ng di$n di tCPA den E
Khi qua tai di$n ap ng6 ra xu6ng nhanh dU'ai rrurc cho phep, chtrc nang
cua linh kien kh6ng con bao dam. NhCi'ng linh kien logic c6 hai h$ so tal:

• H$ s6 tai ng6 vao Fi qoi la Fan in

• H$ s6 tai ngo ra Fa gQi la Fan out A; ,,0" D6ng di$n oi tCPE d~n A

H$ s6 tai ng6 VaG Fj (Fan in) phu thuoc VaG ho cua linh kien: cho linh kien Hinh 5: HlJ'o>ng di chuy~n dong di~n phu
TIL chuan F, 1. F,= 5 = c6 nghTa 113 tr] s6 dong di$n di vao co the chlu thuQc vao tin hi~u ngo ra
gap 5 I~n. H$ s6 tal ng6 ra Fa (Fan out) cho biet t6i da sa co bao nhieu
ng6 vao duoc di tll' (noi) voi ng6 ra cua mot c6ng nay. Cho linh kien TIL
cnuan Fo~ 10.
 10.2 Ky thu$t so 401

(y muc d¢ thap L·Level ngo ra A co di$n ap 0,4 V, dong di$n 16 mA di vao. (y mire d¢ cao H-Level tal ngo ra A
co di$n ap 2,4 V va dong di$n 16 mA di ra tlf A.

Bang 1: T6ng quan ve cac hQ linh ki~n

Ky thuat Ky hi~u

Transistror TIL NAND 5V 3,3 V 2,4 V 10 ns 20mW

Transistor Logic
Schottky TIL NAND 5V 2,OV 0,8 V 3,3 V 0,5 V 2,5 ns 15mW 12mW
Low Power LPS NAND 5V 2,OV 0,8 V 3,3V 0,5 V 7 ns 4mW 40mW
Schottky
Transistor hi~u C-MOS NOR 3V ... 15V phu thuoc vao di~n ap 50 ns 10mW, phu 5mW
Cmg tiJ>,bu va NAND cung cap thuoc t~n 56
oxy h6a cnu ky

10.2.4 Phac thao thi€!t k€! nhCPng rnach di¢n ket noi logic

Qua klilt n6i logic OR cua tat ca phuonq trinh chuc

nang voi A1 =1, n~U'Crita c6 dlJ'OOck§t nol t6ng hop,
DaY,la d;.tng chuan !heo phep h9'P (tuyen) (danq
El t n n n n
chuan hop DNF - cong logic OR) .

Thi du: NhCmg tln hi$u cua ngo VaG E1, E2 va E3

~t n
dU'Q'c bi€!u dien Qo Hinh 1a. Hay cho biet nhCmg k€!t n6i ~a
logic nao phai thuc hi$n d€! cho ngo ra A 1 hinh thanh
nhCrng xung nOi tiilp nhau theo yeu cau?
,!.,..iiji n
a) Bi~u do tin hi~u dli\ng xung
n .
t
1. Chuy~n bi~u do xung vao bang chirc nanq
2. Tao phU'O'ng trinh logic cho m6i hang, d.§ ngo ra A1 E3 E2 El Al Phuong trinh logic
co tri s6 logic "1", 0 0 0 0
TCI'bang SI,I' that (bang dinh chuc nanq) ta c6 phuonq 0 0 1 0
trinh chuc nang: 0 1 0 1 Al = El",E2",E3
0 1 1 1 A1 = E1AE2AE3
PhU'O'ng trinh chtrc nang chuan theo phep h9'P
1 0 0 1 A1 = E1AE2",E3
A1 =E1 "E2"E3vE1 "E2"E3vE1 "E2"E3 1 0 1 1 Al = E1AE2AE3
v E 1 " E2 " E3 v E 1 " E2 " E3 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 Al = E1AE2",E3

Kha nang thLr hai de tim ra phuonq trinh chirc b) Bang ch(rc niing 10
nang 113d~ng chuan theo phep giao (hQi) (dang El---..r--,
chuan giao CNF - cong logic AND). E2
E3-rT••.. _-'
Tai day nhCrng hang cua bang chuc nang dU'Q'c k€!t noi
theo cong AND d€! ngo ra A 1 co tr] so
logic "0". Trong
Al

khi Qo dang chuan theo phep tach r&i (cong logic OR)
ngo ra dU'Q'c truy van theo logic "1 ", thi dang chuan Al
theo phep lien hop (k€!t n6i logic AND) truy van theo
logic "0".

PhU'O'ng trinh chuc nang chuan theo phep giao

Al=(E1 vE2vE3)/dEl vE2vE3),,(El v E2vE3)

c) d)
(y day phal Slf dunq nhCrng ngo~c don vi k€!t noi SO'do logic chu&n theo SO'do logic chu&n theo
AND 113phep loan duoc U'Utien hon kllt noi logic OR. phep tach hQ'p (ONF-OR) phep lien giao (ONF-AND)
AND tnroc OR
Hinh 1: Phac thao thilf!t kif! macn di~n a) Bieu do d\lng xung
b) Bang chu'c nang c) va d) M<;Ichdi~n
402 10 Ky thu~t di~u khien

+5 V El T
1. Tai mot tram xang lu6n lu6n chi co hai trong ba bon chtra I

xanq ovoc born vao, de tranh tinh tranq xang b] tran

a) Hay thiet Ic;ip bang chuc nang theo tinh huong nay va tLr
d6 hay trian khai phironq trinh chuc nang cnuan theo
phep tach hop (di?ng cnuan hop DNF - nOi logic OR) va
theo phep k~t giao (danq chuan giao CNF - nOi logic
AND).
b) Hay cho biet so do logic cho hai df;lng chuan do.
2. Hay cho bi~t khi nao cac ngo ra A 1 va A2 co tin hi$u logic
"1" trong rnach di$n thi du & Hinh 1?
3. Ng6 ra S8 phan ung nhU'the nao khi ta chi mot I~m nhan nut
E1?
4. Hay cho biet tac dl,lng nhU' the nao khi nut nhan E1 va E2
tac dong cunq mot luc?
Hinh 1: Thi dl,l va sa do mach
5. Nhll'ng rnach di~n logic co nhll'ng y nghTa thuc hanh nao?

10.2.5 Don gian h6a cac phlJ'oong trinh chuc nang

Cac phU'O'ngtrinh chirc nang (danq chuan theo phep tach r6'i logic OR) trinh bay trong trang 401 kh6ng phai la
d~ng t6i gian (don gian h6a tOi da). cac rnacn di$n logic kh6ng phai lu6n dtroc thi~t k~ theo danq t6i giim. Nh6'
nhll'ng phep chuyen d<;lis6 logic va so d6 Karnaugh-Veitch (viet tat so d6 KV), ta co the don gian hoa nhCfng
rnach dien nay voi it linh ki$n k~t nOi logic hon.

Bang 1: Quy tac ve phep chuyen d~i s6 logic

Dan gian h6a kilt noi Dan gian h6a kilt nbi Djnh lu~t va phep chuy~n d~i so logic
logic AND logic OR
AND truoc OR
El E2 )1 A
El"l=El ~
~=El E1v1=1 B=l
ElvE2"E3 = E1v(E2"E3)
E3 &
~

ElvO = El ~ = El Djnh lui;it giao hoan

~ ~
~ El1\E2 = E21\El
ElvE2 = E2vEl ~ ~

Ell\El = El ~
~
= El ElvEl = El ~
~
= El Djnh lu~t kilt h9'P
Ell\(E2I\E3) = (ElI\E2)"E3
Elv(E2vE31 = (ElvE2)vE3
ru E3
~

-
ElvEl = 1 EM ;;<1
A=1
flinh luiit
phiin phOi
(El"E2)v(El"E3)
(E1vE2),,(ElvE3)
~
= E1,,(E2vE3)
= E1v(E2"E3)
~

~=El

~~
El,,(ElvE2) = El Elv(E1"E2) = El
!}1
E3
&

&
)1 A IDE::1&
E3 ;;<1
A El

Djnh lui;it De Morgan NAND thay the OR NOR thay the AND Phu dinh kep (hai IAn)

~=0
~El
E~E~l
E2 &
A-
- E2 ;;<1
A ~=E1

ElvE2 = E'i"E2 E1vE2 = E'i"E2 E1 = El

~=a
~El

El"E2 = E'ivE2
Qua nhCmgdjnh luat k~ tren cac mach dien logic d~u co th~ C8Utao chi tli
mQt 10l;lic6ng, thi ou v6'i c6ng NAND
 10.2 Ky thuat s6 403

imI!l!I Rut 99n nhCmg phuonq trinh chuc nang sau day (Hinh 1):
El
A = E 1 II E2 v E1 II E2 v E1 II E2 E2 I~y ra ngoai dau nqoac (SlYdung dinh luat phan phoi) E2
A = E2 II (E 1 v E1) v E1 II E2 Rut 99n k~t noi logic OR (E 1 v E 1) =1
A = E2 II 1 v E1 II E2 Rut 99n E2 II 1 = E2 A
A = E2 vE1 II E2 E2 v (8 II E2) (E2 b6 VaGd~u nqoac)
A = (E2 v E1) II (E2 v E2) Rut qon k~t noi logic OR (E2 v E2) =1
A=(E2vE1)Al Rut qon El 111" El
A = t2 v E1 = E2 v E1 SlY dl,mg dinh IU$t de Morgen
A = E2 v E1 = E2 A E1 = E2 AEl De Morgan (phO dinh kep bi huy bo) El~A
A=E2I1El=ElI1E2 E2~
Dinh luat hoan vi
Hinh 1: M\lch di~n d1i
dU'Q'c dO'n gian
10.2.6 Toi gian (lam giam den rrurc toi thi~u) b<'lngbi~u do KV

Karnaugh va Veitch da phat tri€!n phuonq phap m6 ta bang do hoa d~;mg

chuan theo phep tach rai (k~t n6i logic OR), d€! tLr d6 suy ra duoc nhCmg Bi~u do
co 3
kilt n6i logic (hay rnach) don gian. se 6 trong billu do KV bang 56 hang ng6 vao, nen
co 23 = 8 6
trong bang chuc nang. Vi trl cua hang trong 6 duoc X8C dinh theo cot k~t
n6i logic (xem *) (y bimg chirc nanq (xem thi du (y duoi).

NhCmg 6 nay phai duoc sap xtJp sac cho nhCJ'ng 6 ben canh chi khac bi~t
Hinh 2: Nhfrng 6 trong bieu do KV
nhau mot bien 56.

C b a * a,·j) a"b a"b a"b

0 0 0 0 a"b"c

l -
0
-
1 0 0 1 aAbAc '",
.Q C aAbAc aAbAc a"bAc a"b"c
-

2 0 1 0 a"b"c .s
c Hang 0 2 3 1
3 0 1 1 aAbAc <Q)
~
4 1 0 0 aAbAc
c aAbAc aAb"c a"bAc a"bAC
5
6
1
1
0
1
1
0
a"bAc
aAbAc Ii cnu Y d~n vi trl cOa Mng
l 4 6 7 5
7 1 1 1 a"b"c

Hinh 3: Vi tri cua cac hang trang bieu do KV

imI!l!I Nh6' billu do KV, bang chuc nang {y ben canh nhau (Hinh 4) se E3 E2 El Al PhlJ'ang trinh cnoc nang
duoc tOi gian hoa theo each nhu sau:
0 0 0 0

1. Tuonp Lrng voi so hang trang bang chuc nang, so do KV cOng co 8 6. 0 0 1 0

10
0 1 0 1 Al = E1AE2AE3
2. Ghi tranq thai logic {y ng15ra A 1 VaG trong 6 tLl'O'ng Lrng cOa so do KV.
0 1 1 1 Al = El"E2AE3
3. NhO>ng6 ben canh nhau co logic "1" duoc thu lai trong mot v6ng I~p 1 0 0 1 A 1 = E lAE2AE3
1 0 1 1 Al = E1AE2AE3
4. Mot v6ng I~p co the gom: 1, 2,4, 86 tuc la 2n 6 (n 103 so ng15vao, n EN). 1 1 0 0

5. Mot 6 co the bi ket noi trong nhieu v6ng lap 1 1 1 1 A 1 = E1AE2AE3

6. Nho>ng 6 {y bia co the xem nhu 6 ben canh

7. Dan gian hoa: v6ng: E1 II E2 II E3 v E 1 II E2 II E3 = E2 II E3

v6ng: E 1 II E2 II E3 vEl II E2 II E3 = E 1 II E3
v6ng: E1 II E2 II E3 v El II E2 II E3 = E2 II E3
8. K~t qua ta dLl'9'Cphuonq trinh chuc nang tOi gian voi k~t noi logic OR cOa E3
ba v6ng li;ip

A = E 1 II E3 v E2 II E3 v E2 II E3
Hinh 4: £)O'n gian h6a bi~u do KV
404 10 Ky thuat dieu khi~n

Bi~u do KV vai 4 ngo vao (Hinh 1 va 2)

B(i chuyen hU'6'ng (b(i tach re) trong mot thiet bi phan E1 to D D D D D D D [ t
Hang E4 E3 E2 E1 A1 A2
0 0 0 0 0 1 1
loai duoc dieu khien boi 4 earn bien (E1 d~n E4). 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
Chung dan dang vat li$u d~n trarn gia cong A 1 va d~n E2t 0 0 0 0 •t
2
3
0
0
0 1
0 1
0
1
0
0
1
1
tram A2. Dua vao bieu d6 xung ta co the phac thao 4 0 1 0 0 1 1
mot rnach dien logic don gian (toi thieu) cho hai vi tri E3t 0 0 5
6
0
0
1 0
1 1
1
0
1
0
1
1
cua b(i chuyen hU'6'ng. 7 0 1 1 1 0 1
8 1 0 0 0 0 0
each thl!C hi~n; E4 t~_----,__ -,I~
- E
9 1 0 0 1
,
0 0
t 10 1 0 1 0 0
1. Chuyen bieu do xung vao bang chuc nang
2. Ghi bang chuc n<3ngvao bieu do KV
AID 0 0 0 11
12
1 0 1
,
1 1 0
1
0
1
0
0
0
13 1 0 1 0 1
3. Tap hop cac a qua vang I~p 14 1 1 1 0 1 0
A2j,- _----'0.....- ...•0'-'--_ 15 1 1 1 1 1 0
4. ThiElt I~p phuonq trinh chuc nang cho vang laP qua t Bang clurc nang
ket noi logic OR
Hinh 1: each hoat d';;ng cua thit.t b] phan loai
5. M6 ta phuonq trinh qua rnach logic

-- - - <:t
El E2 El E2 El E2 El E2 E1E2 E1 E2 El E2 El E2 N
W '"
W w M ach dien logic
E4
~o
0
2
0
3 E E4 ~o
1
r---2
1
r---3 U1
&
~ r--- ;;'1 1--. AI

E4 0 0 E4 0 0 0 0 &
11 10 1111 10 11 ~
E3 E4 0
B
b.. 0
9

E3 E4 0
8

0 0
9
~
12 14U15 13 12 14 15 fil3 .J & ~r-

E3 E4
D. - -
0
6
A 1 = E2 E4 E2 E4
0
7 li::"5 E3 E4 11
I
•
1
6

A2 = E1 E2 E3 E4
1
7 11l ;;'1 t- A2

'--
Hinh 2: Giarn dt.n moc toi thit.u

Bieu d6 KV don gian h6a phU'O'ngtrlnh, khi cac tri 56 logic "1" cua chuc
nang rnuc tieu (ng5 ra) dU'Q'Ctap hop lai. Nen co gang dat dU'Q'cvonq I~p Z2D><C=:=--
ton nhat nhu co the. PhLl'O'ngtrinh cnuc nang rnuc tieu phai bao gom tat Z, •..•........-----....
ca nhli'ng tri so logic "1 ". ke ca khi nhO>ngtr] so nhu the kh6ng narn trang 1---"'- 83toi da
vonq I~p.
Bon 52 binh
chira dflu thLPang
NhLPngdong vo nghia (kh6ng xac djnh dLl'Q'c)cua bang chuc nang
Ir---,ilj.- 31 t5i
Bon chua dau cua mot nha may nhiet dien dU'Q'ccung cap theo hai thi~u
dU'Crngong dan (Hinh 3). Ml1c dQ dau: toi thieu, blnh thU'cynghay toi da
duoc giam sat do cac earn bien (S1, S2 va S3). Khi rrurc dau xuong dU'Cri Hanq 53 52 51 Z1 Z2
tr] 56 tOi thieu. dU'Crngong dan Z1 va Z2 mo. Khi tr] 56 toi da dat duoc, 0 0 0 0 1 1
Z1 va Z2 d6ng lai. Khi rnuc dau giam xuong 6' gili'a rmrc tOi thieu va binh 1 0 0 1 1 0
thU'Crngthi Z1 mo. Tren rrurc binh thU'Crngthi dau chay qua Z2. 2 0 1 0 x I-- vO
x nghTa
3 0 1 1 1
0
Mot rnach di$n logic don gian duoc phac thao (Hinh 4). 4 1 0 0 x I-- vO
x nghTa
5 1 0 1 x I-- vO
x nghTa
Nhli'ng dang c6 danh dau va nghTa (khong xac dinh duoc) trang bang 6 1 1 0 x x t-- vO n..[Link]
chuc nang la to hoopcua cac ng6 vao kh6ng the hlnh thanh. Cho nen 7 1 1 1 0 0
chunq khonq gay anh hU'cyngden rnach dien can tim. Trang bang chuc
Hinh 3: Bon choa dfiu
nang bien so ng5 ra dU'Q'Cdanh dau la X. Ky hi$u x c6 the la tri so logic
"0" hay "1". Tr] so x nay cOng duoc ghi vao bieu d6 KV theo tr] 56 logic "1"
hay "0", de c6 the co nhieu 6 trong m(it vonq laP.

51,,$2 51,,52 51,,52 51,,$2 51"S"2 51,,52 51,,52 51,,$2

- r---1 -
53
0
x
2
0
3
1
1
53 1 ot.: 2L2.L 0
1

53 x x 0 x 53 x x 0 X
I- 4 6 7 5 4 6 7 5
Bi~u d6 KV cho Z1; Z1 = 52 Bi~u d6 KV cho Z2; Z2 = 51v52,,53

Hinh 4: Toi giftn

 10.2 Ky thuat s6 405

10.2.7 PMn tich rnach di~n logic E1

Phan tlch cho biet Sl,J'lien h$ cua nhO>ngbien s6 ang6 E2

ra va ng6 vao. Bi~m khai d,jju la rnach di$n logic dang

c6 can duoc khao sat. Ket qua cua khao sat c6 th~
la: phuonq trinh chuc nang, bang chuc nang, bieu do
xung va me ta (bang loi) cua rnach di$n logic (Hinh 1). Al

E3

.$ PMn tich rnach dien logic 0 ben canh E4

Hay tim phuonq trinh chuc nang, banq chuc

nang, bi~u do xung va me ta (b~ng loi).

iflM 1. Tach nyi toan b(>rnach dien thanh nhO>ng Hinh 1: M~ch di~n logic
chirc nang thanh phan (o day F1 - F4), bat
d~u Ill>noi g~n cac ng6 vao
Ch(rc nling thanh phan:
2. Thillt I~p phuonq Irinh chuc nang cho m6i Bang 1: Bang chisc nling
chuc nanq thanh phan F1 = E1 ~E2vE1 ~E2

F2 = E3 ~ E4 v E3 ~ E4 Hang E4 E3 E2 El Fl F2F3F4Al
3. T<';Ip
hop iai cac choc nang tll>ngphan thanh
mot crurc nang toan bQ. F3= F1 Ai=2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
F4 = F1 ~ F2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ch(Vc nang toan bQ: 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
A1 = F3v F4
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
A1=FlAF2vF1AF2
5 0 0 1 0 0 0
A1 = (El AE2vEl AE2)A(E3~E4vE3AE4)v(E1 ~E2vE1 ~E2)~(E3~E4vE3AE4)
6 0 0 0 0 0
M6 ta: 7 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

A 1 c6 logic "1 ", khi t6ng s6 cac 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ng6 vao c6 logic "1" la mot s6 9 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1

chi'ln 10 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
11 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Truy van kheng c6 ng6 vao voi
12 0 0 1 0 1 1
logic "1" khonq dU'Q"Cbe qua
13 0 1 0 0 0 0
A10 DO DO 0 14 0 0 0 0 0
"t
15 1 1 1 0 1 1

1[;; N N
1[;; 1[;; N N
1[;; 10
<
(f)
<
(f)
< ::. <
(/)
<
(f)

~< ::.
1. Hay don gian h6a cac bi~u do KVa bsn canh va IVi IVi (f) (f) IVi IVi (/) (f)

cho biet phuonq trinh chuc nang t6i gian cho moi
bi~u do va rnach di$n logic tuonq (mg. 53 1 0 0 0 53 1 1 0 1
0 2 3 1 0 2 3 1

2. Truyen tai dO>li$u c6 4 bit (a, b, c, d) qua mot 53 0 1 1 0 53 0 1 0 0

mach dien phai diro'c qiarn sat. Mach dien logic 4 3 7 5 4 6 7 5

S9 cho logic "1" a

ng6 ra, khi tong s6 4 bit c6 tr]
so "1" la sale. I~ ~ ~ I~ I~ ~ ~ I~
< < < < < <
a. Hay hoan tat bang chuc nang leu leu LLJ LLJ leu leu w< w<
b. Dl,J'a vao bang chuc nang, hay thiet I~p 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 3 1 0 2 3 1
phircnq trinh chuc nanq chuan theo phep
hop (danq chuan hop DNF - cong logic OR) 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
8 10 11 9 8 10 11 9
c. Ban gian h6a nho bi~u do KV neu dU'Q"c
1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
12 14 15 13 12 14 15 13
d. Ve sa d6 logic cho phuonq trinh chuc nang
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
4 6 7 5 4 6 7 5
406 10 Ky thuat di€!u khiEm

10.2.8 Chli>c nang nho- (hru gjCP)

Mot dOng co can duoc kh6'i dOng, khi ta nhan nut bat
(rno) (ON) S1 trang th6'i gian ngan, cung nhu dong co
I I I
dlYng, khi ta nhan nut tat (OFF) 80 trong th6'i gian ngan. ~\-\M--\ K1
Chtrc nang nho (hru tnr) co nghia la khi tranq ~ Ti~p ol~m OU'Q'c
thai cua mot tin hi$u (y ng6 VaGchi dU'Q'ctac dong duy Iri

trang mot th6'i gian ngan, nhU'ng tin hi$u nay phai
diroc duy trl tau dai va sao giO'lal (y ng6 ra.

Khi nhan nut 81 bo nho (tiilp di~m cua ro Ie) K1 duoc cao tao vai cac
thiet I$p (K1 =1 d6ng lai). Do Sl,l'phan hoi cua bien so c6ng iogic

ngo ra (to mau (6) dit§u ki$n d6ng rnach K1 van giO'
nquyen, cho du ng6 VaG81 khong con tac dl)ng. Tranq Ng6 vao Ngo ra
thai tin hi$u cua ngo VaGduoc duy trl. Khi nhan nut S1 SO A; dong co
80, r6' Ie K1 bj mat di$n (k~t noi logic AND kh6ng con
o 0 1 khi S 1 bi lac dong truce 06
dap Li'ng)va bi~n s6 ngo ra co trj so logic "0" (Hinh 1). o khi so b] lac dong truoc d6
o 1 o Ihi~1 l!ip lai (reset)
NhO'ngrnach di$n luu giO'tin hi$u (y ng6 VaGdU'Q'c
o 1 thi~t lap (set)
1 Khong xac djnh
99i lei rnach l!;It lU'ong on, chunq co hai trano thai
on djnh. Ti€!ngAnh 99i leiFlippflop (FF). Hinh 1: cnoc nang nho (lU'u trli»

M~ch I~t 11I'ong on (rnach flip-flop)

Mach I$t (Hinh 2) nay co hai tranq thai chuyen mach
on djnh: tranq thai thiet I$p khi A = 1 (ng5 vim 8= set

S8" : ll
tac dOng) va tranq thai thi~t I$p lai khi A = 0 (ng5 VaG AA 5: ngo vao thiet
l!ip
R = reset tac dong). Ca hai tranq thai phai loai trlY R: ngo vao thi~t
nhau, co nghia la khi rnach I$t hai tranq thai (bistabil l(ip I~i
FF) duoc thiet lap, thi nhCmgtin hieu thi~t I$p ti~p theo ;'1 A: ng6 ra
cua S kh6ng con tac dunq. TU'O'ngtl,l' cho tinh tranq aiR b) Ky hi~u rnach dien

thiet I$p lai. Can pha: tranh tinh tranq ngo VaG thiet Mach Flipflop RS

I$p S va ng6 VaGthiet lap lai R dong thoi c6 logic "1",

vi ta kh6ng the dinh dU'Q'Crnuc (1) logic (y ng5 ra cua
rnach I$t, khi ca hai ng5 VaGthay doi tlY logic "1" sang
S
o
R
0
A
LU'u Irli>
n
logic "0". o 1 0
o 1 t
Khi ng6 VaGS va R c6 logic "0" thi ng5 ra cua mach I$t
a
kh6ng thay dol. Mach I$t FF trong tranq thai dU'Q'C 1 khong xac dlnh C t
luu trQ>. Bang cnoc nang Bi.'lu do xung
M'ilch I~t RS lI'U ti€m (tr¢i hon) vai thil~t I~p Shay Hinh 2: M~eh I~t hai tr\lng thai 6n dinh

thiet I~p l'ili R

Trang thuc te, nhat la trang ky thuat PLC can thiet phai
c6 nhQ>nglinh kien lU'u trQ>voi ng5 ra chi c6 mot rrurc
logic ro rang, khi ca hai ng5 VaGthiet I$p 8 va thi~t I$p
lai R co cunq tin hieu logic "1". Cho mach I$t RS voi
ngo VaGthiet I~p l'ili R (resset) lI'U tien thi A = "0" khi
8 = "1" va R = "1". Cho rnach I$t RS vai ng5 VaGthiet
I~p S (set) lI'U tien thi A = "1' khi 8 = "1" va R = "1" LYu Mn thiet l(ip lai Ky thuat PLC:
uu tien thiet lap lai
(Hinh 3).
NhCPnglinh ki~n 11I'UgiCPco ngo vao di€!u khi€!n
Dac biet trong ky thuat Xli' Iy dO' li$u (may tinh) nhQ>ng
linh kien lU'utrQ>phai duoc dap Li'ngtuy theo rnuc tieu.
8e dat duoc dieu nay, linh ki$n c6 them mot ng5 VaG
di€lu khien hay ngo VaG xung nhjp. Tuy theo mong
LYu tien Ihiet I~p Ky Ihu~t PLC:
muon, vai ngo VaG xung nhjp nay, nhQ>ngthong tin U'u lien thiet lap
chua trang linh ki~n co the dU'O'ClU'u giCPhay kh6ng
b] chan lai, co nghia la thOng tin kh6ng cuoc lU'u giQ>. Hinh 3: cac IO\li linh kl~n llJ'u trli> RS
 10.2 Ky thuat s6 407

Mi,lch I~t D (D-Flipflop) v&i dieu khilm dQng (kich hoat]

Thong tin
A £)i~u khi~n
Mach I$t 0 (Hinh 1) nhan thong tin i'J ng6 ra, khi suon cua xung nhip i'J
do suon
ng6 vao 0 (0 = viet t~t delay = tre, trl hoan) dU'O'ng(c6 nghTa la thay doi Xung nh dlJ'O'ng xung
tlJ' "0" sang "1"). £)i~u khien khoi dong duoc ky hi$u b~ng mOi ten trong oi len
bieu tU'Q'ngchuyen rnach. Can s6 1 trong bieu tuonq rnach cua linh ki$n BiEiu tU'Q'ng rnach dien logic
cho biet sl! tuy thuoc giCi'axung nhip va dO' li$U ng6 vao. Can so 1 truoc
D cho biet ngOvao nay tuy thuoc van ng6 vao di§u khien nao, 6>d6 c6 so
1 sau m~u nr, thi du nhu C1. Mach I;ilt 0 c6 the luu trCi'1 bit. N6 la phan A £lieu khilln
tll' nho nh~t trong b(>nho RAM (co kha nanq doc va thay doi noi dung). do soon
Xung nh am xung di
xu6ng

Bieu tU'qng rnach di",n logic

Hinh 1: M<;Ich I(lt 0

Mi,lch I~t JK (Flipflop JK)

A
Mach I;ilt JK (Hinh 2) la mot linh kien luu trO' co di§u khien kh&i dQng (voi Nguyen lac
xung nhjp) ngo ra A voi ngo van J de thiet I$p (set) va v6>ingo vao K de rnach 1<lI1 JK
thiet I$p lai (reset). NhU'trong bieu d6 xung cho thay ro, ngU'ong logic "1"
cua hai ng6 vao J va K xac dlnh ro rang tin hieu i'J ng6 ra A. Neu J = K =1
thl rnach I;ilt Flipflop S8 kh&i dQng, nghTa la tranq thai cua ng6 ra S8 thay T QJJJJJJJJjJJL
dbi voi moi wan di len cua xung nhip. NgU'Oita con goi rnach I$t lam viec I :: I t

theo phuonq thuc Toggle (/?t qua I?/). Mach I$t JK la mot linh kien lU'utrO' JLlJLJ~~!~ ,t
dQng dU'Q'cdi~u khien do wan cua xung nhjp.

Kt'-- ---1:~n--+,-:J-,+~-=;f---'"]-
BiEiu tll'qng~J
loqic T C1
A JK-FF,
Elieu khien
Bieu \U'Q'ng =[tJ
loqic ~ C1
A JK-FF,
£lieu khilln do
At ---,--H----l''---.L...H--<-' --<-[ --:-,
L- t
BiEiu db xung rnach I~I JK
1K A do won 1K A suon am
duonqloqic
Hinh 2: M;,Ich I(lt JK (Flipflop JK)

[Link] Mi,lch I~t JK chu-te (Flipflop MS-JK)

Mach I;ilt JK chu-to (Master-Slave) (Hinh 3) g6m co hai rnach I$t JK di~u 10
khien dong (voi xung nhip), chunq duoc geln noi tiep nhau. Thong tin hru
trO' narn & nhO'ng ngo van cua rnach I$t chu (master), thong tin nay se do
rnach I;iltto (slave) phat ra nqoai. Trong khi rnach I;iltchu luu trQ>thong tin
(y ng6 van J va K do wan di len cua xung nhip, thi rnach I$t to b] kh6a 1<;Ii.
Chi khi wan (am) cua xung nhjp di xu6ng thi rnach I;ilt to nhan thong tin
tlJ' mach I;ilt chu va phat thong tin & ng6 ra. Mach I$t JK chu-to (Master-
Slave) con qoi la mach dh~u khilm v&i hai swan xung. Voi suon xung Nguyen lac rnach l(ll chu-to JK-MS

di len thong tin & rnach I;ilt chu dU'Q'clU'u trO' trung gian, voi wan xung
di xu6ng rnach I$t to nhap thong tin trung gian nay va xuat ra & ng6 ra.
Vi v$y rnach I$t chu-te JK-MS c6 the hru trLPhai thong tin khac nhau,
T UJJlflfJJlf=l.I!--:
I 1 I I I t
I I I I I

mot thong tin & chu (bo nho trung gian) va mot thong tin khac (y to (bQ
nho ngo ra).
Jt 0i i Iii 't

Kt i rjJ I !! 't

Bieu Hu'ong Billu

0
tll'Q'ng
logic
T dan ve vi",c
nhan lin khi
suon xung
IU'qng
logic
T
A
£lieu khien
v&i wan am
At
" '0
" [t
Bieu db xung rnach l(ll chu-te JK-MS
di xu6ng (di xu6ng)
Hinh 3: M<;Ich I(lt chu-to JK (FF MS • JK)
408 10 Ky thuat dieu khilm

[Link] M'lIch l{it chu-to v6>i nhfrng ngo vao tinh (FF JK-MS)
Tt 0 ODD 0 DO .
NhCmg ng6 VaG tinh (static = on cJinh) R-S la khonq phu thuoc VaG xung
s .-- __ t
nhip va phan Ll'ng theo tranq thai cua tin hieu (tranq thai logic "0" hay "1").
NhCmg ng6 VaG di~u khi~n b5 sung nay S (Set - thiflt lap) va R (Reset- R
thiflt I~p tai) uu tien hon dOi voi nhCmg ngo VaG dong (dynamic) J-K.
J
NhO'ng ngo vao tinh (R.S) kh6ng co tac dung. mach
l(it chu-te JK-MS heat dong theo xung nhjp. K
S =0, R = 1 Ngo ra cua rnach l(it JK-MS nhay len logic ''1", nhO'ng
ngo vao d(>ng (J-K) kh6ng co tac dung (dU'ang th~ng
A
dling rnau xanh Hinh 1)
Ngo ra cua rnach I~t JK-MS nhay xu6ng logic "0",
Bi~u tuonq logic nhCYngngo vao dong (J-K) kh6ng co tac d~ng (dU'ong
Hinh 1: Bi€!u do xung
th~ng dling mau do Hinh 1)

Trong ky thuat IC (Integrate Circuit = mach tlch hop), nhCmg rnach I$t JK
cung nhU' rnach I$t chu-te JK duoc SLY dl,mg de thiet ke nhQ>ng cac bo
dflm

10.2.9 B(>d~m

Trong thuc te bo dem thU'ang SlY dunq de dem s6 IU'O'ng xung hay s6
IU'O'ng cac chi tiet (thi du s6 IU'O'ng don vi san xu at), cung nhu de hien thi
hay xac djnh quang dU'o>ng hay chi~u dai, Pharn vi SlY dunq dien hinh nhu BO d€.m vai tr] s6 dinh
rnuc co th~ chinh duoc.
conq ngh$ giay, d$t, CO' khi, d6ng g6i (Hinh 2). Tren nguyen tac ta phan
n6 dinh chieu dai cua gi€.y
biet giQ>a bo dem hien th] va bo dem vai tri so chon tnro'c hay dinh rnuc,
a bo dem hien thi nhQ>ng xung ng6 VaG dU'O'c dem va sau do hien th], a
bo dem co tr] s6 chon truoc (bo dem c6 the I$p trinh) ta dinh truoc mot tri
so dern bat ky cho bo dem (dU'O'c I$p trinh) qua conq tac ma h6a (nhQ>ng
ng6 VaG kich heat). Khi so IU'O'ng xung dem dat dll'c;>'ctr] s6 dinh truoc thl
bi,l dem chuyen dOi, thi du khoi di,lng ng6 ra cua ro Ie. se
dem hru trQ>6-
bi,l dem xung S9 tang them 1 va ket qua S8 duoc lU'u trQ>mot, d6 la bQ
dem thuan hay be? dem tang. a
bQ dem nguo<?,c hay bQ dem giam tr]
so luu trCPS8 bat di 1. Vi cac rnach li;lt voi hai tranq that 5n dinh (bistabil
FF) luu trCP1 bit, cho nen khi ket noi nhCPng linh ki$n nay lai vai nhau ta
c6 the S8 tao dU'9'C nhCPng rnach dem. Tong s6 cac mach l;fIt can thiet tuy
thuoc VaG so dem can lU'u trQ>va kflt qua dflm.

[Link] Be? dem khong dong be? Hinh 2: BQ dem d€! hi€!n th]

Khi ta gan cac rnach I~t n6i tiep nhau, sao cho ng6 ra cua rnach li;lt co vi
tri bit thap nhat di~u khien ng6 xung cua rnach I$t ke co vi trl bit cao non, Vi tri bit c6 tr] so
thap nhat
thi ket qua dem S8 tang IEm sau moi xung nhip, ta gQi nhQ>ng mach oem 20 = 1
nhu the la nhQ>ng bi,l dem thuan khong d6ng bOo Voi ba mach l;fIt chu-to
(FF MS) (Hinh 3) gan n6i tiep co the co 8 xung b] dem. Vai suon di xu6ng
cua xung nhjp thiJ' 8 tat ca ba rnach li;lt d~u duoc thiet I~p IQi (reset, bQ
oem c6 ni,li dung la 000). Con so cao nhat de hien thi trong h$ th6ng nh]
phan la 0 = 111, tuc la s6 7 trong h$ thong thap pharr, Vi bi,l dem co 8 So d~m modulo 8 thuc hien voi rnach I~t T-FF
tranq thai oem khac nhau nen gQi la bi,l dem modulo 8. Bi,l dem khong
d6ng bi,l voi n mach li;lt JK chu-te noi tiep nhau co the dem 2n xung. Tr] so
nh] phan Ian nhat co the hien th] cua n6 la 2n -1.

Khi nhfrng ngo vao dO' li$u cua

mach l(it chu-to JK-MS co logic "1",
Xung
thi ngo fa I~t (toggle) tal m6i xung
nhip
nhjp. Mach I~t nay con gOi la rnach
I~t T-FF.
Hinh 3: B9 d€.m kh6ng dong bQ
 10.2 Ky thuat s6 409

Neu xung nhip cua oau A OlJ'Q'C SlYdunq de dieu khien cho rnach I~t ke
tlep thi ta duoc be) oem ngU'Q'c (Hinh 1).

[Link] Be:) dem dong be:)

Dac tinh cua bo oem oong b(l la xung nhip dieu khien cung mot luc cho
tat ca rnach I~t trong bo dem. Vi v~y xung oem nhjp bo oem dong bo a
cao hon so voi bo oem kh6ng d6ng bo, khi chunq cunq mot s6 1lJ'Q'ng Hinh 1: ee oem nglJ'Q'c modulo 8
dem (Hinh 2).

Bo oem d6ng bo dem nhanh hon bo oem khong dong bo.

£)ieu khien o6ng bo doi h6i each rap rnach tuonq CPngcho ngo VaGJ va
K. Qua d6 can bao dam sac cho chi nho>ngrnach I$t thay doi tranq thai
ng6 ra. nho d6 day 56 oem OLl'Q'C chinh xac. 6 b¢ dem ngu'Q'cdong bo
modulo 8 nhCrngng6 ra am dLl'Q'cSlYdl,mg cho viec rap rnach cua nhCrng
ng6 VaGJ va K tuonq [Link] thuc te hau nhu ngLl'ai ta kh6ng con Elong bo modulo 8; bo dem thuan
Al A2 A3
thiet ke true tiep nho>ng b¢ dem oong bo, vi tren thj tmCrng cung CPng
nhieu b¢ dem trong mot rnacn tlcn hop IC. NhCrng IC nay duoc m6 ta
trong mot so d6 kh6i. Sa do nay gom co mot khoi dieu khien, mot hay
nnleu kh6i ng6 ra (tlY ng6 VaGden ng6 ra). Kh6i dieu khien cho biet loai
dieu khien cung nhu Sl,J'phu thuoc giO>ang6 VaGva ng6 ra voi ng6 VaG
dieu khieln. a
day nhCrng chCr so d~c tmng va chCr cai duoc SlYdunq,
El6ng b(l modulo 8; bO dem ngU'c;>'c
Kh6i ng6 VaGra chua nhCrng rnach I~t FF.
TtOOOOOOOOOO
Elau dieu khien Alt 0 0 0 0 0
Ngo vao -+ Bo dem phan (rng I<li voi wan di len
(duonq),
A21D 0 C
dieu khien
Bo dem Ihu$n vai tin hi$u logic "1" A3t C
aCT, tr]so bo dem Ira lai "0".
Bi~u d6 xung b(l dem nquoc t

o
Ie 74190 la bo Hinh 2: B9 dem dong be?
""> ~ d~m Ihu(ln/ngU'Q'c
Ngo VEIO dCr lieu
10
en
'8, dong b6 thap
Z Z phan vai Ihlel I$p NgoradCPIi~U~
1<11(presel) Ngo vaooleukhu~n ~
Khol ngo vao ra (da quy dinh) GND (n6i dill) ~
VCC = +5 V Dl

01
IC 74190 (Hinh 3 va Hinh 1, Trang 400) la mot b¢ oem thap phan o6ng 00
b¢, c6 the Ic;tptrinh oe dem thuan va ncuoc theo rna BCD. CE

Th6ng tin ve chCrcai va chCrs6 trong kh6i oieu khien (Hinh 2, Trang 400):
10
CTR DIV 10; bo dem (counter) / chia (division); oem 10 xung.

Pin 4 Ng6 vao G1(CE; cho phep dem) duoc n6i qua cong AND voi pin
14 ClK (clock, xung nhip) va vot ng6 ra pin 13 RC (ripple clock,
xung nhip kh6ng dong bo)

Pin 5 Ng6 vao chon hlJ'ang dem; neu DID (Down M2, Up M3) c6 logic
"0" thi dem thuan; neu OlD c6 logic '1' thi dern nquoc

Pin 14 ClK (xung nhip); oem nglJ'Q'ckhi CE va DID voi logic "0" (1,2-);
dem thuan khi CE voi logic "0" va DID voi logic "1" (1,3+). Ngoai
ra ClK tac dl,lng VaGng6 ra RC pin 13 qua G4

Pin 11 Qua ng6 VaGS (C5) bo oem nhap dO>li~u tlY ng6 vao DO den D3,
bo oem duoc lap trinh. £)ieu nay xay ra a ng6-vao S voi tin hieu
logic "0" ngan han (nap kh6ng dong bo).
Hinh 3: Ky hieu rnach (lien cho Ie 74190
410 10 Ky thu~t dieu khi~n

Pin 12 Ngo ra CY phat tin hieu logic "1 ", voi b(> d~m ngU'<;>,c(U/D = "0")
dat tr] s6 nho nhat (CT =
0), vai b(> dem thuan (U/D =
"1 ") dat tr] INPUT OUTP./FUNCT.
CE S SEl U/D ClK 03 02 01 00 CY RC
s6 Ian nh~t va[JS:T = 10). Z6 cho biet ngo ra nay n6i n(ii b(i vai
L H L J L L L L L H
ngo ra pin 13 (RC). X L X X Nap L H
H H X Kh6ng thay db; L H

Pin 13 Neu tin hi$u 0 CE va ClK co logic "0", thl (y ngo ra RC co tin hi$u L H L J oem len(lhu~n) L H
L H H I El~mxu6ng(ng"~c) L H
d<'10cua ng6 ra CY (pin 12). Ngo ra RC duoc SlY dung cho vi$c
L H L J H L L L L H
noi l§ng bo dem N6 cung cap xung dem cho bO d~m t~ng ke tiep L H L J H l l H n u
cao hon.
Hinh 1: Bang di€!u khi~n Ie 74190

Thong tin ve chfr cai va chfr so trang khoi ng6 VaG ra (11Y ngo VaG den
ng6 ra)
ChG>cai (N) Y nghia
Pin 15 Ngo VaG b(i dem voi chLYCnanq D qiup cho Sl)' chinh truoc vai gia C 8ieu khien
tr] 20 =
1. Tiep nhan viec chinh tnroc khi S (pin 11) n6i vai logic EN Cho phep
"0". BOi vei nhll'ng ng6 VaG con lai D1 d~n D3 gia tr] chinh tnroc G AND
duoc ghi trang nqoac vuonq []. M Che do (modus)
N PhO dinh
R Thiet l('Ip lal (reset)
Pin 3 Ngo ra cua b(i dem ca hai chieu co gia tri 1; kh6i ngo VaG ra S Thiet I~p (set)
103nhll'ng rnach I$t cnu-to FF MS, ky hi$u di;lc tmng 103SU'CYndi V OR
xu6ng. NhO'ng ngo ra con lai 01 den 03 co gia tr] nhu da quy Z Ket noi

djnh,
Hinh 2: NhG>ng chG> ciii ky hi~u cho ngo
vao va ngo ra b] di€!u khi~n

Be? dem nhieu tang gom cac tang noi tiep nhau cua
cac b(> demo Hinh 3 rno ta ve su n6i day cac b(> d~m
thuan 3 t~ng. Vao luc khoi dong khi thiet I$p lai (reset)
t~t ca nhO'ng mach I$t bO dem s6 dem tli' 0 den 999.
C6ng cho phep CE (pin 4) cua b(i dem vi tri hang chuc
duoc n6i vai dau truyen cho xung dem t~ng (Ubertraq)
RC (pin 13) cua b(>d€Jm k€Jti€Jp hang don vi.
Hinh 3: Bo dem nbi ba tiing - Trinh bay dO'n gian

1. Hay phan biet nhO'ng mach I$t dieu khien tTnh

(static) va dong (dynamic)? T<;Ii sac nhO'ng ngo
vao d(ing dU'<;>,cSlY dung nhieu hon tTnh?

2. Mach I$t chu-to JK-MS-FF co the luu trO' bao

nhieu thOng tin? Hay giai thich cau tra loi cua
ban.

3. Hay phan biet b(i dem d6ng bo va khong d6ng a) Nhfrng ng6 vao crura g<1inrnach co loqic "1"

bo? Cho biet U'U va nhuoc diem cua ca hai loai,

4. Hay phan tich Hinh a boiing each v6 bieu d6 xung.

Mach di$n nay co the Slf dunq 0 dau?
'lr 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 •
1J

5. Hinh b chi mot day xung 0 1K

xung nhjp ngo VaG va (y ngo ra A
A cua rnach I$t chu-te JK-MS-
FF. Hay cho biet thong tin hay
ve dean xung kfl tiflp nhau (y
ngo VaG 1J va 1K (xem hinh
ben canh)? b) Bieu do xung
 10.2 Ky thuat so 411

[Link] Thanh ghi

DCPli$u & ngo vao LSB

Thanh ghi la b(J nho nhanh (ghi va doc nhanh) chua

nhieu bit (hi 4 oEm 64 bit) cho so llJ'oong dCr li$u it. oCr
lieu OlJ'Q'Cluu trO>ngan han dlJ'ai di;tng nh] phan. Moi
bit thong tin chua trong mot 0 nho. Viec xac dinh vi tri
o nho bit cho thong tin duoc thuc hien do su truyen
Ngovilo ----~=======±======~
dO>Ii$u noi tiep tuan tl)' theo thoi gian fy ng6 VaG va Hinh 1: Thanh ghi dlcn chuyen 3 bit
ngo ra. Do d6 thanh ghi kh6ng can co dia chi de doc LSB (Least significant Bit): bit co tronq 50 thap nh.h
MSB (Most significant Bit): bit co trQng so cao nhat
hay viet dCF li~u.

Bang 1: PMn chia thanh ghi theo djnh d~ng

dCr li~u • t
Loai thanh ghi Nh~p dCPli$u Xuat dO>li$u
Thanhghi dichchuyen noi tiep noi tiep
(SR) • t

Thanhghi III b¢ bi~n nOi tiep song song

dOinOitiep- songsong •. t
Thanhghi Iii b¢ bi~n song song noi tiep
dbisongsong- nbitiep
Thanhghi II1UtrQ> •. t
song song song song

[Link] Nguyen tc\c thanh ghi djch chuyen •. t

Hinh 2: Bi{,u do xung thanh ghi dich chuyen 3 bit

Khi dCr lieu luu trCr trang mot thanh ghi bi doi vi tri sang
ben canh bang mot cau lenh, ta goi la thanh ghi dich
chuyen. Thanh ghi dich chuyen duoc C8U tao roi rac
vai rnach I~t chu-te FF JK-MS hay co s<1ntrang rnach T
tich hop IC. Thanh ghi dich chuyen fy Hinh 1 co dung Tin
1lJ'Q'ng luu trCr 3 bit. Bieu do xung Hinh 2 cho thay ro hi$u
& ngo
a moi wan khi oi xuong cua xung nhjp, dCr lieu trong
vilo
mot 0 nho b] oay sang phia ben canh, Khi xung nhjp
bi chan lai, dO>lieu trang thanh ghi OlJ'Q'Chru giCr. Chi A1
cho den khi xung nhjp rnoi thl dCr lieu chuyen dich tiep
theo tCr 6 nay sang 6 khac, oCr lieu khi den ng6 ra cua
A2
thanh ghi S9 Ubi mat di" vo'i xung nhip ke tiep, n6 dlJ'OOC
tach roi kh6i thanh ghi.

_ can baa nhieu xung nhip de d(j>lieu 101

A3
10
(Hinh 3) trong thanh ghi dich chuyen c6
3 bit dlJ'O'c IlJ'Utnr? Hinh 3: Nh~p vao thong tin 101

[Link] C~n 3 xung nhip

1. Xung nhip LSB1) = 1 --> 1 a A1
2. Xung nhip LSB = 1 --> 1 a A2 va 0 --> A 1
3. Xung nhip LSB = 1 --> 1 a A3 va 0 --> A2 va DCPlieu bit nhap vao
MSB2) = 1 --> A1a qua cong A, B. DCPIi$u
duoc doc do suon
Trang mot thanh ghi djch chuyen, bit di VaG truoc duonq cua xung nhip
cOng S9 di ra truoc, do d6 ta con goi thanh ghi dich Cl.K va bi d~y ti~p ben
trang. Sau 8 I~n xung.
chuyen la FIFO. 8e x6a dCr lieu cua thanh ghi kh6ng
thong tin bit dlJ'9'cdoc
tuy thuoc VaG xung nhip, thi ta can n6i ng6 VaG x6a vo'i d~u tien se hi$n ra &
OV (mass) trong thai gian ngan. ngo ra Q. (13) Q
(14) Q

1) LSB:LeastsignificantBit. bit co tr,>ngso thap nhat Hinh 4: Thanh ghi djch chuy{,n 8 bit vai ngo ra I vao nOi tiep,
2) MSB:MostsignificantBit, bit c6 tronq 50 cao nhat tc 7491
412 10 Ky thuat di€!u khiEln

Thanh ghi dich cnuyen 8 bit c6 ng5 vao va ng5 ra n6i

S = 1 phat ra song song
A1 A2 A3
ti~p thU'ang hay dU'Q'cSlf dunq la IC 7491 (Hinh 4,
Trang 411).

N~u cac ng5 A 1, A2 va A3 cua thanh ghi 3 bit duoc DiY

S~.-------~~----~----~
Slf dl)ng nhtr nhCmg ng5 ra b6 sung thi dCf Ii$u trong li$u
thanh ghi dU'Q'clU'u trQ>pnat ra song song, tLPCla tat T
ca nhQ>ngbit dQ>li$u (6 nho) duoc doc cling mot luc,

M(>tthanh ghi djch chuy~n voi dQ>li$u nhan vao n6i

ti~p va phat ra song song duoc gQi ta bQ bil~n doi noi
tiep - song song (Hinh 1). Khi phat ra song song thl Hinh1: BQ bil~n doi noi tiep - song song
xung nhip phai bi chan, de cho thong tin trang thanh
ghi kh6ng b] sai. M(>tthanh ghi dlch chuyen lam viec
nhu mot be'?bien doi song song - noi tiep, n6 nhan Phat ra song song
dQ>li$u lU'u trQ>vao cunq mot luc (song song). f)~ luu
A1 A2 A3
trQ>dQ>li$u nay thanh ghi Slf dunq nhQ>ngngo vao
khong phu tnuoc vao xung nhip. Khi xung nhlp heat
d(>ng lai thl dQ>li$u luu trQ>dU'Q'cphat {y ngo ra theo
ttYng bit, co nghTa la n6i ti~p.

Thanh ghi hru trQ> la nhCfng thanh ghi co dCr li$u

nhan (di vao) song song va phat (di ra) song song.
NhCfng thanh ghi luu trCr nay dU'Q'cc8U tao voi rnach
I$t chu-te FF JK-MS dU'Q'cb6 sung voi cac ng5 vao
tinh (static). Qua nhO>ngng5 vao tTnh(S hay R) nay dQ> Nh~n vao song song
Ii$u dU'Q'cghi vao nhQ>ngrnach I~t FF (Hinh 2). Them Hinh 2: Thanh ghi hru tr('p 3 bit
vao do {y thanh ghi luu trCPnay cOng co the nhan va
phat dO>lieu n6i ti€!p.

Thanh ghi hai chieu (hai hU'&ng ngU'Q'c nhau) la loai

thanh ghi tuy theo 51)' di~u khi€ln dCPlieu b] dfly theo
ttYng bit haec v~ phia phal hoac v~ phia trai theo moi
xung nhip. Hinh 3 la mo hinh cua IC 74194, thanh
ghi hai chieu 4 bit. Cach heat dQng co the chinh qua
ng5 VaGSO va S1 (Hinh 4). DO d~n D3 la dCfli$u ng5
vao, QO d~n Q3 la dQ>li$u ng5 ra. Khi SO co logic "1",
va S1 co logic "0", thi dCf lieU di VaGqua ng5 vao n6i
ti~p DSR va dCflieU con lai trong thanh ghi bi day theo
ttYng bit sang phai theo suon len (duonq) cua xung
nhip, N(>idung tLPCthai (thuc t~) cua thanh ghi co san
d§ SlYdung tal cac ng5 ra. Vo'i SO = "0" va S1 = "1" dO>
lieU 58 bi dfly v~ phia trai, Ngo vao noi ti~p cho chieu Hinh 3: Ie 74194 Thanh ghi hai chieu vai dCP li~u ngo vae va
trai la OSL. Khi SO va S1 co cunq logic "0", thi thanh ngo ra song song

ghi khong thuc hien mot chuc nanq nao. Ng5 vao phai
co logic "1" cho tat ca cac chLPCnang. Khi co logic "0",
thl tat ca rnach I$t b] x6a noi bQ cho nen tat ca ngo ra
deu co logic "0". MODE
CHlrC NANG
CLK SO S1 CLR

Lrng dl,mg cua thanh ghi. X L L H Kh6ng thay dbi

J H L H £)~y sang phai (DSR d~n 00)

Trong ky thuat linh kien dien tlf, thanh ghi duoc li'ng
dung cho bQ d$m dO>lieu (data buffer) hay chuonq J L H H £),f,ysang trai (DSL dim 03)
trinh dieu van bus (truyen n6i tiep). Trong ky thuat PLC J H H H N<JpdiY li~u song song
(dieu khi§n logic I$p trinh) thanh ghi duoc Slf dl,mg voi
phuonq phap FIFO, LIFO hay d~ luu trO>dO>lieu vao X X X L X6a

bo nho cua cac linh kien Slf dung.

Hinh 4: Tong quan chu-c nang cua Ie 74194
 10.2 Ky thuat s6 413

10.2.10 Cac mach di~n ky thu~t so (digital) d~e bi~t

M~ch I~t don 6n dinh c6 mot tranq thai 6n dlnh, ngo ra A (Hinh 1) c6 vi
tri tTnh voi lin hi~u "0". Khi b] di~u khien, rnacn lat don on dinh nhay qua
vi Iri lam vi~c A = "1 ". Khi khonq con chiu di€!u khien, rnach I$t don 6n
dinh tro lai vi tri tTnh voi mot thai gian tre tv. Thai gian tre nay c6 the chinh
dU'Q'c trong mot giai han nhat djnh.
~A"
~
Mach lat don on dinh:
fTl'ttv-i:--t-->-O_-,--
I

Ki hi~~ chuyen m~ch, bieu do xung

Ta goi rnach Ii;lt don 6n dlnh co the kh60i dQng I~i (trigger). khi trong thai
gian tre n6 dU'Q'C khai dong lai b~ng mot xung khai dQng tiep theo. Linh
ki~n IC 74122 113mot rnach I$t don on dinh co ng6 x6a tin hi~u.

Ml,tch I~t kh6ng 6n djnh kh6ng c6 tranq thai 6n dlnh. Khi co dien ap cung
cap, rnach Ii;lt lien lL,IC chuyen doi tin hieu "0" va "1" a
ng6 ra (Hinh 2).
Mach Ii;lt khong 6n dinh la mot bO phat tfln s6. Mach I~t don on dinh:
Ky hi~u chuyen mach khai dOng lai,
M~ch I~t kh60i dQng (Schmitt-Trigger) la mot conq tac ngU'O'ng (Hinh 3). bieu do xung
Khi tin hieu a
ng6 vao vuot qua rnuc di$n ap da dinh, rnach Schmitt- Hinh 1: M~ch I~t don 6n d!nh
Trigger I~t sang vi trl lam viec cua n6 (tin hieu "1" a
ng6 ra A), khi tin
hieu xuonq dlJ'ai mire di$n ap da dinh rnach Schmitt-Trigger tro lai vi tri
tTnh cua n6 (tin hi$u "0" a
ng6 ra). Viec ChUYEln d6i tin hi~u xay ra nhay
vot. £)i~n ap a
ngo ra co d<;lng xung (hinh chCr nhat). Tieu bieu cua mach
Schmitt- Trigger la rnuc di$n ap cua tin hieu khi bc\\t va khi tilt rilt chenh
I~ch. Ta goi d6 la hi$n tU'Q'ng dien ap tre (Hysteresis =
Sl,J' chsnh I$ch
chuyen d6i giCl'a di$n ap khi bat va khi tat). Hinh 2: Mi;lCh I~t khang bn d!nh: ky hi~u
chuyen rnach

.§.~- ----- - --------------- --- M(fc B~t

I I ON
M(fcTat
- -~ OFF

At t l h. Hinh 3: M~ch Schmitt-Trigger:

chuyen m"ch
Ky hi~u

Tinh nang chuyen rnach cua rnach Schmitt-Trigger

Bang 1: Mii so
10.2.11 H~ thong so
H$ thap H", nh] H", tnap luc
Trong ky thuat ve rnach di$n digital nhCl'ng h~ thong so sau day thuonq philn phan phan
dU'Q'C SLr dunq: h~ th~pso phan, h~ nh] phan va h~ th~p h,IC phan
(hexadecimal, rmroi sau). ChCP o den 9 Ova 1 oden 9
s6 Aden F
H$ th6ng s6 ta mot tao hop duoc sap xep gom nhCl'ng chO' 56 me Ii! de 10
cac con 56. NhCl'ng h$ thong diroc de cap i'y tren la nhCl'ng h~ th6ng s6 gia CO'
10 2 16
tr] theo vi tri, c6 nghTa la gia tr] cua cac chCl' s6 tuy thuoc vao h$ co s6 (CO' so
ban cua h$ th6ng so) va vi tri cua n6 trong day s6 (Bang 1). CO' s6 cua
h$ th6ng s6 la bang t6ng s6 tap hop cua cac chCr s6 duoc dung. Gia tri H$ thong so: chCPso, co so

cua mQt vi tri la tlch s6 giCl'a chCl' s6 va IOy thlPa cua vi tri. Gia tr] IOy thoa
i'y mot vi tri tuy thuoc vao co s6 va vi tri n cua n6, truoc hay sau dau phay,
thi du (co so)". Gia tr] cua s6 la t6ng gia tr] cua tat ca gia tr]
=
(Thf du s6 Uk 259 trong M CO's6 th~p ph8n duoc trinh bay bi!mg 3 chir
cac vi tri.a
31
1 Ln ,7 =_2

s62, 5 va 9 va gia trj cue s6 Uk = 2.102 + 5.101 + 9.10° - NO). Bi'yi vi cac ~n=o
h~ Ih6ng s6 neu tren d€Ju SLr dunq nhCl'ng chCl' so (digit) gi6ng nhau, nen
can phai ky hi$u h$ th6ng dang SLr dl,lng vai mot chi s6 (index) de tranh
1---- ......•
- n=2
Sl,J' nharn lan, thi du 1110(10) la mQt h~ th6ng s6 thap phan, 1110(2) la mot
j----- Gia tri IOy trura 102
h~ nh] phan. H~ thap phan SLr dunq tlP s6 0 den 9, nen c6 CO's6 1O. H~
nhi phan chi dung hai s6 la 0 va 1, nen c6 co s6 2. May tinh SLr dl,lng h$ '----- __ Gia tr] tuy theo vi tri
nh] phan voi 16, 32 vi tri (bit) hay nhi€Ju hon, Vi nhCrng day s6 nh] phan 3· 102 = 300
nay trinh bay kh6ng ro rang, nen h$ th6ng nh] phan dU'Q'c thay the bang o den 9;A=10;B=11;C=12;
h~ th~p h,IC philn (h~ mU'60i sau so) vai gia tr] cua vi tri cao hon. H$ thap D = 13; E = 14; F = 15
luc phan gom co 16 chCl' so, d6 la chCl' s6 tnap pnan tlP 0 den 9 va nhCrng ChCPs6 trong h~ thi;ip I\lC pMn
mau It! ILl'A den F (xem Hinh 1. Trang 414).
414

Chuy~n doi tLP h~ th~p phan sang h~ nh] phan

He thap luc phan
se cua h~ Ih;flp ph an duoc chia cho CO's6 cua h~ nh]
(hexadecimal)
He thap phan He nh] phan
phan (tLPCla chia 2). Ghi l<;li 56 nguyen (kel qua cua
162 16' 16° 102 101 10° 24 23 22 2' 2°
phep chia) va so du, So nquyen cua pnep chia tren 256 16 1 100 10 1 16 8 4 2 1
cuoc chia tiep voi CO' 56 2, ghi tiep ket qua voi 56 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
nquyen va 56 du. Phep chia nay duoc tiep tuc cho
den khi so
nguyen bang O. se
dU' dU'Q'c doc "tG>dU'ai
1
2
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
len tren" tao tnanh s6 nhi phan, tU'O'ng iJ>ngvoi so thap
3 3 0 0 0 1 1
phan,
4 4 0 0 1 0 0

iiD!Im 5 5 0 0 1 0 1

I
Chuy{m doi s6 71 (10) thanh 56 nh] phan
6 6 0 0 1 1 0
a
I![Link] 71 : 2 ; 35 DU' 1
35: 2; 17 DU' 1
LSB: Bit co trong s6 thap nhilt
7
8
7
8
0
0 1
1
0
1
0
1
0
{B" • v tr cue phai
17 : 2; 8 DU' 1 9 9 0 1 0 0 1
8: 2; 4 DU' 0 A 1 a 0 1 0 1 0
4: 2 = 2 DU' 0 B 1 1 0 1 a 1 1
2: 2; 1 DU' 0
1.: 2 = 0 DU' 1 ¥ MSB: Bit co tr~n9 56 cao nhat C 1 2 0 1 1 0 a
Ket qua: 71(101; 1000111(2) (Bit 0' V! In CI,J'C trai) D 1 3 a 1 1 a 1
E 1 4 a 1 1 1 0
F 1 5 0 1 1 1 1
Chuy~n doi tLP h~ so nh] phan sang h~ mll'Ooi S3U

(Hexadecimal) 1 0 1 6 1 0 0 0 0

se nh] phan dLl'Q'c phan chia thanh nhO>ng nh6m 4 bit, Hinh 1: eoi chi~u cac h~ thong so
b~t d~1UtLv nh6m CI,!'Cphai, tire 113 bit c6 tronq 56 tnap
nhat. Tiep d6 chuyen doi tLvng nh6m 4 bit, con qoi 113
tetrade, thanh so h~ rmroi sau (hexadecimal). NhO>ng
chO> so
(bit) b] thieu trong mot tetrade duoc bo sung
vai bit "0" (a phia MSB). Neu chuyen doi tLv s6 voi CO' 1101101(2) Chuyen dOi thanh he th(\p luc phan
I
so muoi sau thanh s6 voi co 56 nh] pharr, thi moi s6 11011010110(2)
~~ = 6(10) 1101(2) = D(16)
hexa (0 ... 9 va A ... F) tuonq ling voi 4 bit nb] phan
011 d 11 01(2) = 6D(16)
(Hinh 2).
7EA(16) Chuyen doi thanh he th(\p phan
10.2.12 Mil so 7(16) = 0111(2) E(16) = 1110(2) A(16) = 1010(2)

Tilt ca cac dang truyen thong du qua rnanq, qua sacn 7EA(16) = 11111101010(2)
bao hay qua vo tuyen deu phai stY dunq nhCi'ng bO ky
tu. NhO>ng bO ky II)' nay co the 113 chCi' s6 (0 ... 9) trong Hinh 2: Chuylm dOi cac h~ thong so
h$ th6ng s6 hay cac mau tl,!' trong bang ky tl,!' (0 ... 9,
A ... F). Cunq mot thong tin gi6ng nhau nhLl'ng khi pho
bien tren manq hay khi in tren bao thi dU'Q'c trinh bay
qua hai bO ky II! khac nhau.
s6tho;,p Mil nh] Ma Ma
phan phan BCD Gray
0 0000 0000 0000
Ma 56 113 quy djnh ve 51,!'sap xep ro rang hai tap hop ky hieu.
1 0001 0001 0001
2 0010 0010 0011
Trong ky thuat nhCi'ng rna 56 duoc phan bi$t nhu sau (Hinh 3): 3 0011 0011 0010
Ma bang so (numeric code) de bieu diem cac chCi' 56 va 56 4 0100 0100 0110
5 0101 0101 0111
Ma th~ hi~n bang chG> - so (alphanumeric code - rna ASCII) co kha nang
6 0110 0110 0101
rna h6a cac chCi' 56. mau tt,!' (chCi' cai) va cac ky hieu d$c biet nhu %, &, 0111
7 0111 0100
V.V ...
8 1000 1000 1100
Ta con phiin chia ma s6 nhu sau: 9 1001 1001 1101
10 1010 - 1111
Ma bang chG> so (tLv 0 den 9) rna h6a cho moi chCi' 56 cua mot con 56, thi ·ro ,
11 1011 .0, .g 1110
du nlur ma BCD (Binary Code Decimal: 56 thap phan duoc ma h6a nh] ::: ::I
12 1100 1010
pnan).
a ma tLPword moi mot 56 dU'Q'c ma h6a thanh toan bO nhu' (y rna nh] phan
13 1101 ~cr.-
.n Cl)
1011
14 1110 .15 ::::~ 1001
Ma tLPng buoc mQt (ma m9t bU'6oc). Ma nay duo'c t90 ra sao cho hai 56 15 1111 ~:§.~ 1000
Ian can chi khac nhau mot bit. Qua d6 khi chuyen tiY mot ma 56 nay sang
(pseudo = du, thua, gla)
"
mot rna 56 Ian can, co th~ nhan ra ma 56 b] sal, £)6 la rna Gray dU'Q'c LPng
dl,Jng trong ky thuat earn bien, thiEflt bi do 56 vonq hay g6c quay. Hinh 3: Ma s6
 10.2 Ky thuat so 415

Ma s6 ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange = Tieu chulin chuy~n a8i thOng tin cue Hoa
Ky) la mot rna bang chCl' so
va ky tl! duoc Sll' dl,lng trong ky thuat may tinh.

10.2.13 BQ bien doi ma so

BO bien doi rna so c6 nhiem vu bien doi thong tin theo h~ nhi phan thanh mot rna s6 khac thi cu nhU' rna so BCD
(Binary Coded Decimal = so
ma h6a nhi phan). Hinh 1 cho biet nhCl'ng rnach tich hop IC thong dl,mg nhat de
bien doi ma s6 trong ky thuat. Hinh 21a IC 74147 Sll' dl,lng cho bo bien doi so thap phan thanh BCD. 01 den 09
ta nhCl'ng ngo vao, AO den A3 la nhCl'ng ng5 ra. IC 7442 la mot linh kien
rna BCD chuan voi 4 bit 0 ng5 vao bien dbi thanh 56 thap phan tll' 0 den
9. Trong ky thuat nhCl'ng con s6 thap phan dU'Q'c hien th] qua den LED BObiendoi th~p phan ~ BCD
BObiendoi BCD ~ thap phan
7-do<;ln (tll' a den g). 8e dieu khien vi(\c giai rna va hien th] BCD 7-do<;m BObitmdoi BCD~ hienthi 7 dean
ta Sll' dunq IC 7448.
Hinh 1: Cac bQ bien dbi ma sb

a BINn-SEG
b Den hien thi IT1]
e 9 c 7 doan >=1
d
F1 F1 & IC-74147
PIN G21
N LS N LS
1 3 3 5 3
4-16 1 1 4 5

INPUTS IN/OUT OUTPUT Ng6 vao Ng6 ra

03 02 01 DO LT RBI BI/RBO Q
Ng6 ra 7 doan
X X X X L X H ?
X X X X X X L
L L L L H L L
L L L L H H H 0
L L L H H X H 1
L L H L H X H 2 IC-7448

H H H H H X H 16

I =r:
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Ng6 vao BCD ----~
Hinh 2: Nhieu rnach tich hop (IC) khac nhau cho mach bien dbi ma 56

10.2.14 BQ biEmdoi tin hi~u

LlJ'Q'ng
8 bit 10 bit 12 bit 14 bit 16 bit
Nhieu dai 1U'Q'ngvat Iy nhu nhiet dO, ap suat hay thoi h6a
gian thuoriq xuat hien dU'tYi d<;lng analog. 80 Ian va NhO>ng 10
danq cua nhCl'ng lin hieu nay phai tU'ang thich voi rrurc blJ'ac 256 1024 4096 16384 65536
dO (ngU'ong) digital cua ky thuat cua bO Xll' Iy, cac h$ 1lJ'Q'ng
h6a
thong may tinh, ky tnuat PLC, de chunq c6 the Xll' Iy Bit co tronq
duoc. M$t khac, rat nhieu tin hi~u c6 danq digital dU'Q'c s6 nho nh~t
(LSB)cha 31,9 mV 9,76 mV 2,44 mV 610 ).lV 153 ).lV
hru trCl' don gian han tin hieu danq analog. NhU'ng khi
vungdi~n ap
de c6 the diEm giai nhCl'ng tin hi$u digital, chunq phai tCr0 den 10 v

2020=0-
-0
bien doi l<;Iithanh tin hieu d<;lng analog nhu di$n ap
hay dong di~n. Khi thu nhan cac tin hieu, mach bi~n
dbi analog-digital duoc Sll' dunq. Mach nay bien doi
tin hi$u analog thanh tin hi(\u digital. NgU'Q'c l<;limach Uanalog UanaloQ

bi~n dbi digital-analog bien doi tin hi$u digital thanh 2n n

2n
analog. Mach nay thuonq duoc thiet ke 0 phan phat Mach bien "oi M~ch biendo;
tin hieu, MOt tin hieu analog, thi du nhu di$n ap, duoc analog -+ digital digital -+ analog

tap hop lai boi rat nhieu tr] 56 rieng Ie. 819 bien doi tin Hinh 3: BQ bien dbi tin hi~u
hieu nay thann digital (ky thuat 56) Cll' moi tri 56 cua
di$n ap phai dU'Q'c djnh mot rna 56 rieng. NhU' the chi
phi ky thuat cho vi$c bien dbi analog-digital nay 58 dlt cao. Cho nen pharn vi toan bO cua dien ap, nai c6 tin hi$u
di~n tien, diro'c chia tnann nhieu buoc rieng le, ngU'tYi ta gQi ta iU'Q'ng h6a (1U'Q'ngtll' h6a - quantize).
416 10 Ky thuat dieu khilln

NhCmg tin hieu analog duoc 1U'Q'ngh6a theo bien do

cua n6. Tr] so bien dO nho nh~t c6 th~ phan biet duoc 111
ta LSB (Bit c6 tronq so nho nhat). Bang cua Hinh 3, 110
I
Trang 415 cho ta th<ityr6, n~u canq co nhieu bit de 101
I
1U'Q'ngtUoh6a cho mot pharn vi di$n ap thi tr] so LSB
cang nho,
t
-0
100
011
J
i

~'" 010
J
iiD MQI vunq dien ap tlf 0 den 10 V phai duoc 001
I
I
s6 hoa (digital noa) voi bQ bien doi AD 3 bit. 000
1,25 2,5 3,75 5,0 6,25 7,5 8,75 10,0
iM'·Ulli MQt vunq di$n ap ICJo0 dE'ln1,0 V phai duoc UM ---
s6 h6a (digital h6a) voi b¢ bien doi AD 3 bit.
Hinh 1: BQ bien doi AD 3 bit
10 v =[Link](, = 1 25 V
23 8 '

MOi bQi s6 cua 1,25 V S8 dlJ'Q'cchi dinh mot Ilf dU'Q'c IH

ma h6a (codeword) 3 bit. Cho ca pharn vi di$n ap 10 V, 0100 +4
hinh thanh mQI di;ic tuyen bien doi dU'ai d<;lngdlJ'cmg "" I'
bieu diEmhinh bac Ihang (Hinh 1), Mach bi~n doi DA t 0011 +3
0010 +2
0001 +1
/1
X
"\.I\,
digital - analog (DAU) bi~n doi tCJodCrlieu nh] phan,
chu yi!u la s6 nh] phan thanh nhCmg dai 1lJ'Q'nganalog
i 0000 a liT I I T~
'\.1 I
.~ 1001 -1
II
nhu di$n ap hay dong dien. Cac so nh] phan phat ra
tlf bQd~m nhi pnan dU'Q'cdU'a den bQ bien doi DA. BQ
bi~n doi DA nay tao ra mot di$n ap Ua tuonq (Pngvoi
;: 1010-2
i:ii 1011 -3
1100 -4
"~ •.•... I.;'
t---
nQi dung cua bQ d~m (Hinh 2). Do sl! thay doi l(Png
buoc cua so nhi phan, dien ap (y ng6 ra chi thay doi Hinh 2: BQ bien doi DA cua di~n ap xoay chi€.u.
Ilfng buoc cho moi bac thang dien ap (Hinh 3), MSB Iii bit d~u +/.

Dot

+4 ./r '""L
JUlf +3
r
MSB "~ +2
+1 /1
0
1111
"- , \,1
t
-1 J t
LSB '\.1 A
-2 '\..
-3 '..J. .A
~J
-4

Hinh 3: Be? bien doi DA cua mQt tll> dfv li~u (word 16 bit) thanh di~n ap xoay chi€.u hinh sin

1. Hay cho biet nhCrng 10<;1i

thanh ghi dich chuyen?
2. Hay me ta each lam viec cua thanh ghi dich chuyen SR vol ng6 vao ng6 ra truyen noi ti~p.
3. BQ nho FIFO dU'Q'csUodl,Jngtrang ky thuat PLC. BQ nho nay heat dQng nhir th~ nao?
4. Dua vao dau de phan biet rnach I$t dan on dinh va rnach I$t kheng on dinh?
5. BQ Schrnitt-Triqqer heat dQng nhu th~ nao?
6. Hay chuyen doi s6 thap phan 43 thanh so nh] phan?
7. Hay chuyen doi s6 he thap II,lCphan A3F thanh s6 nh] phan?
8. NglJ'CYi
ta hieu th~ nao ve mot ma so?
9. Hay me ta Slf khac nhau giCra rna bang chQ>so va ky tl! (alphanumeric code) va rna bang s6 (numeric
code)?
10. BQ bien doi BCD 7 dean dU'Q'csUodunq cho (Pngdunq gi?
11. Co nhCrnglo~i mach biEmdoi tin hi$u nao? Hay cho m6i 10<;1i
mot thi du.
12. M(>tvunq cua dien ap 24 V can duoc so h6a (digital hOa) voi 4 bit. Hay thi~t k~ bieu do tuonq (Png.
 10.3 Mo ta 51,1' dieu khien b~ng d6 hoa 417

10.3 Me) til ky th~t di~u khitm bang do hoa

8e me ta ky thuat dieu khien dlJ'Q'c don gian va co cai nhin t6ng quat. nquoi ta sli dunq nhQ>ng sc d6 chuyen
rnach trEm d6 c6 ghi nhQ>ng bieu tlJ'Q"ng cua cac thanh phan cau tao nhu (van. xi lanh v.v..). Dl,l'a VaG nhQ>ngsc
do cnuyen rnach nay, cac thiet b] 59 duoc phac thao thiet ke va I$p thanh tai li$u theo ky thuat tuonq (mg (thi
du khi nen, thuy luc). Cac chuonq trlnh ling dl,lng h6 tro nglJ'O'i thi~t k~ c6 th~ rno ph6ng nhQ>ngchuc nang cua
dieu khien tren may tinh trong thoi gian lam dl,l' an. NhO' d6, viec tranh loi dl,l' an c6 the truce khi xay dl,l'ng thiet b].

Ngoai ra chuonq trlnh nay con thlet I$p danh sach toan bo cac chi tiet (Iinh kien, v$t lieu) tlJonhQ>ng rnach di$n
da phac hoa. 8~ bo sung cho tai li$u ky thuat, cac so do GRAFCET minh hoa r6 tLPng buoc dieu khi~n va nhQ>ng
dieu kien chuyen macn trong dieu khien trlnh tl,l'.

Bang 1: Me) ta van

10.3.1 Bieu tU'Q'ng va ky hi(!u chuyen

rnach cua thanh phan diim
S6 6 vuong:
chuy~n mach
Vi tri cbuyen
se vi tri
.
Q MOi ten chi
hU'&ng di
I[ong ~U'img
ong dan
9
khien bang khi nen va thuy h,J'c ~ Vitri ban aau

~ I I I I
a 0 b
O Cua xa: binhO
ctura, dU'ong
xa khi
2 vi tri cnuyen 3 vi tri chuYEm
8e xac dinh viec khoi dong ngLPng, xac dinh chiau lU'u rnach rnach Thu¢C v~ thuy I"e ThuOc v~ khi nim
thong cua khong khi hay cua dau trong cac van dan
hU'ang (van hBnh trinh v.v..), cac kha nang cnuyen
mach khac nhau duoc trinh bay trong nhieu 0 vuonq,
Bieu tlJ'Q'ng Ten gOi Vi tri ban d~u
M¢t van voi hai vi tri cnuyen rnach cho nen c6 hai 0
vuonq va mot van voi ba chuyen rnach 59 c6 ba 0
vuonq (Bllng 1). Van dan hlJ'ang dU'Q'c ky hi$u theo
op Van dlm hlJ'ong
2/2
86ng

so cong (CUB, aau nO/) dieu khien va so vi tri chuyen

rnach (Hlnh 1). Thi du trlnh bay 6' Hlnh 2. OS) Van dan hlJ'ang
3/2
86ng

Cac c6ng cua van dU'Q'C ky hieu vO'i nhQ>ng con so

theo DIN ISO 5599 (thi du khi nen di vao 1. dU'O'ng
em Van dan hlJ'ong
3/2
M&

lam viec 2 va 4. khi nen thoat ra 3 va 5. dlJ'O'ng dieu LXQ Van dan hlJ'ong
4/2
1 olJ'ong 6ng nap khi
1 olJ'ong 6ng xa khi
khien 12 va 14).
Van dsn hU'ang 1 dU'ang 6ng nap khi
5/2 2 olJ'ong 6ng xa khi
~
vi:in con nhieu nol thiEl! ke va ky hieu cac van theo tieu
Van diin hlJ'ong Vi trl (y giCPad6ng
cnuan co gom cac chli' cai. Bang 1 trong trang tiep co
5/3
hai so do du'oc minh hoa theo tieu chuan rnoi va ca. ~
Hinh 1: Nhii'ng van d3n hlJ'Oongkhac nhau
10
Van d~n hU'ang5/2 (99i ta van xung nllU ca hai df,u d~u tac 09n9 bilng khi nen) Cach hoat dQng
4 2 DlJ'(Yng6ng lam viec 4 2 a) Kh6ng tac d(ing
,.....,.---r"'T""'1r----r--. (nap khi) (2;4)
Khi nen di chuyen
tiP 1 dEm 2
~
: 5, rn
"I
, Ii-
:
, , Khi nen b) Tile d(ing (Ian Ih(Pnhat)
Xungnhlinngoinhantrong
: \: I
5 3 DU'ong6ng xa khi J l I
J
J dlfong dieukhien 14
---+ Oi~u khilm d6i chieu cua van
Cung cap ap suat (1) (3;5) --> Dongkhi nen di chuyentiP
tu
1 --> 4 va X8 khi 2 --> 3

/
5 df,u n6i (cong van)
a) DlJ'ong6ng lam vi$c (nap khi) (2;4)
b) Cung cap khi (1)
~
, ',t
, I, ,
c) lac d(ing (Ianth(Phail
Van dan : : I :
Xungnh~nnganhan trong
hlJ'ang5/2 ~ c) 8U'ong 6ng xa khi (3;5)
.........•••...
2 Vi tri chuyen rnach , "1'
,, "
"
dlfong dieukhien 12
--> [lieu khiendbi chieucua van
~ 2 vi tri nghi ~ 2 tac d9n9 .....•
D6ngkhi nendi chuyentiP
~ 1 --> 2 va X8 khi tiP 4 --> 5
CM y: Hai dU'ongdi~u khilln 12 va 14 khong tinh vao
tong s6 dau n6i! t
Hinh 2: Ky hieu va each hoat d';>ngcua van d3n hlJ'Oong5/2
418 10 Ky thuat dillu khilm

Ben earth cac vi trl chuyen rnach va ky hi$u cua nhCrng

cong (dau noi), con phal cho bi~t nhCrngeach thuc tac Bang 1: Ky hi~u nh~n d~ng cua van dan hU'&ng
dong vao van (Bang 2). Chinh xac hon can phai ghi COng (dau n6i) Ky hi~u nhan d;;lng theo DIN ISO 5599
each thuc tac dong cho moi vi tri. Tuy nhien trang thuc ,"o Van dAn hlJ'ang 5/2,
te chi co the ghi t6m tat. Thi du ky hi$u van xung rJi~n ..•
c tac dong boilngkh i
tir 512 co nghia la van c6 the dieu khien doi hai phla '5" nen ca hai phia

bang di$n-tlY. "

<QI

Vi tri chuyen rnach cua van khi d6ng nguon cung cap ~
5 13
khi nen dU'Q'cgQi 18 vi tri ban dolu hay la vi trt cal dat
Cung c~p ap suat p 1
truoc. N6 duoc nhan ra tlY sa do chuyen rnach. Van
co 16 xo keo tr6>ve hay c6 dinh san vi tri trung tam £lLYc'rng6ng nap khi A 2 2
c6 vi tri tinh hay vi tri O. Trong sa do ChUYElnrnach £l1J'c'rngong nap khi 8 4
nhCrng dU'cmg 6ng dlln khi hay dau dU'Q'cn6i den 0 £lLYongong thoat khi R 3 3
vuonq cua vi trl tinh hay vi trl O. Khi van kh6ng c6 vi trl £lLYc'rng
6ng thoat khi S 5
o dinh san (thi du nhU'van xung 5/2), thi truoc khi thiet
ke phai dU'a van ve vi tri d6. a
nhCrng van phai tac
COng di~u khilln
COng di~u khilln
Z
Y
12
14
dong de c6 vi tri ban dau, phai cho biEHnhCrngdU'ang
on9 d~m keo ve vi trl d6 va bieu tU'Q'ngtac dong dU'Q'c
ghi 6>phia tac dong. Bang 3 mo ta don gian nhCrng
phan tCJ> khac cua h$ di9U khien.

Bang 2: Trich dan cae lo~i thao tac

Tilc dqng bAng CO' bip (lay chAn) Tilo dOng bAng Cooh9C Tilo dqng b ng dl.n

=f a=[ =[ me Bang nam cham di$n co

mot cuon day
T6ng quat Bling nut nhan Bling chot dilly Bling 10 xo
hay nut nhan B1Ing nam cham di~n CO hai

k )=[ d rL cuon day tac dl,Jng nglfQ'c

nhau
Bling don billy Bling ban dap 811ng can Ian B1Ing can lan, khi
I cnay ve kh6ng tai
Bling dong co dien
=::l[Link] Thanh chan - ranh (vau) dinh vi (gtm them de giCPvi tri chuyen mach)

18c dOng b n9 khi nen 180 dOng k t hQ'p

Tac dong true tiep Tac dOng qian tiep, dieu khien truoc
Bling nam cham dien va
--t>--[ Biing ap suat Bling ap suat khi nen vao van chinh
khinen qua van dieu khien tro dong (truoc) van dieu khien tro dong

--<l--[ Bling ap suat

xa khi
Bling ao suat xa khi vao van chinh
qua van dieu khien tro dong
Bling nam cham dien hoac
van dieu khien tro dong

Bang 3: Ky hi~u chuyen mach cua dieu khien khi nen va thuy h,J'c

Van
~ Dong thuy iI,I'c ( ( HlJ'ang quay
Barn, may nen khi Xi lanh Van ch~n Van ap suat
I> [Link] IlfQ'ng khi
nen
/ Kha nang hieu
chlnh
~ Van mot chieu tra
---v- v~, khong tai C{¢r
Van gic'rihan
Van mot chi~u ap suat
~ tra v/!', do 16xo
Gf'-w,
~ Van dao chieu . ¥.1
~ (Van logic OR) Van dieu
r.----' chinhtuan tt,l'

.Lz.I Van ti':'t luu Van lU'u 1U'Q'ng

! lSJ !
L... J
mot chi€lu -ffi-
, ,Van di~u d6n~ dan
.......L-n V?n ap suat hlfCl'ng hai chieu vai
--t:::::::it- kep (Van ILYUIIJ'9'ngthay dbi
toqic AND) khi xa khi
 10.3 Mo ta 51,!'dieu khien bang d6 hoa 419

10.3.2 GRAFCET

SI,!' me ta dieu khien trinh tl,!' qua so 06 chLPCnanq (so 06 khoi OS, FS hoac FC) theo DIN 40719 OLPQ'cthay the
theo tieu cnuan rnoi cua Au chau, DIN EN 60848 "GRAFCET" (tieng PMp: GRAphe Fonctionnel de Commande
Etape Transition = M6 ta chuc nang efieu khitm bling ef6 hoe voi buoc va ef;{Wki~n chuyJn ti~p). Trinh tl,!' oi~u
khien dLPQ'ctrinh bay r6 rang qua GRAFCET. GRAFCET me ta phuonq thLPCthiet laP dl,!' an doc lap, kheng phu
thuoc vao kieu thuc hien vai thiet b] ky thuat (khi nen, oi$n-khi hay thuy lire).

Hoat 09n9 va nhQong tranq tMi cua n6

GRAFCET dLPQ'ccau tao dua tren nhQ>ng bieu tLPQ'ng Bi~u tU'O'ng
bucc vOi s6 2 giay sau khi blJ'ac 3 oa OlJ'9'Ckich heat
(Hinh 1) tieu chuan. CO' ban g6m co:
Ihll' tl,/' cua (X3 = 1) b¢ truyen dong 2A 1 OlJ'Q'ckhai 09n9
blJ'ac 2s/X3
• BU'O>c. Mot hay nhieu hoat dong dLPQ'cb6 trl trang
BQ lrUy~n dOng lAl khai dong BO I,"yen dOng 2Al khai dong
mot buoc, Moi bLPOCdLPQ'cbieu dien bang mot hinh
chQ> nhat dLPQ'c danh so thlP tl,!' trong khung. Moi S1*1 B1 - €lieu ki$n chuyen tillp cho buoc kll tillp
heat dong c6 the c6 tlnh nang knac nhau. NhQ>ng (S1 AND 1B1 = 1)
tinh nang nay dLPQ'c bieu thi qua nhO'ng ky tl,!' bo
Hinh 1: Bieu tll'Q'ng trong GRAFCET
sung tLPO'nglPng (xem sach Cam nang).
Xi lanh d~y (CO' C3U tac dong 5/2 - 16 xo Ira ve, 2M1)
• £)ieu ki~n chuyen tiep (con goi la transition) la
nhCmg dieu kien cho Sl,!' cnuyen tiep tLv buoc trvoc 2B1

d6 den bLPOC ke tiep, dLPQ'c ghi ben canh dLPang I 2~2

narn ngang. Tai day stY dunq them cac bieu tLPQ'ng
cua ket nOi logic de mo ta ro non.

• £)U'o>ng nOi cac tac dunq. NhQ>ng bLPOCva nhQ>ng

dieu kien chuyen tiep dLPQ'c nOi voi nhau. MOi ten
chi chieu tac dl,Jng dLPQ'c ghi vao GRAFCET, khi
chieu tac dunq khong di tLv tren xu6ng dLPai.

8e dam bao tien trinh dieu khien, can tuan thu nhQ>ng
quy tac nhu sau:

1. [Link] luon phai co mot buoc khoi d~u (nhan ra &

@ @J
C6ng(~c
C6ng(~c
trong khung kep). N6 cho biet tranq thai cua Sl,!' 1A1 khai di,ing
chinh
dieu khien ngay sau khi mOornach. Start
Hinh 2: SO' db vi tri thiM bi nang
2. 8e tien trinh cua dieu khien khonq b] 10i, buoc
va dieu ki$n chuyen tiep phai luon luon trao ooi
nhau.
"Vi tri ban a~u"
3. [Link] luon chi c6 mot buo'c dang hoat dong. 10
4. Trong mot buoc co the co nhieu heat dong (cong
tac), "Xi lanh nang ai ra"
(nang chi titit len)
5. Cau true trinh tl,!' c6 the dLPQ'Cchia nhanh (chia
nhanh chon Il,!'a hay chia nhanh song song) va
kethQ'pl<,livoi nhau.
"Xi lanh a~y di ra"
(day chi (itit)

NhQ>ng chi tlet gia conq (Hinh 2 va 3) diroc xi "Xi lanh nang di vao"
a
lanh 1A 1 nang len va khi chi tiet vi tri cuoi cunq (vi tri tTnh)
tren cao, no dU'Q'c xi lanh 2A 1 day di. Sau do
1A 1 va tiep den 2A 1 duoc keo tro v~. Vi tri cuoi
cunq cua hai xi lanh dLPQ'cnhi;ln biet qua earn "Xi lanh d~y di vim'
bien 9i&i han. (vi tr! tTnh)

Hinh 3: Bieu tlJ'Q'ng GRAFCET thi€.t b] n<'ing

420 10 Ky thuat diau khifln

10.3.3 BiE!U do tranq thai Thai gian [s]

o 2 6 10 12
Tranq thai I---+--+-+--t---+---j

ru
£ll~ me ta dieu khien trinh II),. bat bUQC phai sli dunq B~&e 2 3 4 5

D~~::l~1
GRAFCET. NhU'ng khi ta phai lam r6 hon moi lien
quan bang do hoa theo thai gian va clurc nang trong
mot ket n6i logic thuan tuy, thi khonq the Sll' dunq
GRAFCET. SI)' 1$ thuoc tU'O'ng quan nay duoc giai
thich dua vao biliu do
tr~ng that.
Vi tri ban
dau
D!ch,
ehuyen
Giam
tOe dO di
Vi trl
e~Oi
Dieh
chuyen
n~[Link] chuyen nhanh
d I 0'1 tre ve
T<;Ii day. nh(mg bU'cYCrieng Ie dU'Q'C ghi hang ngang
theo thoi gian, trang khi tranq thai - hay vi trl chuyen Hinh 1: NhCPng duoQongbil!u di~n ehuyl!n dich cua xi lanh
mach cho moi phan tli dieu khien dU'Q'c trinh bay theo
chieu doc. () xi lanh la tranq thai la di ra hay di vao, a
van la taG dong hay kh6ng rac Gong. M(lt bieu do chuc
Thai gian [s1 s 0 2 6 10
nang (dU'ang bieu dien mot chuc nang) bieu th] tranq Tranq thai I-----t---t--+--+--+
thai chuyen mach trang nhieu buoc nOi tiflp nhau
B~&c 1 2 3 4
(Hinh 1). Khi tranq thai cua mot tnanh phan cau tao
rai kh6i vi tri tinh. bieu d6 chuc nanq dU'Q'c va bang
net lien darn (Hinh 1).
VI trl ChUy~n rnach

V! trl chuyen mach

a

b
I+. I I--+-I I I
-~----t. --.I-----t.-
Vi trl tinh b vi tri chuyen rnach a

Khi van chuyen a6i tCr vi trl chuyen rnach nay sang
Hinh 2: Nhii>ng duo6>ngbieu dien chu-c nang t(li van co 2 vi tri
vi trl chuyen rnach khac, kh6ng can me ta buoc aieu chuyen rnach
khien. Vi vcfly, thai gian chuyen doi cYvan duoc bo qua.
Cho nen dU'6'ng tac dl)ng 113 dU'6'ng thang aiYng trong
bieu do tr<;lng thai (Hinh 2). NgU'Q'C lai, mot tac d(lng Bang 1: Chqn !Ita ky hi~u chuy€m rnach trong
cua CO' cau van hanh (thi du xi lanh di ra - ai vao) ta bil!u db chuc nang (trich)
mot buoc aieu khien (Hinh 1).
Nhiing cO' ciu phat tin hi,u (tac dong b<!ingco bitp con ng~ai)

Ben canh tuy~n chuc nang cua cac cau ki$n di€Ju khi~n CD BATON
DIt:U KHIt:N
BANG cA HAl
can co va nhCi'ng dU'iYng tin hi~u. NhCi'ng dU'ang nay ~ TAY
cho ta thay r6 sv phu thuoc (kflt nOi logic) cua nhCi'ng
tin hi$u voi nhau. De phan biet nhCi'ng dU'ang tin hieu
9 TAT OFF
E~A CONGTAC
CHQNLl)'A
trong bieu ao, ngU'ai ta va cYcho bat dau va cuoi chenh BATrrAT
nhau 450. MOi ten 6' tren diem tin hieu cho bi~t huonq ~
tac dunq; c6 nghTa la dU'ang tin hi$u bat dau 6' cau NGUY HI~M-
Tl)'DONG
ki$n, phat ra tin hieu va cham dot 6' C8U ki$n, tai d6 ~ ~ TAT MACH

buoc tiflp theo duoc khoi dong. Neu c6 nhieu dU'ang Nhii>ng dU'Ong tin hi,u va lien kat logic tin hi,u
tin hieu kel noi logic, thi sa ro hon khi ta ve m(ll d~u

III
g<;lch "J" hay "\" cho su ket noi logic AND hay dau cham NhCi'ng dU'6'ng Diflu klen
"." cho ket noi logic OR. tin hi$u AND

CO' cau phat tin hi~u cua h$ aieu khien duoc me ta Chia nhanh Di~u ki$n
bang bieu tU'Q'ng (Bang 1) - kheng phu thuoc vao loai ~ tin hieu OR
thiet ke.

Tranq thai buoc

o 1 2 345 6

f1JJj
Bieu do tranq thai minh hoa sv lien quan chuc
nang cua rnach ai~u khien. Doi voi ai~u khieln
trinh tv, bieu do tranq thai chi con aU'Q'c sli dl)ng
de giai thich bo sung cho GRAFCET.
X~"I::::::; ! !
NhCrng chi dan chi tiflt hon ve vi$c thiet Icflp bieu do Hinh 3: Bieu db trOilng thai duoQ'c don gian h6a cua thi~t bi
tranq thai xin xem Carn nang. nang 60 trang 419
 10.3 Me ta su' dieu khiEm bang d6 hoa 421

10.3.4 SO' do chuy~n rnach

Trang sa d6 chuyen rnach nglJ'ai ta me ta 51,.1' dieu khien bang nhCi>ngbieu tlJ'Q'ng cua cau klen duoc chuan h6a.
NghTa la phai X8C dinh kieu thuc hi$n ky thuat thiet b] (thi du: khi, di$n-khi hay thuy luc), NhCi>ngquy tile cho vi$c
cau tao cac sa d6 chuyen rnach co the trich ra tll> C~m nang. Ngay nay, chuo'nq trinh CAD (Computer Aided
Design = Thiet ke ho tro bang may tinh) giup dl,l' thao nhCi>ng so d6 chuyen rnach, d6ng thai qua d6 co the mo
ph6ng chuc nang cua so d6 chuyen rnach.

Thong thuonq, 50' do vj tri - ben canh so d6 chuyen rnach - bo tuc day du viec chi dan van hanh va lap rap.
NhCi>ng so d6 vi tri nay con bo sung cho tai li$u cua thiet b], beYivi so do nay chi don gian trinh bay vj tri theo
khong gian cua cac linh ki$n di~u khiEln.

X5 Ky thu~t khi nen - SO' db chuy';n mach

Grafcet
[@ ~
I I

Xl
SO' db vi tri Bi';u db tr<;lng thai

Cac thanh phan diu tao Bu'<Yc

Xi lanh day
:._-, Ten gOi
Ky thuat khi
nen - Van chinh OVl
s6 Vi tri I tinh tr~ng
b
a
0
,--(<IJl
l,
1 2 3 4 5 1

r------------' ool ..i

'--=l Clb Xi lanh niing 1A1
f>i ra
8i VaG
281
/' '--1
182
~...•....•...••• 181
Van dan a 151 ( ) I .> / \ /
hlf&ng 5/2
1Vl
b I---l- (' V
8i ra 282"
Xi lanh Gay 2Al
£)i vao
"........ ~ 281
Van dan a I> -, I
hlf&ng 5/2
2Vl
b <,
L 10
Hinh 1: SO' db vi tri, so db chuy';n rnach GRAFCET va bieu db tri,'ng thai cua mQt thi';t b]
nilng (Chi d<in: 51! n6i tiep cac blJ'O>ckhac trong thi du trang 419)

1. Hay phac hoa van dan hlJ'ang 5/3 theo mat truoc
Hinh 2 Trang 417 voi.
a) Vi tri giCi>abi chan va
b) Vi tri giCra linh hoat
va rno ta phuo'nq thoc tac dl,lng

2. Maya hinh ben dung de cat nhCi>ngtarn ton theo

chieu dill.
a) Hay thiet ke GRAFCET
b) Hay thillt ke bieu d6 trano thai
Con liln van [Link]
c) Hay thiet ke sa d6 chuyen rnach bang khi nen
chuyen (cap phoi) I""'
Nut nhan kh&i dong (START)
422

Trong ky thuat di~u khi§n b~ng khi nen (c6 nghTa khong khi trong khi quyen b] nen), khi nan dU'Q'c SlY dunq d§
di~u khi§n ph~n tin hieu cOng nhU' phan cong suat trong rnach di~u khi§n. Khi nen dU'Q'c SlY dunq chu yeu lam
phuonq tien (chat tac dong) cho cac he di~u khien thuoc pharn vi "tl,J'dOng h6a nh6" trong sari xuat conq nghi$p,
vi h$ dieu khien nay co gia ban hop IY. BEm canh do, nhO>ng vunq de chay no, thi du nhu dU'&i ham m6 hay trong
nhO>ng nha may IQc dau chi duoc dung khi nen de dil3U khien vi Iy do an toan,

U'u di~m cua ky thuat khi nen NhU'Q'c di~m cua ky thu~t khi nen

• Khong khi du'o'c nen, luu trO> va phan phoi mot • Phai tach bui ban, nuoc hay dau (chi phi cao).
each de dang.
• Do d$c tinh nen cua khong khi, viec chuyen dong
• Hieu chinh de dang van toe hoac luc cua xi lanh deu rat kh6 thuc hien
va t6c do quay hoac mo-ment quay cua dong CO'.
• Vi ap suat van hanh dU'&i 10 bar nen chi dat duoc
• H$ di~u khien khi nen bao dU'&ng don qian, van Il,I'c tac dOng pit tong nno: neu cho Il,J'ctac dOng lon,
hanh an toan va co tUDi tho cao. thi can dU'ang kinh xi lanh lon.

• NhO>ng thiet b] dung khi nen khong chlu duoc qua • Xi lanh chi c6 the chay den vi tri chinh xac nho
tai cho dsn khi dunq, nhO>ng cO>chan c6 djnh.

• £)ieu khiem khi nen co the SlY dunq a nhO>ng vung • Khi luu thong gay ra tiemg 6n va SU'O'ng dau lam ton
co nguy CO' chay no. hai den SLPC kh6e.
• Thoi gian dap Lmg nhanh va tan suat chuyen rnach
(tat/ma) cao.

10.4.1 CO' ban v~t Iy

KhOng khi chung quanh chunq ta ktlt hop voi nhau gem cac 10C;linhu: nito (77,1%), khi oxy (20,8 %), hoi nuoc
(1,1%), argon (0,9%), 0,1 % hydro, C02 (khi cac bon dioxit) va nhO>ng khi tro khac. LOopkhi quy€m chung quanh
trai dEll tac dong tronq li,J'c len chunq ta nen da tao ra ap suat chung quanh, ouoc phan tan deu tiJomol phia. a
do cao cua chunq ta dang s6ng, ap suat la 1013 hPa. Ap suat chung quanh Pamb cua khi quyen giam lien tuc
theo do cao do nhO>ng cot khong khi nqay canq nho dan khi do cao tang len (a nui Everest tC;lidO cao khoanq
8.850 m ap suat chung quanh chi con khoanq 500 hPa).

Chi s6 abs ~
ap suat tuyet d6i Nhii'ng thi dl,l kii tiiip cho
Pabs = 2,5 baTr__ -r- Chi s6 (j ap suat tren
_ Pamb = 1 bar
Chi s6 u ~ ap suat thap a) Pab, = 3,8 bar
(dU'ci'i)
~ P.= 2,8 bar = Pu
Chi s6 amb ~ ap suat chung
b) Pabs = 0,82 bar
quanh (ambient ~
Ap SU;!,t du (tren) chung quanh) ~P.= -0,18 bar
Pu = P. = 1,5 bar Chi s6 e ~ ap suat du --> Pu= 0,18 bar = -Po
(exedens ~ vuot Dan vi
qua) a) Dan vi do lU'ang qu6c tii SI
P. = Pabs - Pamb N
[pJ = 1 m2 = 1 Pa (Pascal)
Pab, = 1 bar +-------''-----, Pu = P. = ° bar DU'ang ~ P. = Pu 1bar"" 105 Pa
~ Pamb b) Dan vi do lU'cmg Hoa Ky
: /Pu = 0,4 bar Am ~-P. = Pu PSI"" Pound per Square Inch
Pabs = 0,6 bar It' 1 bar"" 14,5 psi
i'P. =-D,4 bar
c) DO'n vi cii
1 kp ""9,81 N

Pabs = ° barB:ZZ::Z;:0Z;::;~
t at ~1~
- cm2
1 alii "" Ap suat tren cua khi quyen

Hinh 1: Nhii'ng d{li Il1'<;I'ng ap su~t

 10.4 Ky thuat diflu khi~n b~ng khl nen 423

Dinh lu~t v~ khi

Ap suat cua khi trong mot binh kin nen duoc t90 ra do nhCmg phan tll' hay Thay dt'li
trang thai
atom, chunq tl,l' chuyen dich va cham VaG thanh cua blnh chua. Tr<;mg
d~ng nhiet
thai vat Iy cua khong khi trong binh kin chua khi b] anh hU'6'ng b6'i 3 d9i (T,: T2)
1U'Q'ngtranq thai sau:

p, . V, : p, . v, } flinh luat
• Nhii;!t d9 T (don vi Kelvin) hay Boyle-
p . V: hilng 56 Mariotte
• Ap suat p (don vi N/m2)

• The tich V [kh6i 1U'Q'ng](don vi rrr')

Trong binh kin dl,mg khi (co nghTa khi khong thoat ra cOng kh6ng n9P
vao), neu the tich giam hi V1 den V2 6' nhiet dQ khong thay doi, thi ap suat
se tang tli p, den P2 (ty 1$ nqhlch th~ tich giam tli v,
den V2). 86 la dinh
tuat BOYLE-MARIOTT. r,=r;
V, V 2 } fljnh lu~t
Gay-Lussac
V . thu- nhat
hay -: hang
Neu nhiet dO trong binh kin chua khi tang hi T1 sang T26' ap suat khong T so
doi, thl the tich tli V1 den V2 cOng tang ty 1$ thuan vai tli T, den h 86 18
dlnh lu$t GAY-LUSSAC th(P nhat.
Thay db;
tranq thai
Neu nhiet dQ trong binh kin chua khi tang tCPT, sang T2 6' the tich khong d~ng tich
(V,: V2)
dOi, thi ap suat tang ty 11,\thuan tli P1 sang P2· 86 la dinh luat GAY-
LUSSAC th(P hai.
ts = E!J. } Dinh luat
T, T2 G~y-L~ssac
Khi t6m 1U'Q'cca ba dinh luat nay ta se duoc mot phU'O'ng trinh chung hay !!... = hiing thIP hai
cho khi dl,l'ng trong binh kin (Hinh 1). T s6
Hinh 1: Nhil'ng d!nh lu~t VEl khi

I L---
p- V
T
h~ng so hay p, . v,
T,
= P2 .

T2
V2
_

Khi chat long hay khi di chuyen ngU'CYita phan biet hai 109i dong chay,
Dong chay tang (Hinh 2) c6 cunq hU'ang chay, ap suat lieu hao nho va
nhlet chuyen doi nho, Dong chay hon loan (dong roil (Hinh 3) c6 nhieu
Hinh 2: Dong chay tang
eho xoay lam giam ap suat nhanh va nhi$t chuyen d6i Ian.

Ta co conq thoc ve luu 1U'Q'ngtheo the tich (khOi 1U'Q'ng)V (doc la

cua chat long hay khi dl chuyen:
v cham) 10
LU'u 1U'Q'ngtheo the tieh = Tiet di$n . Van toe cua dong chay

V A v
m3
[Vl
s Hinh 3: Dong chay rOi

Vi dong chay t~ng c61U'u 1U'Q'ngkhong doi (Hinh 4), nen khi tiet dil,\n thay
doi ta e6 conq thtrc:

Ii,
V khong d6i
V, V2
A,. v, A2· v2 --.........
-~::;;;;;;~~
-·-V, __ - __ -·-
: V

---
__ .-
6. v2 2

A2 v, -~:::====
Ty 1$ti~t dien nghjch dao vai ty 1$ van toe
Hinh 4: LU'u 1U'Q'ngdong chay
424 10 Ky thu~t dil~u khiE!n

10.4.2 May nen khi

May nen (compressor) ta nhfrng may v$n hanh d~ chuyen khi hoac nen khi cho dem ap suat cao (khoanq 400
bar). TUy theo nquyen Iy heat dong, may nen khi duoc chia lam hai ki~u (Hinh 1).

May nen khi

May nen khi ki~u choan cho

Van hanh dao d9n9 May nen khi d<;lng true May nen khi d<lng
p= 10 bar hU'ong tam
Vai Ir\lc khuyu .....-Kh6ng tn,lc khuyu P'" 10 bar

Vi;ln hanh quay

Nhi~u true

May nen khi kieu May nen khi May nen khi co May nen kh i kieu May nen khi nhi~u May nen khi May nen khi
pit tong chim kieu rnanq d~u cop kh6ng co pit tong canh quat true vit kieu Root
p= 10 bar p'" 10 bar p= 16 bar p = 22 bar (Born tang nap)
P" 2 bar
Hinh 1: May nen khi va pharn vi neat dQng

May nen khi ki~u tuabin (eon 99i 18 may nen dong) lam tang toe khi can nen va tLYd6 tang ap suat bang nhfrng
canh quat geln tren rotor (banh canh quat), [Link] cau tao nay dU'Q'c thiet ke cho nhfrng LYng dunq vai 1U'Q'ngkhi
nen van chuyan Ian nhunq ap suat nho. Vai may nen lam viec theo nguyen Iy choan cha, thi th~ tich ban dau
trang xi lanh dan deln bi qiarn di do lV'c tac dunq va do d6 ap suat tang len. Loai may nen nay dU'Q'c thiet ke cho
nhCl'ng (I'ng dunq voi 1U'Q'ngvan chuysn khi nen nh6 nhunq ap suat Ian.

Trang cong nghi$p va trang co xU'ang thu conq, nhi~u (I'ng dl,mg khi nen
May nen kh i kieu May nen khi
a pharn vi tOi da 15 bar. NgU'ai ta thU'ang sUodung may nen ki~u pit tong pit tong chim kieu manq
mot cap va hai cap, may nen kieu true vit mot cap hay hai cap va may
nen cnuyen dong quay.

May nen khi ki~u pit tong di chuyen tinh tien (Hinh 2) truyen d(>ng true
khuyu di chuyen IEm xuong lam khong khi b] hut hay b] nen va sau d6 xa
ra. Van nap va xa khi di~u khien qua trinh nay. May nen khi ki~u pit tOng
di chuyen tinh tien dat duoc hi$u suat cao va ap suat Ian.

a may nen khi ki~u pit tong chim, pit tong duoc nOi true tiep vai true
Hinh 2: May nen khi kieu pit tong di
khuyu qua thanh truyen. May nen khi ki~u mimg hoat d(>ng tU'O'ng tV' chuyen tinh titm
nhu may nen kieu pit t6ng chim. T<;Ii day pit tong dU'Q'c thay the b.1ing
mango May nen khi kieu rnanq thU'ong c6 xi lanh dU'ong kinh lon, c6 hanh
trinh di chuyen ngan va kha kinh te cho nhfrng (Yng dung c6 1U'Q'ngvan Cau 1<10hinh C~u tao hinh
chuyen khi nho va ap suat nho. chii V chii W

Khi bo tri nhi~u xi lanh (Hinh 3) 1U'Q'ngkhi duoc san xu at tang len. Neu
ta geln nhieu bac may nen nOi tiep nhau, thi ap suat 0 bac cuoi tang len.

May nen khi ki~u choan cho c6 chuYE!n dQng quay (Hinh 1, Trang
425) hut khong khi vao bu6ng ctura, kh6ng khi bi giam the tlch do chuyen
dong quay vi thfl ap su~t khong khi tang len.
~+
Hinh 3: So tri song song nhieu xi lanh
 10.4 Ky thuat dieu khiem bang khi nen 425

a) May nen khi killu canh qat b) May nen khi killu true vit

Hinh 1: May nen khi choan ch6 chuy~n dQng quay

(y may nen khi nhi~u canh quat hay cOng gOi ta may nen khi ki~u canh g~t (Hinh 1a) rotor quay d$t lech tam
trong vo may. Trong nhCPng ranh cua rotor 121nhCfng earth g<;lt di chuyen hU'O'ng tam, do luc Iy tam bj ep ra phia
nqoai nen nen tli'ng canh quat rieng Ie. (y day, Sl)' tang ap suat dat dU'c;>'cdo the tich cua moi canh 9i;lt khi quay
bj nho di. May nen khi kieu canh 9i;lt c6 U'U diem 121khi chuyen tal em va 1U'c;>'ngkhi deu dan cOng nhu kich thuoc
cau tao nho. NhU'ng ngU'c;>'clai n6 c6 hi~u suat thap va b] hao rnon nhanh & cac thanh tnrot.

(y may nen khi ki6u true vit (Hinh 1b) kh6ng khi duoc hut vao nhCPng buong chua khi, the tich khi qiarn di
do chuyen d(mg quay va b] nen cho den khi dat ap suat cuoi. C6 nhCfng may nsn khl kieu true vit dU'Q'c thiet ke
kh6ng can dau bai tron khi Van hanh, hop so voi banh rang dong bi,i S9 lam cho hai rotor kh6ng tiep xuc nhau.
Khi Van hanh c6 phun dau, thi chi rotor chinh quay va nhCfng rotor khac quay theo rna kh6ng tiep xuc voi nhau.
May nen kieu true vit co U'U diem la kich thuoc nho, nruet do cUDi ph at sinh do nen th~p va 1U'c;>'ng
khi cung c~p
kh6ng thay d6i. Hinh 2 la cau tao cua may nen kieu true vit kern giai thich nquyen tac ve chuc nang CO' ban.

12 9 8 1 = 60 lOGtinn a cira hilt May nen khi kieu true vit hilt kh6ng khi qua b¢ lee (1) voi thi~t
val 101loc a~t vao b] IOCtlnn, b9 19Cgio va bq lee xoay bui kilou cylone, oo hi,!,"
bilng glay th] d9 ban. Sau khi di ngang Qua bo dl"'u chinh cua hilt khi (2)
2 = 60 dl~u chinh cua hut khang khi hru thong d~n may nen vao nh[fng t~ng cua may
ca nang nen (4). a buOng nen, cau (3) lam nguol khming 55 'c duoc
phun lien tuc theo dinh l"O'ng. Trang qua trinh nen, d~u hap
3 = Ph un dau
thu nhl~t va n6ng len khoanq 85 DC. Nhiet do cue dai cuOi
4 = Tang cap trong may cung cua may nen cho phep tOI da ta 110 'c thea tleu cnuan
nen khl chau Au v'" co khi. Trang binh crura (5) hon hO'P tach roi khi
5 = Binh tach d~u nenldau, dau sa du'Oc tach roi kh6i khi nen glln nhu hoan
6 = Ong tach dau toano 60 tach ral oau nguyM chat (6) nnan nhiem vu tach roi

7 = Van mot chi~u cho ap

dau con lai rat ky 1,,5'ng, sao cho ILfong d~u sot lai trang khi
nen chi con khaang 1·3 mglm'. Khi nen 01 den bo lam mat
10
suat tOI thleu
sau cunq (9) qua van mot chl"'u (7) co ap suat tOi thl"u va tai
8 = Dllu lam nguqi oay khi nen lai dLfOc lam mat xu6ng nhiet do thuan loi nhat
9 = Bo lam mat sau cunq khaang 8 'c non nhi~t dO hilt khi, sau do khi nen dLfOc d~n
giln song song voi khi qua van chan (mot chieu) d~n rnanq cung cap khi nen. Dau
nen dil lam nguoi dU'Q'Ctach trong bo tach rai dU'Q'c lam mid lai tll' 85 °C xu6ng
55 "C trang bi) lam mat d~u (8) co kich 00 ph" hop. Dllu di
10 = B';'loc tinh
qua bl) ice dau co 6ng lac thay the OLfOC (10). Trang chu trinh
11 = Van di~u tiet nhi~t dO di chuyen cua dau co b6 tri them mot van dleu nhlet (11), van
12 = Ctfa de lam sach nay d~n cau dLfOC lam nguol tra v~ th~ng cac tang (4) cua
may nen khang thong Qua be) ph"n lam nguoL

Hinh 2: Cac bQ phan I<~prap cua mQt may nen khi

10.4.3 Chu~n b] (lam tinh khlet) va phan phoi khi nen

Be san xuat khi nen, kh6ng khi (y m6i trU'cmg xung quanh duoc hut vao may nen va bi nen. Khi nen trong m6i
trU'cYng lu6n co nhQong phan kh6ng tinh khiet nhu chat ran (bo hong, bui), nuoc va dau. TUy theo muc dich Slf
dl,lng phat sinh ra nhieu dol hoi khac nhau ve khi nen (thi du nhCfng bot khi duoc lam sach hay la khi nen tuyet
dDi phai kh6, kh6ng dinh dau hay thuan khiet), Chat 1U'Q'ngcua khi nen duoc phan chia thanh tLPng hi;lng theo
tieu ChUEIn DIN ISO 8573-1. Tai day phai xac d!nh ti Ie phan tram nuoc hay dau c6n Ian trong cac cap khi nen
(Bang 1,Trang 426).
426 10 Ky thu~t dieu khilln

Bang 1: Phan chia cac cap khi nen Bang 2: De nqh] ve chelt 1U'Q'ng khi nen

25
25
25
25

15

40 10
0,1
0,01
0,01

Tuy theo dip chat 1U'Q'ngyeu cau (Bang 1 va Bang 2)

nhCmg CO'cau khac nhau v~ bo loc (Hinh 1) nhu sau
duo'c du'a vao sU>dl,Jng:
• So loc bang Il,l'C quan linh (loc hat Ian hem nho Il,l'c
ly tarn)
• So loc rnin va cue rnln (kich co 10 hong tCr 0,01
diln 1 urn)
• So say kh6 kiE§urnanq d~ giam thi~u dO am
• So lee bang vat li$u thleu k~1 co klch cO>10 hong ICr
5~m d~n 40 urn 6010cc6l1,J'c BOloc b~ng
60 lee ki~u mimg
quan tinh v~t li~u thieu
• So loc than hoat tinh (hap thu sU'O'ng dau)
Hinh 1: NhLi>ng bQ 19C khi khac nhau
Khi nen da xU>Iy den vi tri [Link] khi qua dU'ang ong dan
rnach v6ng (Hinh 2).

NhQ>ng yeu cau v~ manq cung dip khi nen:

• Cung cap khi nen phai bo trl theo rnach v6ng

d~ khi sua chua viec cung cap khi du'oc bao
dam.

• Tiet dien cac ong dan phai du Ian

• Lu6n lu6n noi iY tren cac cho chia nhanh

(tranh 1l,Jnuoc)
Hinh 2: Philn phOi khi nen
• Khi lap rap phal co dO doc (khoang 1%) va de
co thE§dan thoat nuoc 1l,Jtai diE§m thap nhat
60 toe khi nen
Van dieu chinh Bo cung dip d~u
ap suat cho khi nen

80 chenh I$ch ve ap suat do dieu kien nen va nhQ>ng

ong dan dai lam cho ap suat dao dong, va cOng co Ih~
gay nhieu. Vi th~, ngU'ai la IhU'(mg hay su> dunq bO xU>
Iy khi nen (Hinh 3) d~t tal di~m lieu thu. So xU>Iy gom
co bo dieu chinh ap suat voi bo IQc tich hop va tuy
theo hoan canh con co bO cung cap dau,

V80
Van rno bang lay nap va xa khi lrang mot thiet b]. Vi Iy
do an toan chi nhQ>ng nhan vien co giay phep da duoc Van xii
NU'&c
ngU'ng tu
huan luy$n moi c6 th~ d6ng lai va thiet I~p l<;Iiap suat
cho thiet b],
Hinh 3: Doon vi xU> Iy
 10.4 Ky thuat di§u khien b~ng khi nen 427

NhCYthi~t k~ van dieu chinh ap suat dLl'Q'c I~p rap theo

9919C khi va Van ap suat va van dieu chinh
ki€!u ~c quy, nhieu nhanh re voi nhCmg ap suat khac
van dieu chlnh vai I~p nip theo dang nbi ac quy
nhau se duoc tao ra tll' mot nhanh chinh (Hinh 1).

Ben canh do con c6 nhCmg van tao ap suat. N6 tao

nen ap suat cham sau khi khi nen b] tac dong, thi du
nhu sau Sl)' co KHAN - DUNG. Qua d6, tranh duoc
viec van chuyen khi kh6ng ki€!m scat.

Da so nhCmg van nay dLl'Q'c trang b] b¢ xa khi nhanh,

d€! thiet b] xa khi nhanh trong trLl'cyng hop KHAN -
DUNG. Hinh 2 t6m t~t nhO'ng kha nang xU>Iy (chu~n
bj) khf.

Hinh 1: Tram phan phbi va tram di~u chlnh khi nen

1. Hay cho bi~t ap suat tuy~t d6i Pabs b~ng hPa

tLl'O'ng l.I'ng vci ap suat du Pe = 1,25 bar?
M& rnach
2. Hay cho bi~t tr] S6 cua ap suat dLl' va ap suat tuyet
d6i (y dLl'ai nuoc sau 18 m va 40 m (vot don vi bar,
hPa va psi)?
~ 1 3
3. Mot may nen khi hut 2290 lit khOng khi (yap suat B91Qc
chung quanh Pamb = 1 bar va nen khi VaG binh
crura 200 lit.
---192--192--192--192--192--
40~m O,Olllm AC
a) Hay cho biet tr] S6 cua ap suat trong binh chua £lieu chinh ap suat
khl khi nhiet do khonq thay doi?
10bar--Dtrtrtr--l0 bar
b) Hay cho biilt trj 56 cua tip suat trong binh chua
,~,
khi khi khong khi duoc ham n6ng tCJ>
50 DC?
20 DC len
[Link] bar 5bad bar t t 7bar
3
Phan ph6i. chia nhanh
4. Mot cai binh chua oxy 50 lit. Ap suat day binh 103 2

200 bar. Hoi c6 bao nhieu lit khi (o ap suat chung

quanh Pamb) da duoc xa ra, khi ap suat dLl' con lai
trong binh 103 Pe = 10 bar?
18 2
2

Tra d~u
5. Trong mot xi lanh c6 chua mot 1 lit khong khi (y
Pamb = 1 bar di vao. Hay cho bi~t tr] so ap suat
1-<>-2
10
thap trong xi lanh, khi the tich tang len 3 lit?
TO"" '~~1it cham 2 '--', Ap sua~;
6. TCJ>mot binh crura khi bao v$ cua mot cum thiet
bi han MAG, c6 th€! tlch 50 lit duoc SLYdunq 4360 .. .

lit kh6ng khi cho mot cong viec han. Ap suat ban ! :- ,
dau trong binh theo ap k~ (manometer) 113 190 bar. L-._._ 1 .--.,;
C6thll ~i~u""C--'hin-h-d-lJ'q-C-T-h-"i-g-ian~t

Hay cho biet tr] so cua ap k~ sau khi han (y ap suat Xa khi nhanh
Pamb = 1 bar? r-'-~_-=-I

7. Mot may born cung cap ILI'u ILI'Q'ng theo th€! tich I t3j I
60 I/min. Hay cho biet phai chon dLl'cyng kinh ben
trong cua ong d~n toi thieu 103 bao nhieu, de cho
I r-~~ 3

van toe dong chay cho phep kh6ng b] VLl'Q't qua

3,5 m/s? l-lj::---~ I__.,
8. LLI'u ILI'Q'ngcan thiilt cho mot xy lanh di chuyen voi
L __ ~-.J
S~y kh6
van toc d~n tien 110 m/min 103 bao nhleu khi bi~t
dLl'CYngkinh cua xy lanh 113 100 mm?
1-¢-2
Hinh 2: NhiPng kha nling xU> Iy khi nen
428 10 Ky thu~t dieu khi~n

10.4.4 CO' cau v~n hanh

NhCmg CO' cau van hanh bang khi nen con goi ta ~
nhCmg co cau tac d¢ng (actor). 861a nhCmg xi lanh c6
chuyen d¢ng thang hoac la cac d¢ng CO' hay cac b¢
truyen d(ing xoay cung cap chuyen d(ing quay.
~fll\\~\~~
[Link] Xi lanh khi nen Hinh 1: Xi lanh tac d\Jng don

Xi lanh khi nen thuc hien chuyen dong tai va lui. Pharn
vi SlY dl)ng chinh la nanq, day va kep cac chi tiet.

can pit tong

Xi lanh tac dl)ng don (Hinh 1) bi day khi khi nen tac
dong VaG mot phia cua pit t6ng. Mot 10 xo dU'Q'c gan
a phia khac cua pit t6ng se keo pit t6ng tro lai khi qua
trinh xa khi ket thuc, Xi lanh nay chi co the chuyen
d¢ng ngU'Q'c lai nho SI,!' dan hOi cua 16 xo. TUy theo
cau tao. xi lanh co chuyen d¢ng chay VaG hoac chay
ra. Pit t6ng cua xi lanh tac dl)ng kep (Hinh 2) chuyen
dong ca hai hU'<Yng do khi nen tac d9n9 doi chieu VaG
pit tong. Vi dien tlch cua day pit Wng b] giam do dien Ong dan
tich cua can pit tong, nen xi lanh tac dunq kep sinh ra hU'cYng
luc khac nhau khi chay ra hay chay vao, Bo tay gap BO giam chan Ong BO giam chan
vi tri cuoi xi lanh xi lanh vi tri cuoi xi lanh
b2lng khi nen (Hinh 3) co cling nquyen tac tac dong diliu chlnh duoc diliu chinh dU'Q'c
nhu xi lanh tac d(Jng kep,
Hinh 2: Xi lanh tac dl,lng kep

B9 giam chan diroc SlY dunq de tranh SI,!' va dap d¢t

ngot tal vi tri cuoi nann trinh. TrU'<Yc khi dat vi tri cuoi,
khi nen thoat qua 10 khoan a
giCra b] can vi nhCrng
ngong true giam chan. Vi the khi nen chi con luu thong
qua khe tiet tuu c6 the chinh duoc. Cho nen pit tong
b] ham Ic;li do tinh dan hoi va chay em tai hai dau pit
t6ng. Neu day pit tong c6 gan mot nam cham vTnh CIYU
va cong tac reed (conq tac lU'ai ga, conq tu) gan a
phia nqoal, thl ca hai vi trl d~u cua xi lanh co the chinh
duoc. 8ieu nay lam tiet kiern duoc khong gian thiet
ke, vi nhCrng earn bien nhan vi tri cu6i kh6ng phai lap
rap rienq le.

o 0
TUy theo chuc nang va cau tao rna nhCrng xi lanh
duoc gan theo nhieu kieu khac nhau (Hinh 4). Hinh 3: Tay giip biing khi nen

M~t bich 0 giCi'a M~t bich 0 phia tnroc

G~n chat xi lanh xoay [y truoc Gan chat xi lanh xoay 0 phia sau Ga & cnan xi lanh

Hinh 3: Thi dl,l v~ cac loai I~p rap xi lanh khi nen
 10.4 Ky thuat di~u khien b~ng khi nen 429

[Link] Cae loai xi lanh eo cau tao d~c bi~t

2 3 4

Ta c6 xi lanh nhieu vi tri khi gan cac b$ dO'cua cac xi lanh tac dunq kep
sat nhau tren mot mat bich. Neu xi lanh c6 quang chay cua pit tong gi6ng
nhau, ta se c6 ba vi tri chuyen d6i khac nhau va neu quang chay khac
nhau se c6 bon vi trl chuyen d6i (Hinh 1).

cum xi lanh ghep noi tiep voi tac dl,Jng kep (Hinh 2d) c6 duoc khi ta
ghep n6i tiep 2, 3, hoac 4 xi lanh c6 dlJ'ang kinh cua pit tong gi6ng nhau
va hanh trlnh pittonq b~ng nhau. Qua d6 Il,J'Cday c6 the tang IEmgap 2,
3 hay 4 Ian. De cung cap ap suat d~u cho tat ca xi lanh, chi can hai c6ng
(dau n6i) cap khi nen nQi bQ. Xi lanh co hanh trinh ngan (Hinh 2c) va
me dun kep (co cau kep) (Hinh 2a) dac biet thich hop cho cac thiet b]
c6 chtrc nang kep, Hinh 1: Xi lanh nhieuvi tri

a) Xi lanhkep b) Xi lanhhinh6ngx{)p c) Xi lanhhanhtrinhngan d) Xi lanhghepnhieu xi lanh

e) Xi lanhphang g) Xi lanhvoi vantich hop h) Xi lanhkim loal quy

10

£.-~
~-'7
i) Xi lanhhopv?;sinh j) Xi lanhnhieu giado h) Xi lanhco diln hU'ang I) CO' cauthoc hi?;nbangkhi nen
Hinh 2: NhO>ng
loai xi lanh co kat cau d~c bi~t

Xi lanh phang (Hinh 2e) voi tac dunq don hay kep - co the duoc ghep
lai voi nhau. Xi lanh phang c6 do ch6ng xoan do can pit tong c6 d<;lng
hlnh chfr nhat va dlJ'Q'CstYdl,mg cho viec d6ng dau (due khuon), tiep li$u
(d~n vao) v.v.. Xi lanh phang vai ranh dan hU'ang tich hop c6 do an
toan chonq xoan rat cao.

Xi lanh co ren (vit) v~n (Hinh 3) voi ren iY ben nqoai di chuyen ngang rat
thich hop cho kep, dt:mg va dinh vi nhfrng chi tiet nho. Khi nen di vao qua
16 khoan. Vi tri hanh trinh pit tong c6 the thay d6i theo chieu sau cua vlt.
Hinh 3: Xi lanh co ren (vit) v~n
430 10 Ky thuat dieu khi~n

Xi lanh chan (Hinh 1) c6 tac dl,mg dCmg nhCrng gia mang chi tiElt tren day chuyen. Khi nap khi nen, pit tong chay
vao. Dong nang (nang 1U'Q'ngdong Il,I'c hoc) do va cham vao can pit tong (Ekin = Y, mv2) khong duoc VU'Q't qua
gicYi han cho phep, de xi lanh kh6i b] hU' hong.

Xi lanh cnan voi ki~u thiet ke c6 ng5ng true (duoi true)

<DHamlai vai va d~p bang can pit tong
Ci) Do tac dong cua xi lanh gia mang chi tiet dU'Q'cphep cnay tiep
@ £lieu khien giG>pit t6ng xUDngdU'ai cho den khi gia mang chi
ti~t di qua

Xi lanh ehi;invoi kieu Ihiel ke c6 can Ian CDHam l<;Iivoi va d$p bang can pit tOng
(ZJ Do tac dong cOaxi lanh gia mang chi tiet cuoc phep chay liep
@ Xi lanh chay ra cho den tuc can Ian nam ke gia mang chi tiel.
Gia mang chi tiet di chuyen tiep tuc.

lt
@ Sau khi gia mang chi tiel di qua, xi lanh chay v~ vi trt cuoi phia
truoc
Xi lanh chi;in vai ki~u thiel ke c6 d6n b,iy I~I CDHam c6 giam chan va kh6a lien dong cua don bay I~t, qua d6
----- fX'I bo giam chan kh6ng d~y lui gia mang chi tiet
~ > Q) Do tac dong cua xi lanh gia mang chi liet duoc phep cnay tiep
. @ Xi lanh chay ra cho den luc don bay I~I nam ke gia mang chi
. liel. Gia mang chi tiet di chuyen tiep tuc
~® ®~ @) ® @ Sa~ khi gia mang chi tiet di qua, xi lanh cnay va vi Iri cubi phia
truce
Hinh 1: each v;in hanh cua xi lanh chan

a bQ dan dQng xoay (Hinh 2) mo men quay dU'Q'c tao

ra tiY canh qat xoay gan true tiep tren true dan dong,
G6c xoay tuy theo cac loai cau tao c6 the hieu chinh
vo cap, thong thU'cYng trong khoang 180°. VcYi bO dan
dong nay rno men quay sinh ra nho. BeYi vi khong c6
giam chan a vi tri cuoi - cao nhat la vonq qiarn chan -
nen khoi 1U'Q'ngdi chuyen phai nh6. BO dan dong xoay
co d9 chinh X8C v€J d9 l.;ip lal cao va truyen luc kh6ng
c6 dO ro (khit). Chay khonq tai cOng truyen den he dan
dQng nhu 113mot b9 phan bo sung. Vi v$y viec dan ti~n
do xung nhlp c6 the dU'Q'Chieu chinh thanh va cap.

Hinh 2: Bi? dan di?ng xoay

Xi lanh quay (Hinh 3) tuonq tl,l' nhu xi lanh tac dong

kep, a day chi c6 sv di chuyen cua pit tong duoc
truyen tren mot thanh rang. Thanh rang nay lam quay
banh rang nho (pi nhonq) duoc dan ra phia nqoai.
Tren tb] truonq, xi lanh quay co cac g6c quay co dinh
thi du 900; 180°; 270° va 3600 Viec bien dbi hanh trinh
pit tong c6 kha nang tao nhCrng g6c xoay c6 tri so narn
a giCra. Neu banh rang nh6 duoc dan d9n9 voi hai xi
lanh gan song song, thi mo men quay tang gap dol.
Hinh 3: Xi lanh quay

Dan vi chuy~n dQng xoay tuyen tinh (Hinh 4) mo ta

SI,J' ket hop giCra xi lanh tac dong
kep va xi lanh xoay.
Phan lon chuyen dong quay duoc hieu chinh va cap.
Chuyen dong xoay hay tuyen tinh c6 the dieu khien
rieng Ie hay chung voi nhau. DO'n vi chuyen dong
tuyen tinh - xoay nay dU'Q'c stY dunq cho nhCmg chuc
nang thao tac phai quay va dlly.

Hinh 4: £)O'nvi chuy~n di?ng tuyen tinh - xoay

 10.4 Ky tnuat di~u khien bang khi nen 431

Phep tinh xi lanh

Tiet di$n Tiet di(in
pit tong A pit tong A
Ap suat trang xi lanh truven deu khap rnoi huonq, Vi a
phia pit tong xa khi
hanh trinh ~Mnh trinh
ap suat chung quanh Pamb (rnoi trlJ'ang) luon luon tac dong, nen chi c6 ap tro ve toi
suat dlJ' Pe t90 ra Il,l'c day pit tong F trong tranq thai chay VaG hay chay ra. ~ Duang
kinh danh
Bien doi conq thuc Pe ::;:FIA ta c6 Il,l'c pit tong theo Iy thuyet (Hinh 1) nghTacua
pit tong
U6n cong
F = P.· A [F] = N; [p] = N/m2 ; [A] = m2 I

Trang thuc te con c6 tieu hao do ma sat. [Link] pit tong duoc tinh theo hi$u
suat fJ (khoanq 90%)

hay khi trLr

F = P«:

tuc
A'1]

ma sat FR
[1]] = 1

r q Lt,J'G ngang (It,J'G u6n Gong)

F = Pe' A- FR (FR", 10%)

: I
III
I
LlfC day (d!ch cnuyen) cua mot xi lanh VaG khoanq 70% luc ap suat moi a Hinh 1: Phep tinh xi lanh
v] tri [Link] li$u thong tin v~ IlfC cua xi lanh c6 the tlm thay trang tal li$u
v~ dCr li$u cua xi lanh hay trang bieu do cua nha che t90.
xa khi ,
Hanh trlnh Ion thi can pit tong tuonq (rng phai dai non. £)i~u nay se gay
ra hau qua Ia can pit tong trong tinh tranq chay ra c6 nguy CO' b] u6n cong
dlJ'oi tac dunq cua IlfC (Hinh 1). Nho bang chi dan cua nha che t90 ta doc
duoc tri s6 dlJ'ang kinh cua can pit tong t6i thieu tuy thuoc luc tac dl,Jng
(xem Carn nang). TLr mot kich thuoc biet truoc cua xi lanh, ta c6 the
nnan biet dlJ'Q'C luc tac dunq ngang (luc uon cong) Fq (Hinh 1). Neu IlfC
~
L·o xo k·eo ve• t;
Pe'" 6 bar
nen

tac dunq ngang Fq khonq ghi trang tai li$u dO>ki$n thi nen tranh, Hinh 2: BQ chuyim doi ap suat

£)e thiet ke may nen khi trong mot h$ thong khi nen, can phai biet 1lJ'Q'ng
khi tleu thu cho nhCPng thiet bj van hanh. LU'u lU'qng theo th€l tich nay
dlJ'Q'c quy chleu dua VaG ap suat xung quanh (thong thu'onq) Pamb '" 1 bar
cua khi hut vao. LlJ'Q'ng khi tieu thu tuy thuoc VaG tiet di$n cua pit tong
I a '"A . s . n· Pe ;.::mb I
A, hanh trinh s, s6 hanh trinh n va ty s6 giCfa ap suat du va ap suat rnoi to=q.n.s!
tmang chung quanh (Hinh 3). Hau het cac nha san xu at thong tin ve
Hinh 3: Tieu thu khi nen
1lJ'Q'ng khi tieu thu khong theo don v! SI (quoc te) m3/s ma theo I/min.
Trong xi lanh tac dunq kep 1U'Q'ngkhi tieu thu cho quang chay toi va tro
ve gan bang nhau. Neu can tinh toan chinh xac non thi phai chu y den
can pit tong.

Nhieu nha san xuat xi lanh khi nen ghi 1U'Q'ngkhi tieu thu rieng q trang ban rno ta ky thuat (ban dCr lii,'lu). LU'Q'ng
10
khi tieu thu thlJ'ang ghi la lit cho 1 cm hanh trinh. Nho v$y ta I$p duoc bang mo ta 1U'Q'ngkhi tieu thu tuy thuoc
VaG dlJ'ang kinh cua pit tong (xem Carn nang CO' di$n tlf).

1. Hay cho biet ap suat t6i thieu cua mot xi lanh tac dl,Jng kep khi di chuyen vao, de c6 the t90 ra mot luc kep
=
2300 N? (0 80 mm; d 25 mm; fJ =
90%). =
2. M(lt xi lanh tac dunq kep voi 0 = 100 mm phai t90 ra mot luc ep 2 kN. Hay cho biet van gioi han ap suat
gan truoc xi lanh phai chlnh a
trl 56 ap suat nao?

3. Hay cho biet dlJ'ang kinh danh nghTa cua mot xi lanh tac dl,Jng kep nho cu6n earn nang, de xi lanh t90 ra
lu-c kep t6i thieu 43 kN 6>hieu suat 90% va ap suat van hanh 6 bar?

4. Hay giai thich each hoat dong cua bo chuyen d6i ap suat trong Hinh 2?

5. Nh<Y cu6n eam nang hay tim ra dU'ang kinh toi thieu cua mot din pit t6ng voi IlfC kep 6 kN va hanh trinh
BOO mm?
432 10 Ky thu~t dieu khi~n

6. Hay giai thich phuonq tnuc hoat dong cua mot xi lanh diroc gcfln n6i tiilp nhau tLr nhieu xi lanh (xi lanh
tandem) thi du 2 hay 3 hay 4 xi lanh?

7. Hay giai thich cau tao va each heat dong cua xi lanh pittonq kep.

8. Hay so sanh thong s6 cua mot xi lanh pit tong kep voi mot xi lanh tac dunq kep don gian c6 cunq dU'ang
kinh danh nghTa?

9. Hay mo ta cau tao va each van hanh cua xi lanh khong c6 can pit tong?

10. Hay cho bi~t 1U'Q'ngkhi tieu thy cua mot xi lanh tac dunq kep voi nhCmg thong s6 ky thuat 0 = 70 mm; d =
20 mm; Pe = 6 bar, Pamb '" 1 bar va hay so sanh tr] s6 nay v6'i tr] s6 tinh theo cong thirc nho tro giup cua
Carn nang?

11. TLPmot vi tri b] r6 vci tiilt [Link] tuonq Lrng 10310 hinh tr6n c6 dU'cmg kinh 0,6 mm khi S9 thoat ra 12 lit trong 1
phut. CO' xU'6>ng S9 b] thiet hai bao nhieu EUR trong mot narn, khi gia 1 m3 khi nen 1133 cents?

12. Hay giai thich 1U'Q'nglieu thu khi riemg.

13. Nh6> tro giup cua sach earn nang, hay cho bi~t 1U'Q'ngtieu thu khi rieng q cho xi lanh dU'6'ng kinh pit tong 0
= 60 mm hanh trinh 30 mm va 1U'Q'ngkhi tieu thu cho 600 Ian dayl min?

14. V6'i Sl)' tro giup cua xi lanh tac dunq kep, chuyen d(ing quay duoc sinh ra do b(i truyen dong bang co cau
= =
thanh rang (xem Hinh). Cho biet rno dun m 2,5 mm; s6 rang z 36; ap suat dU' Pe =
4 bar; hanh trinh s
= 25 mm; s6 hanh trinh n =
35/min; dU'cmg kinh pit tong 0 = 70 m.
Hay tinh:
a) LU'Q'ng khi tieu thu trong 8 gi6' vo'i [Link] suat 90%
b) [Link] F trong thanh rang khi [Link] suat 90%
c) Mo ment quay cua banh rang
d) G6c quay a

[Link] D{>n9 co khi nen

Tong quat dong CO'[Link] dU'Q'c Slf dunq de tao ra chuyen dong quay. N~u La c:J Xi lanh

ta can rno men khoi dong lon, toc do quay cao, an toan khi qua tai va bao
vi.l chong no thi dong CO'khi nen dU'Q'c Slf dl,lng.
~~Q]~
8(ing CO'kieu la (Hinh 1) dan dau trong nhCmg d(ing CO'khi nen, N6 duoc 0<1& ~ o ee
cau tao don gian, vCmg chac, khong phai bao dU'ang nhieu va trong
trU'6'ng hop binh thU'6'ng c6 the bi qua tai cho den khi dunq. 80ng CO' phi ""'''. ph" sau
danq la dtroc Slf dunq cho cac thiet b] van vit dap, van vit g6c hay van vit
quay, lU'ai la 10 khoan va cac may khoan 10, cat ren, rnai va khac.

Khi dong CO' quay, luc Iy tam nhO>ng la tac dong Ian nhau lam bit kin
bu6ng lam viec, Tuy nhien, Sl)' bit kin nay cOng 103can thiet khi khoi dong, Hinh 1: D<)ng coo d~ng 1<\
mac du luc d6 chua c6 Il)'c Iy tam tac cunq. B6>ith~, nhO>ng la trong vunq
nap khi nen duoc nen, nen bao dam duoc Sl)' bit kin ngay ca trong khi dCrng may. Mot bien phap thiet k~ khac
de bao dam Sl)' bit kin khi kh6>i dong 103gcfln nhO>ng 16 xo ep la VaG than may.

Toc dO quay cua rotor tLP10000 rnin' den 100 000 rnln'. V6'i bo truyen dong hanh tinh, toc do quay dU'Q'c giam
thieu (den 5 rnln') trong nhieu Lrng dl,lng thuc t~. BO truyen dong hanh tinh c6 the thay doi tuy theo nha che tao
da so tCr cac hi.l thong lap rap rno dun, sac cho dong CO'c6 nhieu toe d(i quay c6 san de Slf dunq. 8e rno men
quay cho phep toi da trong nha may khonq bi VU'Q'tqua khi van hanh, phan Ian bo Iy hop qua tai dU'Q'c thi~t ke.
Cong suat cua dong CO'kieu la tCr 0,02 Watt diln 5 000 Watt.

Bieu d6 Hinh 1 trang 433 trinh bay nhO>ng dU'6'ng bieu dien tinh nang: v€! cong suat, tinh nang v€! rno men quay
va 1U'Q'ngkhi lieu thu cua mot dong co khi nen di€!u chinh vo cap. Mo men quay va cong suat tuy thuoc t6c do
quay cua dOng ca. MOi d(ing CO'c6 nhO>ng dU'6'ng bieu dien rieng (di;lc tuyen). Vi the conq suat va rno men quay
c6 the d9C tLPtoc dQ quay. NglJ'Q'c l<;Iitoc dO quay dong CO'cOng duoc suy ra tCr di;lc tuyen khi biet tal.
 10.4 Ky thuat di~u khifln b~ng khi nen 433

Khi dCPIi$u doi hoi co sai I$ch voi dCPli$u danh nghia
cua dQng cc (co nghia 100%), thi ap suat van hanh
hi$u chinh cho mot dQng CO' duoc xac dinh nho Sl,I' tro
giup cua bieu do minh hoa Hinh 2. a
200

~
Me men nen lai = 2 x ~e men quay t--
% -XM Me men khai dong = 1,5 x Me men quay

mImI Cho mot d(>ng co khi nen voi Mnenn = 10,5 Nm

va vai toc d(> quay nnenn = 500 min', hay tinh
150
/
I'-

"' '"
ap suat hieu chinh dU'Q'ccho ngef = 320 mtn'
Mgef = 8,8 Nm. (Chu giai: Mnenn = M6 men danh
a "' I'-
I'- - - - --
- V--
100
nghTa, Mgef =
M6 men doi hail
V"- I' ...••.
~
••'MMjIl•••• II.1II
Y -
_ Mg•f, Motor·100%

[Link]
_ 8,8 Nm ·100% = 833°1
-
10,5 Nm
r 10

/
./
p "' I'-.. "...•.
I'-
II'-

50
x = n gel, Motor

nnenn. Motor
·100%
1
320 min- ·100% = 68%
500 min-1 L
/
"' ~" ~ I\,.

/ ""'-\.
Theo Hioh 2 ta co p = 4,2 bar
o
o 50 % "100
T6c d¢ quay Toe dO quay
TCI' ap suat hi$u chinh a
dQng CO' ta co the tinh dU'Q'C (c6 tail (kh6ng tail
dQ sut ap suat trong ong d~n khi.
Hinh 1: Billud6

mImI =
khi co 3 m3/min di chuyen qua mc)160g rnern d<'in khi vol a, 13 mm. Ong dan co chieu dai 6m:
Luu 1lJ'<;yog
bao nhieu khi n6 duoc nap VaG dfln 6,5 bar? Sl,I' tieu hao ap suat Ihay doi nhu the
Ap suat (y cuot 6ng dan 113
=
nao khi SlY dung 6ng dan vai a, = 15 mm?

'3.",Wi d(> sui ap suat cha 6ng dan voi d; = 15 mm dai 1DOm va 30bar
(y Hinh 2 ta coo dU'<;YC

!; = !;P'00 . 'schlauch = 30 bar· 6 m = 1 8 bar

p 100 m 100 m r
khi a, = 15 mm thi p = 0,9 bar

L'.p100---
05
0,5
1 2 3 5 1015203050 bar
160
%
140 ~ t.,.. ~$
~~so~
IS ~ ~ 0<;;,-
1"-1" -,
K t- ~C'-
120 t- C'-L"- L"-
<1 I" 1"- J"-I"
2
1"
0)
c:
e 100
""~~ J"-,
<,
I<r-,
0)-
c:.<: ~~ I"
.;:,. 5 o c:
.b~
0)0) t
~
80
I- ~~S "
.?.....
<, r-,
['-, L"-J"..
r-, 1"- J"
r- 1"-
~ 10
I'- I'-
r-,
c: c:
(e',/!)

~~
60 I='--
~ J'..
r-,
r- I" "I"
L".' l' c-
20 r- ~ 40 r- I'-- l"'-,
I...... ..•.. r-, l"
I'-- J'..
['-.. b
"'" I"
['-.., C"
10
~ 20
50 ['-.., b, I......
b
m3/min
1'- I<, 1'-. "'"
<,

100 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140%1 60
I x n---

~nh2:B~ud6~psu~

1. MQt dQng CO' din luu 1U'Q'ng khi 3,6 m3/min va phai lam vi$c voi ap suat trong pharn vi tCl' 4,4 bar dfln
4,6 bar. TCI' tnroc dlin nay ngU'Cri ta SLPdung ong d~n khi rnern dai 12 m vo'i dU'(Yng kinh trang danh nghTa
la 19 mm noi VaG dQng co theo mach vonq. Hay cho biflt ap suat trang rnach vonq (y bQ dieu chinh ap suat
cho tinh tranq nay? Vi phai xay dl,l'ng lai nha may, dQng CO' dU'Q'c thilit kfl voi luu 1U'<;yngkhi lieu thu 5 m3/
min, van hanh trang pnarn vi tCl'5,5 bar dEm 5,7 bar. f)U'Crng kinh trang danh nghia cua ong d~n khi VaG co
du kh6ng, khi SLPdung ap suat tai da 6 bar?

2. Hay cho biet ap suat hieu chinh khi n 550 vang/phut (rnln') va M =
20 Nm tai dong co khi nen voi t6c dO =
quay danh nghTa nnenn = 750 vonq/phut (min-1)va m6 men quay danh nghia Mnenn = 20 Nm?

3. Hay giai thich pharn vi SLPdung cua dong co khi nen trang co xU'ang cua ban,
434 10 Ky thuat dieu khi~n

10.4.5 Van khi nen

Khi nen duoc truyen den co cau lac dOng (actor) qua
dU'ang 6ng dan. De
cho co cau tac dong c6 dU'Q'cd<;li
Van d~n hU'ang 3/2
ILPQ'ngyeu cau (thi du luc, mo men quay) van dU'Q'c
2
I~p rap nhu nhCl'ng pnan ICr dieu khien nang IU'Q'ng. ~
NhCl'ngvan nay dieu khien va cOng c6 the dieu chinh
khi nen, Tuy theo entre nang chung dLY9'cphan loai
thanh van dan hLPang,van chan, van ap suat va van
IU'uIU'9'n9.

[Link] Van dan hlJ'Orng Hinh 1: Van nang d;:tng du (van co m~t tl,l'a hinh caul

Van d~n hU'ang xac dinh khoi dong, d(mg. hay chieu
IU'u thong cua khi nen trong hi;! th6ng dieu khiE!n khi
nen. Qua d6, nhCl'ngphan tCr tac dong (thi du xi lanh,
dong CO') va nhLi'ng vi trl cua van d~m hLYang khac
dLP9'Cdieu khien. C6 hai loai thiet ke CO' ban:

Trong van nang (van de tua), van dLPQ'cbit kin noac

la do nhCl'ngvien bi (van danq cau, Hinh 1) hoac do
nhO>ngdia (van danq dla, Hinh 2). Khi thanh day van
b] tac dong, thi dU'ang thoat khi tLPc6ng 2 den 3 bi
d6ng lai va khi nen c6 the ILYUthOng tLPcong 1 den 2.

Trang van tnrot (dich chuyen) pit tong duoc day theo
chieu dai (doc true), dieu khien d6ng IU'u thong cua
khi nen (Hinh 3). Pit tong dieu khien c6 the b] day do Hinh 2: Van nang d;:tng dia
Sl)' nen apsuat theo dU'ang dieu khien 12 hay dU'ang
di{,u khi~n 14. Do co, kh6ng khi van hanh IU'u thong
mot Ian tLPc6ng 1 den 2 (khi ap suat 6' 12) va mot Ian
tCr cong 1 den 4 (khi ap suat 6' 14) (Hinh 4). De chuyen
d6i rnach (vi tri) chi can xung tac dong ngan han tren
dLYang dieu khien tU'O'nglI'ng. Sau d6, van duy tri vi ~
Van dan hU'ong 5/2 (van xung)
tri cnuyen doi tLYO'nglI'ng keo dal cho den khi c6 mot 513
a
xung tac dong ngLYQ'c1<;Ii. van xung ta can chu y la
vi tri ban dau khong dU'Q'cxac dinh.

Van nang

• c6 khoanq tac dong nho va do v~y c6 thai gian dap

14
lI'ng ngan
Hinh 3: Van tnJ'Q'I theo chi~u doc
• it b] man va kh6ng de nhiern bui

• doi hoi ll,J'ctac dong Ian va do v$y phai c6 dieu

khien phu tro (tnroc) khi dU'ang kinh trang danh
nghTa (danh dinh) cua dLYang6ng dan Ian.

Van truot (dlch cnuyen)

• c6 khoanq tac dong dai hon va vi the thai gian dap

lI'ng lau hon
• b] mai man nhieu vi de nhiem bui
• doi hci Il,J'Ctac d(>ng nho

Hinh 4: Van treo d;;tng dia

 10.4 Ky thuat di~u khi~n b~ng khf nen 435

H$ th6ng khi nen voi CO' cau tac dong dol hoi 1U'Q'ng
khi tieu thu cao, do do phai thiet k~ nhfrng van d§n Kh6ng bj tac d¢ng

hU'ang vai dU'ang kfnh trang c6 dO Ian danh nghTa

tuonq (mg, qua d6 lam tang Il,I'c tac dong. Trang h$
th6ng nay van tac dong gian tillp dU'Q'c SlY dunq. Van
nay dU'Q'c gQi la van di~u khi~n phu (van dieu khien Mfmg cnan
truce, van cfieu khien servo, van dieu khien tro cf¢ng)
d~ chuyen rnach van chfnh (Hinh 1).

1 (P)
MQt 10 khoan nho b6 sung n5i c6ng vao cua khi nen
1 voi van dieu khi~n phu. Khi don b~y mang con Ian
b] tac dQng, thi van dieu khi€m phu se rno va khl nen
di chuyen cho dlln manq chan. Mang chan nay b] di
chuyen xu6ng dU'ai va kh6a / chan kha nang xa khi tll>
c6ng 3 d~n 2 qua mot cai dia van. Sau do, nho luc Ian
cua thanh day van dia thLP hai rno ra lam khf nen lU'u
thong tll> c6ng 1 dlln 2.

Sau khi nha don b~y mang con lan, bu6ng chua khf
duoc giam ap suat nho khi xa ra qua manq cnan qua
10 khoan adon bay cua van. Lo xo tro va day plt tong
di~u khilln len phia tren va truce tien d6ng lai dU'ang
ket n5i giCi'a 1 va 2. Sau d6 khi thoat ra theo cOng tll> 3
den 2. Nguyen tac dieu khilln phu tro dU'Q'c LPng dunq
cho nhieu loai thao tac knac nhau.

Hinh 2 trinh bay ban dCi' li$u cua van dan hU'ang 3/2,
chu tronq dlln nhfrng di;ic dil!m thillt kll cOng nhu ren
tai d~u n6i v.v ...
Hinh 1: Nguyen tAc van di€!u khil!n phu

D,c (fiem Gia tr] D,c (fiem Gia tr]

Bi.§u tlf(mg chuc nang chuyen mach Van dan hlfcYng 3/2, vi tri ban Tac dOng 1 kao tra vr; Cuon day diflu khi.§n phu, tac
dau bi cnan d¢ng chu y.§u/biing khi nen
Mo ta nqan chuc nano chuven rnach 3/2 Gan chat phu tro bang tay Va cham, tl!' keo lui/quay, kh6a
HlJ'anq llJ'u 1lJ'Q'nqdao chieu Kh6ng chot
Nguyen tac crurc nang Van trvot Hi'!'n thi trang thai cnuyen rnach Khong
Danq - phan t(r cnuc nang Pit tong V$t lieu cua nap d~y PA
G6 the di€'u chinh khi thoat
[Link] di€'u khi.§n
Kh6ng
Gian tiep
V$t lieu cua v6 may
V~t li~u gioanq
Nhorn due ap lU"c
NBR
10
f)~c tinh ph~n t(r di€'u chinh On don Tronq 1lJ'Q'ngsan ph<1im 0.15 kg
Loai tac dong tn» v€' L6 xo khi nen l.u'u 1lJ'Q'nqdanh nahia 1-2 850llmin
Khi nen di€'u khil!n hi) trQ' ben nqoai C6 l.u'u 1lJ'Q'ngdanh nohta 2-3 850llmin
Loai gan chat Gan chat biing vit Thaigianchuy!n
machSA TlCIluy!n
dO; (lIIJI~n) 28 ms
Elll'img kinh trong danh nghTacua ong dBn 8mm [Link]/Chuyen doi 18 ms
Ap suat van hanh t6i thieu -0,9 bar Cac loai di~n ap DC
Ap suat van hanh tOi da 10 bar Eli~n ap mot chieu danh nghTa 24V
Nhi~t d¢ chung quanh toi thieu -5 ·C Gong suat danh nqhla 1.5W
Nhi$t d¢ chunq quanh tOi da 50 ·C Thai oiancone rnachcua namcham 100%
Nhiet do mol truono tOi thi.§u -5 ·C M6i trlJ'ong van hanh Khi nen duoc loc (40 u)
Nhiet dO mol tmong toi da 50 ·C Moi truonq diElu khit'ln Khi nen dlJ'Q'cIQc (40 u)
Ap suat di€'u khien toi thit'lu 2.5 bar Loai bao v$ IP65

I;
Ap suat dieu khi'!'n tOi da 10 bar
1)
8
2)

3)
8
4
,,~
Ren noi ono dieu khien xa khi M5 82 1 3
Tieu chuan - Hinh 0 dim o earn thiet bi DIN 4360-1 10/12

Hinh 2: Ban dO> li\\u 1) Kieh truroc danh nghTa cua 6ng dan tiep noi thong gi6 2) Kich thuoc danh nghTa cua ong dan tiep n6i dftu
noi khi lam viec 3) Kieh thuoc danh nghTa cua dau nOi ong dan
436

[Link] Van chan va van luu 1lJ'Q'ng

ChlPCnling Sad':' rnach
Chiiiu tuu thong
Van ch~n (van m¢t chieu) gay anh hU'ang len hU'6'ng
di cua khi nen; thi du nhu van chan tro ve, van d6i
chieu (logic OR) va van ap suat kep (logic AND). Van
lU'u 1U'Q'ng anh hU'ang OEln IU'u IU'O'ng cua khi nen.
Van lU'u IU'O'ng quan tronq nhat la van ti€lt luu. NgU'ai
lrng dvng An toan khi
ta con tim thay sv k€lt hop tU'O'ng ooi pho bien giCPa
van chan va van IU'u IU'O'ng.
---
Chieu b] chan

Bieu IU'(;>'"g
ap suat sut
dot ngot

---<>--
Van mot chi~u (Hinh 1) chan dong khi nen 6' mot
hU'6'ng va cho khi nen chay tl,!' do a
mot hU'6'ng khac. hOi;iC~
Van ngan nglia Sl,!' giam d(Jt ng(Jt cua Il,!'c kep trong xi
lanh kep khi ap suat sut xuong. Hinh 1: Van mot chi~u (van chan Ire. vel

Van chuyen db; Van ap sua! kep

Van chuyen dbi (van do; Ch;fJU - van logic OR) (van logic OR) (van IO~C AND)

(Hinh 2) oap Ll'ng oU'O'c chuc nanq cua bQ kat nOi logic
OR (HOAC) trong h$ di~u khien bang khi nen, Van c6
hai cong van (10, 11) va mot c6ng ra (2). Khi nen di
chuyen den c6ng ra, khi mot trang hai dU'ang ong dfln
khi a
cong vao hay ca hai dong thai chju ap suat (nap "." "L..L--"..- .•.......
'-"--'-..:.......:-"'--'" 11
khi nen), Van ap
suat kep (van logic AND) (Hinh 2) Chuc nang OR (hoac) Chuc nang AND (va)
dap IYng duoc chuc nang cua bO k€lt nOi logic AND [Link]'1Q'nn~ 11 BieutU'~~g~ 11
(VA) trong h$ oieu khien bang khi nen, Van ap suat
kep c6 hai cong vao (1 D, 11) va mot c6ng ra (2). Dong ~ ~
khi nen chi di theo cong ra, khi ca hai c6ng van dieu Hinh 2: Van dieu khien ket noi logic
khien cling chiu ap suat, Ve mat thiet ke, khonq chi
a van ap suat kep rna ca trong van chuyen doi, phai
bao dam duoc rang khi nen a
ong dan dieu khien nay
khong b] di chuyen sang ong dieu khien khac,
Kh6ng b]
li€lllU'u ~
Hinh 3 rno ta van tiet lU'u mQt chieu - su ket hop
giCPavan tiet IU'u va van mot chieu, Trong mot hlJ'6'ng
--t> 1T7-:,.-I~~"TT""J'7"7i !~!
L.._.~

lU'u thOng dong khi c6 kha nang b] dieu chinh vo cap

Hinh 3: Van !hi! hru mOl ehieu
va trang hU'6'ng luu thong nglJ'Q'c lai khi nen ouoc tl)'
do. Van nay duo'c stY dunq de thay d6i toc do cua pit
tong.
Sinh IrCPkhi

Van tre (van ham, van trl hoan) (Hinh 4) la Sl,!' ket
hop cua van ti€lt IU'u mot chieu (van ch~n tro vel, mot
van dan huonq 3/2 va mot bO trCPkhi (binh chua), Khi
nen oieu khien ang6 van 12 duoc nap van binh trCP
khi nhieu hay it - tuy theo dO tiet IU'u. Khi ap suat can
thi€lt da dat duoc, van ma rnach. Thai gian de tao ap
suat chuyen doi gQi la thai gian tri hoan cua van. Khi
xa khi van tra l<;Iivi tri ban dau, binh trCPtro lai tranq Vi Iri chan - Vi trl tinh
thai rang khong con khi. Hinh 4: Van Irll (Ir; hoan tac d9ng)

Van xa khi nhanh (Hinh 5) co kha nang lam khi thoat 3 2

nhanh ra dlJ'ang 6ng dan. Vao luc d6 khi xa khOng qua .----¥..=,-]
CO' c8U tac dong rna n6i true tiep van xa khi nhanh. 1~3
Van nay duoc gan true tiep voi CO' cau lam viec (v?n 2~
hBnh, rac dOng), do d6 quang oU'cyng thoat khi ngfm.
Qua nhCPng van nay toc d9 pit tong dat duoc cao hon
nho Sl,!' xa khi nhanh.
Hinh 5: Van xli khf nhanh
 10.4 Ky thuat dieu khien b~ng khl nen 437

•
[Link]

c6 san hay
Van ap suat

d6ng di chuyen
khi nen

Trang thiet b] dieu khien b~ng khi nen, kh6ng khl

Ap sua!
Ih(Pc€lp
••
1
g 1r 2
I

\
Ap sua! sa cap

==
.=
Mana
ch~ln~

b] anh hU'ong nho VaG su ho tro cua van ap suat

1~2
a van dieu ap (van c1ifJu chlnh ep suat) ngU'O'i ta co the hieu chinh va
dieu chinh ap suat thLP cap (ngo ra) voi tr] so khonq dlli khac nhau tiJ> Hinh 1: Van dieu chinh ap su&1
ap suat so cap (ng5 vao), SI,J' dieu chinh dU'Q'c thirc hi~n do mot rnanq
chan va mot 16 xo. Moi don vi bao dU'5'ng thU'O'ng duoc thiet ke bo dieu
ap nay. HO'n nua, qua van dieu ap nay ta c6 the dU'Q'Cdieu chinh Il,J'cpit
tong cua xi lanh.

Van gi&i han ap suat va van dieu khilm trinh tl,l' - con gOi la van di~u
khilm tU3n tl,l' c6 cung nquyen t~c gi6ng nhau (Hinh 2). Trong van gi&i
han ap suat, khi ap suat hieu chinh cua phia chiu ap suat (1) vuot qua
gi&i han, thi Il,J'ctac dong len pit tong lon non II,J'Cday cua 16 xo. Qua d6,
dU'ong ong xa khi (ong dan 3 trong Hinh 2) ouoc mo' de khi thoat ra rnoi
tm&ng chung quanh. Ap suat c6 the tiep tuc qiarn xuong, cho den khi ap Van gi&i han Van IrQ' d¢ng
suat xuonq thap non ap suat hieu chinh gi&i han duoi, thi van b] dong lai, ap sual
vi Il,J'c16 xo bay gi6' ton non II,J'Cap suat. Van gi&i han ap suat dU'Q'c thiet Hinh 2: Van dieu khien lu§n 11,1'
ke chu yeu lam van an toan.

a van dieu khien trinh tl,J' hay van tuan tl,J' kh6ng co xa khi. Khi pit tong
rno, khi nen di VaG du'6'ng van hanh (dU'ong ong dan 2 trong Hinh 3).
f)U'ong ong nay thuonq noi v&i dU'ong dieu khien cua van dan hU'&ng, r~" .2:1
lam cnuyen vi trl cua van nay. IIi..=. -.,-.==7=- .-.iI
12 1 3

1. Hay phac thao van tri hoan c6 vi tri 0 (luc ban dau) de khi nen di qua
va me ta chLPCnang nay.

2. Hay phac thao van xung khi nen 5/2 (van tnrot) dU'Q'c tac dong b~ng 12 kh6ng b] tac
tay va voi dieu khien phu tro? d¢ng
3. Hay giai thich tai sac khi c6 the lU'u thong qua van ap suat kep (logic
AND), truoc tien khi nen nap (nen) VaG ng6 VaG thu: nhat va sau d6 r~'L-' .2'1
L..=.. --:-- .. _.~
VaG ng5 VaG thLP hai?
12 1 3 10
4. Hay giai thich tai sac chLPC nang logic OR cua mot van chuyen dbi
khong the dU'Q'Cthay the b~ng vi$c ket noi don gian nhCmg ng6 ra
cua hai van dEln hU'&ng 3/2?

5. Hay rno ta SI,J'dieu khien trong Hinh 4?

6. Viec gi se xay ra trang Hinh 4 khi cac d~u noi (cbng) cua van mot
chieu b] trao dbi? Hinh 3: Van ChUYE!nkhi nen Ir9' dQng

7. Hay cho biet nhCmg chLPC nang cua van ap suat trong thlet b] dieu
khien b~ng khi nen?

8. Hay giili thich each heat dong cua van dieu chinh ap suat trang
Hinh 5 khi ap suat dao dong
a) Tai sac phai quy dinh giln van gi&i han ap suat cho cac h~ di~u
khien?
b) Ap suat thiY cap se thay dbi ra sao, khi ta tiep tuc van vit dieu
chinh lam khe ho nh6 di?
c) Van S8 van nanh ra sao, khi 16 xo b] ket hay bi gay?
d) Hay giai thich sl,J'can thiet cua 10 thong khi "3"? Hinh 4 Hinh 5
438 10 Ky thuat dieu khi~n

10.4.6 Cac mach co ban khi nen

Khi phai phac thao nhCmg rnach phuc tap, dieu kien tien quyet la phai co kien thuc v~ dc';'lctinh cua cac phan tll'
khi nen. Cho nen can biet ve nhieu loal tniet ke khac nhau (thi ou nhu van truot hay van nanq) va tiJodo suy ra
nhli'ng d~c tinh v~ tinh nang chuyen dOi (tifln tCPtCPhay nh8y vor), Tiep den la nhQ>ng dc';'lctfnh cua van lien quan
d€ln cac loal tac dong (thao tae), cac IItc tac dong va tinh nang dong khi. 86 la nhli'ng dieu klen tien quyet d~
cau tao nhQ>ng rnach heat oong duoc. Phan tlch cac so d6 chuyen rnach ta thay nhli'ng so d6 nay lu6n lu6n la
sl,l' ket h9'P cua nhli'ng rnach co ban sau oay.

[Link] Chuy~n dlch tai va Illi don giim cua xi lanh

Mot trong nhli'ng chuc nang co ban trong ky thuat khf nen la xi lanh (tac oong don hay tac dong kep) chay ra r6i
l<;Iichay vao. 8~ thuc hi$n chuc nang nay c6 nhieu kha nang khac bi$t nhtlt.

£)i€!u khiEln tn,l'c tiep cua xi lanh tac d(>ng doon

Xi lanh 1A1 chay ra khi nut nhan 181 cua van dfln hU'ang 3/2 bi tac oOng. Neu 181 kh6ng con lac 09n9 noa,
xi lanh 1A1 I~i chay VaG do tinh dan h6i cua 10 XD, c6 nghTa ta xi lanh chi dat duoc vi tri cuoi phia truoc, khi nut
nhan 1S1 b] tac d9n9 trong suet thai gian di chuysn oi ra (Hinh 1).

8ieu khi~n true tiep chi duoc chon, khi the tich cua xi
lanh kh6ng Ian va qua trinh chuysn d6i chi do mot CO'
[fATIIIM
cau phat tin hieu dieu khien. Tuy nhien gia thanh se
thuan loi hon khi dieu khien gian tiep, vi ta chi dung
mot van dfln huonq 3/2. ~~ ..
~~
Dieu khi~n gian tiep cua xi lanh tac dQng don
Hinh 1: Di~u khil!n Irl,l'c liep cua xi lanh lac dQng don
8ieu khien nay (Hinh 2) c6 chtrc nang giong nhu tren,
tal day con gan them van dlm hU'ang 3/2 lam CO'cau
chap hanh duoc tac dong bang each nhan. HO'n nQ>a,
dieu khien gian tiep mang lai nhieu U'U diem cho xi
lanh c6 the tich lon, bai vi phan ILv pMI tin hi$u 181
c6 the dinh kich thuoc nho hon (se c6 19'i cho dieu
khien bang tay va thai gian chuyen dOi ngan). CO' cau
tac dong 1V1 (con 99i la van cong suat) phai tU'O'ng
thich voi kich cocua xi lanh va luu 1U'9'ng dong khi.
8ieu nay cho phep ta sLv dl,lng dlJ'ang day tin hi$u nh6
tiJo1S1 den 1V1. Sau d6 chi con phai dinh kich cocua
dU'ang 6ng dan den co cau tac dong 1V1 tuonq ling
voi thong s6 dc';'lctrunq cua xi lanh. Ong dan ngan nay
c6 uu di~m la th~ tfch chua khi trong ong dan (kh6ng
gian chet) tuonq tYng nh6 cho nen 1lJ'9'ng khi tieu thu
dU'Q'Cgiam thieu. Hinh 2: Di~u khil!n gian liep cua xi lanh lac dc?ng don

Dit'iu khi~n gian tiep cua xi lanh tac dQng kep

Trang Hinh 3 xi lanh 1A 1 chay ra, khi van dan hU'ang

5/2 b] tac dong va khi chuyen chieu tac dong thi van
di chuyen vao, (y oay ta cOng c6 the sll' dl,lng van dan
hU'ang 4/2. Van nay chi cho phep X8 khi qua ngo ra,
nhlJ'ng kh6ng c6 kha nang nhU' van dan hU'ang 5/2,
viec xa khi (y chu trinh di ra oi VaG dlJ'9'c tach rieng (y
2 ng6 khac nhau.

Hinh 3: Di~u khil!n gian liep cua xi lanh lac dc?ng kep
 10.4 Ky thuat dieu khien bang khi nen 439

Khac voi xi lanh tac dong don, xi lanh tac dong kep
can mot tac dong rieng cho moi hanh trinh toi va tro
ve. Qua d6, Co' c8U tac dong tuonq Cmg phai c6 hai
ngo ra dieu khien khi nen, Co' c§u tac dong duoc thiet
ke thong thuonq nh§t la van dan hU'ang 5/2. Van co
2 dU'ang lam vi$c (2; 4), 2 cong xa khi (3; 5) va mot
cong n6i khi di VaG (1). a mot vi tri chuyen doi khi nen
di chuyen tt:f cong 1 -+ 2 va xa khi [Link] 4 --t 5. a
mot vi tri chuyen doi khac khi nen di chuyen tt:f cong 1
--t 4 va xa khi tl.P 2 ---> 3 (Hinh 3 Trang 438). TUy theo

each thirc tac dong c6 nhieu each dieu khiEm. Co' ban
co each dieu khiEm di chuyen toi va lui voi hai van dan
hU'ang 3/2 tach roi, nhunq khi d6 phai chu y den Sl)' a) Bling van d~n hU'&ng 5/2 biing 16 XD keo v8
trunq (ch6ng ch?p) tin hi$u (xem chU'O'ng [Link]).

f)h~ukhi~n gian tiep cua xi lanh tac dQng kep

Xi lanh 1A1 a Hinh 1a cnay ra, khi ph~ln IIi phat tin
hi$u 1S1 b] tac dOng va khi 1S1 khong con tac dong
(nha) xi lanh 1A1 di vao. T<;Ii day, xi lanh chi chay het
hanh trinh, khi 1S1 bi tac dong trong suet ca thoi gian
xi lanh di ra. U'u va nhuoc diem CO' ban cua viec dieu
khien true tiep hay gian 'Iiep cua xi lanh tac dOng kep
cOng gi6ng nhtr a xi lanh tac dong don.
b) Bling van d~n hU'&ng 5/2; van di8u khi~n do xung

Hinh 1: Dillu khiEm gian tillp cua xi lanh tac dQng kep
Vlec dieu khien trong Hinh 1 b khong c6 su chon Il)'a
dieu khien true tiep, Xi lanh 1A 1 chay ra cho den vi tri
cuol, khi 1S 1 b] lac dong va chi chay Ira VaG khi 1S2
tac dong. NgU'ai ta cOng gOi each thuc dieu khien nay
la dieu khien do xung, beYivi CO' cau tac dong 1V1 chi
can c6 mot xung ap suat ngan cOng du de doi chieu
dieu khien. Van loal nay dU'O'c gOi la van duy trl (/tru
giiP), vi tin hi$u dieu khien doi chieu vi tri chi can mot
xung va sau do van S6 duy tri vi tri nay.

M<)I diem san xuat thu conq (Hinh 2) dU'Q'c II!

dOng noa mot phan, Mot ong 16t duoc ep VaG
mot chi tiet c6 16 khoan do SV' IrQ' qiup cua xi
lanh tac d<)ng kep, Xi lanh chay ra khi nul nh§n
b] tac dong. SV' di chuyen tro ve xay ra tV' d<)ng,
10
khi pit long dat duoc vi tri cubi aphia truoc.
Ong 161va chi li€!t dU'Q'cdU'a VaG bang tay. each
thuc hien dieu khien nay khonq dap Ll'ng dU'Q'c
cac quy dinh ve an toano 8e tang SV' an toan
ta din phai thiet ke them nhQ>ngdieu kien tiep Chi til!t gia cong
theo, S6 dU'Q'ctrinh bay a phan sau.

Hinh 2 mo ta tinh nang duy tri tin hieu cua van dan
hU'ang 5/2 1V1. Neu 1S1 b] lac dong cho den khi dat
duoc vi Iri cu6i cunq, van 5/2 1V1 S8 doi chieu a
ca hai
phia khi co tin hieu ap suat. SI! chuyen d6i dieu khien
dao chieu chi thuc hien khi 1S 1 dU'O'c nha ra. BeYithe Hinh 2: Ga ep vao
van dieu khien do xunq 5/2 cOng la bO
luu trQ>voi tinh
nang uu lien cho tin hi$u den truoc,
440 10 Ky thuat dieu khi€!n

Dwng dung vi tri co dlnh va dwng 6>bat ky vi tri trong quanq chay

Trong rnach a Hinh 1, do van hanh nh~n r6i nha, xi lanh c6 kha nang
dLl'ng lai va c6 dlnh a b~t
ky vi trl nao trong hanh trinh tai (voi 1S1) cOng
nhU' cho hanh trinh tro V8 (vai 1S2). Van dan hU'ang 5/3 stY dunq nhU' mot
phan ttY tac d(>ng, c6 vi tri giLi'a b] chan, Hai vi trl chuyen dbi khac cua co
cau tac dQng nay gi6ng nhu a
van dan huonq 5/2. Hai 16 xo dua van VaG
vi tri giLi'a, khi van khonq b] tac dQng va qua do cOng bao dam xac djnh
dU'O'c vi tri tTnh (vi tri 0 hay vi tri (y giO'a).
Hinh 1: Oi ehuy~n dung vi tri vii dwng lai
Doi vci rnach nay, viec dinh vi chinh xac cua can pit tong khong th~ dl,l'a
VaG ky thuat dieu khien khi nen do tinh chiu nen cua khong khi. van a
dan hU'ang 5/3 voi vi tri tTnh b] chan, xi lanh dU'O'c di chuyen den dung vi B]]
tri tTnh do phan tIY tac d9ng 1V1 dieu khien, c6 nghia la (y d6 n6 khong
the dlch chuy~n duoc. Neu SlY dunq van dan hU'ang 5/3 voi vi tri tinh
linh hoat thi xi lanh co the dieu khien dich chuyen dU'O'c den vi tri tTnh
cua 1V1.

[Link] Anh hll'ang cua toe d()

Trong nhieu lI'ng dl,lng thuc tien, toe dQ cua xi lanh phat hi$u chinh duo'c
khi xi lanh di ra va/hoec di vao. Hinh 2: Thiel bi ep

Thi du: Bai tap (y trang 439 duoc rno rQng them, toe dQ di ra cua xi lanh
c6 the hieu chinh dU'O'c va toe do di VaG cua xi lanh Ian canq Ian eang
tot (Hinh 2).

Bai tap thi du tren day eho thay co ban c6 hai kha nang khac nhau de gay
ann hU'(Yng len toe dQ. MQt mi;\t ta th& nghii,im lam tang toe do cua pit tong
l6>n nhu co the va mot met khac lam giam toe dO cua pit tong.

Trang ky thuat dieu khien, van thoat khi nhanh c6 kha nang duy nh<flt de
tang toc di;>. Neu van thoat khi van khong dat duoc toc dQ thi phai thiet ke
nhCmg van khac (e6 di$n tieh cira thoat khi Ian non).
Tiel ILI'U khi xa
De giam toc di;> ngU'o-i ta s& dunq chu yeu van tiet llJ'u mQt chieu. TUy
theo vi tri cau tao ta phan biet tiet luu luc xa khi va tiet luu luc nap khi.

Tiet llJ'u luc nap khi (dU'o-ng vao) (Hinh 3) khonq nen dung, vi nhLi'ng
dao dQng nhe do tai se
gay ra h~u qua la pit tong e6 the di chuyen kh6ng
deu (b] gi~t cue),

Neu van hanh voi tiet hru luc xa khi (dU'o-ng ra) (Hinh 3) thi pit tong
di ChUYE!n giLi'a hai lap d$m khi (do khi nap va khi xa). Qua do, pit tong
duoc dan hU'ang va di chuyen deu. Vi Iy do nay vi$e stY dung tiet hru
Hinh 3: Tiet lU'u tuc nap khi va xa khi
luc xa khi diroc U'U tien, Khi xi lanh co hanh trinh ngan thi tiet luu luc xa
khi khong the ap dung duo'c, vi tal day lap d$m khi tao ra khonq du Ian.

Hanh Irinh
a xi lanh tac dong do-n, hanh trinh di toi chi co th~ tiet tuu luc nap khi (y trave
dU'o-ng vao va hanh trinh tro ve tiet luu luc xa khi (y dU'o-ng ra (Hinh 4).
Ngoai ra e6 the thay d6i toe dQ trong tho-i gian nann trinh. Trang Hinh 1
trang tiep theo truce tien pit tong chay ra voi toe dQ toi da, khi tac dQng
(nhan nut) VaG van tiet IlJ'U mQI cnieu, thi khi xa se b] tiet luu, cho nen
giam t6e dO chay ra. Harth trinh tra ve dU'O'e thuc hien vai toe dQ t6i da. Hinh 4: Tiel hru cua xi lanh lac dQng dOln
 10.4 Ky thuat di€!u khi~n b~ng khi nen 441

Quang ch~y pit tong

Quang chay
pit tong Hanh trinh vai
1. Hay danh qia y nghTa di chuyen den va dCmg dung vi tri va dl.l'ng lai
cua mot xi lanh tac dong kep vai hai van dan hU'ang 3/2?

2. Hay phac thEJOso do rnach logic cho mot xi lanh tac dong don duoc
di€!u khien bai mQt van dan hU'&ng 5/2?

3. Hay giai thich can pit long trang Hinh ke ben

fy vi trl ban dau co chuy~n dOng hay kh6ng?
Can pit tong phan Ll'ng nhu the nao khi cong
tac b] tac dong?

4. Tal sac nquoi ta khong g~n bO tiet luu de dieu

khien 16c do cua pit lOng truoc phan tCPtac
dong, rna lai giln sau phan tll> tac dong?
s
5. Hay phac hoa mot rnach, & do mot xi lanh tac dong kep chay ra toi
Hinh 1: Anh hlJ'tYng len tbe "9
vi tri gifra hanh trinh vol t6c do giam thi6U va sau khi qua khoi vi trl
a
gifra voi toe d9 toi da? Ban hay trinh bay loi giili cua ban va so
sanh ti€!n d~ cho cac ICYigiai khac nhau.
Bang 1: Tinh d6ng nh~t
6. Khi nen trong mot dU'&ng ong dEln phai duoc tiet luu ca hai chleu.
NhU'ng hi$n chi co san nhCrng van tiel luu mOl chieu, Hay V8 so d6
macho
PhU'O'ng
7. Hay phac thao so dO rnacn cho van de nhu sau: Mol dong CO'quay trinh logic
phai va trai ouoc dieu khien bang lay. Khi van khonq b] tac dong thi El = Al
51)' di chuyen cua dong CO'bi chan tal.
E1 b~ng E2

[Link] Ket nOi logic coo ban tin hit?u khi nen
Xi lanh "i~u
khi~n bang
Trong mot h~ thong dieu khien phuc tap ta thU'ang Ihay rat nhieu dieu
khf nen
kien phai thoa man de dap ling voi CO' cau van hanh. Bai v$y, thi du nhu
mot xi lanh kep tnroc tien phili chay ra, khi hai nut nhan bi tac dong cunq
mot luc va be) phan lrang tram may ep, chang nan nhu rao chan bao v~
phai oU'9'C d6ng lai V.V ... CO' cau tac dong (thi du van dan hU'&ng 5/2) cho Ong 16td~ ep
xi lanh nay chi co mOi mot cong n6i day dung van vi~c di~u khien oao Chi tiet
chieu. f)i~u nay co nghTa la nhCrng tin hi~u can thiet cho vi$c dieu khi€m
dao chi~u phai kal noi logic lai voi nhau. C6 4 kat noi logic co ban cuoc
phan chia nhu sau:
10
• IDENTITY (dong nhat) • AND (va)

• NOT (phu dinh) • OR (hoac)

(xem tieu rnuc 10.2) Hinh 2: May ep

Dua van nhCrng ket noi co ban nay rna hinh thanh toan be) nhCrng kat noi Bang 2: Ket n5i logic AND (vA)
logic phuc tap, Kat noi IDENTITY da oU'9'C gi&i thieu a
trang 439, nghTa
la khi d6 tin hieu ng5 van giong nhtr tin hi$u ng5 ra (Bang 1). a,i s610gic
chuy4n m,ch
Phu'O'ng
-- ~="
Kat n5i logic AND (va)
trinh chuc
CO>chan tiep nhan chi liel de ep 6ng 161van duoc Ihay doi. Phai bao nang
El E2 Al
dam r§ng hai lay cua ngU'CYicong nhan (y nqoai pharn vi nguy hiem
a a a
trong luc ep ong 16tvao. Bai the, xi lanh lac d(>ng kep chi duoc phep E1 AND E2 ~ 1 a a
chay ra, khi ca hai conq tac 1S1 va 1S2 dU'Q'c nhan nul d6ng IhCYi. bang A1 ~ a 1 a
" Ky hieu 1 1 1
f)i~u ki$n logic CO' ban cho biel ng5 ra A 1 co tin hi$u "1 ", khi ca hai ng5 eho kat n5i
vao E1 va E2 cung c6 tin hi$u "1" (Bang 2). logicAND
(vA)
442

a) Vai van logic AND b) M;;ICh n6i tiep hai van c) Phu them van dilin
diin hU'ong 3/2 hu'ong 3/2

"

:~

Hinh 1: Ket n6i logic AND

Qua viec SlY dung van kilt n6i logic AND (con gQi /8 van ap suat kep), hai tin hieu cua 181 va 1S2 phai k~t n6i
logic voi nhau sac cho CO' cau tac dong 1V2 dieu khien d6i chleu, khi ca hai nut nhan 1S 1 vA (AND) 1S2 bi tac
dong (Hinh f a), T<;Iiday, cac tin hieu cua 1S1 va 1S2 con co thll duoc XlY Iy cho nhCmg kEfltn6i logic tin hi$u khac,
Tuy nhlen, hai tin hieu hien dang (y ng6 van di d~n ng6 ra cua van ap suat kep IUDn IUDn b] yeu di va cham 1;;1i.

Phuonq thtrc rnach qhep noi tiep hai van dan hU'ang 3/2 la kinh te nhflt.
Tuy nhien sau d6 tin hi$u ng6 van cua 1S2 khDng the xU>Iy tiep cho mot
ket n6i logic khac, vi tin hieu nay chi ton nanq 1U'Q'ng, khi nut nhan cua Xi lanh di{,u khi~n
1S1 tac donq (Hinh 1b). bang khi nen

Mot mat vi$c tYng dung them mQt van 3/2 tac dong bang nut nhan se
tang gia thanh, nhU'ng mat khac viec tYng dunq nay dap tYng day du tat
CEinhiYng U'U di~m cua giai phap van ap suat ksp va bao dam them rang, Ong 16t de ep
khi tln hi$u ng6 van co nhiYng wang dQ khac nhau, thi tin hieu yeu hon
c6 the nISi voi c6ng 12 cua 1V4 va tln hi$u mann non noi voi cong 1 cua
CO' cau tac dong 1V4. Do d6, tln hi$u rnanh non IUDn IUDn hien ra (y ng6
ra cua 1V4 (Hinh 1c).

Ket n6i logic OR (hoac)

Mer r(>ng bai tap: vi c6 van de thiet ke a conq tac gi6'i han 1B2 luc
Hinh 2: May ep
xi lanh di tro ve. Cong tac gi6'i han nay thU'ang khong duoc tac
d(>ng, rnac du vi tri cuoi cunq da dat dU'Q'[Link] d~u d6 nay kh6 tiep
can dU'Q'Cva d6i h6i rat nhieu thai gian de xi lanh di vao lai, cho nen Bang 1: KElt noi logic OR
phili gan them mot nut nhan khac de dieu khien xi lanh chay VaG; c6 (HO~C)
nghia la 1B2 hay 184 se thuc hien dieu nay (lam cho xi lanh 1A 1 D\li s6 SO'db Bang
chay vao) (Hinh 2). logic logic chiJoc nang

Phuong trinh
£)ieu ki$n logic co ban cho bi~t ng6 ra A 1 c6 tin hieu "1 ", khi E1 OR (hoac) chuc nang
E2 OR (hoac) (y hai ng6 van co tin hi$u "1" (Bang 1). ElvE2:Al El E2 Al
0 0 0
Cho thi du tren (ket noi logic OR) khi thuc hien S8 c6 hai lai giai duoc E1 OR E2 1 0 1

trinh bay trang trang tiep theo. b~ng A1 0 1 1

1 1 1
v: Ky hi$u
cho ktit n6i
logic OR
(HOAC)
 10.4 Ky thuat dieu khi§n b~ng khi nen 443

Vai van dbi chieu SLYdung hai van dan

(van logic OR) hU'ang 3/2

Hinh 1: cac giai dap khac nhau cua mc?t kat nOi logic OR (HO~C)

Khi SlY dunq van dbi chieu (con qoi la van kEdnoi logic OR), thi hai tin hi$u cua cong tac vi tri 182 va nut nhan
cua 1S4 phai duoc ket nOi, sao cho CO' cau tac dong 1V2 b] chuyen rnach, khi 1B2 HoAc (OR) 1S4 b] tac dong
(nhan mot trong hai tin hi$u tIY nut nnan 1 B2 hay 1 S4). Thea each nay cac tin hi~u cua 1 B2 va 1 S4 con co th~
duoc xU>Iy trong cac ket nOi logic khac,

Neu SlY ounq hai van dan hU'ong 3/2 nrur trang each tiep theo thi gia cua thiet b] ky tnuat re non. NhU'ng nhuoc
diem la tin hi$u cua 1S4 phai noi voi cong xa cua 1B2. NhU' v$y be?giam thanh khong cuoc thiet ke (y 182 va co
th§ phai noi vot ong dan. 182 cung khonq duoc ket nOi voi cac tin hieu khac. Neu tin hieu cua 182 (y sau van
con truy cap ket noi logic khac thi S9 ph at sinh van de, vi khi do khonq r6 tin hieu den la cua 1B2 hay cua 1S4.

Kilt n6i logic ANDIOR nhi~u I;\n

NhU' da trinh bay truoc, giai phap SlY dl,mg ca hai tay kh6ng dap Lmg duoc quy dinh ve an toan hi$n nay.

Thi du: a
£)e tai bai tap IwcYC day dU'Q'c rno rong tiep, Xi lanh 1A1 chi duoc phep chay ra, khi n6 vi tri cuei phia dU'cYi
(1 B1) va khi - nhu truoc den gia - nut nhan cua hai cong tac 181 va 182 b] tac dong. HO'n nli'a ngU'ai Slr
dunq lay tral din phai co them nut nhan dieu khien bang tay 186. Nut nhan nay cOng nhu 184 bao dam xi
lanh tro ve, khi 1B2 b] treo (kh6ng con dieu khien duoc). 186 phal g,jn a
mot phia khac voi 184, de ngU'ai
Slr dl,mg tay trai kh6i phai voi lay.

10

Xi lanh di€lu khilln

bang khi nen

6ng 16t dt, ep

Hinh 2: Kilt nOi logic AND/OR nhieu Ian

444 10 Ky thuat dieu khifln

Vi van doi chieu (logic OR) cOng nhu van ap suat kep (logic AND) chi co
hai Gong noi cho ngo vao, do v$y phai g<fmnhi~u van 11;Ii
vcYinhau nhu cY
Hinh 1, khi ket n5i logic cho nhieu hon hai tin hleu.

Ntw co hon 3 tin hi$u phal ket nOi logic, ta co hai 101;licau tao GO' ban
(Hinh 1). M~c du ca hai hoan toan giong nhau ve kha nang chuyen mach,
nhU'ng 10<;liC2U t90 6' ben trai Hinh 1 dU'Q'cchon, vi n6 bao dam duoc
rang tat ca tin hi$u ngo vao luu thong qua nhieu van gsn gi5ng nhau va
qua d6 cOng chiu tieu hao giong nhau. Tuy nhien cau tao doi x0>ngchi ap
Hinh 1: Nhi€!u I~n ket noi logic AND
dt,mg duoc khi cac tin hieu ngo vao co so 1U'Q'ngchan.

Ket nOi logic NOT· Phu dinh (DilO) Bang 1; Phu dinh

Ket noi logic GO' ban thll' 4 la st,!'phu djnh, 8ieu ki$n co ban cua k~t noi
nay la ngo ra A 1 se c6 tin hieu "1", khi ngo VaGc6 tin hieu "0" (hay ngU'Q'c Phuonq tnnh ~
~lfC nang E1 1 A1
11;Ii)(Bang 1). E1 =A1
E1 kh6ng
Trong ky thuat di~u khien bEmgkhi nen, ket n5i co ban nay gan nhu' tuon biingA1
hoac
dU'Q'cthuc hien voi van dan hU'cYng3/2 c6 khi luu thong 6' vi tri tTnh(nghi). E1 =A1
Vi$c di~u khi~n c6 the thuc hien tnrc tiep hay qian liep. E1 = khOng
bang A1
True ti€.p

1. Hay ve so do chuyen rnach cho xi lanh 4. Hay cho biet viec thuc hien ket noi logic
tac dQng kep voi nhCrngdieu kien chay ra AND cho hai van dan hU'cYng3/2 ?
va chay VaGnhU' sau:
5. Hay ve bang chuc nang voi dieu ki$n
(E1 AND E2) OR (E3 AND E4) = chay ra
a) E1 OR E2 =A1
E5 OR E6 = chay vao
b) E1 OR E2AND E3 =A1

2. Mot xi lanh tac dong kep chay vao khi nut 6. Hay rno ta hinh ben canh b<!ingI!Yi.
nhan conq tac b] tac dong va chay ra trcY
11;Ii
cho den khi nut nhan khong con b] tac 7. Hay giai thich tin hieu nao trong hai tin
dong. Hay ve so do chuyen rnach? hi$u ngo vao S8 den ngo ra cua van ap
suat kep (logic AND) hay van doi chieu
(logic OR), khi
3. Hay giai thich tal sao hai tin hieu ngo VaG
a) ca hai tin hieu ngo vao xuat hien vcYi
kh6ng nen thuc hien ket noi logic OR
thoi gian I$ch nhau
(hoac), qua giao tlep hinh chir T ILr hai
ngo ra cua phan IlY phat tin hi$u 3/2? b) ca hai tin hieu ngo vao c6 ap suat
khac nhau

[Link] f)iEW khil!n tllY thuec ap suat 2

r'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'
Neu nhCrngqua trinh hay dai 1U'Q'ngnhat dinh trong mot h$ dieu khien tuy i c-

thuoc vao ap suat thi van dieu khil~n trinh tl,l' ap suat dU'Q'cSlYdunq. Vi I ~__ _
. I
_
kh6ng c6 St,l'xa khi 6' van tuan tu, cho nen trong thuc te van trinh tt,!'duoc
ket hop voi van dan hU'cYng(Hinh 2). TUy theo van dan hU'cYngket hop b]
Hinh 2: Van dieu khien tuan tl,l'
d6ng hay bi rno rna thiet b] nay (don vi) d6ng hay rno & cong n5i 12, khi
ap suat da dat tr] so hieu chinh.

MQt loai cau tao d~c biet duo'c m6 ta la van chuyen doi chan kh6ng r'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'
(Hinh 3). Ngay sau khi chan kh6ng (ap suet dU'cYi= ap suat thap non
ap suat kh6ng khi) dat dU'c;Yc tr] so hieu chinh 6' c6ng noi 12, thi van dan i c-

hU'cYngket hop S8 chuyen doi. Van nay duoc SlYdunq thi du nhU' hut chan i L__ ----
-'12 _._._._._._.
_
kh6ng: khi ap suat dU'cYidat duoc tr] so nhat dinh - tuonq 0>ngvcYihrc
hut - thi no dLl'Q'c phep chuyen dlli tillp. Hinh 3: Van chuyen doi chan khong
 10.4 Ky thuat dieu khien [Link] khi nen 445

8~ tai bai tap dU'oockhai trien tiep tuc. Xi lanh 1A1 phal chay tra v~, khi n6 dat vi trl cuoi hanh trinh phia a
truoc va ap suat dat duoc tri s6 hieu chinh dinh tnroc, thap hon ap suat cua he th6ng mot it (Hinh 1).

Hinh 1: {lieu khiEln tuy thuQc ap suat

Trong mach dieu khien Hinh 1 ap suat t6i da dU'Q'c cau t<;10trong xi lanh
1A1, khi n6 dat dU'Q'c vi trl cuoi hanh trinh 6>phia truoc. 8e
chac chan
rang vi tri cu6i da dat duoc, con phai co tin hieu ra (truy van) bo sung qua
cong tac gi6'i han 182. Xi lanh 1A 1 tV' dong chay vao, khi ap suat ep va
vi tri cu6i hanh trinh dat ouoc, hay khi nhan nut 1S4 hoac 1S6. Qua d6,
bao dam duoc rang, xi lanh 1A 1 luon luon ep chi tiet ra khoi vi trl heat
dong da dinh voi luc bc§ng nhau.

Van dieu khien tuan tV' - kh6ng c6 van dan hlJ'6'ng ket hoop - duoc dua
vao SLY dunq xem nhu van giai han ap suat. Khi ap suat t6i da cho phep
dat duoc, van xa khi ra nqoai. Van tuan tV' con duoc SLY dung nhu van
dieu ap thuan tuy (Hinh 2).
Van cnan
@Yil
Hinh 2: Van gi60i han ap suM
£)ieu con lai can phai hru y 113ap suat chuyen doi trang van tuan tV' phai
hieu chlnh de c6 the lu6n lu6n nhe non hay ton nhat la bang ap suat van
10
hanh (ap suJt lam vi~c).

[Link] Tri hoan vi~c chuy~n rnach

Hinh 3: Van lam tri hoan, vi tri tinh bi

Ve CO' ban cac CO' cau dinh tboi duoc cau tao tll> nhCrng thanh phan nhu' ch~n
van dan hlJ'6'ng, van tiet luu mot chieu va mot binh chira khi nho (Hinh 3
va 4). Khi ap suat trong binh chua dat den nglJ'ong can thiet de chuyen
mach van dan hlJ'6'ng thi tin hieu se tac dong VaG dlJ'6'ng dieu khien lam
van doi chieu, Thoi gian de t<;10ap suat trang binh chua duoc hi$u chlnh
b6>i van tiet luu mot chieu. Mot CO' c:3U dinh thai nhir the 113lu6n c6 san
trong danh sach cung LPng cua hau het cac nha che tao. Va co cau nay
duoc ky hieu trong cac so d6 rnach voi nhCi'ng dlJ'ang cham qach (ke).
Tuy theo ket hop cua cac thanh phan cau tao, ta c6 the t<;10ra nhCi'ng tinh
nang thai gian khac nhau (Hinh 1, Trang 446). Hinh 4: Van lam tri hoan, vi tri tinh dLPQ'c
m6>
446 10 Ky thu~t dieu khien

Tin hi$u Tin hi$u I

ngovaoE1 O--~------~------------------- ng6vaoE1 0---+------+--------------------
I
I
I
I
I

Tin hi$u Tin hieu

ngo raA1 ngo ra A1
O--~--~~-~-t+-------------

Tri hoan & wan oi xu6ng E1 vol van dan hU'ong 3/2. khi bi Tri noan (ywan oi xu6ng E1 voi van d~n hU'ong 3/2. khi dong
cnan & vi tri 0 (ban oau) chay (y vi trt 0

Tin hi$u Tin hi$u

ng6 vao E1
0 I
I
I
ngo vao E1
0 I
I
I
I I
I I
I I
I

td
Tin hi$u Tin hi$u
ng6 ra A1 ngo ra A1
0 0

Tri noan a suon di len E1 voi van dan hU'ong 3/2 .khl bi chan Tri noan 6' wan di len E1 vai van dan hU'ong 3/2, khi dong
6'vitri 0 chay (y vi tri 0

tE

Tin hi$u
ng6 vao E1
0
I"
I
I
I I
I I I I
I I I I
I I
Tin hi$u I Tin hieu I
I I
ng6 ra A1 ngo ra A1 0
o
I f>tl
~ I f>tl
~
M2

Tri hoan (ywan oi len va wan oi xu6ng cua E1 voi van dan Tri hoan (ysuon oi len va wan oi xu6ng cua E1 vol van dan
hU'ong 3/2. khi bi chan 6' vi tri 0 hU'ong 3/2. khi dong chay 6' vi tri 0

Hinh 1: NhO>ng kha nang tri hoan khac nhau

Xi lanh tac d9n9 kep co nhlern VI,Jep hai phan dfnh chong len nhau trong may ep dan, xi lanh chay ra khi ca
hai nut nhan S1 va S2 bi tac d9n9. Khi xi lanh da dat dU'Q'C vj tri cu6i & phia truoc (vi tri nay phai duoc truy
van d~ xac nhan co tin hi$u), sau 10 giay den 20 giay no S9 tl,J'd9ng chay VaG(thai gian nay co the hieu
chinh). Hay phac hoa so d6 mach va thao luan kha nang ve
nhO>nglai giili khac nhau.
 10.4 Ky thuat di&u khien bang khi nen 447

Mot co C8U dinh thai khac b~ng khi nen g6m mot van tiet hru mot chieu,
mot blnh luu trQ> khi va hai van dan hll'ang 3/2 (Hinh 1). CO' c8U nay
dU'Q'c sU>dunq lam ngan tin hi~u. Mach lam dai tin hi~u tll'O'ng Ll'ng voi
rnach lam trl hoan tin hieu ngo ra, khi wan cua tin hi$u ngo vao di xuDng.

D& tai bai tap dU'Q'c khai tri€Jn them ve dieu khien bang hai tay nhu
Tin hi~u 1 _.--- _
truce day. Xi lanh 1A 1 chi cho phsp cnay ra, khi ca nut nhan cua hai
ng6vaoE10-1--------
conq t~c 1S1 va 1S2 b] nhan dong thai trong khoanq thai gian 0,5 s.
Tin hi~u 1-1-0--,-----
Nh6' v$y co the tranh dU'Q'CSI,!' CDtlnh giil rnao rut ngan chu ky lam ng5raA1 0 -I-t=m-,/J.-t-+-----
viec (Hinh 2),
Hinh 1: Lam ngiin tin hi~u

:'------I--;::;:::::;:;+-~~
I [S@Jr------- -
:-+: ' :+-, I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

Hinh 2: Thi d", vt. lam ngiin tin hieu

10.4,6.6 Trunq tin hi~u (chong ch~p tin hi~u)

Khi lam viec trong he dieu khien voi nhieu xi lanh va nhQ>ng xi lanh nay chay ra - chay vao phu thuoc Ian nhau,
tuy theo vi tri cUDi nao dat duoc do xi lanh nay hay xi lanh kia, se ph at sinh su trunq tin hi$u.

10
Xi lanh 1A1 phai chay ra, khi no a
vi tri cuoi phia sau va nut khai dong 1S1 b] nhan. Khi dat dU'Q'c vi trl cuoi
phia truce, xi lanh 2A 1 phai chay ra va khi dat den vi tri cUDi phia truce, xi lanh 2A 1 phai lap tlic tro ve.
Xi lanh 2A 1 chay vao khi xi lanh 1A 1 cOng chay vao. (Co SI,I' trunq ti n hieu - each me ta ngim 1Ai +, 2A 1+,
2A 1-, 1A 1-).

~I-------- -----,
I
m 1 11: ! }--1 l1]] I
I

Hinh 3: Trung tin hi~u

448 10 Ky thuat dieu khilln

N~u nut cua 1S 1 bj nhan va xi lanh 1A 1 & vi tri cuoi

phia sau (co nghTa la 1V1 b] tac d(mg) thl van 1V2 doi
tin hieu. NhU'ng co cau tac dOng nay khong chuyen doi
dU'Q'c, vi tin hi$u cong tac vi tri cua 2B 1 (b] tac dOng do
vi tri cubi phia sau cua 2A 1) dang dll'ng cho va cCing
vi ca hai tin hi$u deu "rnanh" nhv nhau (Hinh 1). Neu
me ph6ng di~u khi€ln ti~p tuc, thi se thay co SI,)'trung
tin hi$u & van 2V1. Khi xi lanh 1A 1 chay ra, theo thiet
k~, thi no phat tin hieu cho xi lanh 2A 1 Khi xi lanh
1A 1 chay ra va theo doi hei a
van don bay con Ian
1B, xi lanh 1A1 se tao ra mot tin hieu cho xi lanh 2A1
chay ra. Khi 2A 1 da dat dU'Q'c v] tri cuol phia truoc, thi
2B2 b] tac dOng lam 2A 1 chay vao, khi d6 phai chuyen Hinh 1: SI! trung tin hi~u 60 van 1V2
rnach & 2V1 phai dat duoc. SI,)' chuyen vj tri nay cOng
khong thuc hien duoc, vi tin hieu cua 1B2 dang con
cho tac dong (Hinh 2).

(y day ta thay trong khi dieu khien, van de trunq

(chdng ch{)p) tin hi~u luon luon phat sinh. £)ieu nay
doi hoi, nhCmg tin hi$u khonq can thiet thi du nhu tac
dong cua cong tac giai han, nut nhan dieu khien bang
tay:

• can b] loai tnr hay

• can b] ng~t
Hinh 2: 51! trung tin hi~u 60 van 2V1

neu khong, tin hi$u tac dong ngU'Q'c nhau khong co tac dung.

[Link] trLP tin hi~u

Thong thU'ang doi voi van dan huonq, II,I'Cde dieu khien d6i chieu a a
phia ben tral phai bang voi II,)'C phia ben
phai, Khi co SI,)'loai tnr tin hi$u, tan dl,mg quy tac vet Iy, ta tao nhCmg Il)'c khac nhau do nhiJng ap suat khac nhau
tren cunq mot di$n tich, hay tao ra nhiJng Il)'c khac nhau do ap suat giong nhau tren nhiJng dien tich khac nhau.
Qua d6, mot tin hi$u co s~n dang cho c6 the b] loai trlY bai mot tin hi$u rnann hon.

£)e teo ra ap suat khac nhau, g~n them van dieu ap de lam giam ap suat sau van (Hinh 3). £)e tao ra nhiJng Il)'C
khac nhau a
cung mot rnuc ap suat ta SlY dunq nhiJng van dc;ic bi$t co dien tich dieu khien khac nhau (Hinh 3).

Chon Il!a khac

U\p vao van voi

nhli'ng dien lich
dieu khien khac
nhau thay vi 1V2
va 2V1 va thao
b6 1V3 va 2V2

Hinh 3: 51! Ioal b6 tin hi~u do nhii'ng Il!c khac nhau tac dl,mg len pit tong dieu khien

Ve logic ca hai loai chuc nang gi6ng nhau. Tuy nhien chunq co nhuoc diem la tin hi$u "yeu" dl1ng cho lau dai,
sau khi b] tin hi$u "manh" loai tnr, nhunq sau do tin hieu "yeu" lai co tac dung. Thi du tren trinh bay mot phuonq
thuc de giai dap vi$c trunq tin hi$u avan 2V1. Kh6 khan tal co cau tac d6ng van 1V2 la kh6ng loai trlY duoc, b&i
vi SI,)'dao dong di toi, di lui cua xi lanh 1A1 va SI)' dieu khien hoat dong khong nhu mong muon.
 10.4 Ky thuat di§u khilln b~ng khi nen 449

Ng~t tin hi~u

Trong viec ngat tin hi$u theo ky thu~t thiet b], ta SLP dunq bO phat xung ngan ngat tin hieu b~ng CO'.Van nay
khonq b] tac dong (ngat) (y vi trl cuo: rna (y giCPaquang dU'<Yngchuyen d6i. Vi$c thiet ke van loai nay c6 thll mang
lai nhieu kh6 khan khi can ngat nhieu lan, b(Yivi van se khong chuyen vi tri. Sau khi ngat thi tin hi$u cOng khong
c6n, nen tin hieu khong the kel nei logic voi nhCPngtin hieu khac, V§ CO'ban, thi du (y tren heat dOng vO'inhCPng
van nhu' the. Trong vi$c ngat tin hi$u theo ky thuat mach di~n ta phan biet ba nquyen tac sau day:

Phuonq each xi lanh dung cong t~c dliln9 con Ian ngat tin hi~u khi chay VEl kh6ng tili (conq t~c hanh trinh
tac dong mot chieu - con Ian do) trinh bay mot each don gian de ngat tin hi$u theo ky thu$t rnach di$n (Hinh 1).
eong tac danq con Ian khi chay v§ khong tai hoat dong chi trong mot chleu tac d9n9 (hien th] trong so do chuyen
rnach). Loai cong lac nay de hong, thuonq thay (y cac thiet bi cO. HO'nnCPa,con Ian khonq mang lai dam bao vi
tri dau - cuei chinh xac, dc;icbiet can phai luon den va dll'ng dung vi tri truoc khi dat dU'Q'cmoi vi Iri cuot. H$u
qua la (y vi tri cuoi van Ir(Y l<;Iitranq thai tl! do (khong can lac dong) va do d6 tin hieu khonq the tiep tl,JCsU>dunq.

------1
I
I
I
I
I
I~

Hinh 1: Ngal tin hi~ubang cong lac di;lng con Ian khl ch\lY va khong tili

Ng~t tin hi~u bang each lam ngiin tin hi~u (Hinh 2): qua viec thiet ke bO dinh IMi bang khi nen cho moi tin
hi$u trang viec lam ngan tln hieu, tin hi$u cong tac vi tri cua 1B2 va 2B1 khonq con cho tau dll chuyen tiep deln
co cau tac dong. NhCPngtin hieu cua 1B2 va 2B1 cuoc lam ngan sau khi dU'Q'ctiet luu. Neu so sanh voi giai phap
dung cong tac danq con Ian thi phuonq each nay dat tien hon nhunq bu Ial it xay ra sv co.

10

Hinh 2: Ngal tin hi~u bang each lam ngan tin hi~u
450 10 Ky thu~t dieu khifln

81,J'ngat tin hieu do nhieu van dao chieu (van chuyen tang) - con gQi 18 dieu khien noi tang - la mot phuonq
each thU'ong diro'c SLP dunq trong thuc te. Van chuyen tang OV1 nap va xa khi cho cac nhanh dU'ong 6ng dan
khi phan ph6i va qua do ChUYE!nd6i cac co cau tac dong 1V2 va 2V1.

r------ ------., ------,

I I I
I I I
I I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I

----,
I
I
I
I
I

m:

Hinh 1: Ngat tin hi~u biing van chuyiln tang (t'liElUkhien theo tang)

• :MI@i
1B1~
.2~1~
f
~ ~
1. Hay thiet ke h$ dieu khien bang khl nen sau day
theo trinh tl,l' 1A1+ 1A1- 2A1+ 2A1-. ~
Xi lanh 1A1 chay ra, khi nut kh6'i dong 181 bi r

nhan, tuy nhien phai bao dam la xi lanh 2A1 phai

6' trong vi tri cu6i phia sau. Tiep theo xi lanh 1A1
chi duoc di chuysn tro va, khi xi lanh 2A 1 (y vi tri
cuoi phia sau.
~
2. Hay bo tuc them bieu do khi nen 6' bai tap 1 trong
Hinh ben canh, thuc hien mot Ian voi
a) Van con Ian don bay 3/2 de thu nhan vi tri cuoi, 5. Hay giai thich dieu gi S8 xay ra khi 10 xo tra va cua
b) Van nut nhan co con Ian 3/2 de thu nhan vi tri 181 b] gay?
cu6i
6. Dieu gi S8 xay ra trong dieu khien theo tEmg khi
c) Lam ngan tin hieu qua viec ngat tin hieu.
nhCmg dau n6i cho van chuyen tang bi trao doi?
d) Ngat tin hieu qua van chuyen tang.
7. Hay phan tich diau gi S8 xay ra trong chu ky lam
3. Hay V8 cho m6i he dieu khien nay mot so do hanh viec khi 181 b] tac dOng kh6ng do c6 y?
trinh - buoc?
8. a) Hay giai thich rnach 6' Hinh 2 trang 445?
4. Hay giai thich khai niern trunq tin hieu dua V80 b) Van 1V2 co nhiern VI,J gi?
vi$c di€!u khien nay?
 10.5 Ky thuat di&u khien bc1ng dit%ln-khi nsn 451

10_5 Ky thuat di~u khi~n bang di~n-khi nen

Trang cong nghit%lp thlJ'ang hay stY dl,mg viec ket hop giCPa dit%lnva khi
nen, gOi la ky thu~t (lieu khiEm di~n-khi nen, Di&u khifln khi nen dam
nh;iln phan conq suat cua h$ di&u khien, trong khi do phan tin hi~u duoc
thiet I~p dua VaG nhCPng tin hieu di$n (thlJ'ang la di$n ap mot chieu 24V)
va nhCPng ket nfli logic cua cac tin hit%luvai nhau. Hai rnach nang 1lJ'Q'ng
nay duoc nfli vai nhau bang nhCPng linh ki(ln thich hop. 86 la nhCPng van
dlJ'9'c qol la bo bien dbi di$n-khi nen EP (Electro-Pneumatic).

10.5.1 Linh ki~n trong h~ thong dieu khilm bflng

Hinh 1: NhiPng ph~n tLv du tao EP
di~n-khi nen (di~n·khi nen)

NhCPng b9 phan stY dl,lng khi nen dfl dieu khifln phan cong suat nhu xi
lanh, van tiet IlJ'Uva van chan da dU'Q'c trinh bay trong chlJ'O'ng ve ky thuat
dieu khifln bc1ng khi nen. achuonq nay trinh bay t6ng quan v~ nhCPng
linh kien dien va di$n-khi nen cOng nhu nhCPng chuc nang cua chunq
(Hinh 1).

[Link] Phan tu. nh~p tin hi~u bc1ng di~n

Trong mot mach di~n nhCPng phan tlf nay rno hay d6ng dong cnay di$n
den noi tieu thu, V~ tac dong chunq c6 nut chinh cong tac chuyen
mach va nut nhan cong tc1c chuy~n mach: Xet theo d,;mg cau tao c6
cong tc1c thll'cmg dong, cong tac thll'Oong mo, cong tik hai vi tri
(hoan vi, chuyen rnach) (Hinh 2). Trong nut chinh cong tac cnuyen rnach,
hai vi tri chuyen rnach bi kh6a lien dOng bc1ng CO', do d6 mot vi trl duoc
giCPlai cho den khi c6 tac d9n9 rnoi cua conq tac. Nut nhan cnuyen rnach
chi rno hay d6ng trong thai gian tac dong. Vai cong tac thU'ong m& rnach
di$n b] gian doan trong tranq thai kh6ng b] tac dong, trong khi d6 voi conq
t~c thLl'cYngd6ng d6ng di~n di qua rnach dien trong tranq thai khong lac
d9n9. Conq tac hai vi tri ket hop dU'Q'c chuc nang conq tac thlJ'ong d6ng
cOng nhu cong tac thU'ong m& trong mot thiet b]. Khi ta Slf dunq conq tac
hai vi tri de dong dong dien voi tac dong dsu tien va rno rnach di$n voi
Hinh 2: NhiPng phan Iii' nhap tin hi~u
tac dong Ian thl.i' hai, cOng nen chu y trong luc chuyen rnach ca hai rnach
b~ng di~n
di$n bi gian doan ngan han.

[Link] earn billn

Can conq tile di ehuYEm

Khi nhCPng thong tin v~ tranq thai cua cac linh ki$n can truyen tiep VaG
Ch6t (d§y)
10
rnach di~u khifln (thi du chi tiet d~t VaG trong thiet b] kep, xi lanh & vi trl 2 4
cuo], nhan danq vat lieu, giam sat ap suat va rnuc nap day khilchat 16ng),
thi ngU'oi ta stY dunq earn bien. NhCPng earn bien nay dua tren cac nquyen
tac do llJ'ong khac nhau, viec rno ta chi tiet va nhCPng earn bien khac c6
the tim thay & rnuc 10.7.
\1
VO b~ngnhua
Hinh 3: earn bi~n gi6>i han
Carn bil~n gi6>i han bang co (Hinh 3) dU'Q'CSlf dunq dfl phat tin hieu khi
mot chi tiet hay mot bO phan cua may dat duoc mot vi tri nhat dlnh, Carn
bien giai han phan Ian ta cong tac hai vi tri, dfl n6 c6 thfl thuc hit%lnchuc
nang d6ng, mo va chuyen d6i cua nhCPng rnach di$n.

Cong tac (earn bien) dieu khilln bang ap suat (Hinh 4) d6ng, rno,
chuyen rnach dit%lnkhi da dat toi ap suat cal d<)t truce. Ap suat ng6 VaG
tac dunq len tiet dien cua pit tong va tao ra Il,I'C day. Ll,I'C nay tac dunq
nglJ'9'c lai voi Il,I'c c6 thfl hi(lu chinh duoc do 16 xo. Khi Il,I'C day Ian hon
Khi
li,J'c 16 xo thi cong tac S8 b] lac d(>ng. Tien tien non c6 cong tac ap suat nen
Vitd~
loai mang dlJ'Q'Cchuyen dbi b~ng di$n tlf. hi~u chinh
Hinh 4: Cong tac dieu khi~n ap su~1
452 10 Ky thuat di~u khiEln

Cong tile ti~m can di~n tll> khong tiep xuc con gQi
la cong t~c reed hay cong t~c lU'cYiga (Hinh 1) rat
thlfang hay duoc SLPdunq dll xac nhan (truy van) vi ......• ~
trt cuol cua xi lanh. Phan Ian tren vo cua cong t~c
reed c6 g~n true tiep mot di-ot phat sang LED, cho
bii!t tranq thai chuyen doi cua cong tac. NhCPngd~c ~
tinh cooban 113:

• Cong t~c tlern can to' trlfang nay khong can Il,J'c
kich hoat (tac dong) to' ben nqoal - nquoc vai earn
bien giai han b~ng co

• Thai gian cap (Png ng~n khoanq 0,2 giay

• Khong din bao dlfong

• Tuoi tho cao Hinh 1: Cong tac ti~m can (cong tac reed)
• 80 nhay dap LPngb] han che
• Khong duoc thiet ke tai noi c6 to' trlfang rnanh
• Thll tich lap d~t nho

Mot nam cham gan {y ben nqoai di vao ben trong vunq La xo keo v{;

~-\I
2 4
tac dl,mg cua to' trlfang boi cong tac Ilfoi g13ben trong,
se lam cnuyen d¢ng Ilfoi ga va c6 the d6ng, rno hay
chuyen doi vi tri tuy theo danq cau tao,

Nam cham thlfang duoc g~n tich hop voi day cua
pit tong va cac conq tac reed dlfQ'C gan {y ben nqoai,

Loi

[Link] Ra Ie va ra Ie bao v~
(khi CI,I bao v~, cong tik to')
A1 A2 4 2
Ra Ie hay ro Ie bao v$ (Hinh 2) la hai conq tac voi tiep
diem kich hOC;1tbang dien to'. Khi dong di$n di qua mot La xo ti{;p dillm

cuon day kich thich (dau noi day A1 va A2) thi ph~n Ti.§p di.§m di chuyen
LPngdi chuyen se b] keo VaGva tiep dillm b] tac dong.
Khi dong dien luu thOng trong cuon day kich thich b]
Ti.§p di.§m co dinh
gian dOC;1n
thi 10xo S8 keo phan LPngve vi tri ban dau.

Ra Ie va ro Ie bao v$ van hanh theo cLing mot nquyen Ph an (rng

tac va duoc rno ta giong nhau trong so d6 rnach. Ra
Ie chuyen rnach vo'i cong suat tuonq doi nh6 (toi da 1
kW), ro Ie bao v$ (conq suat) chuyen rnach cho conq
suat Ian hon,

Ra Ie rnach di$n c6 the dlfQ'C chuyen doi c6 di$n the

tl,J'do, co nghTala nhCrngtiep diem co thll duoc noi voi CU9n day Lai sat
nhieu dien the khac nhau trong rnach di$n.
Hinh 2: ReYIe hoac reYIe bao v~

Ro Ie duoc stYdunq cho nhieu chuc nanq khac nhau nhlf dieu khien, dieu chinh va qiarn sat:
• Ra Ie la giao di$n giCraphan tin hieu va phan ccnq suat
• Ra Ie c6 the duoc stYdunq voi nhieu di$n the khac nhau cho phan tin hieu va cong suat,
• Ra Ie c6 the tach rai di$n ap mot chieu va xoay chieu
• Ra Ie co the ducc dung tang tin hieu len nhieu Ifln
• Ra Ie cOng c6 the lam tri hoan tin hieu (ro Ie dinh thai)
 10.5 Ky thuat di€lu khien bang di$n-khi 453

Tuy theo loai cau tao, ro Ie co nhieu 56 1U'Q'ng khac

nhau v€l ti~p diem thU'ang dong va/hoac tiep diem
thuonq rno va/hoac ti~p diem hai vi tri. Ky hi$u d~u 3
--------- 2
4
Cong I~c IhU'ang dong
Cong lac IhU'ang ma

, ---
n6i day 6' ro Ie (Hinh 1) duoc dua theo tieu chuan 5 6 Gong lac IhU'ang dong. co trt hoan
nhu sau:

• 8f1u nfli cuon day cho dong di$n kich thich co ky

7

5
---
---
8
2
6
---
---
4
8
Gong lac IhlJ'ang
Cong lac hai vi Iri
mo. c6 trl hoan
Cong lac hai vi trl, c6 tri hoan
hi$u A1 va A2
GU6n day Ti.§p di~m chuyen rnach
• Ro Ie mang ky hi$u K1, K2, K3 V.v ...

• Cac tiep diem cua ro Ie trong so d6 rnach cOng

mang cung ky hi$u K1, K2, K3 V.v

• Tiep diem chuyen rnach 6' ro Ie duoc ky hi~u nhan

danq voi hai con 56, trong d6 vi tri dflu (56 sap xep)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
la 56 thLr [Link] hai (56 chuc nanq) cho b,at leal
van hann cua tiep diem. Hinh 1: Ky hi(ou dAu nbi day

[Link] Van di~n tli'

Van di$n hy la b¢ bien dbi di$n-khi nen va do do tao

ra giao di$n giO>a phan khi nen va dien cua h$ di€lu
khien. Van di$n tiY bao g6m mQt cuon nam cham dlen
(phfln tlf chuyen mach dii;!n) va mot van khi nen (ap
suat). Khi d6ng dien di qua cuon day nam cham di$n
56 tao ra mot dii;!n tiY truonq, lam chuyen dQng phan
Lrng cuon day. Phan Lrng cuon day nay n6i voi chot
day van, chot nay dieu khi€Jn lu'u 1U'Q'ngkhi nen, do a
phan Lrng lam chuyen dQng con truot hay chot day va
do do dao vi tri chuyen rnach.

Hinh 2: Thao tac bling di~n t(P

Van dan hU'<Yng 3/2 co 16 xo keo ve ben trong Hinh 2,
a vi tri CO' ban (tinh) kh6ng co luu 1U'Q'ngkhi tiY cong 1
sang 2. Truoc lien do Sl)' kich thich cua cuon day nam
cham di$n, chot day van bi keo phia len do phan Lrng
va cho phep khi luu thong tl)' do tiY cong 1 den 2. Tiep 10
theo 10 xa khi 3 6' phan Lrng b] chan do lap d$m kin
6' tren. Khi kh6ng c6 dong di$n di qua cuon day, phan
Lrng keo xu6ng va chan luu 1U'Q'ngliY cbng 1 sang 2;
d6ng IMi khi nen c6 th€J thoat ra tiY cong 3 sang 2. BQ
thao tac phu IrQ' bang tay dU'Q'c thuc hi$n nho b¢ dTa /
banh I$ch tam quay dU'Q'c, tac dl,Jng len mat bich cua
phan Lrng.

Trong ky thuat dieu khien dii;!n-khi nen con c6 loai van

di€lu khien tro d¢ng (phu truo'c), U'u di€Jm la kich co
cuon day nam cham di$n nh6 di, qua do giam dU'Q'c
cong suat tieu thu dii;!n. Hinh 3 cho biet nquyen tac
chuc nang. MQt tin hi$u di$n kh6'i dQng phan Lrng,
phan (I'ng rno van dieu khien ohu tro va van nay cho
phep dieu khi€Jn ap suat tren pit tong cho phep van
chuyen rnach.
Hinh 3: Di€!u khi~n trU'o>c (ph\, trQ')
454 10 Ky thuat di€lu khi~n

a van tlY 3/2 co 10 xo tra ve voi bO dieu khien phu

(Hinh 1) luu 1U'Q'ngkhi tli c6ng 1 sang 2 b] chan & vi
tri ban d~u (khi cuon day chua c6 di$n di qua), trong
khi do khi c6 the thoat tli c6ng 3 sang 2. Ap suat &
c6ng 1 cho s~n tren diE,intich kep (giO>chat) & phia trai
o Di$n tich di~u khi~n

cOng nhu & truce gi08ng cho stator (d$m bit kin ph~n
Ll'ng). Khi cuon day nam cham di$n bi kich thich, phan
(rng bi keo ve phia ben trai va d$m kin ph~1n Ll'ng duoc
nang len. Qua do, khi nen hru thong tren dien tich dieu
khien va day pit tong dieu khien ve phia phai. Cho nen
tao ra dong khi di chuyen tli 1 dEm 2 (vi tri chuyen
rnach th(r hai cua van) va xa khi tli 3 den 1 b] chan.

Phfln ung

Khi tin hiE,iu dieu khien khong con, do tac dunq cua 10 Hinh 1: Van IlP 3/2; Ira ve bang 16 xo va dieu khien phu
xo tra ve va ap suat cho s~n tren dien tich kep (giO>
chat), pit tong dieu khien bi day sang phia trai ve vi tri
ban d~u va van dieu khien phu tro duoc xa khi qua 16
xa khi trong phan Ll'ng qua c6ng 82. Bo
thao tac phu
tro bang tay nang d$m kin phan (rng len va khi nen
c6 the ep van diE,in tich dieu khiem tren hanh trinh nay. 1
I
J

Van di$n tli 5/2 16 xo tra ve voi bO dieu khien phu tro
(Hinh 2) chi knac biet ve hinh dang vo'i van 3/2 & tren,
Vai hai loai van nay cac cuon day di$n tli phai kich
thich thai gian du dai de van chuyen d6i sang vi tri
thtY hai. 8454123

Hinh 2: Van IlP 5/2; Ira ve bang 16 xo va di.t.u khien phu

Van xung tll> dan hU'ang 5/2 (Hinh 3) c6 cunq nquyen

t~c dieu khien truoc nhu nhO>ng van ke tren, nhunq
van nay vi tri ban dau khonq duoc xac dinh. Tal van
nay chi can mot xung ngan tac dl,lng cho cuon day
nam cham di$n tli la du thai gian d~ dU'a van den vi tri
chuyen d6i khac Trong van nay - cOng tU'O'ng tl,l' nho
& van xung khi nen - khi lap rap phai chu y xem van
dang & vi tri chuyen rnach nao.

Trong van tll> d~n hU'ang 5/3 (vi trl ban d~u b] chan)
vai dieu khien phu (Hinh 4), khi di chuyen tll> 1 dEm 2 84 5 4 1 2 3 82
va tll> 1 den 4 b] chan & vi tri ban d~u. L6 thong khi noi
giO>a hai dE,im bit kin phan (rng chiu ap suat qua c6ng Hinh 3: Van xung tiP 5/2 vcYibi,i dil.u khi~n phu
nOi 1. Khi van tll> b] kich thich, nquyen tac dieu khien
truoc lai can thlep va nonq van (pit tong dieu khien)
b] day theo vi tri chuyen rnach tU'O'ng (rng. Khi Sl,l' kich
thich nam cham tlY b] mat di, 10 xo dinh tam g~n tren
pit tong dieu khien day nonq van ve vi trt giO>a. Van La xo chinh lam
phu duoc tac dong S8 thoat khi qua c6ng 82 hay 84.
Khi stY dl,lng loai van nay can phai chu y la nhO>ng tin
hiE,iu dieu khien Y1 va Y2 cho toan bO chuyen dong
phai xep hang cho: vi day kh6ng phai la van xung vai
tinh nang luu trCP(duy tri tin hieu). Neu tin hieu dieu
khien b] mat di, van S8 ve vi tri giCPa.
84 5 4 1 2 3 82

Hinh 4: Van IlP 5/3 vcYibi,i di.t.u khi~n phu

 10.5 Ky thuat di€!u khi€ln b~ng di$n-khi 455

10.5.2 M~ch di(!n co ban +24V

COng nhtr trang ky thuat di€!u khien
trong ky thuat di€!u khilln di$n-khi
b~ng
nen cOng c6 nhO>ng
khi nen, r
rnach co ban, nhO>ng mach phuc tap stJ dl,mg trang
thuc te d€!u do nhO>ng mach co ban nay lien ket lai. Ta K1
can phai c6 kien thtrc v€! chuc nang va d~c tfnh cua
nhO>ng linh kien c6 san de phac thao h$ dieu khien OV
chay t6t va an toan.

+24V
[Link] Xi lanh chay t&i - chay lui
11 11
NgU'Q'c lai voi ky thuat di€!u khi€ln b~ng khi nen, day a S1E- K1
viec di€!u khi€ln trvc tiep khong con xay ra, trong thuc 11
te hau het stJ dunq di€!u khien gian tiep nho ho tro cua
K1
rer Ie. Di€lu nay c6 U'U di€lm 16 tin hieu chuyen rnach
OV
cua rer Ie c6 th€l phan ph6i tiep cho nhieu nhanh cua
dong di$n. Hinh 1: Xi lanh tac dQng don vai van tll> 3/2, tra v~ b~ng 16 xo

Xi lanh tac dQng don

Khi tac dong nut nhan 81 (Hinh 1) rer Ie K1 dU'Q'c kich

heat va qua d6 tiep di€lm cua cong tac thU'erng rno cua +24V
ro Ie {y dong dien nhanh 2 b] d6ng lai; tiep diem nay
d6ng l<;livi c6 di$n tac dong len van tlf 1M1 {y CO'cau
tac dong 1V1 va lam cho van dan hU'ong 3/2 chuyen
den vi tri lam viec. Xi lanh 1A 1 chay ra khi 81 b] tac
dong va chi dat duoc vi tri cuoi khi 81 b] tac dong trong
ov
suet khoanq theri gian cua 1A 1 chay ra. (Khi nh8 nut
Van di$n Ill' 5/2,
nhtm S1, ro Ie K1 mat ai~n, cong tac cue ro Ie mo, van tra v~ b~ng 10xo
tir 1M1 mtJt ai/[in, xi lanh 1A 1 ch?y vao - NO).
+24V i
Xi lanh tac dQng kep 1
TU'O'ng tl,!' vot ky thuat dieu khien b~ng khi nen, {y day
c6 nhi€lu each di€lu khien, vi xi lanh tac dong kep dU'Q'c
di€!u khi€ln b&i hai ngo ra b~ng khi nen qua mot co cau
tac dong. Xi lanh 1A 1 chi chay ra hoan toan (Hinh 2 (y
tren), khi nut 81 b] nhan trang suet thoi gian chay ra. Van xung tll' 5/2

Hinh 2: Xi lanh tac dQng kep

Khi tac dong xung vao 81, xi lanh 1A 1 trong Hinh 2 c)o 10
dU'c)oiS8 chay ra hoan toan va sau d6 lai chay vao, khi
tac dong xung ng~n han van 82. Van dan hU'ong 5/2
ta mot van lU'u tro (van c6 chtrc nang nho, van c6 tee
dl,mg duy trl). Chi can mot xung di$n ngan la du d€l van
doi chieu dieu khien, vi van duy tri vi trl chuyen rnach
sau khi nhan xung. Tuy nhien, neu 81 con tac dong,
khi 82 b] tac dong thi ca hai cuon day nam cham di$n
tlf 1M 1 va 1M2 d€!u dU'Q'c kich heat va van 1V1 khong
th€l thay doi hU'ong. Cho nen van xung 1V1 U'U tien
cho tin hi$u den truce,
+24V
Xac dinh dung vi tri va dli>ng Ic;li c)o vi tri bat ky trong
pham vi quang chay

Do van hanh an nha voi nut nhan 81 (hanh trinh chay

toil hay voi nut 82 (hanh trinh tro vel, xi lanh S8 dlfng OV
lai tai vi tri thich Ll'ng trang pharn vi hanh trinh cua n6
(Hinh 3). Hinh 3: Xi lanh tac dQng kep vai van tll> 5/3
456 10 Ky thu~t di~u khien

Anh hU'Qong vao toc d(>

Anh hU'cYng VaG toc dO kh6ng thuc hien cYphan dieu khien tin hi$u di$n,
rna cY phan cong suat dieu khien bang khi nen (Hinh 1). Cho nen, anh
hLYcYngtoc do nay c6 cunq nquyen tac va ket C8U nhu trong chuonq ve
khi nan 10.4.

[Link] Kilt noi logic tin hi~u

Trang nhCrng h$ dieu khien dien-khi nen, ket nOi logic (ham) tin hi$u xay
ra trong phan tin hi$u. Tuy nhten, ngLYQ'c voi ky thuat dieu khien khi nen,
ky thuat dieu khien di$n-khi nen khong can phai b6 sung them nhCrng
van dieu khien (thi du van ap suat kep hay van logic AND). NhCrng ket noi
logic dLYQ'cthuc hi$n qua viec ket nOi theo ky thuat rnach di$n cua nhCrng
phan tll> tin hieu rieng le. C6 4 ket noi CO' ban dLYQ'c phan bi$t nhu' sau:
DONG NHAT (identity), AND (va), OR (hoac) va NOT (phu djnh).

Ket nOi logic dong nhat (identity)

Khi tin hi$u ngo VaG c6 logic "1" (S1 hay S2 b] thao tac) thi tin hieu a ng6 Hinh 1: Anh hLV60ng
vao toe d9
ra dU'Q'c thiet lap (set - tin hieu logic "1") va khi tin hi$u ng6 vao c6 logic
"0", tin hi$u a
ng6 ra dU'Q'Cthiet liilp iai (reset - tin hieu logic "0") ( Hinh 1).

Ket n5i logic AND (va)

Dieu kien CO' ban cua ket noi logic AND (va) la: ngo ra A 1 chi co tin hieu
logic "1", khi ca hai ng6 vao E1 (va) E2 c6 cunq tin hi$u logic "1". Trang
sa do dong di$n, ket noi nay thuc hien rnach di$n noi tiep cua S1 va S2
xem Hinh 2. 1M1 L.L...L;LI..I..'++FU-'

Ket noi logic OR (hoac)

Eli€!u ki$n CO' ban cho biet tong quat ve ket noi logic OR (noac) la ng6 ra
A 1 c6 tin hi$u logic "1", khi ca hai ng6 vao E1, E2 c6 cunq tin hieu logic
"1" hoac mot trang hai ngo VaG E1. E2 c6 hi$u logic "1". Trong sa d6 dong
di$n, ket nOi nay thuc hi$n rnach di$n nOi song sonq cua S3 va S4 trong
Hinh 2.

Ket noi logic NOT (phu dinh)

Trang ky thuat di$n tll> ket noi logic NOT (phu dinh) dU'Q'c thuc hi$n bang
cong tac thuonq d6ng.
Hinh 2: Ket noi logic AND I OR

T6m tat nhCrng ket noi logic CO' ban duoc trinh bay trang Bang 1.

Bang 1: Tom tat nhfrng ket nfli logic co ban

06n9 nhit (Identity) AND (va) OR (noac) NOT (phti dinh)

Sa do logic ~
~ bzw.
~
~
~ K1 ~ K1
81 81
+~+~

Bieu d6 xung 1M1 L-.r---l-

* ~1 1M1

1M1h-r--t-
* ~1 1M1 *
1~~~ 1~~~

- •..._----_ ....• S1~t S1~t81~t 81 ~t

 10.5 Ky thuat di€!u khi~n b~ng di$n-khf 457

Ket noi logic AND/OR nhi~u IAn

Khi nhi€!u phan tlr tin hieu duoc ket n5i voi 10gicAND/OR, di€!u nay duoc thuc hii;m b~ng nhQong rnach di$n dU'Q'c
gan n5i tiep hay song song.

Xi lanh 1A 1 chi duoc chay ra, khi xi lanh a

vi tri cuoi phia sau (1 B 1) dong thai nut nhan cua 81 va 82 bi tac
dong. Ngoai ra, cho ngU'ai thuan tay tra: din co them mot nut nhan b<'lng tay 86. Nut 86 nay cling nhu 84
a
bao dam cho xi lanh chay tro ve, khi xi lanh 1A1 b] ket (treo, b] hir). 86 phai g<iln mot phia khac cua 84, de
cho ngU'ai thuan tay trai khoi phai thuonq xuyen vai tay. Tiep theo, toe dO chay ra cua xi lanh phai hi$u chinh
dU'Q'Cva toe dO chay VaG canq cao canq tot (xem Trang 443, Hinh 2).

2 3 4 5 6
+24 V

51 E--~ 1B2®--

S2E--

ov
K1 1M1
* 1M2

Hinh 1: Kt!.t n6i logic AND/OR nhi"u Ian

Trang rnach di$n gan noi tiep nhieu phan tlr tin hi$u c6 conq suat lieu thu rieng theo tling thiet b] (thi du conq tac
reed, earn bien), phai chu y la t6ng s6 do sut ap a
cac pnan tll' tin hieu rieng Ie can du conq suat cho ro Ie cnuyen
rnach. Trong rnach di$n gan song song nhi~u phan tlr tin hieu c6 cong suat tieu thu rieng theo tCPng nhanh, phai
chu y la t6ng so dong di$n khong dU'Q'Cqua Ian lam cho nhQong ro Ie n6i tiep nhau b] hU' hai. Neu cac phan tlr
tin hieu la nhCfng nut barn hay conq tac thi dO sut ap a
nhCfng linh kien nay rat nh6, cac tac dvng khong tot neu
tren c6 th~ bo qua. Trang moi lien quan nay thi quan tronq la earn bien nen g~n 2 day hay 3 day.

1. Hay phac hoa sa do chuyen rnach di$n-khi nen cho xi lanh tac dong
don: xi lanh di ra khi dong thai tac dong nut nhan cua hai conq tac va
xi lanh chay tl,l' dong khi di vao.

2. Hay phac hoa sa do dong dien dua vao sa do logic a hinh ben canh?
10
3. a) Hay thuc hi$n thi nghi$m d~ biet duoc di$n ap chuyen doi t5i thi~u
cua mot ro Ie trong phonq thi nghi$m oi$n-khi nsn cua ban?
b) Hay so sanh tr] 55 nay vai tr] 56 cua nha che I<;IO?

4. Hay cho biet tri so tieu thu dong di$n cue dai cua ra Ie trang phonq
thi nghi$m cua ban?

5. Hay cho biet rnach di$n song song c6 gan nhieu mach tieu thu tac
dunq len t6ng dien tro cua dU'ang day di$n nay nhU' the nao?

6. Mot thanh day vao bon choa (silo) b] tac d(>ng do mot xi lanh tac
d(>ng kep, Pheu cua may 06 vao binh chua mo ra khi xi lanh chay
vao. Dieu nay duoc thl,l'c hien khi nut nhan "d6 day" 81 b] lac d(>ng,
binh chua (81) oi;it a
dU'ai silo va conq lac d~ ki~m Ira tronq 1U'Q'ng
(82) khong b] tac dong. Hay ve sa d6 logic, bang chLPCnang va sa do
chuyen rnach (khi nen va di$n).

7. Hay ve sc do chuyen mach di$n cho Hinh 1 bang earn bien 3 day cua
S5 va S3?
458 10 Ky thuat dieu khilm

EJieu khi~n tuy thuQc vao ap suat

Trong ky thuat dieu khilm dien-khi nen, nflu tin hi$u khi nen (0 day 113ap suat) duoc bifln doi thanh tin hi$u di$n,
thi ta SLr dl,mg mot thiet b! qol 113c6ng t~c ap suat.

Thi ou truoc duoc phat trien sac cho xi lanh 1A 1 chi chay tra ve, khi xi lanh d~n vi tri cuei phia truoc va ap
suat hi$u chinh dat dU'Q'c mot tri s6 nhM djnh, thap hon ap suat cua thiet bj mot it. (PMc hoa xem Hinh 2
trang 443; Giai dap: Hinh 1).

+24 V 1
2 3 4 5 6

ov
K1 1M1
* 1M2

Hinh 1: £lieu khien tuy thuQc vao ap suat

[Link] Tri hoan chuylm rnach (DQ tre chuyen mach)

Trang ky thuat dieu khien di$n-khi nen, CO' cau dinh thai dU'Q'Cthuc hi$n
b~ng ro Ie lam tri hoan luc tin nieu kh6>i dQng (di len) va luc tro ve (di
xu6ng).

Dong dien chay qua mot di$n tro R1 c6 the hi$u chinh dU'Q'C (bien tro)
va tu di$n C nap di$n. Khi di$n ap trang 0 tu dien oat duoc mire dien ap
chuyen rnach, thi ro Ie heat dong. Bi6t D chan chi cho dong dien di mot
chieu tLi' A 1 qua bien tro R1. Bien tro nay hi$u chinh thai gian can thiet
de tu di$n nap dien den rrurc dien ap chuyen mach, TMi gian nay gOi la
tri hoan dap (Png (khoi dong) hay tri hoan di IEm (Hinh 2).

Trang trU'ang hop tri hoan di xuong hay tri hoan tr6> ve (Hinh 2) di6t A2
chan chleu ngU'Q'c 19i. Ngay sau khi c6 di$n (n9P vaal ro Ie b$t mach va Hinh 2: Tri hoan chuyim rnach
tu dien nap dien. Sau khi dong dien b] ngat (rno' mach) tiJoA 1, tu di$n S9
xa dien qua di$n tro R 1 co the hi$u chinh dU'Q'Cva qua d6 tiJotrU'ang trang
cuon day con giCf l<;Iiduoc trang mot thai gian.

Thi du dlJ'ai phat trien tiep giai phap dieu khien truoc day. Xi lanh 1A 1 chi dlJ'Q'Cchay ra, khi nut nhan cua ca
hai c6ng tac S1 va S2 dlJ'Q'c nhan dong thai trang vong 0,5 s. Nhu th~ ngan can duoc SI,l'c6 tinh nquy tao
rut ngan chu ky (lam mat di SI,l'an toan),

Hinh 3: SO' do chuyen rnach

 10.5 Ky thuat di€lu khiE!lnb~ng dien-khi nen 459

TU'O'ngtl,J'nhU' trong ky thuat dieu khi§n khi nen, ca trong ky thuat dieu khiE!lndi$n-khi nen cOng c6 nhCmg tinh
nang tri hoan khac nhau qua su ket hop giO>adO Ire van hanh (trl hoan dap (mg luc khai dong) va do tre cat (trl
hoan d~n khi role mo) voi conq t~c thU'ang rno hay conq tac thuonq d6ng tvonq iJongvoi tinh nang trl hoan.

Tri hoan tin hieu luc kh&i dqng

+24 V

K1

OV

Tri hoan tin hi~u luc k~t thuc

+24 V

K1

OV

+24 V Tri hoan tin hi~u lue kh&i dqng va Iuc k~t thuc

K1

H1

OV H2

Hinh 1: Nhfl'ng tinh niing tri hoiin khac nhau

O------------~------------~--

1. Hay giai thich each hoat dong cua mach di$n RC?

2. Hay phac hoa so do chuyen rnach di$n-khi nen cho xi lanh tac dong kep,
xi lanh chi chay ra khi hai nut nhan cua ccnq tac S1 va S2 tac dong cling
mot luc. Sau khi dat dU'Q'cvi tri cu6i phia truoc, xi lanh tl,l' Ira ve sau 10
s. Harth trinh chay tro v§ dU'oockhai dong bai nut nhan cua conq t~c S3
(khonq phu thuoc thoi gian).

3. Hay giai thich ky hieu chuyen rnach hlnh ben canh theo tleu chuan DIN?
4. Hay giai thich vi$c thuc hi$n tri hoan khai dong va tri hoan tro ve nhU'th~
nao trang ky thuat dieu khiem di$n-khi nen?
460 10 Ky thuat di€!u khi~n

[Link] M~ch tl,l' gii:V(tl,l' duy tri)

Trong ky thuat dieu khien di$n-khi nen, thong thU'ang nhCmg tin hi$u xung dU'Q'C bien thann tin hi$u keo dai,
£)ieu nay cOng can thiet ngay ca voi van tll' c6 16 xo tac dung kE10ve, boi vi qua trinh chuyen rnach dieu khien
chi duy tri trong thai gian tac dong. Khi tac dong khonq con noa thl 16 xo se day van ve vi trl ban dau. Neu mot
xi lanh tac dong kep chi chay ra hay chay vao nho mQt xung, thi ve CO' ban co the giai quyet van de b~mg each
sUodung van xung 3/2 hay 5/2.

Khi phai thiet h~p van dan hU'ang voi 10xo tra ve thl can thiet phai co rnach di~n tl,l' gili'. rnach di$n nay bien doi
mot xung ngan thanh mot xung co khoanq th6'i gian keo dai (Hinh 1).

+24 V 2 3 +24 V 3

K1

SI E--

K1 1Ml
ov OV
U'u lien !hili! l(lp U'u lien thiet I~p lai

Hinh 1: M(lch II! giiP

Khi nut nhan cua S1 b] tac dong. dU'6'ng dong di$n 1 dU'Q'c dong va ro Ie K1 hoat dong. Vi ro Ie co nhieu dU'ang
d6ng di$n gan voi conq tac thuonq d6ng/thU'6'ng rno/hai vi tri, cho nen co kha nang mot mat sUodl,mg conq tac
thU'6'ng rno de tac dong van nam cham tll' 1M1 ( d6ng di$n nhanh 3). a
mot mat khac co them mot cong tac
thU'6'ng ma thtY hai trong dU'cyng dong diifln 2 gsn song song vai S1. NhCYd6 ro Ie tl,J' giQ>(trong tinh tranq co
dien), ngay ca khi S1 kh6ng con b] tac dong.

De co the ngat 51! tl! giQ>nay, can co mot conq tac thuonq d6ng S2. Tuy theo conq tac S2 dU'Q'c gan (y nhanh
dong di$n 2 hay (y nhanh dong di$n 1. ta phan biet u'u tien thiet I$p (set dominant) hay U'U tien thiet tap l<;Ii(reset
dominant). a U'U tien thiet I~p (troi hon) khi ca hai S1 va S2 deu tac dong d6ng thai. ro Ie K1 duoc kich thich,
(y U'U tien thiet I~p I~i khi ca hai S1 va S2 deu tac dong d6ng thai, thl ro Ie K1 kh6ng co dien.

Ph<'in dieu khiem Ph{,n conq sua!

1. Hay thiet ke mot rnach dien tl,J'giQ>kh6ng c6 S2 va
L+ 4
giai thich vi sao thiet k€J nhu' vf)y.
S1 E--
2. M(>t xi lanh tac d(>ng kep can chay ra khi c6 tac
d(>ng ngan cua S1 va chay vao khi c6 tac d(>ng 24

ngan cua S2. Hay giai bai tap nay khi c6 rnach tl,J'
giQ>va khi khong co rnach tl! giQ>.Bang each nao
ngU'ai thao tac c6 the xac djnh SI,J'khac biet giQ>a
hai dieu khien nay khi van hanh binh thuonq?
Hay so sanh tinh nang Dll'ng-Khan cap cua hai
loai dieu khien nay.

3. Hay thiet ke so d6 chuc nang (so d6 logic)

cua mach tl! giQ> mot voi U'U tien thiet If)p (set
dominant) va mot so d6 khac vo'i U'U tien thiet I$p
l<;Ii(reset dominant).

4. Hay thiet lap so d6 dieu khien (y hinh ben phai.

5. Hay thiet I$p so d6 dieu khien cho hinh ben earth.

 10.6 Ky thuat dieu khi~n b~ng thuy Il)'c 461

10.6 Ky tnuat dieu khi~n bang thuy I"c

Trang ky thuat dieu khi~n bang thuy Il)'c (xuat phat tlJ' chCi' hydraulics - ti~ng Hy lap, hydro =
nuoc, Fluide luu =
chat) - da s6 la dau - dU'Q'c SlY dunq (y duoi ap suat cao d~ tao ra luc, chuyen d(>ng hay rno men quay. Do luc,
chuyen d(>ng tinh ti~n (thang) cOng nhu chuyen d(>ng quay dU'Q'c tao ra. Nang 1U'Q'ngtruyen tal duoc dieu khien
hay dieu chinh. NhCi'ng Il)'c Ian hay me men quay hinh thanh do ap suat cao dU'Q'c SlY dl,mg chu yllu trang phan
cong suat (dQng luc) cua he dieu khien hay dh~u chinh. Trong phan dieu khien ngU'IYi ta SlY dl,lng nhCi'ng thanh
ph~n dU'Q'c cau tao bang CO' hay dien.

Hinh 1: NhO>ngthi dl,l wng dl,lng vI! dil!u khi~n thuy lite

Trong cac may cong cu, ky thuat dieu khien thuy hrc duoc SlY dunq de kep nhCi'ng chi tillt hay dunq cu (thi du
dunq Cl,l phun trang may due phun) va de dieu khien chuyen d(>ng dan tien cOng nhu anhCi'ng he dan d(>ng true
quay. Ky thuat nay cOng thU'IYng dU'Q'c dung trang ITnh WC pho bi~n r(>ng Ian tiep theo cua dieu khien bang thuy
luc la cac may ep (dap) (xem chuonq 14). a
may nong nghi$p hay xay dunq, ky thuat dieu khien thuy tuc dU'Q'c
SlY dl,lng de truyen tal chuyen d(>ng, de nanq hay narn giCi' (Hinh 1). £)ieu khien thuy ll,J'ctrang may bay chiern mot 10
vi tri d$c biet va cOng vi nhCi'ng tieu chuan ky thuat cao cua no rna phat trien thanh mot nqanh rieng.

U'u diem Nhll'Q'C diem

• Ap suat cao trang khong gian nho tao ra Il,J'CIan • osu dU'ai ap suat cao co nguy CO' xay ra tai nan
nguy hiem
• Truyen tai ap suat g~n nhU' khong b] tieu hao
• Gay ra ti~ng 6n do barn hay ti~ng d(>ng do may
• NhCi'ng thanh phan cau tao thuy luc an toan khi chuyen rnach
qua tal, co nghTa la chunq chiu tai Ian ca khi (y vi • Khi dau bi ro ri, phat sinh nguy CO' chay va lam 0
tri tTnh (dLYng yen) nhiem rnoi trU'IYng
• T6c dQ co the dieu chinh vo cap • T6c d(> cua pit tong nho non so voi dieu khien
bang khi nen
• Chuyen d¢ng d~u d$n (em) nho tinh it chiu nen
• £)(> nhot (d$c tinh chay) cua dau tuy tnuoc vao
cua d~u thuy ll,J'c nhiet d(>
• Kha nang dinh vi tri rat chinh xac (+1-1iJm) • Kha nang luu trQ> nang 1U'Q'ng b] giai han (do
gas, thi du (y trong binh chua thuy ll,J'ckieu bong
bong)
462 10 Ky thu~t dieu khien

10.6.1 M~ch tuan hoan thuy h!c

Khac vai dieu khi€ln b~ng khi nen, khonq khi sau khi thuc hien conq nang dU'ooc thoat ra nqoai (mol tmang xung
quanh) qua bo giam am; 6' dieu khilm bang thuy luc chat long phai chuyen dong trong mot chu trinh tuan hoan
(vonq kin). Tll' born thuy Il,J'Cchat long (luu chat hay moi chat) dU'Q'c dan qua cac van va cac dU'ang ong rnem
dem co cau tac dong (xi lanh, d¢ng CO'), de tll' do luu chat chay tro ve bon chira nhien li$u. Trong h~ thong dieu
khien thuv luc, born (tao ra ap suat) bien dOi nang 1U'Q'ngco thanh nang lU'oong thuy luc. Nang 1U'Q'ngthuy ll,J'c
nay dU'ooc chuyen tai den co cau chap hanh va tal d6 dU'ooc bien thann cO' nanq. Phan cot 16i cua h~ thong dieu
khien thuy luc 103cum may m6c thuy h,J'c, da so 18 nhLfng nh6m cau tao heat dong doc li;lp bao gom dong co
dan dong, born, binh crura nru chat, van giai han ap suat va bo IQc dau da Slr dunq, NgU'ai ta phan blet hai each
thuc hi$n chu trinh tu~n hoan thuy luc khac nhau.

MC!lch tWIn hoan thuy h,J'c rno (Hinh 1)

BO'm chuyen tai dau thuy ll,J'c c6 ap suat tll' vi tri cheo hay song song cua van dan huonq 5/3, den co cau tac
d(>ng (xi lanh hay dong co) va qua d6 t<;10ra Sl,J'chuyen d(>ng, trong khi d6 dau kh6ng can ap suat luu thong theo
dU'ang tro va qua bO toe den bon chua nhien lii[!u. Tai vi tri gi(ioa cua van dan hU'ang 5/3, van giai han ap suat
(VGHA) nay rno khi ap suat dat dU'ooc tri so ap suat toi da da chlnh truoc va d~u ltru thong qua van giai han ap
suat (VGHA) den bon chua nhisn lii[!u.

Bi,§,ndbi nang lU'qng

Van li~1 luu

Van chan Ira ve

(van mot chieu)
I
£lieu khien nang lU'qng I
Van

I ]

Chu<ln bi (lamtinh khiet) dau

Hinh 1: H~ thong thuy h,J'c

Tram tao ap suat 103thanh phan dU'ooc che tao San,

thU'ang dU'Q'C cung LYng cho he thong dieu khien thuy
Il,J'Cva duoc trang b] van giai han ap suat (VGHA) de
bao ve he thong. Sau d6 ngU'ai ta gan song song mot
van giai han ap suat (VGHA) thli hai voi van giai han
ap suat da tich hoop 6' mot tram tao ap suat (Hinh 2), ta
co the hieu chinh ap suat cho phep toi da cua he thong
qua van giai han ap suat (VGHA) tlch hop, trong khi
d6 ap suat van hanh duoc dinh rrurc bang van thli hai
a phia nqoai. Cho nen, ap suat van hanh luon nh6 hay
bang voi ap suat toi da cua tram t<;10ap suat. ap a ·l
ke CD cho biat ap suat hinh thanh do tai {y phia nqoai,
trang khi d6 ap ka 0 cho biet ap suat hinh thanh tll'
i
ling suat chay (tro khanq cua dong) dau tuan hoan. i
i
Hinh 2: Milich twin hoan cua boom
 10.6 Ky thuat dieu khilln b{§ngthuy 1i,I'C 463

M~ch tu~n hoan thuy h,l'c kin

Thong thU'<Yngchu trinh tuan hoan kin (Hinh 1) c6
trang CO'cau tac dong quay (thi du dong CO').LU'u
1U'Q'ngtinh theo th~ tich dU'Q'cdiflu khien dbi chieu
Dan
nhanh. 8iflu khi~n xi lanh thuy h),cb~ng nhO>ngpit tong I:=J oQng
co tiilt di~n khac nhau kh6ng thich hop v&i loai chu
trlnh tuan hoan nay, vi 1U'Q'ngchat long khi chay di va
khi chay tro v~ khac nhau trong chu trlnh tuan hoan
kh6ng th~ can b~ng tlSt.

Hinh 1 chi cho biet nquyen tac hoat dong co ban. Hinh 1: M,!,ch thuy I\pc kin

BO'm tao ra chu ky tuan hoan cua chat long dll lam
quay dong CO'.Khi ap suat cua h$ thong vuot qua gi&i
han, van gi&i han ap suat VGHA se rno ra va dau thuy
Il,I'cluu thong trang chu trinh tuan hoan nho. Van mot
cnieu (van cnan tro ve) bao v$ hU'&ng chay, Gi<3iphap
nay trang thuc t~ khong thich hop lam, vi 1U'Q'ngdau
tieu hao kh6ng dU'Q'Cbe sung.
Dan
I:=J dQng
811cai thien ngU'ai ta thiet ke them mot born be sung
(56 3, Hinh 2), born nay day dau vao chu trinh tuan
hoan chinh qua bO loc. N6 can b{§ngdU'Q'cIU'O'ngdau
lieu hao phat sinh do ro ri. Nh<Yho tro cua van gi&i
han ap suat VGHA<D, ap suat van hanh trang chu trlnh
tuan hoan chinh duoc hi$u chinh, trong khi d6 van gi&i
nan ap suat VGHA@ dieu chinh ap suat cung cap cua
born tuu trQ>® trang chu trinh tuan hoan chinh. Hinh 2: M;:tch thuy I\pc kin vai born cung dp nhien Ii~u

10.6.2 Chat 16ng thuy h,l'c

Trong hi,i thong dieu khien thuy luc viec chon Il,I'achat long thuy Il,I'c(lU'u chat) tuy thuoc phan lon vao chuc nang
neat dong. Chon dung chat long thi h$ th6ng S8 it b] lI:;i,tubi tho va lQ'iich kinh tll gia tang.

Chat long tao ap suat trang h$ th6ng dieu khien thuy Il,I'cphai thoa man nhieu nhiern Vl,Jva phai cap tYngday du
nhQ>ngyeu cau sau day:

• Truyen tai nang 1U'Q'ngap suat t& born cho d~n CO'cau d~n dong (dong co. xi lanh)
• Truyen tai tin hi$u diflu khi~n van
• Boi tron cac cau kien thuy Il,I'cchuyen dong (thi du pit tong, mat truot cua thanh day)
• Can banq dO sai I$ch nhi$t dO trang h$ thong dieu khien thuy Il,I'c
10
• Bao v$ cac cau kien thuy Il,I'cchong Sl,l'an mon
• Cuon di nhQ>ngchat ban (do su Co rnon), nuoc va khonq khi dlln bO loc hay bon chua nhien li$u
• Giarn thieu va cham ap suat phat sinh khi chuyen dbi qua trinh
• C6 kha nang loai bo khong khi
• Khong tao ra tao bot

Chat long thuy Il,I'cphai tuan theo nhQ>ngyeu diu nay ve ap suat, nhiet dO va toc dO chay khac nhau trang mot
thai gian dai nhat COthll.

Thong thU'<Yngchat long tao ap suat dua tren nen loai dau khoanq duo'c sCrdl,Jngma ta goi 113 dau thuy luc, Ben
canh dau thuy Il,I'cnay, trang moi tm<Yng c6 nguy CO'chay cao (thi du ham rno, may due ap luc, may ren dap,
dU'<Yngcan day chuyen), ta con c6 chat 16ng tao ap suat kh6 b~t ILPa,thi du 10hoi thuy Il,I'c,khi ro ri hay dU'<Yng
ong d~n b] vir, chat long nay kh6ng bat ICratai cac bO phan rat n6ng cua h$ thong.

Ngay canq nhi€Juchat long tao ap suat co the b] phan hUy sinh hoc, bao v(i moi trU'o>ng duoc sCrdunq (thi
du nhQ>ngcum thiet b] thuy Il,I'cdi dong trang nonq nqhiep hay lam nghi$p).
464 10 Ky thu~t di~u khilln

Trang trU'ang hop b] ro rl ta kh6ng phai SQ' lam 6

nhiern m6i tnronq, vi chat long thuy Il,I'c co th~ b] phan Bang1:Dauthuyl~c
huy sinh hac.
Ky hi$u LTnh Vl,l'Cling dl,mg
Theo lieu chuan DIN 51524 ph€Jn1 d~n 3 dAu thuy
lIyc (Bllng 1) dU'Q'c phan chia thanh 3 nh6m. H~ thOng dai hoi chju nhiet d(> cao hay c6
HL
th€l b] an man vi mroc tnarn nhap vao,
osu thOy luc nh6m (loal, h<;lng) HL la dau khoanq voi Nhu' dau HL, nqoai ra con sli dl,mg cho h~
chat phu gia de tang wang bao Vf; ch6ng lai Sl,l' an HLP thOng c6 ma sat h6n hop cao trang dieu ki$n
men va lac hoa. Dau thuy IIfC nh6m HLP cOng la dau thiet ke hay van hanh,
khoanq nhu' nh6m HL, nhU'ng fy day con them chat NhU' dau HLP, sli dvng cho moi trU'6'ng
phu gia detang wang bao Vf; Slf hao mono D§u fy HV c6 nhi$t dO xung quanh thay dbi nhanh va
nhorn HV so vo'i dau nh6m HLP c6 do nhot (dO nhon) xu6ng thap.
theo nhiet do tot hon nho chat phu gia.

Trong chat 16ng thuy h,l'c kh6 bat 11I'3 (Btmg 2) ta

phan biet chat long thuy Il,I'c c6 nuoc, kh6ng c6 nuoc. Bang 2: Ch~t long thuy h,l'e kh6 b~t Iu.a
va t6ng hop (c6 nghTa la leal dau nnan tao, kh6ng phai Mauthong HamllYQ'ng
Ky hi~u nhat cua K~thQ'P
113san pharn do thien nhien), Chat long thuy IIfC kh6 VDMA'Is6 nooc [%J
bat ILPa dU'Q'c ghi chep trong trang VDMA 24317 va HFA 24320 NhOtlJ'ang dau - nuoc 80 ... 98
24320. Ch~t long nh6m HFA 113nuoc trang dau c6
ham 1U'Q'ngnuoc !ty 80% d~n 98%, trang khi d6 nh6m HFB 24317 NhGtlYO'ngnlYO>
c- dau 40
HFB nuoc trang dau c6 ham 1U'Q'ngnuoc 40%. Dung dich crura nuoc,
24317 35 ... 55
thi du nuoc - glycol
H6n hop qlycol-ruro'c voi 1U'Q'ng nuoc khoanq 35%
Ch~tlongkhangcrura
d~n 45% tao ra nh6m HFC. Chflt long kh6ng crura HFD 24317 0 ... 0,1
nooc, thi du este photphoric
nuoc, tOng hop dua tren gac (n€m, CO' ban) este
photphoric hay hydra carbon (CxHy) c6 chua chlor,
tao thanh chat 16ng thuy lIyc nh6m HFD.
Bang 3: Chat 16ng thuy Il,I'c co the phan hUy
sinh hoc
Do Y thuc bao Vf; m6i trU'ang tang va nhieu chi tieu
duoc nha nuoc dira ra, cac nha che tao m6i chat nqay E>~c tinh
canq chao hang nhieu chat 16ng thuy IIfC c6 th~ phan
huy sinh hoc (Bang 3). NgU'ai ta phan biet luu chat Ch€! 1<:10nhan tao (tll' polyglycol) kh6ng chira
nuoc va phan huy sinh hoc. Co di;ic tinh
lam ba nh6m. HPG
IU'ang II! nhU' chat long thuy luc c6 th€l tron
voi dau khoanq.
Nh6m chat long HPG khong crura nuoc va dU'Q'Ct6ng
hop nhan tao tli' polyglycol. Dac tinh cua chunq cOng Che tao vai g6c d€lu thuc vat ~thi du d~u hat
cal), pnan huy sinh hoc lot nhat, kh6ng hoa
tuonq tl,l' nhU' dac tinh cua dau thuy Il,I'C. Chat long tan trong nuoc, tron vci d€lu khoanq pharn
HPG kh6ng th~ tron Ian vai dau khoang nay. HTG
vi stYdunq nhi~t do bi giai han va tinh bE§n
viYng ch6ng lac hoa b] han ch€! n€!u so sanh
Chat long nh6m HTG duoc cau tao co ban tli' dau voi cau khoanq,
thuc v~t (thi du dau bang hat cai). [Link] dau nay co
Che tao nhan 1<:10 (16ng hop ester), phan huy
the tron Ian voi dau thuy luc nh6m HL, HLP va HV,
HT sinh hoc t6t nhat. Co d~c tinh tuonq t\,J'voi
nhunq lam giam kha nang phan huy sinh hac. Chat chi!llong thuy lI,J'cgoc d,'lU khoanq.
long thuy Il,I'c nay kh6ng hoa tan trang nuoc, nhan tao,
goc este, thuoc nh6m HT. Chung cOng duoc phan huy
sinh hac tot nhat, Chat long thuoc nh6m HPG, HTG va
HT du'oc xep VaG loai kh6ng gay dQc hal cho nU'cYc
(tnroc day chat kh6ng lam 6 nhiern nuoc dU'Q'c xep
VaG nh6m 0).

Dau thuy luc bj lac h6a do tac dQng cua Slf thay d6i v~ h6a hac, cua nhiet dO cao va tac dunq xuc tac (catalytic)
voi kim loai, Cac chat ban do nuoc, rl set, Sl,l' mal man, bui. .. cOng lam tang qua trinh lao h6a.

Ki€!m tra cho thay rat nhleu h$ thong thuy lI,Pc b] hong vi Sll' dunq sai hay chat 1lJ'Q'ngcua dau thuy Il,I'Cqua kern
(thi du qua cO). Vi Iy do nay ta phai chu y theo lai khuyen cua nha che tao cac cau kien hay he thong thuy luc
dll chon Il,I'a va bao dU'ang dung vai dau thuy Il,I'c da quy dinh.

1) VDMA= Verband DeutscherMaschinenund Anlagenbau= Hi~phOiche 1,,0 mayva thi§t b] cua D(Pc
 10.6 Ky thuat dif!u khi~n bang thuy ll,J'c 465

De;> nhot (de;> nhen)

89i 1U'Q'ngd~c trunq quan tronq nhat cua chat 16ng thuy luc 113dO nhot
d9n9 hoc v (kinematic vicosity). 86 113d9 set hay kha nang luu chuyen
cua chat 16ng.80 nhot dU'Q'Cdo nho nhot kll hinh cau (Hinh 1). day a
"thai gian roi xu6ng" dU'Q'cdo, 113thai gian din thiet de mOt qua cau (vien
a
bi) chuan narn trong chat 16ng mot dO cao nhat dinh Ian xu6ng (6ng
chua vien bi de nghieng). Thai gian do dU'Q'Cty 1$voi do nhot d¢ng ll,J'c
(dynamic vicosity) '7

[l7l = Pa . s = N . s/rn",

TLFd6 suy ra d¢ nhot dong hoc (kinematic vicosity) v

f)o nhat dong llJ'c YJ
f)O nhot dong hoc = hay v = ;;- [v] = m2/s
TY treng hay '"

8¢ nhot d(>ng hoc cho biet SI,I' ma sat ben trang rna
chat 16ng khi chay phai VU'Q'tqua. Chat 16ng thuy luc
c6 d(>nhot d(>ng hoc cano cao thl co do set canq cao. Hinh 1: NhM k~
8(> nhot dong hoc theo DIN dlJ'Q'cphan chia thanh 6
nh6m (Bang 1).

Bang 1: C§p d9 nhot

Chat long thuy ll,J'cco d(>nhot qua thap (qua long, qua
loang) gia tang sl,J'tieu hao do ro rl va tao ra rnanq b6i cap do nnot
tron qua rnonq lam tang Sl! mal rnon. Chat long thuy thee ISO
luc c6 dQ nhot cao (qua d.;ic) se dan dE§nma sat ben ISO VG 10 11,0
trong ton & vi tri tiet IlJ'U(khop n6i va vonq dem) lam
giam ap suat. Chung cOng gay kh6 khan trong vlec ISO VG 22 19,8 24,2
tach bot (bong b6ng) kh6ng khi va do d6 gay ra su tao ISO VG 32 28,8 35,2
bot (hien tU'Q'ngkhi xarn thuc - xem Trang 469). 41,4
ISOVG 46 50,6
DQ nhot cua chat 16ngthuy ll,J'ctuy thuoc nhi~u vao ap ISO VG 68 61,2 74,8
suat va nhiet d(>(Hinh 2). 8if!u nay cOng nen luu y khi
ISO VG 100 90,0 110,0
ta ling dunq trong thuc tll.

10000 1000000

"
,-, .'-.:1'1.. )SO VG 150
t 100000
40°C••••.
/
1~0 }C

,/
/~
1000 V 10
" -," ~ " o °C / /
100 ,"~, /ISO V~ 10?
-
:¥E 10000
V
t ~
o 1000 / !/ //
"'\.:,."
0-
i.--' ISO VG 68-

-
~ ~ :-'\ s: V
I--
r-,
:¥E ISO V~ 32 '\. '\
/ / 200°C
Ol

20 IIs6 0ci 46 c
-0- -1---
~ ISOVG 22- -- \ L\,.'\:\~ :\t\ '0
:b 100

" 12
10 l"
s:
c V V :/
-0-
I /
8
7 ,, c 10
II
V
~ ,
6
5
4
1
10YGI151 -, /
II
1\
3,0
I
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120140 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
-30 -10 +10 30 50 70 90 110130

T[°G] --- Ap su§! [bar] ---

Hinh 2: Dc;. nhM tuy thuec ap su<~tva nhi~t de;.

466 10 Ky thu~t dieu khi~n

Ben canh do nhot can co nhung d~c tinh khac cua

chat long thuy Il,l'c d6ng vai tro quan tronq trang lJ'ng
dunq thuc t~.

Khi ap suat lon, tinh chiu nen (the tich b] thu nho
do ap suat cao) cua ch§t long thuy Il,l'c khonq dlJ'qc
bo qua. Qua d6 S8 phat sinh van de, thi du nhlJ' vii;lc
djnh vj hay conq vi$c dieu khien va dieu chinh pit tong
khong chinh xac, TrQng 11I'Q'ngrii~ng (ty trr;mg) cOng
d6ng vai tro quan tronq khi hut chat long tlJ' bon chira
(ty tronq canq ton, thi tarn hut len canq nho). Neu chat
long thuy Il,l'cvan hanh (y nhlet dO cao, thi Sl,l'gia tang
the tlch do nhii;lt d9 tang khonq the bo qua. COng nhu
kha nang b6i tron va tach kh6ng khi cua dau thuy
Il,I'ccOng can phai IlJ'Uy.

Hinh 1: Djnh lu~t Pascal

CO'ban ve v~t Iy

Ap suat tal rnoi vi tn trong mot he thong kin

(Hinh 1) deu bang nhau (Djnh luat Pascal)

Theo phlJ'O'ngtrinh:
. . Luc F
Ap suat = . noac: p =-
Di$n tich' A

Do do, vai cunq mot ap suat nhlJ' nhau (y trong binh

chira, nhunq tac dunq trEmnhung di$n tich knac nhau
co the tao nhung Il,I'c khac nhau (Hinh 1).
Hinh 2: Kich thuy h,l'c

Thea nguyen tac nay Il,I'cnho c6 the lam tai Ian chuyen dong thi du klch thuy Il,I'c( xe nang thuy luc). Vi the tlch
dung mol choan cho (Hinh 2) (y hai pit tong bang nhau khi nang tai, cho nen ta c6 chieu dai quang chay cua moi
pit tong khac nhau. Ta c6

V, V2
=> 5,' A, = 52' A2

=> ~ A2
S2 A,

Ty so cua quang chay pit tong ty 1$ nghjch vol ty s6 dii;ln tich cua pit tong. 85i voi cac Il,l'csinh ra ta c6:

F, p, ·A, F2 = P2' A2
voi p, P2
F, F2
cho ta
A, A2
hay F, A,
F2 A2

Ty s6 cua Il,I'cdo pit tong sinh ra ty 1$ thuan voi ty s6 dien tich cua pit tong. Cong nanq w cua hai pit tong bang
nhau. Theo phep tinh ta c6:
Cong = Ll,I'c. Quang chay hay W = F· s.
[Wj = 1 Nm = 1J
 10.6 Ky thuat di~u khien bang thuy ll,J'c 467

Mot d<;li1U'Q'ngd$c trunq tiep theo trong h$ th6ng thuy luc la luu 1U'Q'ng
(tlnh theo the tich) q.; LU'u 1U'Q'ngla the tlch cua chat 16ngchay trong mot
don vi thai gian (Hinh 1)

Do d6 c6 the tinh dU'Q'Ct6c do cua pit t6ng suy ra tll>luu 1U'Q'ng(Hinh 2)

The tich pit t6ng: V=A· s

A·s s
do d6 ta c6: q =-=A·-
y t t Hinh 1: LIJ'UIIJ'9'ng theo tht. tich
hoac: qy =A.v

MQtxi lanh thuy li,J'c(Hinh 2) dU'Q'ccung cap chat 16ngbai mot born
thuy IItc. Bam nay co lU'u1U'Q'ng qv= 20 litlphUI. Hay tinh:
CJ:>
en
a) T6c dQdi tai va di tra v~
b) Thai gian di tai va di Ira v~ ""

() qy= 20-'.
II rnrn
Hinh 2: ree do;. cua pit t6ng
dm 3
20 dm m
=A 'V ~V =~= min =>vaus= 81,3-. =8,13-.
aus aus aus Aaus 0,246 dm2 rrun rrun

(562_262).it 2 2 dm m
-'----,------'------mm =1932,1mm ~vein=1035-=104-
4 'min 'min
1,5 m
vaus,ein = --SHub ~ taus,ein
~
=>taus=--- =>taus=0,185min=11,1 s
taus,ein [Link] 8,13~
mln

~tein = 1,5 m ~[Link] =0,144min=8,7s

10A~
mln

imI!l!I Hay tinh luu 1ll'9'ngphai hi$u chTnhcua born de xi lanh co d = 100 mm chay ra vol t6c d(>10 rn/phut?
d 2·it 100 2. mm 2·it
=--= =7857 mrnt = 0,785 drn?
4 4
dm 3 I
10
= A v = 0,785 dm- ·100- = 785 dm ~ q =785-
min , min v 'min

Khi chat long thuy ll,J'cdi qua nhieu tiet dien khac nhau, ta c6 mQt phU'O'ng trinh lien tuc (Hinh 3)

Khi chat long chay trong 6ng dan c6 nhieu dU'ang kinh khac nhau, thi luu 1U'Q'ngcua chat long bang nhau
tal m6i tiet di$n. Cho nen t6c dQ dong chay (luu toe) se khac nhau.

COng can phai d$c biet chu y la t6c d(>dong chay co

the rat khac biet nhau trong xi lanh (co tiet dien lon) va
trong dU'ang 6ng dan vao (co tiet dlen nho hon). Cho
nen phai xac dinh kich thuoc cua 6ng dan vao de t6c
do dong chay trong ti€!tdien nho kh6ng duoc VU'Q'tqua
gicYihan t6i da cho phep,

Hinh 3: PhlJ'O'ng trinh lien tuc

468 10 Ky thuat dieu khiEm

1. Hay cho blet 4 Lrng dl,mg thuy tuc khac nhau trong CO' xU'eYng cua ban va rno ta chi tiet cho ban hoc cunq
lap. Hay giai thieu nhCmg dQ>Ii$u ky thuat trong conq ty cua ban cho nhQ>ng Lrng dl,mg nay, thi ou ap suat
h$ thbng, Il,J'ctrong xi lanh, cac loai born.

2. Hay rno ta va giai thich SI,J'khac biet giCl'a mach tuan hoan thuy luc kin va ho?

3. Hay tlrn hillu khai ni$m ve "cap do gay doc hai cho nuoc" va "co th~ phan huy sinh hoc"?

4. Hay tinh SI,J'thay doi th~ tich cua chat long tnuy lvc (E = 1,4 . 104 bar) eY ap suat sai biet
300 bar va the tlch ng5 ra 1 lit. Hay cho biat sai so ve hanh trlnh eY xi lanh val di = 80 mm
la bao nhieu?

5. a) Hay cho biet Il,J'c phai c6 dll nanq mot cntec xe len, khi phai thay banh xe tal mot kich tnuy Il,J'c (0 =
40 mm, d = 5mm tal ap suat 8 bar). xe c6 khoi 1U'Q'ng1800 kg va khbi 1U'Q'ngeY vi tri ga true (phia khonq c6
xe) cua kich thuy Il,J'cla 40% tronq 1U'Q'ngt6ng cQng cua xe?

b) Hay cho biet dean dU'ang di chuyen phai born la bao nhieu de tai (xe) duo'c nang IEm 15 cm?

6. MQt born thuy Il,J'ccung cap mot luu 1U'Q'ngtheo the tich q, = 30 .. .40 IImin. Lrng dunq nay dol hei toe dQ
cua pit tong 5 m/min. Xi lanh stY dunq c6 dU'ang kinh bon trong a, = 80 mm, d2 = 90 mm v.v ... cho den d5
= 120 mm

a) Hay cho biat Iy do chon hra xi lanh?

b) Phal hi$u chinh lU'u 1U'Q'ngnhir the nao?

c) Hay kiem tra con c6 kha nang nhQ>ng xi lanh nao khac, dll dat ouoc chi lieu thiet ke tren?

7. Hay cho biet lU'u 1U'Q'ngphai hi$u chinh trong mot born thuy II,J'C, de cho xi lanh thuy luc c6 dU'ang kinh ben
trong 80 mm dat dU'Q'c tbc do 105 m/min khi chay ra?

8. Mot xi lanh voi 0 = =

70 mm (dU'ang kinh cua can pit tong d 20 mm) dU'Q'c born cung cap nhien li$u co liru
1U'Q'ngqv = 20 I/min. Hay tinh khi quanq chay cua pit tong 400 mm:

a) Toe do khi chay ra b) Toc do khi chay ve

c) Thai gian khi chay ra d) Thai gian khi ve

9. Mot he thong thuy hrc phac hoa trang Hinh 1 dU'Q'c cau t<;10tLr hai born. Khi xi lanh chuyen d9n9 nhanh can
hai born va chuyen dong dan tien chi can born 1 (qv,baml =
7 litlphut, qv,bo-m2 =
22 lit/phut). Hay tinh

a) Toc dO khi cnav nhanh (khong tail

b) Toc dQ khi d~n tien toi (co tail

c) Toc dQ cnay tro ve khi van hanh ca hai born va toe do chay tro ve khi chi van hanh born 2

d) Thai gian t6ng cong khi chay tai va tro ve cho moi Ifln voi toe dO chay tra ve a cau hoi c).

e) Hay cho biet thai gian tiet kiern tinh theo % hay theo gia trang
Doan dlJ'cmg Doan dlJ'Oong
mot narn voi 1000 chu ky (lfln stY dunq) trong mot tuan Ie? chay nhanh diln tio!ln (co tail
(kh6ng tail \
10. Trang mot h$ thong thuy Il,J'cco born (qv =
300 lit/phut), ong dan c6 110 9/
dU'ang kinh ben trong d =
50 mm b] hu. Trang kho chira chi con c6
=
nhCl'ng dU'ang ong vai d 25, 35,40,60 va 80 mm (dU'ang kinh cua
=
pit tong 0 200 mm, dU'ang kinh cua can pit tong d 100 mm) =
a) Hay cho biet toc dQ chay ra cua pit tong?

b) Hay cho biet toc do dong chay khi chay ra va chay vao trong
ong dan cO?

c) Hay cho biat se stY dl,lng ong dan nao, khi toe do luu thong trong
ong dan a
giQ>a2 m/s va 3 m/s?

Hinh 1: H~ th6ng thuy h,l'c

 10.6 Ky thuat dieu khien bang thuy luc 469

10.6.3 BO'm thuy IIfC va dQng co thuy IIfC

Bang 1: Bi~u tU'Q'ng cho born va dQng co
thuy ll,J'c
BO'm thuy Il,I'C va dong CO' thuv Il,I'c la nhCl'ng thanh Ten gQi Bieu tLPQ'ng
phan ket dIU thuy Il,I'c bien doi co nang thanh thuy Il,I'c
(hay nquoc lai). NgLP6'i ta phan bii;lt tuy theo:

• se chieu quay (mot hay hai chleu)

BO'm thuy Il,I'c
c6 the tlch
Dong chay
mot chieu
=0
• Dung tich choan cho (co d!nh hay co the hieu chinh
dLP9'c)
choan cho
khOng doi Dong chay
hai chleu
=¢
• Cac 10<;1icau tao (born banh rang, born canh quat, BO'm thuy Il,I'c Dong chay
born pit t6ng hLPang tam v.v ..) c6 the tich mot chieu ~
choan cho
• Toc d(> quay (rotor chay nhanh tiJo 1000 rnin' D6ng chay
thay doi
den 4000 mln', rotor chay cham tiJo50 rnin' den hai chieu ~
500 rntn")

Co nhieu born co the van hanh nhu d(>ng CO'ma kh6ng

£)(>ng CO'thuy
Il,I'c c6 the tich
D6ng chay
mot chieu
=0
can thay doi ve ket cau, Kh6ng nhCrng born rna dQng choan cho
CO'cOng thay doi de dang de cho hii;lu suat cua chunq kh6ng doi D6ng chay
tot non, tuy nhien dieu nay xay ra rat it trong thuc te. hai chieu ~
Sl,I' m6 ta born va d(>ng CO'trong so do chuyen rnach
dLPQ'ctieu chuan h6a (Bang 1).
£)(>ng co thuy
luc c6 the tich
Dong chay
mot chieu =0'
Nhfpng di;'li 11I'Q'ng d~c trll'ng

Dung ILfQ'ng chuyl!n dE!n hay nap hay choan cho V

choan cho
thay doi D6ng cnay
hai chieu
=4)
(Hinh 1) cho biet the tlch van chuyen 6' moi vonq quay.
Tr] so the tich nay c6 the thay doi d(>ng CO' hay a a
Hi;! thong d~n
d(>ng thuy tTnh
C6 the dao
ngLPQ'c
=([9=
born hieu chinh dLfQ'C.

Neu born phat hut chat long thuy Il,I'C phan tren bon a
cmra, thl phia hut can phai c6 ap suat thap (tLfO'ng doi
so voi ap suat khi quyen). Ap SU<3tthap nay tuy tnuoc
VaG chieu cao din hut va tronq ILP9'ng rieng cua dau.
Tr] so thong dl,Jng a
trong pharn vi tiJo0,7 bar den 0,8
bar tuyet doi.

Khi ap suat thap nay xuong qua giai han se phat sinh
khi xarn thl,J'c (hi~n tll'Q'ng tao bot) voi tieng on phat
ra, born chay khong em, va cuoi cunq lam born hLf V=A· h V~ VZL· z· 2 10
hong.
Hinh 1: Tht. tich chuyen tai

Qua trinh tao bot nhu sau: do ap suat thap tuonq doi
Ian a
phia hut, gas (khi) ket nOi trong dau b! tan thanh
nhCrng bot nho (bong b6ng) (nhu khi ta rno chai so da - nuoc khoanq),
NhCrng bot nay co the tich Ian hon rat nhieu so voi khi chunq the long a
va lam xau di d.;ic tinh luu thong (cua d6ng chay), Cho nen n6 lam giam
dong chuyen dich va qua d6 giam hieu suat. Tiep den, nhCrng bot hoi
nay va ra mot each d(>t ng(>t do no dlly vao trang (Implosion 1» khien ap
suat tang a
phia nen, viec nay hinh thanh vunq voi ap suat dinh rat cao.
NhCrng tac dunq nay xarn nhap VaG vat lii;!u may born, lam seo, gay ra nut
ran - cuoi cunq la due khoet thanh xop (Hinh 2). Van de tao bot khong
nhCi'ng chi xay ra a
born. Tac d(>ng cua n6 con thay dLPQ'c cac dinh vit a
tren tau thuy, cac canh quat may bay hay a
cac cho cong n6i 6ng dan.

1) Implosion = SI,J' n6 day vao trong (do ap suat a nqoal lon hem a trong)
Hinh 2: HlI' hong do khi xiim thl,J'c (51,J'
tao bQt)
470 10 Ky thu~t dieu khien

Mot dai 1U'Q'ngd~c trunq quan tronq ti~p theo la ap suat v~n hanh duoc
thiet ke cho born va dQng CO'. Co ba loai ap suat duoc phan bi$t nhu sau
(Hinh 1) Ptop P~=6S /
Pm•x

• Ap suat dinh Ptop chi duoc phsp xuat hi$n ngttn han, thi du truoc khi ~"" ~
van gi&i han ap suat Gap Lrng.
t
• Ap suat toi da Pmax khong GU'Q'cvoot qua ap suat nay hay chi tac
Hinh 1: Ap suat v~n hanh
dunq trong mot thol gian tOi da cho phep.
• Ap suat 6n djnh (diti han] Plong day la ap suat danh nghTa hay pharn
vi ap suat danh nghTa cho born hay dong co duoc quy djnh do nha
ch~ tao.

Vi a born cOng nho a dong co, nang 1U'Q'ngduoc bi.§nd6i nen sinh ra Sl,l'
lieu hao. SI,I'lieu hao nay duoc me ta qua hi~u suat.
t
100
90
80
~
- 'Ihm
n«:
lit

~ 70
f
I
n = 1500 min-1
Trang tai lieu cua nha che tao tim thay ba loai hi$u suat: "" 60

a) 60 100 150 200 250 300

• Hi~u suat th~ tich f'/v 121
d<:liILl'Q'ngd~c trunq cho SI,I'tieu hao vi ro ri
P [bar]--
ben trong va ben nqoai
100
Ilhm
• Hi~u suat co-they IIfc f'/hm cho biet Sl,l'tieu hao do ma sat f--" r--
90
• Hi~u suat tang cQng f'/t ket hop hai hleu suat (y tren t 80
r--: ~:;
<fl.
.s 70
Hieu suat tong cong nhu sau: p = 200 bar
"" 60
p
f'/t = f'/v' f'/hm b) 500 1500 2500
1000 2000 3000
Cac nha che tao thLl'ang trinh bay nhlPng tr] so cua hieu suat bang d6 n [min-11 ---
hoa, boi vi chunq tuy tnuoc VaG nhlPng thong so van hanh khac nhau 100 n = 1500 mirr'"
(thi du nhu' toe dO quay, ap suat, dO nhot, the tich quang chay pit tong) p = 200 bar
I- 1-_
(Hinh 2).
t
~
95
~
'Ihm
i-- n;
a Hinh 2a vol toe do quay nhat dinh (a day thi ou n = 1500 rnln'), hieu o

.s 90
,/

suat co-thuy Il,I'cf'/hm giam xu6ng khi ap suat tang, trang khi do hieu suat I-ilt
the tlch '7v giam gfln nhu' theo tUYEmtinh, khi ap suat tang. Hieu suat t6ng
""
cong f'/t tang den tr] 56 CI,I'Cdai (a day P = 200 bar) va sau d6 giam xuong. c) 95 55 35 24 18 13
v [mm2/s] _
Hieu suat t6ng cong f'/t c6 tr] so tCPkhoanq 65% den 90%.

Hinh 2b cho thay 51,1'

tuy thuoc cua cac hieu suat theo toc do quay v&i ap
100
..•';lv
90
~ ::::.- 'It
suat c6 dinh. Hieu suat t6ng conq '7t(y tr] so toi da, khi toc d9 quay khoanq
t
1000 rnin", tnroc hay sau d6 hieu suat nay giam xuong.

Hinh 2c cho thfly SI,I'tuy thuoc cua cac hi$u suat theo dQ nhot thuy h.J'c(y
.s 60
80
<fl. 70 'Ihm
/
.' -:
n = 1500 rnirr l r--
p 200 bar
ap suat va toe do quay kh6ng thay d6i. a
day, hieu suat t6ng cong '7tc6 "" 50 1 =

tr] 56 toi da (y do nhot khoanq 55 mm2/s va nho hon khi (y truoc hay sau. d) 25 50 75 100
Dao dQng narn trong pharn vi tCP88 % den 90 %, hieu suat cua dao dong V
V [%]---
xem nhu kh6ng dang ke. max

Hinh 2: Sl,!' ph\! thuec cua hi~u suat

Hinh 2d cho thay hi$u suat cua born c6 the tich hieu chinh duoc tuy
thuoc VaG51,1'gia tang the tich (y ap suat va toe d9 quay khonq thay a6i.
Tat ca cac hieu suat tang len theo chieu hLl'&nggiam dan cho den khi the
tich chuyen tai dat tr] so toi da 100%.

MQt 56 born va dQng CO' c6 nhlPng C6ng (dflu noi) 6ng, de dan dau b] ro
ri ra khoi vo may. Dflu b] ro ri nay pMi chay ve bon chLra rna khong chiu
ap suat nao (gfln bang ap suat kheng khi ), de trong born khong sinh ra
them mot tleu hao nao do "ap suat nquoc". Nhieu nha che tao quy djnh
ap suat tra v€Jlon nhat khofmg 2 bar ap suat tuy$t d6i, tuc ta 1 bar ap
suat dlJ' (Hinh 3).
t--0
Hinh 3: oiiu re ri thoat ra
 10.6 Ky thuat di~u khien bang thuy It,J'c 471

Sau day 103nhCl'ng dai 11.I'oong

d.;ic trunq con lai cho vi$c
thiet ke barn va dong CO'thuy luc Bom D(>ng co
• Lou 11.I'Q'ngtheo the tfch q;
• T6c dQ quay n
• Mo men quay M
• Ap suat dU' Pe (ap suat tren -ap suat khi quyen)
• Cong suat P (Hinh 1)
Trang cong thuc de tinh cac dai 11.I'oongdac trunq ta
phai chu '1 den rnoi hi~u suat (barn hay dong CO')dl.l'OOc Hinh 1: Cae d(li 11I'Q'ngd~e trU'ng
xli 1'1tl.l'O'ng (vng. Hieu suat duoc tinh theo cong thuc
tl.l'O'ng (vng cho barn hay dong CO'phai theo dinh nghTa chung ve hi~u suat nhir sau:

nang hY9'ng hay cong suat pMt ra

1] = nang fwng hay cong suat thu vao

Ket qua 113cong thoc (Hinh 2) phai duoc phan biet de tinh cho barn hay cho dong CO'thuy luc, Thi du khi sli
dunq cong thuc v~ cong suat P = p : qv cho barn, ta S8 c6 nhCrng lien quan nhu sau:
Conq suat dan dong di vao 113P, cong suat phat dong di ra 113p . qv S8 c6 hi~u suat nrur sau:

1], = Pe . qy =9 tCPd6 c6 phl.l'O'ng trinh lien h~ cho barn P = Pe . qv

P 1],
Cho dong CO'cong suat dan dong di vao 113p . qv va cong suat phat dong di ra 121P. Cho nen

P
1], =---=9 tCPd6 c6 phuonq trinh lien quan cho dong Co'
Pe·qv
Hau het cac danh rnuc (catalog) cua nha che tao deu c6 ghi cac conq thuc de tfnh cac dai 11.I'oongd.;ic trunq &
tren. Khi sli dl,Jng ta cOng can phai biet d6 103phl.l'O'ng trinh dai 11.I'oongkhong ghi don vi (he don vi quae te S11))
hay phuonq trinh tr] so c6 ghi don vi (giai thich trang Hinh 2).

Barn 09n9 coo

n·V
q; =-;:-
n·V
hay 18: qv = n . V· 1]v. 10-5 hay 18: q = -- .10-1
y 1]v

M M
Pe = V '1]hm
Po '" V· 1]hm 10
-~ M·104
hay 18: hay 18: Pe = -;-;----:-::-::-
Pe - V· 1,95 V . 1]hm . 1,59

P-~ P
Pa . q~. !1J
- 6· 1], 6

hay 18: P-~ hay 103:

Pe . q~. 1]1 . 10-4
P
- 6· 1], 6

Phuonq Irinh O(li lU'c;mg khOng ghi don vi c6 Phuonq trinh tri s6 c6 ghi don vi c6 nghia 1<'1 cac don vi
nghia la cac don vi do ngU'6'i Slr dl,mg oinh nghia, oU'Q'c ghi san: [PJ= bar; [nJ= 1/min; [I)J= %, [V]= cm3/U;
Ihi du don vi 811) [qyJ= IImin; [P] = kW; [M]= Nm

NhCrng tfnh chat quan tronq tiep theo cua barn va dong co thuy luc 18:

• Chay ern (deu d;)n) • Tuoi tho

• Kieh co eau tao • 80 ben rna sat: tfnh chat chong lai rna sat khi phai
chay trang trU'ang hoop khfln cap
1) SI (viet t~t tli chG>System International dUnites = H\i th6ng don vi qu6c t€.)
472 10 Ky thuat diiu khilln

BO'm banh rang va dQng co banh rang

Chat long thuy luc chay vonq trong nhO>ngkhe her cua banh rang va dU'Q'Cdi chuyen tlf c6ng hut den cong nen,
Chung dU'Q'ccau tao nhu born banh rang trong hay born banh rang nqoai (Hinh 1). Gia ban 10<;liborn c6 van toc
co dinh phai chang nhvnq tieng on tuonq doi cao.

£)~ tang ap suat born banh rang co the dU'Q'Clap "noi tiep" nhau, thi du co the noi lien tiep ba born. Barn DUO
(kep) ta loai born banh rang rna voi loal barn nay ngU'oi ta dung hai cap banh rang, tren moi cap banh rang phan
nlfa so rang duoc bo tri. Do do, Sl,J'tao xung cua dong chay di chuyen bi giarn di va nho d6 tieng 6n cua barn
cOng b] giarn di rat nhieu (Hinh 1·BO'm DUO).

BO'!l1 banh rang ngoa; Boom banh ning trong Boom DUO (kep)

qV~~1

neu chuan ~4

t
%
qvt:±
Kep
- -~4%

Hinh 1: Boom banh rang

Barn pit tong hU'cYngtam (hU'cYngkinh)

Chuyen dong quay cua true dlm dong duoc truyen tai len xi lanh I~p danq hinh sao qua bO Iy hop. Chuyen dong
nay lam quay true (goc true - cam quay) g~n chat voi vo may. NhO>ngpit t6ng dU'Q'Csap xeo hU'ong tam g~n
chat voi guoc truot di chuyen va chunq c6 the tl,J'chuyen dong trsn vonq nang tao ra chuyen dong cua pit tong
g~n (c6 dinh tren than born). Khi xi lanh I~p d<;lnghinh sac quay, pit tong tturc hi$n Sl,J'chuyen d¢ng len xu6ng,
tal d6 chieu dai Quang chay cua pit t6ng tuy thuoc vao d6 lech tam giCPaxi lanh hinh sac va vonq truot. Nho hai
pit tong hi$u chlnh gsn doi dien nhau, nsn Sl,J'I$ch tam c6 the hieu chlnh dU'Q'c.

Berithe born pit t6ng huonq tam 18barn co the hi$u chinh dU'Q'[Link] sanh voi born co dinh born hi$u chlnh dLfQ'C
co U'Udiem la hru 1U'Q'ngva ap suat c6 the thay dlli thich l.i'ng vai nhu cau tieu thu, Them VaGd6 nhCPngnha che
tao cung l.i'ng vol nhieu thiet b] dieu khien va dieu chlnh khac nhau cho born pit t6ng hU'ang tam theo tlfng ITnh
Vl,J'CSif dunq (Hinh 2).

So Iy hop dTa
danq cheo

Pit tong hieu

chinh dlJ'<?,c do?
lech tam
Xi lanh I~p
danq sac
Xung khoanq 30%
Ngong true dieu khien

Hinh 2: Boom pit t6ng hll'6>ng tam

 10.6 Ky thuat dieu khien b<'ing thuy Il,I'c 473

BO'm pit tong vii dQng co hU'o>ng true

Theo nquyen t~c pit tong tao ap suat dU'Q'c ba tri Tr6ng xi lanh
(g~n) song song voi true quay cua trang xi lanh (block
zylinder). Tai d6 chuyen dong quay dan dong duoc
bien doi thanh quang chay cua pit tOng. NgU'ai ta phan
biet 3 nquyen tac thi~t k~, mOi thiet k~ nay deu thich
hop cho van hanh ca born va dong ca.

o born d\lng dia nghieng (Hinh 1) true dan o¢ng lam

quay trang xi lanh. Pit tong chuyen d¢ng duoc g<fln
VaG mot Cia nghieng qua guoc truot hay a
d5' cnan
Gu6c truct
hU'ang true Hanh trinh (quang chay) cua pit tong hay Pit tong
dong ChUYElntai thuy tuc c6 the dU'Q'c hieu chinh do b¢
hi~u chlnh g6c cua Cia nqhienq. G6c canq Ian thi nann Hinh 1: BO'm dlong dia nghieng
trinh cua pit tong canq dai va qua d6 luu lU'qng canq
lon. Mot tam dieu khien g~n co dinh dung d~ phan ba
dong chay cua pit tong di ra 6' cong (dau) nen hay di
a
VaG cong (dflu) hut. M~t bieh truy(~," d¢ng Pitt6ng

o born d\lng true nghiimg (Hinh 2) trang cua xi lanh

cuoc noi voi true dan dong qua khop noi bi hinh cau
hay khop nai cac dang. Trang xi lanh b] xoay do true
cua true dan di,ing, lam phat sinh chuyen 09n9 cua pit
tOng khi true quay. LU'u 1U'Q'ng cnuyen tai thay doi tuy
theo g6c nghieng. G6c nghieng canq Ian thi hanh trinh
(quang chay) pit tong cane lon va do d6 tuu 1U'Q'ng
cOng canq lon. Sl,J' sap xep cua pit tong cho phia nen
va phia hut dU'Q'C thuc hien bai mot tam dieu khien T~m di~u khi~n Ng5ng true trung tam
g<iln ca dinh. Hinh 2: Barn danq true nghieng

o born dia xoay (Hinh 3) true dan di,ing truyen Il,I'c

cho Cia xoay, Cia nay lai tac di,ing nhiing pit tong a
Van mQt chieu
trong trang xi lanh co dinh qua 6 dO' cnan hU'ang true. 0 dO' chan hU'&ng true
V6'i nquyen tac nay thi viec SLPdune tam dieu khien
khong can thiet, vi trong xi lanh kh6ng quay. G6c cua
Cia xoay khong the hieu chlnh, nen loai born Cia xoay
vonq nay la mot born c6 hru 1U'Q'ngca dinh.

BO'm canh g\lt

10
Mi,it rotor b] dan di,ing dU'qc thiet ke v6'i nhiing ranh
sap xep hU'ong tam achu vi cua rotor, trong d6 nhO'ng DTa xoay Pit t6ng
canh g<;lt nhO'ng khe ranh dU'Q'c dan hironq. Rotor
Hinh 3: Bam dia xoay
quay I~ch tam trong vonq truot. Do Il,I'c Iy tam khi quay
va do [Link] thuy luc, nhO'ng canh g<;lt nay b] nen
hU'ang ra phia nqoai <finvao vang nang. 8¢ I$ch tam -
va qua d6 luu 1U'Q'ngcua born ChUYEln tai - c6 the hieu chinh du'oc. Vi$c
tach r6'i phia nen va phia hut dU'Q'Cthuc hi$n qua nhO'ng khe ranh tren
mat dflu cua tarn dieu khien,

T6m lai ta th<fiy thuc t~ tat ca nhO'ng born thuy luc cOng nhu d¢ng co thuy
luc khi van hanh deu dl,l'a tren nquyen t<ilc choan chao Hau nhu ngoai
cum thiet b] thuy Il,I'c khong c6 mot nh6m nao khac duo'c che tao voi
nhieu loai thiet ke nhu born va d¢ng co thuy Il,I'c. Moi nguyen tac ve thi~t
k~ deu c6 U'U va nhuoc diem.

Hinh 4: Born canh 9,,1

474 10 Ky thuat dieu khien

10.6.4 Xi lanh thuy Il!c Thanh Pit tong £)~u xi

Xi lanh thuy Il,I'c dung dll tao ra nhCi'ng chuyen dong

thang Tuy theo nquyen hk ve chuc nang ngU'ai ta
phan bi$t xi lanh tac dOng don va tac dong kep,

Xi lanh tac d9n9 don duoc thi€Jt k€Jtal noi lam vi$c
chi can co chuyen dong mot chieu. Vi trl tra viJ cuoc
thuc hien hoac la do tai ben nqoa: hoac do 16 xo keo
tro ve (Bang 1).
Dan hU'6'ng elm Dan hU'6'ng chan bui
pit tong pit tong can pit tong
Trong xi lanh tac d9n9 kep (Hinh 1) Khi cnay ra, dau Hinh 1: Xi lanh lac d';;n9 kep

VL
co ap suat di chuyen vao day pit tong va day pit tong
a
chay ra. Dau khong con ap suat phia co can pit tong
(ben phai) se di chuyen tro ve binh chua nrusn lieu. Khe h6>giam chan o{)u nhau (khong thay dbi)
Khi chay vao qua trinh se quay tro 1<;1i. Trong loai thiet
ke nay, II)'C khi chay ra lon hon khi chay vao, vi phia a
co can pit tong dien tich tac dunq b] giam di vi tiet dien
cua can pit tong. Ll)'c chay vao hay Il)'c chay ra xi a
lanh thuy h,J'cco the giCi' CD dinh trong suet hanh trinh
di chuyen.
s

8ll tranh su' va cham dot ngot khi pit tong den vi tri Khe h& qiarn chan co hU'o-ngtang
cuoi chu trinh, nhCi'ng bO giam chan avi trl cUDi dU'Q'c
SLrdl,lng. Ngay truce khi den vi tri cuoi & moi dau, the
tich dau choan cho thoat ra qua mot 10 tiet luu den
binh chua. TUy theo thiet ke cua vi tri tiet luu nay rna
ta co nhCi'ng tinh nang giam chan khac nhau (Hinh 2).

s
M¢t giai phap thiet ke tiep theo la gan them van mot
chieu (van ch?n tro ve, van ap II,l'CngU'Q'c) qua d6 khi Giam cnan trsn true co 10tnoat
bat dau chay nno qiarn chan, dau co the hru thong
khonq b] can tro va khong phai "di vonq" qua tiet hru,

Bang 1 cho biet ky hi$u chuyen rnach theo tteu cnuan

cua xi lanh thuy luc trong cac so do cnuyen rnach
s

Hinh 2: Giiim chan a vi trl cubi

Bang 1: Ky hi~u chuyen rnach cua xi lanh thuy IIfC

Ten goi Billu tU'Q'ng 8;;ic tinh Ten goi Bieu tU'Q'ng
d~ngchitheo

p
L\fC tac
mc)tchl~u Xi lanhch9yvai C6cungdi~ntich a ca
Xi lanhday(tru Pit tong va cAn co dl10ng viln tbeb~ngnhau hai chieu tac dl,mg
tron) kinhb~ngnhau c6 canpil long 0- ~ Thicu:xi lanhtaylai
A Thidu: xilanhphanh haiphia A B (volang)
Mnhxe
D?ngcautao nglin
Xi lanhtacdOng Ll,lclacdVngchitheo choquiingchaycua
don c6 ~n pil long mc)1 chi~u Xi lanhd9ngkinh
piltongdai, Thidu: xe
0- mOlphia ~ Vi tri tra va do ngo~i h,e
vi~nvong ~ lal co thenghiimghay
A A nangIhungchitv~tIi$u

r:
Lvc tac dl,lng hai chieu Nhl~u~ mallacdung
Xi lanhtacdong
kepco canpil tong
~
Di$ntich khongb~ng
nhau
Xi lanh
d~cbiet I
: I
:I chochaynhanh(kh6ng
[Link] Vanhilnh(c6
a motphia A B DangthOngdungnhat A B C [Link]:mayep
 10.6 Ky thuat di§u khilln b~ng thuy li,J'c 475

Phep tinh kich thll'60c xi lanh

lI,1'C Fzyl do xi lanh thuy Il!c cung cap t6i thieu phai
bang tong s6 ll,J'c yeu cau & ben nqoai. Khi nang mot
kh6i 1U'Q'ngnhCrng hrc phai chu y 103:tai nqoai (tronq Il,J'C
Fg); Il!c ma sat FR, phat sinh do su chuyen dQn~ cua
tai nqoai va ll,J'c quan tinh Fa, phat sinh do gia toe tal
nqoai (Chu y: n~u gia t6c - co nghTa 103Sl,J'thay doi van
toe trsn don vi thai gian - nho thi Il,J'Cquan tinh co the A
be qua). Do do ta co:

[F] = N

Hinh 1: L,!c tai xi lanh

Khi tinh Sl! tieu hao do ma sat a

ban trong xi lanh voi hi~u suat thuy h,l'c-cO' '7hm se c6 duoc ap suat dll' Pe (ap
suat tuyet d6i - ap suat khi quyen) t6i thillu (khi biet duoc kich cCYxi lanh) hay ta c6 cuoc tillt di~n pit tong A
t6i thillu (khi biet ap suat):

PhU'O'ng trinh dai 1U'Q'ng PhU'O'ng trinh trj s6

P > Fzyl Fzyl . 10-4 Fzyl . 10-4

o;> A >
eA'l1hm A'l1hm Pe . TJhm
vo'i
hay
A
d2 ·n
4
. 10-2 d V 4nA
A > _-..:Fz,-"yl,---
Pe . l1hm [p] = bar [F] =kN [d] =mm
[A] = em' [1Jhm] =%

Hinh 2: Phep tinh cho xi lanh

Can chu y phuonq trinh dai 1U'Q'ng(khong ghi don vi) & phia ben trar. NgU'ai SLr dung phai killm tra don vi khi
tinh toan, neu sli' dunq SI (don vi tieu chuan qu6c tel thi kh6ng can phai kiem tra 19i. phia phai la phU'O'ng trlnn a
tr] s6 (c6 ghi don vi). Day 103nhCrng phU'O'ng trinh do cac nna che tao dinh truoc, co ghi r6 don vi duoc sli' ounq,
vi ket qua chi chinh xac khi tinh theo don v] d6. Ti€Jp theo can phai chu y rang & m¢t so xi lanh tnuy luc tiet dien
pit t6ng & phia can pit tong (buang xa) nho non phia day cua pit tong (bu6ng nep}.
10
LU'u 1U'Q'ng(tinh theo thll tich) q; phat sinh do su chuyen dQng cua pit tong va t6c dQ cua pit t6ng tinh theo cong
thuc sau day:

A, <A2
Phuonq trinh dai IlJ'Q'ng PhlJ'O'ngtrinh Iri so va qv1 = Qv2
=::> v, > V2
qv = A . v· 10-1

kh6ng ghi don vi

A = d2. 1t • 10-2
4

[d] = mm [A] = ern-

[Q) = Ilmin lvl = m/min

COng can phai chu y, & xi lanh c6 can pit tong chi mot phia (c6 nghTa 103
tiet di$n pit tong & ben tral va ben phal khac nhau) llJ'u 1lJ'Q'ngkhi chay ra
va chay vao khac nhau (Hinh 3). Hinh 3: LLPUILPQ'ngq;
476 10 Ky thu~t diflu khilln

TUy theo each lap dc;it cua xi lanh cong suat thuy Ii)'c ta phai chu y dlln tal trQng uon doc (buckling load), boi
vi nhCl'ng cau [Link] dai va rnanh (thon) c6 khuynh hU'ong bi u6n doc dU'oi tac dunq cua tai do ap suat gay ra.

Cac nha che tao thU'&ng cung cap bi~u do cho nquoi SlY dung, nho nhO>ng bi~u do d6 ta c6 the tinh ra chieu dai
toi da cho phep cua can pit tong, hoec la lU'c xi lanh toi da cho phep noac 18 dU'ong kinh toi thieu cua can pit tong
can thiet, DU'a vao nhO>ng tmong hop uon doc theo EULER, ta c6:
, , ., chieu dili u6n dQc cho phep'" h v I' h Ik
Hanh trlnh Pit tong = h' < h" hl h O<;lC a =- [h] = mm; [lk] = mm; [K] = 1
eso ~uc In K
.) trang trU'ang hop m¢t thanh c6 hai b khop mot d~u c6 djnh va dau kia di d¢ng

H$ s6 hi$u chinh tuy thuoc vao kllt cau cua tal (Hinh 1), trong khi d6 chieu dai u6n d9C (b] u6n cong) tuy thuoc
vao dU'&ng kinh can pit tong.

1_
"NG. M9t xi lanh conq suat thuy lU'c c6 de (chan) gan chat (y ca hai phia va dU'ang kinh can pit tong d = 70 mm
phai chay ra vai lU'c xi lanh F = 80 kN. T<;Iiday tai dlJ'Q'c thiet ke ve mot phia. Hay tinh chieu dai cua quanq
chay pit tong toi da cho phep cho xi lanh nay?
TlI' bieu d6 thich hoop cno xi lanh nay voi IItc xi lanh F = 80 kN va dU'ang kinh can pit tong d = 70 mm, ta
doc dlJ'Q'cchieu dai uon doc cua can pit tong la 3000 mm. Chieu dai nay phai dU'Q'cchinh lai tU'O'ng Lmg voi
loai g~n chat (qa I~p) va each dan tai (bieu do 2).
chay cua pit tong cho phep la 1500 mm.
a
day ta nhan duoc h$ 56 hi$u chinh K = 1. Do d6 quanq

liNGftJ mm.
M9t xi lanh cong suat thuy luc chay ra vai luc F = 10 kN. Hanh trinh pit tong thiet ke can thiet h = 1000
Xi lanh duoc gan co dinh b~ng khop n6i va tai dlJ'Q'c thillt kll 6' mot phia. Hay chon duang kinh cua
can pit tong?
13.,I.g TlI' bieu d6 2 voi loai gan co dinh bilng khop n5i va each dan tai (y mot phia ta c6 h~ so hieu chinh K = 4.
Do d6, xi lanh phai c6 chieu dai u6n doc it nhat (y phia ngoai ta Ik = 4 . h = 4000mm. Qua bieu do voi ll,J'c
F = 10 kN va chieu dai u6n doc (y phia nqoai Ik = 4000 mm ta doc dU'Q'c dU'ang kinh can pit tong 6>giCYa
45 mm va 56 mm. Vi Iy do an toan ta chon dlJ'cmg kinh can pit tong 56 mm.

10000 <, LOlli g<ln ch~t Dlin hU'6>ng He so

hieu
"" <, <, -, 1!~1\L- (gia lap) tai chinh K

<, -, r-, "-

".e- 111'1(770
I
_
r-, "'" 2
<,
-, I"
-.-. -,
/~
.90

<, -EEE13~'(-~ 1.5

5000
I" <e ">0 '-:El, 4
r-,
<,
I"- '" "~ -, r-,
3000 1,5

"~qJ
-. -,
/~

<, '- " '" "I"-

..,. <Y6'
~~~-~
'~
1

"" 3

E
t
.s 1000
-, ,"- '" -e ""
~
~
"-~-,"" -fE9-.-/~
"--~
1

-, r-,I""
o
0
"0
c:
rY6' /~
0,7

<0

"
:(tj
~~~---£C 0.5
"0
'~ 2
" 500

/-u
-QJ
i:
U 0.5

-ES~(~ 0.7
,,~
2

1
/~

~(-oE: 1,5

'~
4
100
1 5 10 50 100 200
F[kW] --

Hinh 1: Bi~u do d~ tinh tlii chju uon doc cua xi lanh cong suat thuy h,pe
 10.6 Ky thuat oiflu khilln bang thuy h,J'c 477

Thong thlJ'cl'ng xi lanh cong suat thuy Il,l'c lam cnuyen

o(lng khoi 1lJ'Q'ngIan voi toc o(l tuonq Crng. Neu xi lanh Vii
co qiarn chan (y vi trl cuol hanh trinh, thi khoi 1lJ'Q'ng lilll luu
nay bi phanh 1<;Ii.8(lng nang lam trl hoan (y oay khong
OlJ'Q'cWQ't qua kha nang giam chan cho phep, Cac
nha che tao cung cap nhfrng billu 00 oll killm tra ell true
giam chan
nhfrng tr] so can phai tuan thu.

Neu toe o(l chuyen djch cua xi lanh cong SU<3tthuy ll,J'c
nho hon 0,1 mIs, thi co ban khong can co giam chan.
Trang pharn vi gifra 0,1 m/s va 0,3 m/s thi giam chan
la can thiet, Nflu toc o(l Ian hon 0,3 m/s phai co giai
phap phu tro (thi du qiarn toe 00 ngay truoc khi dat vi T
tri cuoi), Dung van giai han ap suat co giam chan (y vi
tri cuoi la can thiet (Hinh 1). I
i
i 1-'•......
----.
Dern kin (Hinh 2) quan tronq ooi vai hieu suat cua h$ II
thong thuy Iuc , vi Oem giup tranh lieu hao do dau b]
i L

ro rl. Sl,J' tieu hao do dau ro ri S8 sinh ra tieu hao ap L._.__ ._._.__ ._._._.~
suat va do d6 h~u qua la tieu hao conq suat. NglJ'Cl'i ta
Hinh 1: Giam chan & vi tri cubi
phan bi~t:

• ()~m kin finh bit kin nhfrng thanh phan oCrng yen (co dinh)

• ()~m kin dQng oat gifra nhfrng thanh phan chuyen o(lng

Cho Sl,l' ket noi gifra than xi lanh va oau hay day xi lanh, co nhieu ky thuat OlJ'Q'cap dl,lng tuy theo ap suat van
hanh doi hoi, gia eel va kha nang I~p rap san c6 (Hinh 2).

K€!t n6i giQoa than xi lanh

()~m kin finh ()~m kin dQng
v6>i dau hay day xi lanh

--
yang d(im hinh 0 Yang 0 voi
ranh diln hlJ'ang
Yang d(im kin hinh rnoi K~I n5i do han

10

---K~I noi do vonq day

K{)I n5i do Ihanh giiing (keo)

-
Yang d(im chCPX OE)m kin ep chat

Hinh 2: DE)m kin xi tanh va kE!I noi xi lanh

O(im kin hinh rnai ehe K{)t n5i mat bieh (chan de)
478 10 Ky thuat diE!U khiEm

Trong dQng co xoay (Hinh 1) pit t6ng - tll'O'ng tl)' nhu

xi lanh cong suat thuy Il)'c - chuyen d(>ng do ap suat, RE
Khi ap suat nen tren cong vao A 1, plt t6ng dl chuyen
den v! tri cuoi E2 (khi ap suat nen tren cong van B1,
pit t6ng di chuyen den vi tri cuoi E1), trong do pit t6ng
S8 III quay do ren G2. SI)' chuyen d(>ng tlnh tien/quay
(vua tinh tien vLra quay) nay cua pit t6ng duoc bien
doi thanh mot chuyen d(>ng quay phu tro tren true dan
d(>ng W qua ren xoan nhieu d~u moi. Do hai ren G1 KM
va G2 chay nquoc chieu nhau nen hanh trinh don pit
t6ng duoc bien doi tnanh chuyen dong g6c kep (hai
chieu), Vi trl 0 (trung tinh) cua true dan dQng co the
dU'Q'Chieu chinh rieng biet qua vi$c nha vlt S1.

Neu buong ctura pit t6ng dtro'c d$m kin tot thi dong
Hinh 1: DQng coo xoay
CO' xoay co thiJ duy trl (giO>lai) (y b~t CLYvi trl trung gian
nao khi co tal. Phfm d6ng cac nha che tao cung LYng
thiet b] voi nhO>ng qoc xoay theo lieu chuan nhu 900,
1800, 2700 va 3600. NhO>ng g6c quay khac voi nhO>ng
tr] so tren, c6 th~ dat duoc khi thay d6i chieu dai thiet
ke chuan. Qua do, gia tr] qoc quay ke tiep S9 dat lon
hon g6c quay chuan va pharn vi hanh trinh pit t6ng
mong muon b] qiarn theo qoc xoay.

£long CO' xoay duoc thiet ke & noi nao co tai lon din
phai xoay (Hinh 2).

£>6i chieu Truyen d6ng

Khi lu'c quan tfnh lon, dong co xoay dU'Q'c thiet ke voi
giam chan (y vi tri cuoi (Hinh 3) Ngay truoc khi dat t&i
vi tri cuoi, pit t6ng d6ng Ian 1U'Q'tcac 10 thoat, Khi tat
ca 10 thoat da dU'O'c d6ng lai, chat long thuy Ii,pc chl c6
th@ cnay ra qua 10 thoat Q voi vit tiet luu c6 the hi$u
chinh dU'Q'c.

Trong cau tao tieu chuan can co mot do h& (do ro) loi
thieu gio>a hai ren chay nquoc nhau (G1 va G2). Mot
pit t6ng kep thuy Il)'c kep lai, sac cho phan ren dll'Q'C
U6n cong Quay, djnh vi. gifr
gan van G1 va G2. Do do, & moi noi khi co chi liel
ngU'O'c nhau do h& duoc loai bo.

o
R T§m ban gi\n cac dau nOi

OM .

Dan tot, d6i chieu

Mo, d6ng Xoay, quay

Hinh 3: Giam chan vi tri cubi Hinh 2: NhO>ng (vng dl,mg

 10.6 Ky thuat dieu khien bang tnuy h),c 479

1. Hay cho bi€!t t<;lisac toc do chay ra cua xi lanh danq kinh vien vonq kh6ng diroc co djnh trang suot hanh
trinh pit tong? Hay ve bieu do nquyen tac tee do-hc'mhtrinh?

2. Hay giai thich each van hanh cua dong CO'xoay?

3. Hay giai thich bieu d6 v-s (t6c do - dean dU'Cl'ngdi chuyen) khi co qiarn chan a vi tri cuol?
4. Hay giai thich nquyen tac ve chuc nang cua bo chuyen doi ap suat, Hay tim ki€!m (thi du thu vien nha a
trU'Cl'nghay qua internet) bo chuyen doi nay cua mot nha che tao va trinh bay thi du ve each tinh toan thiet
ke cho thiet b] nay?

5. Hay giai thich Sl)' khac biet giiYa hi;!dan dong voi born c6 lU'u 1U'Q'ngco dlnh va hi;! dan dong vol born c6 lU'u
1Ll'Q'nghi$u chinh dU'Q'c?

6. Mot dOng CO'di$n voi hi$u suat 90% co cong suat tieu thu (nhan vao)
0,8 kW tli manq di$n. Dong CO'nay truyen dong cho mot born thuy
Il,J'cc6 hieu suat 87%.
a. Conq suat do born thuy Il,J'c(dau) phat ra lei bao nhieu?
b. a
LU'u 1U'Q'ng 60 bar la bao nhieu?

7. Hay giai thich khai ni$m ve hi$n tU'Q'ngkhi xarn thuc (SI,J'tao bot)?

8. Mot born banh rang co kich thuoc banh rang nrur sau: Bu6ng ep
Dung tU'Q'ng cung cap a
khoang
So rang Z1 = Z2 = 12; rno dun m = 3 mm tr6ng giO>ahai rang (g8n dung)
Be rong cua banh rang b = 18 mm; toe do quay n = 1600 1/min
a. LU'u 1U'Q'nggan dung la bao nhieu (Hinh 1)?
Vges'" Vz . Z

b. [Link] 1U'Q'ng
chinh xac la bao nhleu?
V =b . n . a (dk - a)
dk = dU'Cl'ngkinh a vonq dinh rang; a = khoanq each hai true
9. Hay giai thich v~ each noat dong cua xi lanh diflc biet trong Bang 1, Hinh 1
trang 474. Hay thi€!t ke mot rnach di$n thich hop?

10. Hay chuyen phtronq trinh dai IU'O'ngc6 don vi SI trang chuonq a
nay thanh phLl'O'ngtrinh tr! so trang viec tinh toan xi lanh va hay chi
cho biet he so chuyen doi la dung.

11. Mot xi lanh cong suat thuy Il,J'cvoi mat bich gan chat phia truoc va a 10
dU'Cl'ngkinh cua can pit tong d = 56 mm phai chay ra voi mot Il,J'cxi
lanh 30 kN. a
day tal phai tac dong ve mot phia. Hay cho biet chi~u
dai quang chay t6i da cho phep cua xi lanh nay?

12. Mot xi lanh cong suat thuy Il,J'cchay ra voi Il,l'cxi lanh 20 kN. Quang
chay thiet ke can thiet h = 500 mm. Xi lanh dU'Q'cgan chat voi mat
bich phia sau va tai tac dong ve mot phia. Hay tinh Il,l'cxi lanh toi da
khi dU'Cl'ngkinh cua can pit tOng la d = 56 mm?

13. Cho mot born thuy luc hU'ang true (Hinh 2) co nhCl'ngtri s6 sau: a
Tong so pit tong i = 9
Ap suat Pe = 50 bar; toc do quay n = 1400 min'.
Quang
LU'u 1U'Q'ngqv = 1500 I/min va hieu suat 80% chay S

a) Hay cho biet cong suat di VaGborn thuy Il,l'ctli dong co di$n la Xi tanh

bao nhieu?
G6c xoay a Phia hut
b) Hay cho biet goc quay a can thiet khi dU'Crngkinh vonq tron qua
tam cac 10khoan dL = 140 mm? Hinh 2:
480 10 Ky thu~t di~u khi~n

10.6.5 Van thuy life

Van trong h$ thong thuy Il,l'c duo'c SLr dunq de dieu

khien cac dong chay nang 1U'Q'ng. Nqoai ra, van con
dieu khien hay 6ieu chinh ap suat, hru 1U'Q'ng(qua 60
18 lU'u toe) va hU'ang di cnuyen cua chat 16ng thuy Il,l'c.
NgU'ai ta phan biet 4 loai van (Hinh 1) tuy theo nhlern
vu 6 ben trong pharn vi cua h$ thong thuy Il,.I'c.
Hinh 1: TAng quan vtt van thuy h,rc
[Link] Van dan hU'ang

Van dan hU'ang dieu khien chleu di cnuyen cua chat

cnzl IXI: :i! II

long thuy luc (tao ap suat), chan hay thay d6i dU'ang
dan thuy luc. Qua d6, van di\n hU'ang anh hU'ang 6i'm
chieu chuyen d¢ng va dinh vi cua cac co c8U Van hanh,
p P T P T
Van bien d6i hay khuech d~i nhO>ng tin hieu (dien, khi
Van diln hLPong Van dan hU'o>n9 Van dan hLP60ng
nen hay tac d¢ng b~ng tay) va noi ket giao di$n nhU'
2/2 3/2 4/3
mot CO'cau lac dong (tac chinh) giCi'a phan tin hi$u va
phan conq suat trong mot h$ thong di~u khien. Van dan hLl'ci'ng 4/2
P c6ng n6i ap suat
T C6ng n6i binh ctura
Ky hieu van dan hU'ang theo tieu chuan DIN ISO 1219 A, B C6ng n6i 6ng d€ln lam vi$c S6c6ng n6i ~
- tac d¢ng giong nhIP trong dieu khien khi nen - g6m L C6ng n6i dau ro ri
X, Y C6ng n6i dU'ang di~u khilln
se vi trl
thong tin ve c6ng noi (dau nOi) va cac vi tri chuyen chuyen m~ch
rnach (Hinh 2).

NhO>ng I$nh chuyen rnacn t(Y ben ngoai (gOi la kich Hinh 2: cac ten 99i cho van dan hU'o>ng

hoat hay thao tac) dan van den nhO>ng vi tri chuyen
rnach khac nhau. Sl,l' chon Il,l'a cac lo~i tac d¢ng
(Bang 1) dU'Q'Cxep d$t theo nhiern vu cua van d~tn hU'ang. TU'O'ng ll'ng voi nhCi'ng doi hoi thuc te, cac nha che
tao cung ll'ng rat nhieu loai van vai thao tac tU'O'ng lmg.

Ben canh nhCmg van d~n hU'ang nh] phan lu6n IUDn c6 so vi tri chuysn rnach 18 mot so
nguyen, con c6 nhCYng
van dan hU'ang hoat d¢ng lien tuc, gOi 18 van ty I~ hay van servo (van tro GOng), co nhieu vi tri chuyen rnach
trung gian bat kY. a
day khonq de cap den nhO>ng van nay.

Bang 1: Van dan hU'ang va SI!' thao tac

Van dan hu>[Link] Thao tac

-r
&:[
Di~u khien bang tay, t6ng quat

Di~u khi~n bang tay don voi

c6 khac dinh vi lam vau ham

-r Ch6t d~y con Ian

Fe
-.--[
rn --t>-[
Thuyll,J'c

Khinen

cz:[ £lien tif

IXI: :1111IXIHIIII IXI91111 IXIPTI! II

1lP Keo v13bang 16xo va di$n t(P

Keo v~ vi tri trung tam biing 16

~ ~ xo va dien t(P
II 11~IXIIRISI! II IXI~II! 1I c:z::E::[: Di~u Khien pnu tro, dieu khien
bang dien, thao tac bang thuy II,i'C
 10.6 Ky thuat di€lu khi§n bang thuy ll,J'c 481

TUy theo cau tao ta chia van dan hLl'ang thanh van nang (con goi 103van d§ tua c6 chuyen dong thang dLrng),
va van truot (vay ong cuon, van day), trong d6 van truot li,li duoc chia nh6 thanh van truot theo chieu doc va
van truot quay (Hinh 1).

a) Van n€mg b) Van truot theo chieu d9C c) Van truot quay

Hinh 1: NhiJ>ng 10,,; du tao van dan hU'Qong

NhO>ng phan hi d~m kin (dau xi lanh) trong van nang (Hinh 1a) 103hinh con, hinh cau hoac dTa. Van nanq nho
c8U t(;10cua no co th~ d6ng hoac rno t5i da 3 dLl'6'ng di chuyen thuy luc. Bai th€!, khi van nanq di~u khi~n hon 3
dLl'ang thi phai do nhieu phan tll> di~u khien ghep chung vo'i nhau.

Trang van trU'Q't doc true (Hinh 1 b) thanh truot van (pit tong cua van) voi nhieu dLl'ang kinh khac nhau cnuyen
dong trang mot than may voi nhieu ranh vonq. Tuy theo vi tri cua thanh tnrot, nhi~u k§t n5i logic knac nhau gio>a
cac cac cong (dau) noi cho phep hLl'ang chay thuy ll,J'c rno hay dong.

Trang van truot doc true, nhieu hLl'ang luu thong c6

Bang 1: So sanh van nang va van tnrot
th~ dLl'Q'c tao ra trang cling mot vo may, 6' do cac danq
hinh hac cua thanh tnrot duoc dbi khac (Hinh 2). £)i~u
nay lam gia thanh che tao giam xuonq.
_ .•...._ ..• Nguyen tac van ntmg

Dong dau cnay ro ri see kin bang dern

Trang van trU'c;>1quay (Hinh 1c), mot (hay nhieu) pit D~ nhi~m bui Kh6ng nhiern bui
tong quay trang mot 10 trong than may va tuy theo vi tri cau t(;10con gian voi van Cflu tao phirc tap voi van
cho phep rno hay d6ng dong chay thuy luc. nhi~u vi tri nhieu vi tri
Ap suat cuoc can bang Phai tao Sl)' can bang ap
Bang 1 trinh bay 51)' so sanh giCPa nquyen tac van suat
nang va van tnrot. £)U'cmg tac dOng dal £)U'6'ng tac dong ngan

10

a TAP B
fIJ TAP

.
B
IXISlf II

- TAP B
IXIHlf II
- TAP
%
B
/
IXI%lf II

- TAP

Hinh 3: Nhil'ng
B
IXIHlt II
loal van tnrot diEm khii!n
1m} TAP B
482 10 Ky thu~t dillu khiEm

Mot d<;li1lJ'Q'ngd~c trlJ'ng quan tronq & trang van truot

a) dlJ'O'ng b)am c) 0
113dq che lap (che phu) pit tong (mep (Iifw khit§n)
(Hinh 1). Ben canh rnuc dau b] ro rl, sl,/' che lap nay
xac dinh chu yeu tinh nang chuyen rnach cua van.
Trong sl! che lap pit tong dlJ'O'ng (rnep dieu khien
duonq) (Hinh 2a) khi van chuyen rnach (thay deSivi
tri), tat ca dau n6i (cong van) b] ngan chan I~n nhau
trong thai gian ng~n Do d6, ap suat khong b] gien
dean, nhunq se hinh thanh ap suat dlnh, cau tao ap >0 < 0
suat tang dot ngot va tac dong rnanh VaG nhCi'ng CO'
cau van hanh dang neat dong. Hinh 1: S\l' che lAp pit tCing

Trong 51! che lap pit tong am (rnep di,§u khien am)
(Hinh 2b) khi van thay d6i chuyen mach, tat ca c6ng
van (dau noi) duoc thong voi nhau trang thai gian
ng~n. Di,§u nay gay ra hi;lu qua 113
ap suat b] sut trong
0 [XII] 0 [XII]
thai gian ng~n. Cho nen tai co the di chuyen trang khi
thay d6i chuyen rnach. NhlJ'ng khong hinh thanh ap ~
t t
,......--.,
j.c-.r]
suat dinh va khong co va cham chuyen rnach khi thay
dbi vi tri.
I
~I_rJ
I
lj'
I
I
L _ J
I
I

SI! che lap pit tong b~ng 0 (rnep dieu khien 0) rat
quan tronq cho nhCi'ngchuyen macn nhanh va doan
dlJ'ang chuyen rnach ng,fln. Khi mo> truoc ap suilt
(0 rn 0 rn
(Hinh 2c) thi dau tien born va dlJ'ang 6ng d2ln VaG
phal n6i nhau, truoc khi rno dlJ'ang 6ng n6i vao binh t t
chua. Mo>truoc luc xa (Hinh 2d) thi truoc tlen dlJ'ang
6ng n6i cua CO' cau van hanh n6i VaGbinh chtra phai
~

r:
I
I
L _:rJ
I
I
rr-r
~
I
I
L"!_ J
I
I

khong c6 tai, tnrcc khi dlJ'ang 6ng dan va born n6i

voi nhau. Hinh 2: Nhiing 5\l' che loip pit tong khac nhau

Hinh 3a trinh bay Sl,l'che lap pit tong am trang thi du van dan hlJ'O'ng3/2. Dong chay Ili c6ng P den c6ng A da
mo, rnac du 51,1' nfli giCraA va T con ho: Cho non tat ca cac cong noi ket vO'inhau.
dl.J'Q'c a
vi tri cuoi nann trinh,
dong chay lev cong P dEJnc6ng A rno va dong chay tevA den T d6ng. Qua d6, viec thay d6i vi tri cnuyan rnach
khong b] qua tai va t1;10ra ao suat tang (kh6ng nhay vet) nen vi$c kh&i dong se em.
Trong Hinh 3b c6ng n6i Ili P den A truoc tien dlJ'Q'cmo. khi dong chay !ii A den T b] d6ng. H$u qua la ap suat
tac dQng ngay I$p tuc tren xi lanh (su' kh&i dQng S8 kh6 khan).

a) 51,1' che I§p am b) 51,1' che I§p duonq

Hinh 3: S\l' che loip am va dU'O'ng khi pit tong kh6>i dQng

1. Hay ghi ky hi$u tat ca than cua van trang Hinh 2, Trang 481 theo tieu chuan DIN ISO 1219 va hay giai thich
nquyen t~c hoat dong cho moi kieu?
2. Hay V8 nhCi'ngky hieu rnach theo DIN ISO 1219 cho van trang Hinh 1, Trang 481. Hay tim kiern - thi du
trsn rnanq - mot van dan hlJ'ang 4/3 van hanh nhlJ' mot van truot (day) quay.
 10.6 Ky thuat dieu khi§n bang thuy Il,l'C 483

[Link] Van ap suat

Van ap suat trong h$ thong thuy Il,l'Cc6 nhiern vu hi$u chlnh ap suat cho
C8 hay mot phan h$ thong. Trong loai van nay, hru 1U'Q'ngchat long dU'Q'c
dan trong khe h& hep va b] ti~t luu tal day. Qua d6, Sl,l'chenh I$ch ap
suat duoc hinh thanh & truoc va sau vi trl tiet luu, Tuy theo loai cau tao,
nhCmg van nay c6 nhCPngnhiem VI,Ikhac nhau trong h~ th5ng thuy luc
(Hinh 1).
Hinh 1: T6ng quan ve van ap suAt
Van gi60i han ap suat (VGHAS) d6ng trong tranq thai tTnh (Hinh 2). Khi
Il,l'ctao & ng6 VaGdo ap suat tac dl,lng len ti€lt di$n van Ian hon luc tac
dunq nquoc cua 10xo, thi van S9 rno va chat 16ng thuy luc di v§ binh Van nfmg Van truot
chua. Vi Il,l'c 10xo hi$u chlnh duoc, do d6 ap suat lam van rno cOng c6
th§ thay doi. NhCJ'ngvan giai han ap suat (VGHAS) dU'Q'cSlYdunq nhu'
van an toan, hay nhu van can (van d6i ap suat) ch6ng ap suat nqucc
(tac dunq ngU'Q'cvai quan tinh cua kh6i 1U'Q'ngkhi keo tail hay nhv van
ham (nqan chan ap suat dinh do ll,J'cquan tinh cua khoi 1U'Q'ngkhi van
dan hU'ang khi b] chan). f)§ tranh nhCJ'ngdao dong do ap suat, pit t6ng
giam chan hay ti~t luu thuonq duoc thiet ke trong van giai han ap suat.

Trang Hinh 3a ap suat CI,l'Cdai cho phep duoc hinh thanh trang chu
Hinh 2: Van gi&i han ap suat
trinh thuy luc, khi xi lanh dat duoc vi tri cu6i 6' phia truoc hay phia sau.

b) c)

1,-' j,-'
j' j'
L._._._._._._._._.~ L._._._._._._._._.~
Hinh 3: lrng dunq cua van gi&i han ap suAt
10
N~u ap suat nay dat dU'Q'c,van gi6'i han ap suat VGHAS1 rno ra va t~t ca tuu 1U'Q'ngchay ve binh chtra. Van
gi6'i han ap suat VGHAS2 trang cac tram cung cap ap suat 103 mot van an toan, n6 xac dinh ap suat t6i da trang
tram tao ap suat. Van giai han ap suat VGHAS1 trang h~ th6ng lu6n lu6n dieu chinh & mot ap suat thap hon
(thi dl,l110 bar), so voi ap suat cua van giai han ap suat VGHAS 2 trong tram cung cap khi nen (thi dl,l120 bar).

Trong rnach Hinh 3b, van dan hU'6'ng4/3 tuc chay ra b] chuyen rnach dot ngot & vi tri trung tam, thi S9 phat sinh
mot Ii,l'cquan tinh do kh6i 1U'Q'ngm, Il,l'cquan tinh nay tao ra mot ap suat tuonq IYng Ian & phia X8 cua pit t6ng.
f)§ nqan chan ap suat dinh nay, van giai han ap suat VGHAS1 phai dU'Q'cthiet k~ d§ mo dU'6'ng 6ng di!in n5i
vei binh chua, khi "ap suat dinh t6i da" hi~u chinh dat diroc (thi du 150 bar) va do d6 loai bo dU'Q'cap suat gay
nguy hi§m. Van giai han ap suat VGHAS2 giam sat ap suat t6i da trong tram cung cap khi nen (thi du 120 bar).

Trang Hinh 3c khoi 1U'Q'ngm khi chay ra tao them luc, Il,l'cnay keo pit t6ng ve phia truoc cua vi tri cuoi, Qua van
gi6'i han ap suat VGHAS1 mot ap suat ngU'Q'cdU'Q'ctao ra (& day ta 15 bar) & phia xa cua xi lanh, d§ nqan ngCJ'a
chuyen di,ing kh6ng kiem soat, Tuy nhien vuot kh6i ap suat ngU'Q'cnay c6 nghTa la phai tleu hao c6ng suat. Khi
xi lanh chay vao, dong thuy tuc cua van giai han ap suat VGHAS1 c6 th§ di vonq qua van mot chieu (van mot
chieu), Van gi6'i han ap suat VGHAS2 dieu chinh ap suat t6i da cua tram cung cap khi nen (120 bar) va van gi6'i
han ap suat VGHAS3 xac djnh ap suat t6i da cua he th6ng (110 bar).
484 10 Ky thu~t dieu khil!n

Van giam ap VGA rno trong tranq thai tTnh (khonq chay) (Hinh 1). Ap
a
SU<3t sau xi lanh se duoc do qua dU'ong do dac, 86 ta ap suat ep len £)U'angdieuk~en
mat d~u cua thanh truot. Khi h,Pcnen Ian hori luc 16xo duoc hi~u chlnh,
Cho nen van nay lam qiam ap suat a ngo vao, tuy theo
van S9 d6ng 1<;Ii.
~fr-:""""""'p""""""?1
ap suat da dU'Q'chi~u chinh truoc a
ngo ra. Van giam ap thU'ong dU'Q'c
ky hieu nhv van dieu ap. ~ L

Ap suat ng6 ra dU'Q'cbiet tai mat d~u cua pit tong qua dU'ong dieu khien.
T<;Iiday, ap suat nay tao ra mot Ii,l'c chong lai Ii,l'c 10xo. Khi Ii,l'c ap suat
VU'Q'1qua Ii,l'C10XO, thi van b~l d~u d6ng 1<;Ii. a
Qua d6, ap suat phia ng6
ra b] giam, cho nen Il)'c do ap su~l lac dl,mg len pit tong di~u khi€m cOng
giam xuong va lam van lai mo ra. Ap suat a ng6 ra c6 the chlnh dU'Q'c
qua luc 10XO. Hinh 1: Vangiam ap

Van giam ap dU'Q'Cthiet ke trong mot h~ thong can phai c6 nhieu ap suat khac nhau. Trong Hinh 2a dong co thuy
Il,J'CVan hanh voi ap suat cua h$ thong (thi du 120 bar), duoc hi$u chlnh qua van giai hen ap suat VGHAS2. Khi
a
chay vim, van giam ap VGA3 hieu chinh (thi du 80 bar) lam giam ll,J'ccua xi lanh vi tri cuoi phia sau. Khi van
giam ap VGA3 d6ng lei se tao ra dao dong ll,J'cdo ll,J'cFzuglam gia tang ap suat kh6ng mong muon ng6 ra A. a
Nho thiet ke them mot van giai nan ap suat VGHAS4 (Hinh 2b) Sl,J'tang ap suat c6 the bj tieu tnr. Mot kha nang
giai quyet tiep theo de tranh Sl,J'tang ap suat la stYdunq van dieu ap - 3 dU'ong (Hinh 2c).

Hinh 2: Giam ap swit

Van dieu khien trinh tl,l' bang ap suat (con gOi van (lieu ap tuan tl,l')
d6ng trong tranq thai tTnh (khong chay). Duoc phan biet thanh hai loai
cau tao sau day:

Trang van dieu khien (y trong (con gOi la van ap suat tl,l' dieu khien)
a
(Hinh 3a) ap suat ngo ra A tac dung len pit 16ng, ap suat nay 59 dU'Q'C
niing len, khi ap suat Ian hon ll,J'cdo 10xo chinh tnroc va dlly pit tong
sang phai cho phep dong chay tll>A den B. A

Trong van dieu khien (y nqoal (Hinh 3b) ap suat dieu khien duoc nhan
a
tLP rnach thuy Il)'c khac nqoai, Tai day, khi Il,J'Cdo ap suat hieu chlnh dat
dU'Q'c,cho phep dong chay thong tll>A den B. NgU'oi ta tan dung dieu nay,
de sau buoc d~u tien thuc hi~n nhQ>ngbuoc ke tiep (dieu khilln tuan tu), b) B L

Hinh 3: Van<lieukhien trinh tl,l'bang lip

suat
 10.6 Ky thuat dieu khien bang thuy luc 485

Van ngat ap suat b] d6ng khi & vi tri tTnh (kh6ng chay)
va khi ap suat dat dU'Q'c tr] s6 da hieu chinh truoc, van
ngat nay lam dong chay di chuyen kh6ng co ap suat
dU' (Pe = 0, bang sp su§t khf quy~n NO) v{; blnh chua
nhien lieu. V{; ky thuat thiet bi co thiet ke mot van tuan
tV' di{;u khien tCPnqoai, tal d6 ngo ra A dU'Q'c n6i voi
6ng dan bon chtra (Hinh 3, Trang 484). BO'm ap suat

lID
th~p de tro giup ch<fIt 16ng kh6ng co ap suat di chuyen
v€Jbinh chua, khi ap suat cua h$ th6ng d;;11duoc tr] s6
I
hieu chinh da dinh san Hinh 1. I
I
I
I
x
I

Van ngat ap suat cOng nhu van chuol tuan tV' deu c6 I
I
T L
I
ranh thoat dau ro ri & ben trong hay & nqoai, I
~---------------, I
I
I
I
[Link] Van lU'u 1U'Q'ng va van ch~n ltru
1U'Q'ng

Van luu 1U'Q'ng dU'Q'c Slf dl)ng khi giam thieu t6c d9
cua xi lanh hay s6 vonq quay cua d9ng co. Ca hai Hinh 1: Van ngat ap suat
d~c diem nay, m6i khi t6c do bi giam thieu deu tuy
tnuoc vao lU'u 1U'Q'ng tuonq LPng. SV' giam thieu tiet
Kh~u dQ d\lng vang TiI~t luu d~ng kim
dien dong chay trong van luu 1U'Q'nglac dl)ng lam tang
ap suat truoc van.

Ve thiet ke ngU'&i ta chia van luu 1U'Q'ng thanh van

khau dQ (van chinh dong bang nap chan) va van Kh6ng tuy thuoc dQ nhot Tuy thuoc nhieu vao
ti~t hru (Hinh 2). Van khau dQ kh6ng tuy thuoc dQ kh6ng hi~u chlnh dlJ'Q'c dQ nhot
nhot (dQ nhot) nhunq khi che tao gia thanh cao. gia ca rat hop Iy hieu chlnh duo'c
gia rat hop Iy

Dll tao ap suat boom co dung tich chuyen tai 6n dinh Tiet IlJ'Ud,mQ xoan oe Tillt IlJ'U d~ng tam giac
(xem rnuc 10.6.3), van gi&i han ap suat VGHAS gan
truoc van luu 1U'Q'ng, van nay m& do ap suat tang
va nhien li$u th~ng du cua born chay v{; bon chua
(Hinh 3). SI,J'thay d6i tai do tieu thu dan den viec dao
dQng ap suat va do d6 co SI,J'lhay d6i v{; dQ sai biet ap
suat truoc va sau van tiet luu. Vi vf)y luu 1U'Q'ngtheo Kh6ng tuy thuoc do nhot Tuy tnuoc vao do nhot
the tich den noi lieu thu thay d6i va t6c dQ cOng thay hi~u chinh duoc hi~u chlnh dlJ'Q'c
d6i theo. gi<i dM gia hop Iy

Hinh 2: Cac loai tillt llJ'u

Van tiet lu'u kh6ng thich hop cho viec hi$u chinh luu 10
1U'Q'ng6n dinh khi tai tV' thay d6i. aborn hieu chinh
duo'c, dQ sai biet ap suat hinh thanh tal van lU'u 1U'Q'ng
co the true tiep chuyen ve born de dieu chlnh luu
1U'Q'ng.
Van tiet llJ'u

P2
Khi ta yeu cau lU'u 1U'Q'ng (dung tich chuyen tail phai
(thay d6i)
kh6ng thay d6i rnac du tai thay doi, thi van dieu chinh
lU'u 1U'(;mg dU'Q'c Slf dl)ng (Hinh 1, Trang 486). Van
nay co mot bQ can bang ap suat (con 99i la bQ tiet lU'u
dieu chinh), bQ can bang gili' dQ chenh I$ch ap suat
=
IJ.p P1 - P2 c6 djnh do mot khau dO c6 the hi$u chinh
duoc. BQ can bang ap suat ep len phia cac mat dau
c6 dien tich gi6ng nhau v&i ap suat P1 (truce tiet luu)
va P2 (sau tiet luu). Vi P2 nho non P1, bo can bang ap P,
suat & phia P2 phai duo'c h6 tro nho Il,J'ccua 16 xo, de
co tranq thai can bang II,J'Ctac dunq.
(kh6ng thay d6i)
t Pv. born

Hinh 3: Tillt llJ'u

486 10 Ky thuat dieu khi~n

Ap suat P3 tang do tai dao d(lng, do d6 ap suat P2 cOng

tang. Cho nen do chenh I~ch ap suat .tJ.p cOng thay
doi trang thai gian ngiin. Vi Sl,.!'can bang II,.!'Ctac dunq
(tronq luonq) cua bo can bang ap suat thay doi (F2 >
F1), cho nen van se rno va keo dai cho d~n khi nao lay
li;1i dlJ'Q'C 51,.!'can bang II,.!'Ctac dunq hay 113dQ chenh F,
I
lech ap suat .tJ.p tro v~ tr] 56 ban dau cua n6. I
I
I
I
I

:: IIv'"an
Ap suat P3 giam xu6ng a ng5 ra, thi dO chenh I$ch ap
_ J I han
910'1
"-'(),O,- .•.......•
/-"--"--''-¥-.J
[Link].p cOng nho hon. Do d6 F2 phai nhe non F1 va b(l
can bang ap suat S8 lam nho lai luu 1lJ'Q'ng (cua chat
16ng thuy luc) cho den khi Sl,.!'can bang II,.!'Ctac dunq
i.._.
-
._.--.i ap suat

p,- P2= tlp

tro lai va do chenh I~ch ap suat tJ.p co tr] s6 ban dau
cua n6. ChLPC nang tl,.!'di~u chinh cOng xay ra, khi ap
suat thay doi a ng5 vao. Hinh 1: BQ can bang ap suat

Van chan c6 kha nang lam d6ng chay thuy Il,.!'c luu thong mot chieu va
nqan can su luu thong (y chieu nquoc lai. Vi van phai d6ng lai, oau ro ri
chay ra nsn van danq nang de tua phai dU'Q'Ccau tao theo loai van d<;lng
con, van cau, van 6ng hay van dTa.

MQt hinh thtrc thuc hien don qian la van mQt chi~u ch~n tre,. ve (Hinh 3)
thi du nhu born bi dan dong do tai giam xuonq (Hinh 3a). Mot lanh vue
LPng dl,lng tiep theo la van hut sau (tre) a
may ep (Hinh 3b) va van chan Hinh 2: Van mQt chieu

cho dU'ang di vonq cua bo loc bi chet ban (Hinh 3c va 3e). NhCmg loal
van nay dU'Q'c thiet ke trang chu trinh kin khi cung cap nhien lieu (Hinh
3d). Thong thlJ'ang mot xi lanh khi b] tai ben nqoai tac dong co the khong
giO> ducc v] tri co dlnh a
giO>a cua van dan hlJ'&ng 5/3. R6 ri trang van
cOng khien xi lanh djch chuyen mot it.

Van mot chieu chan tre,. v~ c6 the thao chan de tranh duoc SU' dich
chuyen cham chap '(Hinh 4a). Van nay cho phep dong chay luu 'th6ng
mot phia tiJoA den B va chan luu thong tiJoB sang A. Van c6 them mot dau
noi (cua van) di~u khien, nho d6 ma van co the mo chan, de cho dong
chay di chuyen nglJ'Q'c 1<;Ii.

Neu c6 yeu cau ngan can rnach tieu thu (y ca hai chieu chuyen dOng, thi
ta sUodl,Jng van mot chieu dieu khien duoc hlJ'cYng chan kep (Hinh 4b).
Hinh 3: NhiPng lrng dl,lng

al

Hinh 4: Van tr6> v~ co th~ rno knoa dU'Q'c

 10.6 Ky thuat dieu khien bang thuy IItc 487

Trang van tiet lU'u mQt chieu (chan tra vel (Hinh 1) dang chay cua
chat long thuy IItc hi A sang B b] tiet hru, Qua d6 luu 1U'Q'ngden phan tlY
lam viec b] giam va do d6 t6c do di chuyen cOng giam bat di. Trong chieu
nquoc hi (8 sang A) kh6ng c6 tiet luu; nen van cho phep chat long tl,J'do
di chuyen qua ca toan phan tiet dien.

[Link] Cac phu tung

Ong rnern hay 6ng clYng d§n chat long thuy Il,J'Cva nOi nhCmg cum thiet
b] thuy h,l'c IQi voi nhau. £)e gill' cho luu 1U'Q'ngtieu hao canq it cang tot,
luu toe (toe dQ dong chay) kh6ng duoc VU'Q'tqua tr] so xac dinh (Bang 1).
Hinh 1:Van tiet 11I'u chan tra ve
Phuonq trinh lien tuc rno ta Sl,J'lien h~ giCPa luu 1U'Q'ngtheo the tich qv
va luu toe v.

[qvl = m3/s; [A] =m2; lvl = m/s

Bang 1: T9c de? lU'u 1U'<?,ng
toi da

Tu> d6 suy ra lu'u toc cho phep den 50 bar ap sua! van hanh: 4,0 m/s
den 100 bar ap suat v~n hanh: 4,5 m/s
v= qv .102 den 150 bar ap sua! van hanh: 5,0 m/s
(Phuonq trinh theo tri s6 ghi don vi)
6·d2 .~ den 200 bar ap suat van hanh: 5,5 m/s
4 den 300 bar ap sua! van hanh: 6,0 m/s

[d] = mm; [qvl = l/minl: lvl = m/s

Ong rnem c6 tinh linh hoat, dac biet SlY dunq de n6i giCPanhCrng may m6c
Phan phu Ph~n chiu Lei
phai di chuyen (Hinh 2). Loi 6ng rnern duoc cau tao g6m c6 neoprene,
nqoai ap sua!
cao su tong hop hay teflon, 1O'pchiu ap suat la lap dan bang day kim IOQi
vet/hay polyester hay rayon. Lap dan (det) c6 the c6 nhieu lap. Phia phu
nqoai diroc lam bang vat li$u ch6ng rnai man (thi du cao su). Sl,J' ket nOi
d€ln nhung thiet b] dU'Q'G che tao qua nhung phu tung (y cuol 6ng mern
(Hinh 3). NhCPng ong mern duoc nOi vai phu tung hay noi vol nhau qua
Hinh 2: On9 mem thuy h,l'c
ghep nOi ren (bat vit) hay bO Iy hop khop nOi nhanh. Theo DIN 24950
ngU'ai ta phan biet cac dau nOi: ren van, ong cunq, khop nOi bich, vonq,
bO Iy hop va vanh dai.

Khi thiet ke ong Cll'ng can phai chu y SlY dunq dung dO dai, de 6ng rnern
khonq b] keo va ban kinh u6n phai du 1O'n(Hinh 4).

10
Phan cuoi ong clrng
sai

r~

dung
8ai OCnOi

dung

Hinh 4: Llip nip on9 mem thuy h,l'c Hinh 3: Ph", tung ong mem (phan noi
6n9 mem)
488 10 Ky thu~t dil!u khien

Ap suat cho
£)€! Sl)' k~t noi cLrng chac, khi SLrdl,mg 6ng dan phai tuan thu that chinh xac lieu chuan DIN 2391.
phep dLYQ'cxac djnh (Bang 1) phu thuoc vao Il)'c tac dl,mg tren thanh 6ng theo DIN 2445. day, ben earth ap a
suat djnh rnuc Pnom con cho biet ap suat cho phep t6i da Pmax. Ap suat lam va vao khocing 2 den 3 Ian ap suat
danh nghTa.

Bang 1: Ap suat trong ong thuy hyc

Pnom = 100 bar Pnom = 160 bar Pnom = 250 bar Pnom = 320 bar
Pm ax = 145 bar Pm ax = 205 bar Pmax = 295 bar Pm ex = 365 bar
0 0 5 0 5 0 S 0
6 6 6 6
8 8 8 1,5 8 1,5 8 2
10 10 10 1,5 10 1,5 10 2
12 12 1,5 12 2 12 2 12 2,5
16 1,5 16 1,5 16 2 16 2,5 16 3
20 1,5 20 2 20 2,5 20 3 20 4
25 2 25 2,5 25 3 25 4 25 5
30 2,5 30 3 30 4 30 5 30 6
38 3 38 4 38 5 38 6 38 8
50 4 50 5 50 6 50 8 50 10

Vi$c k~t n6i c6 djnh giCfa cac ong cLrng voi cum thiet
b] thuy luc con co nhieu quy tac ve thiet ke (Hinh 1a
d~n 1d). Neu can ket noi giCl'amot bO phan dLrng yen
vai mot bo phan quay dLYQ'cyeu cau, thi ket noi xoay
dLl'Q'cSLrdl,lng (Hinh 1e). Neu nhCl'ng nhorn cau t<;10 a) Khop nOi ren yang 161 b) Khop nOi ren kieu uon
(cat) 24° canh 37°
thuonq xuyen phai ket noi hay thao ra (thi du thuy
Il,I'cdi dong), thi tren th] tnronq c6 bO Iy hop rap/tnao
nhanh vai co hay khong c6 van mot chieu (Hinh 1f).
Van mot chieu c6 kha nanq tao ket noi ma khong phai ~.l ~
xa het chat long thuy Il,I'c. Bang tong quan ve 51,1' ket c) Kh6-p ren ki~u yang 0 d) Kh&p noi ren co d$m
noi nay co trong DIN 3850. Ngoai ra cOng con rat gQo hinh con 24°
nhieu chon hra cho ket noi ong dan (Hinh 2).

Nqoai ra nhCl'ng phu tung quan tronq khac trong h$ ~

f) Kh&p nOi thao/rap
thong thuy Il)'c la nhCl'ng van xa khonq khi (Hinh 3)
nhanh
cOng nhu nhCl'ngthiet b] do ap suat va ILI'uILI'Q'ng.
Hinh 1; Noi ong (elrng) bang ren

Van ren thang Kh&p nOi ren xoay Ket nOi thang

Kh&p ren g6e Kh&p ren hinh T Kh&p ren hinh

eM Ih~p

Hinh 2; Ket nOi ()lI'<'l'ng ong diln Hinh 3; Van xci khi
 10.7 Carn bien 489

10.7 earn bitm

10.7.1 Y nghia va 51,1' quan tronq cua
earn bien
Trong SI,!' tl,!' dong hoa nhieu thiet b] dU'Q'c dung de
thuc hii;ln ky thuat dieu khien cho cac qua trinh nhu
phan cunq, phan mem cua PLC hay bO vi Xli' Iy
(microcontroller). Cac phan tll' nay chi c6 the dap lI'ng
dU'Q'C nhiern Vl,Jkhi chunq duoc cung cap cac dfr lii;lu
cua qua trinh can thiet mot each dang tin cay, d6 113
nhO>ng dO>Ii$u nhu nhiet dO, doan dU'ang da qua hay
van tbc qoc.

Cac earn bien cung cap cac dO> lii;lu dung de

dieu khien va dieu ehinh SI,!' dien bien qua trinh Hinh 1: Thu nh~n vi tri cua rnQt M thong chuyim hang treo
(Hinh 1). tren kh6ng b~ng earn billn

Thong tin qua trinh tCPtrinh tl,!' sari xuat trong quy trinh eong ngh$ che bien hay trong ITnh we tl,!' dong hoa phan
Ian cac dQi 1U'Q'ngvat Iy khonq la di$n, nhu la dean dU'ang, goc, ap suat hay rmrc lam nap chat 16ng. De quy
trinh c6 the dien bien hoan toan tl,!' dong, cac dai 1U'Q'ngnay phai thu nhan qua ky thuat do (va bien thanh dai
1U'Q'ngdien - ND).

Cac earn bien thu nhan cac dal 1U'Q'ngvat Iy khong dien va bien chunq thanh dai 1U'Q'ngdii;ln thi du nhu
di$n ap, DQi 1U'Q'ngthU'ang duoc dung la dong dii;ln (thl dI,J 4 - 20 mAl.

II Thu nh~nl
Chieu dai, khoanq
cach
8(> gian
8i$n ap
Thai gian
Nang 1U'Q'ng
Kh6i 1U'Q'ng
Nhi$t d(> 8i$n tra

CU'ang d(> chieu sang 8i$n dung

Vi\lnt6c CU'6'ng dO di$n trU'ang
B~ng each Lmg dunq cac
Van t6c g6c nquyen tac vat Iy khac
Pharn chat mach dao 10
Mo men nhau, dai 1U'Q'ngvat Iy
dong (h? so 6 -
NO)

Ap suat dU'Q'c bien doi thanh:

Be day lap

Hinh 2: Bhin doi cac d<:Ji11I'Q'ngdo trong qua trinh

iDI!J!I 80 mot dal 1U'Q'ngvat Iy khonq di$n

Cong viec do dac: 80 nhiet d(> chat 16ng ben trong bon crura
chua nhien li$u (Hinh 3)
86i tuonq duoc do: Chat 16ng

Dai 1U'Q'ngdo: Nhi$t dQ chat 16ng

Nguyen tac vat Iy: SI,!' phu thuoc vao nhi~t dO cua dien tra
Ohm R (earn bien - d~u do do) cua kim loai Ngu6n dong dii!ln
kh6ng doi

Hinh 3 : Thu nh~n tr] so do

490 10 Ky thuat dieu khien

Thl,l'C hi~n nguyen tac:

Carn bien
£)0 di$n ap sut tren di$n tro R, dong di$n chay qua
dien tro luan khang d6i, khonq tuv thuoc vao tr] s6
Mach dien tli
di$n tro.
thich hop

BO nhan tr] s6 tin hi$u do (Hinh 1) bao gom earn

bien va rnacn di$n hi thich hop.

Cac loai earn bien Hinh 1: 89 thu nh~n cac tr] s6 do (earn bi~n)

Carn bien la thiet b] earn nhan SI! bi€!n dOi cac d9i
1U'Q'ngtrang GaGqua trlnh vat Iy khac nhau, c6 hai loai: £)0gian _

earn bien thu dQng 18t6ng khang tra dU'ai danq dien
tro Ohm, do tl,l' earn, di$n dung hay phoi hop cac 109i
tren. Carn bien thu d(>ng thay d6i theo cac dai 1U'Q'ng
thu nhan, Tal do earn bi€!n thu dong b] thay d6i do cac
dai 1U'Q'ngthu nhan (Hlnh 2).

Hinh 2: eam bien thl,l dQng, dai bang (mimg soc] do gian n6>
Carn bien thu d(>ng can nang 1U'Q'ng phu tro de
t90 nen cac tin hi$u di$n.
86n9
,..-------.;...-( V
Cam bitm chu dQng (tlch cue) bien d6i cac dal 1U'Q'ng
vat Iy khang di$n true tiep thanh tin hi$u dien (Hinh 3). Constantan

!},
Carn bien chu d(>ng la b(> bien dOi nang 1U'Q'ng,n6
khang can nanq 1U'Q'ngtu> ben nqoal.

v~ nquyen t~c cac earn bien bao g6m hai tnann pnan,
phan tli earn bien va thanh phan xli Iy tin hi$u. Chung
bien cac tin hieu cua phan tli earn bien tnanh tin hieu
di$n a ng6 ra. Hinh 3: Cam billn chu dQng, cap nhi~t di~n

I N"ling 1"'9'ng
ph". IrQ'
I
Thu nhan dai Bi~n thanh dai
1 LfQ'ngv~t Iy
ng6 vao f ~ ~
lU'c;mgdi$n a
Thu nhan
•
Bi!3n doi
Ch.§ bi.§ntin Ii
hi$u
xo
19tin Xli 19
ng6 ra

tr! so do Ir! so do hi$u truoc tin hi$u

(bOIQc)

xo 19tin hieu
Hinh 4: Cau tao earn billn

Giai thich thuat ngQ>

Carn bil!n: Con gQi 12 phan tu>thu nhan tin hieu, dau do, dau do, bo bien doi tr] so
do, b9 bien doi danq tin hieu do hay bo phat tr] so do
BQ kh&i tao (kh&i d~u-Initiator): Cang tac den gan (tiern can)
Cong tik dEm g~n: Cam bien chi tao tin hieu d6ng/ma
Ph~n tli earn biEm: Chi 12 mot phan cua earn bien de thu nhan tin hi$u do, nhU'ng khonq xli
19tin hieu.
H~ thong nhi~u earn bien: M91 he thong earn bien bao gom nhi~u 109i earn bien giong nhau hay
khac nhau co cunq mot nhiern vu. Thi cu he thong nhieu earn bi.§n dung
de thu nhan hinh danq cac dunq cu.
 10.7 Carn bi13n 491

T6ng quan v€! earn bien nh] phan:

Trang Hinh 2, trang 489 chunq ta co mot danh sach li$t ke nhieu o<;li 1U'Q'ngkhong oi$n khac nhau co th€l oU'Q'c
00 dac, ghi nhan bang cac earn bien. Thi du trang cac he thong CO' dien tv, ta can biet vat th~ khong vuot qua
mot khoanq each nhat d!nh hoac chat long trang binh chua khong vuot ngU'ang; hoac can biet khi ren b! cat,
hay dl)ng cu cat trong may CNC co b] gay hay gian dean hay khonq ... £l€l ghi nhan tat ca thong tin nay, ngU'ai ta
can dung cac earn bien. Chung co thll duoc phan chia so bQ nhu sau:

• Carn bien nhj phan (tin hi$u ng5 ra, tin hi$u chuyen doi d6ng I ngat; dien ap OV I 24V; dong oi$n 0 mA/20 mAl

• Carn bien digital (ghi nhan quang oU'ang bang ky thuat so, thi du earn bi13n gia 56 00 doan dU'ang)

• Carn bien analog (ghi nhan cac dai 1U'Q'ngbien thien theo thai gian nhu' nhiet dQ, ap suat, do be day)

Bang 1: T6ng quan v~ rnQt vai earn bien nh] phan

L~icamb~ Nguytn tAc v$t IY Ghi I\htn hay do 911

COnglAc d!nh gi60i h,n Khong. tiepxuc-nhan Tac d(>ng [Link] h~ th6ng can, don b<!ly Khoanq each, rrurc, ap suat

cam bi~n di,n C6 Carn bi~n tao ra t(PtrU'ong tan X;;I (phan Khoanq each t(Pd6i tU'Q'ngde
cam tan). Khi vat dan di$n di VaGt(PtrU'ong VU'O'lqua hay gan dEm
nay. n6 lam anh hlJ'ong t(PtrlJ'ong va do
vaY kich heat qua trinh chuyen mach.
eam bi~n di,n C6 Carn bi~n tao di$n trU'ong tan xa (phan Khoang each hi doi tlJ'Q'ngde
dung tan). Tuy theo hiing s6 di$n moi tuyet doi VIJ'Q'tqua hay gan d~n,
E, cua vat thll di VaGdi$n trU'ong tan X<;I Do tim doi tlJ'Q'ngc6 mat trong
(phan tan), se lam thay dbi dien dung cua mot khoanq khong gian dU'Q'cqioi
phan tLPearn bien va do vaY kich hoat qua han,
trinh chuylln rnach, Cac earn bi~n di$n Do tim SI,J' c6 mat doi tU'Q'ngbiing
dung cOng phan ung vai kim loai, kim loai
eam bl&n quang Co Tia sang bi lam gian dean voi rao sang; Nhan bi~t doi tuonq c6 mat trong
di,n tu. Carn bi~n ann sang thu nhan IIJ'Q'nganh khoanq khong gian nh~t djnh,
- Rao anh sang mot sang phan chi~u t(Pvat thll. Khoang each t(Pd6i tlJ'Q'ngde
chi~u VU'Q'tqua hay gan den,
- Rao anh sang pnan X;;I Muc de dat,
- cam bi~n ann sang Chi ti~t gia conq de thuc hien, thi
phan xa cu 10khoan c6 san
cam bi~n sieu am C6 Carn bi~n sieu am phat ra xung am thanh Nhan bi~t d6i tU'Q'ngc6 mat trong
ngan. xung nay phan X<;I tLr vat the, tLr phep khoanq kh6ng gian nhat dinh,
do thai gian truyen am thanh ta co thll tinh Khoanq each tLr doi tU'Q'ngda
dU'Q'ckhoanq each doi voi vat thll vvot qua hay gan den,
MCvcde cat. 10
cam bien th\l dQngbao C6 Thu nhan Sl,!' sai bi$t cua tia n6ng phat ra Nhan bi~t, d6i tlJ'Q'ng0 mat ben
tin bang hong ngoili tLr vat thll va danh qia trong vung do tim (thu nhan tin hi$u)

£lieu dang chu I; 113

tat ca cac earn bien neu tren, cho oen cong tac dinh gi&i han bang CO' hoc, deu lam viec khonq
can tiep xuc, Cong tac co hoc nay con co I; nghia lon trong cac h$ thong may m6c cong nghi$p do chunq co
nhieu U'U di~m nhu gia thanh phai chang so voi cac loai earn bien khac va khong bj tLFtruonq la lam nhieu oi$n.
Do chunq khonq can nang 1U'Q'ngphu tro cho nen chung co th€l oU'Q'Clap o~t (y mol noi.

10.7.2 Cong tac djnh gi&i han co hQC(Cong tac dinh vi tri)

Cong tac djnh gioi han tac oQng bang CO' hoc 113conq tac nh] pharr. Chung dU'Q'c dung trong thang may, can cau,
may lam vi~c va may cong cu, may ep tang, may xv II; go, bang chuyen van v. v".
492 10 Ky thu~t dil!u khien

cac loai thiet ke:

• Thi~t k~ don gian de dung trong nhung noi ph at sinh it bui thi du nhu
may in, may photocopy (Hinh 1),
• Thiet ke duoc boc kin cho nqanh che tao may va thiel b], Ph~n tll'
cong lac trang thi~t k~ 10<;linay doi voi tat ca cac chunq loai d€lu giong
nhau, Khac nhau chi 113phan tll' tac dong (Hinh 2).

Cac d~c tinh:

• 86ng I ng~t dong di$n mot chieu va xoay chieu voi di~m ap khac nhau, Hinh 1: Cong ti\c dinh gi&i han
tLYconq suat nho nhat den Ian nhat,

• Cach dien galvanic (Gi~n th§ n6i trot, kh6ng noi Gat voi nhau - NO) mot
tram phan tram.

• Re tien hon so vai cac earn bien khong tiep xuc,

Kha nang I~p I~i dii!m chuyi!n rnach

PMn anh rrurc d¢ chinh xac vi$c d6ng/ma cong t1k loan b¢ h$ thong
co hoc voi Sl! chuyen rnach I~p 1<;[Link] tac dinh giai han b~ng CO'hoc
c6 su li;ip lai tot hon so vai cac bo khoi teo (earn bien) van nann kh6ng
tiep xuc,

S,=" tac dQng eong tac gi&i han

cac co cau CO'hoc thuc hi~n su tac dong, a
day chunq ta phai chu y g6c
Hinh 2: Thi€!t k~t co nAp d~y kin vai cac
kh&i dQng chinh xac va van toc khoi dong Cl!C dai cho phep (Hinh 3). phan t", tole dc;>ngkhac nhau,
S,=" nay do tiep xuc
Tat ca cac cong tac co hoc dt'Ju nay len va xuong khi tiep xuc, 8it'Ju nay
co nghTa 113phan tll' conq tac cua mot cong t~c dinh giai han b] d6ng rno
G6e chay VaG
nhit'Ju I~n trang qua trinh dong 1<;[Link] nhan Sl! nay la do tac dunq
10 xo cua cong t~c (Hinh 4). Sl! nay khong d6ng vai tro gi trong viec
dieu khi~n ro Ie true tiep. Vi (y ng6 VEIO cua PLG c6 bo toe voi h~ng s6 f)LPong
thai gian tLY5 ms den 20 ms va thai gian nay cua cong tlk dinh gi&i han cong chay
VaG
trong khoanq duoi 5 ms, do d6 n6 co the noi voi cac ng6 vao cua PLC
rna khong gi;ip van de gl. Tuy nhien khi noi voi cac ngo vao cua bo dem
& PLC, Sl! nay do cong t~c se gay ra sai so dem, Hinh 3: G6c chilY V30 (tiE!n 93n)

NO'i SLPdl,lng cong tae djnh gi&i han nhieu nhat

Cong t~c dinh giai han thU'ang dU'Q'c dung nhU' cong
tac cuoi. M¢t vat dU'Q'c chuyen d¢ng b~ng khi nen,
di$n CO' hay thuy luc, d~u do dinh gi&i han c6 nhiern
£l6n~ Lc-- -~-tc---- -~ t
I
I
---"n-lT
11111
III
I
11111
II
I
----

vu lam dLYng (STOP) vat lai khi dat duoc mot vi tri xac Ma
I
I
I 111
IIIII

dlnh, t, = t2 t t, t2 t t, t2 t
Cong tac Iy Cong tac den Qan Cong tac CCJ khi:
V&i nhli'ng may m6c c6 th~ gay nguy hi~m khi VU'Q't
tu60ng: khong co (tiern can): chuyen thai gian tre cao hon
qua giai han cuot, thi du nhu can cau, conq tac dinh thai gian tr~ mach trong pharn (chuyen rnach trong
gi&i han CO' hoc dU'Q'c dung nhu' cong tae an toan vi IJS pharn vi ms); them vao
d6 co nay do tiap xuc
(Hinh 5). Conq tac dinh giai han thU'ang dU'Q'Cthiet ke
true tiep trang mach di~n cua loai may n6i tren. Hinh 4: Chuyen rnach khong co nay vii CO nay

Can chu 'I:

Sl! tach Iy cac h~ thong mot pha luon luon duoc

thuc hien hai Cl!C.
Sl! tach Iy cac h$ thong ba pha luon luon duoc
truro hi$n ba Cl!C.

Thay vi cong tac dinh gi&i han ta c6 th~ dung earn bien 61 lac d9n9, 62 kh6ng lac d9n9: ILP&i bao vt! d6ng 1<;Ii.
61 kh6ng lac 09n9, 62 lac d9n9: ILP&i b{1O vt! rno
quang hoc hay earn Ll'ng di$n co hU'ang an toan voi
cac don vi danh gia tU'O'ng lfng. Hinh 5: Thi du [Link] dunq: Cong ti\c dinh 9i&i han
 10.7 Carn bien 493

10.7.3 Carn bilm earn (vng cong tae ti(!rn can

Carn bien earn Ll'ng la cong t~c di$n tlY van hanh khong ti§p xuc, duoc
dung d€! do bi~t SI,!'co mat cua kim 10<;1i
hay graphit. Chung thU'(Yng duoc
1), d€! nhan biet vi trl cuoi
SlY dl,mg d€! kiern tra va do van toc quay (Hinh
cunq hoac d~ truy cap tin hi$u xung cua nhCl'ng may chuyen d¢ng quay.

Nguyen t~c hoat dQng

MOt cuon day, tnanh phan cua mOt rnach dao d9ng, tao ra mOt t(P trU'Crng
phan tan cao tan. Khi mot vat dan dii,in hay dan t(P di VaG t(P trU'Crng phan
Hinh 1: Do s6 yang quay v6>i earn bilm
tan nay, trong vat nay phat sinh cac dong dii,in xoay lam tieu hao chat
1U'Q'ngcua rnach dao dong. o
v(,!t lii,iu s{it t(P, su t6n hao dong dii,in xoay
hinh khe ho.

va su dao t(P gay tieu hao chat 1U'Q'ngcua rnach dao dOng. Neu vat narn
nqoai tam heat d9n9, rnach dao dong dao dong v6'i bien d9 lon, Neu
khoanq each toi han thap qua, bien dO dao dong S9 qiarn di. SI! thay
Cu(in
d6i dot bien bien do nay (SI)' suy giam tin hii,iu cua earn bien) dU'Q'c tang L---=~-i-I-+.."...-'" day
chuyen rnach nhan biet va duoc tang cuoi bien d6i thanh mOt tin hi$u dien
Xc3C dinh (Hinh 2).

Khoang chuy~n mach ~:~~~~F~ Vat the

biing
sat rnern
SI! tieu hao do dong dii,in xoay phu thuoc VaG dien tr6' rieng va d9 tLPtharn
(ferrit)
cua vat can thu nhan, VaG danq hinh hoc cua vat (dien tich, be day) va tan
Vat ferrit
so dao dong. Nqoai ra khoang chuyen rnach danh nghTa con tuy vao di$n
d U'O'c boc vo
earn cua cuon day earn bien narn sau be mat chu dong. Nhu v('!y ta c6 SI!
lien he giO>adanq Ihiet ke va khoanq chuyen rnach (Hinh 3).
Kim loal
Cong thLPCtheo kinh nghi~m (cong truro nam tay) hay nhl)'a

Khoanq chuyen rnach t6i da tuoriq dLfO'ng voi phan nlYa dU'Crng kinh
Hinh 2: each heat d(ing cua earn bil.n
earn bien. earn (,,"g

Khoanq chuyen rnach danh nghTa (thiet ke, dinh rmrc) (sn) la mot dO ion
cua thi~t b], no khOng lU'u y den 51! phan tan (do sai lech rieng Ie) cua vat
che tao va anh hU'&ng t(P ben ngoai. Trong ban chon lua, chi c6 trinh bay
khoanq each chuy~n mach.

Khoanq chuyen rnach thuc nghiem (s.) dU'Q'c cho biet kern nniet do xac
djnh (23°C + 5°C) va dieu ki$n cung cap dien. No eo tinh den SI)' phan
tan (do sai lech) trong san xuat hang loat, Ta c6 : 0,9 . sn :S sr :S 1,1 . sn.

Khoanq each chuyen mach hO>u dunq (su) duoc bao dam narn trong
khoanq dien ap cho phep (85% ... 110% dien ap van hanh dinh rnuc) va
khoanq nhiet do cho phep (-25 °C ... 70 °C). 10
Ta c6: 0,81 . s., :S s, :S 1,21 . sn.

Sa dU'Q'c xem la khoanq chuyen rnach an toan. 86 la khoang each

Hinh 3: Khoang chuylm rnach
rna trong d6 earn bien S9 chuyen rnach an toan 100%.

10.7.4 Cac h(! so hi~u ehinh Thep

£)6ng thau
Tat ca khoanq chuyen rnach du'oc cho biet cua cac earn bien earn lfng
can Clf tren cac phan tlY tac dong bang vat li$u E320 (St37) v6'i kich Nh6m
thuoc xac dinh (DIN EN 50010). Cac phan tlY bang vat li$u khac dU'a
£)6ng
den khoanq cnuyen mach khonq giong kich thvoc tieu chuan (chieu dai
canh, be day vat Ii$u). Vi$c dU'a ra cac he s6 hii,iu chinh kh6ng d6i cho
nhO>ng vat lieu nhat dinh la kh6ng dung ve ky thuat. Tat ca kim 10<;1ideu
c6 khoanq dung sai. Nguyen nhan hinh thanh dung sai la do cac tinh chat
rieng cua rnach dao dong (tan so dao dong) va vat li$u lam giam mach
dao dong (dO tinh khiet, cau true, kich thuoc hinh hoc, Hinh 4). Hinh 4: Cac h~ s6 giam
494 10 Ky thuat dieu khh~n

Anh hU'Oongcua diflrn chuyen mach do SI! suy giarn (dQ tat dan)
Cac tr] so s, do nha san xu at cung cap gia tr] cho Sl,J' chuyen dong cua tam din do (v$t can do) theo hU'&ng true,
86i vo'l tii;lm can hU'&ng kinh ta co dU'Q'c khoanq each chuyen rnach tlJ' nhirnq dU'&ng cong (bieu dien) d$c biet,
tuy theo tlJ'ng loai earn bien (Hinh 1)

True y cho biet khoanq each diem chuyen rnach den be mat chu dong. Vi £)0 tre hlfong true
v&i Sl,J' tii;lm can hU'&ng kinh co the tao qua trinh chuyen rnach theo hai
hU'&ng, do v$y cac dU'&ng cong dU'Q'c phan chieu qua true y. ~~~~~~ ~TH~~
<0-
'0
Thi du: Cac bo phan duoc di chuyen tren mot bang chuyen Van dU'Q'c
nhan biet b~ng mot earn bien earn lJ'ng (d cua b~ m$t chu dong (tich cue)
= 20 mm, sn = 15 mm) voi S = 5 mm. Hinh 2 cho ta dU'cl'ng cong tien den
cua earn bien duoc dung. Tri so bat (ON) chuyen rnach: 7,6 cm, tri s6 t~t
(OFF) chuyen rnach: 7,85 mm.

SI! I~eh (tret) cua nhiet de?

Khoang chuyen mach duoc tinh voi nhiet d9 rno: trU'&ng la 20°C. V&i
khoanq nhiet dO cho phep 103tCP-20°C den +70 °c khoanq chuyen rnach
- £)lfong cong dong rnach
thay doi tai da ± 10%.
--- £)lfang cong ng~t rnach
Hu6>ng dan lap rap Hinh 1: DlJ'ang cong khai d{mg

HO'n 90% cac LPng dunq la Sl,J' tiern can huoriq kinh.
Trang tm&ng hop nay khoanq each giG>aearn billn va
Tam do chuan
vat can do phai dat den khoanq 50% khoang chuyen
Y Hlf&ng d';'n giln hlfang kinh
rnach thuc te.

Lap rap nhieu earn bien sat nhau

Cac earn bien co the d~t trong nhG>ng tam kim loai
cho t&i be mat chu d9n9. Khoanq each giG>a hai mat
kim loai doi di$n phai ~ 3 sn. Khoang each giG>a hai Di';'m ngoia
earn bien phai ~ 0 (Hinh 3) (0 /8 cJll'&ng kinh cue cem ------'''-~.::._~~__+__~__,lL......,-.___:I'___ rnach A
bi§n - NO). x

Lap rap nhieu earn bien ri>'i nhau

V&i cac earn bien nay ta co the dat khoanq chuyen Hinh 2: SI,l' tre, tr] so d6ng/ngat rnach
rnach lon hon (vol cung do ton thillt kll va kh6ng co Sl,J'
suy giam truoc), Carn billn kh6ng co vo kim loai trong
vunq be mat chu dOng. Chung quanh b~ mat chu dong
can phai co mot vunq trang (Hinh 4).

Chu 'I: V&i Sl,J' suy giam tnroc ta dat duoc khoang
chuyen rnach cao hon, do ben trong vat the can do
can it nanq lU'oong bien doi de dat toi ngU'iYng chuyen
rnach.

SI! lap rap nhieu earn biEm d6i di~n nhau

GiG>a cac be mat chu dong cua cac earn bien earn LPng
ta can phai giG>khoanq each toi thieu ~ 3~.
Hinh 3: ulp nip nhi';'u earn Hinh 4: Lap rap nhi';'u earn
Tan s6 chuyen mach
bien thanh cum voi bien rai nhau
Tan s6 chuyen rnach cho biet s6 Ian t6i da thay dbi tCP nhau

;;!~~ '\H
tr<;lng thai suy giam sang tranq thai kh6ng suy giam
trong moi giay. Tan s6 dao dong canq lon, earn bien
phan LPng canq nhanh. Carn bien canq lon, tan s6
chuyen rnach cane thap,
Vi", 8§5~ ~:;
Sl,J'di dong cua earn bien co the lam hu hong cap n6i.
Tranh lam g$p day noi. Nen long day n6i VaG 6ng mem
DnM~
Giai phap kh6ng t6t
[Link]
Giai phap t6t
de bao v$ (Hinh 5).
Hinh 5: Lap rap vai cac earn bien di d¢ng
 10.7 Carn bien 495

U'u va nhuec di~m cua earn bien earn ung

U'u di~m:
• D(> tin cay cao khi c6 Sl,I' chuyen mach it hay nhieu I~m
• T~n s6 tac d(>ng cao (d~n 5 kHz)
• Hoat d(>ng kh6ng ti~p xuc, khong c6 tac d(>ng nglJ'Q'c d6i voi vat can
do
• V~t li$u tlm do kh6ng phai Kim loai du b] bui, ~m uot cOng khonq lam
anh hlJ'ang d~n d(> chinh xac chuyen rnach
• C6 the che tao voi ky thuat hai day, vi di$n tieu dung rat it
• Gia ca thuan lQ'i so voi earn bien quang
• D(> chinh xac do dac cao « 0,01 mm) Hinh 1: Giam sat day chuyen lap rap 1\1'
di;>ng
NhU'Q'c diem:
• Chi do tlrn dlJ'Q'CKim loai va graphit
• Chi thuc hien dlJ'Q'c khi khoang each giCra cac v~t nho.

Cac thi du ung dl,lng cua cac earn bien earn (Png

• Giarn sat day chuyen l<fIprap tl,l' dQng (Hinh 1)

- Kiem tra cac buoc thao tac
- Dinh vi chi tiet can gia cong
- Dem va Il,I'a riemg ra cac vat bang Kim loai
Hinh 2: SIi> d\mQ trong vung nguy hi~m
• Giarn sat Sl,l' chuyen dQng va dinh vi (Hinh 2)
- Kiem tra su' dinh vi tri bang CO' hoc
- £)0 s6 vang quay
earn bien xi lanh
- Nhan biet Sl,l' quay
b~ng 1(Ptnronq
- Giarn sat diem ban d~u 0 (robot)

earn bien earn ung nam cham tCP

Day la cac earn bien d~c biet dung de nnan biet qua
trlnh chuyen dQng cac xi lanh khi nen va dinh chinh
xac vi tri pit tong (Hinh 3).

Cac earn bien duoc g<fln tnrc tiep vao than xi lanh.
Vai vach vo kh6ng bang vat lieU tLYtinh, khi vonq nam
cham vTnh CLPUg<fln tren pit tOng den g~n, earn bien
khoi dQng mot tin hieu ng6 ra. D~c tinh n5i b~t & earn
Hinh 3: SIP d\mg earn bien earn [Link] nam cham 1(P
10
bien nay la diem chuyen rnach voi d(> chinh xac cao
± 0,1 mm (UB va Tu = khonq d5i).
1. Hay giai thich each van Mnh cua earn bi~n earn
Cac tr] 56 d~c trU'ng ve di~n cho earn biEm (mg.

• Carn bien dien ap met chieu 24V DC 2. N6 earn tYng voi vat lieU nao?
- Pharn vi dien ap 1OV... 30V; 10V ..60V; 5V .. 60V 3. Cong thuc narn tay (theo thuc nghiem) cho
• Dien ap xoay chieu tLYngu6n dien 115V ... 230V AC khoanq chuyen rnach nhu the nao?
- Pharn vi dien ap 98V ..253V AC 4. vat lieu nao thich tYng cho sn? Dieu gl xay ra khi
- T~n 5648 HZ ...62 Hz dung thau hay d6ng?
• Carn bien thich hop cho moi dien ap 5. Sl,I' l<fIprap v6'i nhieu earn bien rap chung voi nhau
- Cac pharn vi dien ap 1OV ..30V DC, co y nghTa gi? Can giCr khoanq each ra sao?
24V ..240V AC 6. Khi nao quy djnh bat bUQC SLPdunq conq tac dinh
giai ban bang co hQC?
Xem them cbuonq 10.7.8 ve cung cap di$n ap va Sl,l'
n6i tal. 7. Hay neu cac thi du khac cho viec tYng dl,Jng conq
t<flc dinh giai han an toano
496 10 Ky thu~t dieu khi€:n

10.7.5 earn bien di~n dung Vat the bang kim 10<;1i
hay phi kim
Vai earn bien di$n dung, II) dien hlnh thanh mot di$n trU'ang phan tan kha
rong (Hinh 1). T\,J di~m nay la thann phan cua rnach dao dong. Mach dao
dong RC b~t dau dao d9n9 khi mot vat phai do (doi tuonq, vat do tlm) di
vao dien tmcYng phan tan. M9Ch di$n tUodanh qia cua earn bi~n ghi nhan
di~u nay va chuyen rnach (g6'i tin hi$u) cho ng5 ra cua earn bien.
£l;~n
SI)' gia tang di$n dung do v~t phat do gay ra qua trlnh chuyen rnach. CI)'C bu

Carn bien di$n dung phan Lmg voi tat ca vat lieu co h~ng s6 di$n
mo: tuyet d6i du lon va voi vat lieu bang kim loai (xem T6ng quan)

Hinh 1: Cau tao

51,1' I~p I~i cua cac diem chuylm rnach

Khi mot vat dich chuyen theo hU'ang true den gan TOng quan: Cac v~t li~u do tim dU'Q'c
be mat chu dong, di$n dung thay doi ty Ie nghich voi
- Kim loai
khoang each (Hinh 2). S\,J'thay doi di$n dung C\,J'Cky
nho, VI no phu thuoc S\,J'ket hop vat lieu cOng nhu tinh - Hau he! cac 109i nrnra
chat cau t90 b~ mat va nhiet do vat li$u. Do v$y earn - MO', dau
bien 109i nay khong co kha nang I~p 19i diem chuyen
- cac vat li$u chira nuoc (thuc pharn)
rnach tot nhu cac earn bien earn iJng.
- Tat ca toai con, dung mol
- Thuy tinh, do gom

Cac earn bien dien dung sUodunq trong ITnh V\,J'C

conq tac, do diem chuyen mach khong doi hol
chinh xac,
1.2 A'V"'tt~~
S\,J' nhi~m b~n t ~
\
_1
"'I
Carn bien di$n dung phan iJng voi hau het vat li$u,
do v~y S\,J'am uot, dong bang, nuoc da hay cac anh " ~
II
~ r-
T

Carn b;~n _
hU'&ng tu'onq t\,J' tren be mat earn bien se lam earn
bien chuyen rnach. De tranh dieu nay, earn bien dien
r-, dang xi la~h
. f
dung duoc thiet ke vai di$n C\,J'Cbu. Nho v~y gan b€l r--r--
mat chu dong ta co mot vunq khong co dien tnronq. 25 50 70 100
Trong vunq nay cho phep ton tai mot vat do tim rna
Khoanq each s d6i va; vat phai do [mm] ---
earn bien kh6ng do dU'Q'c. Trang thuc te dieu nay
kh6ng the loai bo hoan toan, nhunq pMi het sue tranh Hinh 2: 51" thay dbi di~n dung theo 5
viec chuyen rnach khong mong mu6n.

Khoimg chuyen rnach Bang 1: Cae h~ 56 gic~m

Vai earn bien earn iJng ta c6 the thOng bao ve khoanq each chuan. Doi V{ltlieu He s6 hieu chinh
voi earn bien dien dung di~u nay kh6 hon vi h$ so vat li$u b] anh hU'&ng Nuoc 1,0
b&i h$ s6 di$n moi tuonq d6i E, rna he so nay lai thay dol. Doi vai kim
loal, earn bien di$n dung co dO nhay tot nhat. N~u vat phai do dan dien Con 0,75
dU'Q'c n6i voi dau noi dat cua earn bien, do nhay gia tang hon niYa, c6 Gom 0,6
nghTa khoanq chuyen rnach gia tang.
Thuy tinh 0,5

80i voi v~t phai do kh6ng diln di~n di$n dung thay d6i ty 1$ voi E, va PVC 0,45
vai khoang each den be mat chu dong. Dien dung cua vat li$u khong dan NU'oc da 0,3
di$n khonq bao gia Ian hon di$n dung cua kim 109i.
Dau 0,28

Bang 1 trlnh bay cac h$ s6 giam cua cac v~t li$u khac nhau o· lam n6i
dfit.
 10.7 Carn bi€!n 497

[Link] lap rap

T~t ca earn bi€!n di~n dung deu cho phep cau tao I~p rap sat (lien nhau)
trong bat ky vat li$u nao.
van ve phla pMi:
Gia tang d9 nhay
Chi dan vi~c hi~u chinh

Phan Ion earn bi€!n di$n dung deu co mot bi~n tro hi$u chlnh oU'Q'c
(Hinh 1) de tinh chinh khoanq chuyen rnach (Bang 1). Sl,l' tinh chinh CO'
ban tiY 0,7 d~n 0,8 . sn. Voi nhQ>ng vat do tlrn co do nhay anh hU'ong yeu
(gi§y, thuy tinh) ta co the gia tang do nhay b~ng each xoay bien tro theo
phia phai (chieu Kim dong ho).

Chu yl N€!u hi~u chlnh qua nhay, earn bien co the ChUYEln rnach khi co sl,J'
thay doi cac dieu kien chung quanh (nhiet d9, d9 flm, Sl,J'nhiem ban) hay
Hinh 1 : Chinh dQ nhay
la earn bi€!n chuyen mach chi qua mot Itm tac d9n9.

U'u va nhuoc dil~rn cua earn bien di~n dung

Bang 1: Cac kheang each chuylm
rnach
Cac U'U diem:
earn biAn U\p rap L~prap
• Nh;;'ln biet hau het cac vat li~u, nhay nh~t doi vo'i Kim loai, o satnhau fai nhau
• 80 tin cay cao vai chuyen rnach it hay nhieu Ian.
M12 4mm
• Conq tac khonq b] nay IEm xuong do ngo ra co transistor
M18 8mm den 10 mm
• rec dO tac dOng cao hon so voi nut barn bang CO' hoc. Vi khoanq
M30 15mm den 30 mm
chuyen mach Cl,J'Cdai cua earn bi€!n earn (Png la 100 mm, cua earn bien
di~n dung la 40 mm, t6c dQ tac d9n9 ca hai nhanh nhU' nhau.

• Bang Sl,J'bu di$n Cl,J'C,Sl,J'nhiem bfln it anh hU'ong true tiep tren be mat
chu dQng cua earn bien.

• C6 the san xuat voi ky thuat hai day vi tieu thu di$n it (Carn bien
NAMUR cho khu Vl,J'CEX =
c6 nguy co no - NAMUR: viet tilt tiY
Norme Arbeitsgemeinschaft fOr Mess - Und Regelungstechnik der
Chemieindustrie = Hiep h¢i tieu chuan cho ky thuat do va dieu chinh
cua cong ngh~ h6a hoc).

NhU'Q'C diem:
• 8~t hon so voi earn bien earn (Png (so 1U'Q'ngnh6) Hinh 2: Do moe day

• Khoang each v$t the Ian hon so voi earn bien earn Lrng, nhunq nho
non so vai earn bien quang.

• Khong the che tao earn bien nh6 nhu earn bi€!n earn Lrng, vi di$n dung
can mot di$n tlch earn bi€!n t6i thieu, 10
LTnh vue (Png dunq tieu bieu

• 80 muc nap day khonq ti€!p xuc (Hinh 2). Xuyen qua do ta c6 the nhan
biet vat chua da do day chua.

• Nhan biet vat li$u rlyi hay hat (Hinh 3)

• Giam sat bang. Mang bang gi<3Y,bang nhua khi chua rach thi rnach Hinh 3: Nh\in bi~t hat feYi
dao d(>ng cua earn bien dao d(>ng. Khi rnano rach, di$n dung tro nen

-
rat nho, rnach dao d9ng kh6ng dao dong nQ>a(Hinh 4)

1. Hay giai thich sl,J'Van hanh cua earn bien di~n dung.

2. Carn bien di$n dung nhan bi€!t vat li$u nao?

3. Hay cho bi€!t Sl,J'khac biet gilfa rnanq m6ng bang nhua day va m6ng
khi nhan biet khoang each?
4. Hay cho biet khoanq nhan biet (khoanq chuyen rnach) cua mot earn
bien di~n dung loai M 12 va M30. Hinh 4: Giam sat, thee doi bang bi dlPt
498 10 Ky thuat di€!u khi~n

10.7.6 earn bien sleu am

Sieu am chi c6 th~ Ian truyen trong mol trU'ang (khi, chat 16ng hay vat Ii$u ran). van toc Ian truyen cua sieu am
khoanq 340 m/s.

S(P dl,mg va nhan biet v~t Ii~u

Carn bien sieu am c6 chat da nang. N6 nhan biet T6ng quan 1: Vung am thanh
chinh xac vat phai 00 (ooi tU'Q'ng) do 121ch~t ran, chat - Ha am d&n 20 Hz; nh$n biet qua vat the
16ng hay di;lng bot, cho du co 5\,1' khac nhau ve rnau
- Khoanq am nghe dU'Q'Cden 18kHz; vunq nghe dU'Q'c
sac, d9 trong suot va ket diu cua cac vat th~ d6. Diem
- Sieu am, Ian truyen trang kh6ng khi khoang 1 MHz
quyet dinh 113phai chinh dung dO nhay gil'ra earn bien
va vat pMi do. Carn bien sieu am dung a noi din do - earn bien sleu am, tan s6 lam viec d&n 400 kHz;
chinh xac cao va khoanq each xa. Carn bien nay cOng Con ngU'ai khong nghe dU'Q'c sieu am
la Il,I'a chon duy nh§t neu rnoi truonq lam viec nhieu
bui va am uot.
T6ng quan 2: cac lQ'i dil!m
CM y: Cac earn bien sieu am kh6 nhan biet bot.
- Nhc\ln biet vat lieu khong phu thuoc vao vat the
Vung nh~n bi~t (vung phat hi~n, vung quet) - £)0 khoanq each IlP 6 cm den 15m
- L<~ym~u (quet) bien danq vc\lt
Sieu am duoc ph at tCf earn bien co song danq chuy.
- O'ng dl,mg doi voi vat lieu kh6 nhan biel bang
Vat the chi dU'Q'c nhan biet (phat hien) khi di vao chum
Quang hoc nhU' manq mongo vc\lt lieU trang suet
sieu am d<;lng chuy theo hU'&ng true hay hU'&ng kinh.
Chum sieu am danq chuy duo'c phan thanh nhieu - Thich hop voi moi truonq tho, phuc tap (hoi €1m,
bul, SU'ang rnu)
vung (Hinh 1).

• Vung rnu
Vung rnu Vung nhan bi';t Sd

Trong vunq nay vat the (doi tU'Q'ng) khong the nhan I- -I"
I I Vat the
biet dU'Q'c (vi S\,l' dao dong sau cua bo bien doi sau khi
di$n ap phat bi ngat). ~-I,IrP",1 I' I I
-t----{--
~ I I
• vunq nnan bi&t I I
Cu-a 56 chuyi:n mech I
Day la vung c6 the danh gia dU'Q'c, vat phai do duoc I I I S
nnan biet va khoanq each gio>a earn bien va vat co the Khoang chuyen A1 I A2 Khoang
do duoc. rnach nh6 nhat Khoang chuy~n chuyen rnach
rnach thuc te Ian nhat
• CLPa so chuyen rnach
Hinh 1: Pharn vi nhan bi~t

Voi mot val earn bien ngU'ai ta c6 the xac dinh dU'Q'c
bien gi&i cua s6 trong pharn vi vunq nhan biet, Ngo ra
chuyen rnach chi duoc thiet li;lp khi vat phai do narn
ben trong cLPa so.

Cac loai choc nang

M9t mat earn bien sieu am danh gia, do dac thai

gian truyen cua am thanh gil'ra thai oi~m phat va thu
------~~---------------~r__
~ ~
(Hinh 2) (van hanh do), va mat khac no kiem scat tin Xung phat Tieng dOi

hieu phat di c6 dU'Q'c thu nhan hay khong (van hanh Hinh 2: Xung phat va tieng dQi, th6>i gian truyen am thanh
c6ng rao).

V~n hanh rao chan BO phat V~t phai do

Van hanh rao chan gom:

• Rao chan mot chieu

BO pnat va bo thu gan d6i dien nhau. Ngo ra duoc kich

hoat khi c6 mot vat ngan can tia am thanh. Vai cong Khi vilt dtroc nhan biet. ngo
r<30mot chi~u ta dat met tam hoat d(lng lon. each nay ra chuyen milch bi kich hO:;lt 8em sf, chai
co th~ so sanh true tiep vai rao ann sang mot chieu Hinh 3: Cong rao m(it chieu
(Hinh 3).
 10.7 Carn bien 499

• Rao chan phan X<;! (tieng dOi)

Trong each van hanh cera so earn bien duoc chinh
sac cho tam phan X<;! g~n c6 dinh (thi du mot tam
kim loai) nam trong cua so. Carn bi€m S8 phat tin
hieu khi vat phai do che hoan toan tam phan xa
(Hinh 1).
CLra so da chinh
(fng dl,mg: dung de lay rnau (quet vat) bang chat
deo xop c6 be m~t khonq d~u . Hinh 1: Rao ch~n li~ng d{>i

• Carn bien phan X<;! (conq t~c ti$m can)

Carn bien loai nay tan dl,lng sl,l' tri$t lieu tin hi$u
(lam rno am thanh) a
ph6ng (nen) (Hinh 2). Ngo
ra chuyen rnach hoat dong khi vat narn ben trong
khoanq each chuyen rnach da duoc chinh.
(fng dunq: kiem tra SI,l'co mat, dem cac vat phai Khoang chuyen rnach
Dinh vi robot
do tren bang chuyen van. dii chinh
Chi dan: earn bien phan X<;I co the dung voi van Hinh 2: earn bi~n chan li~ng dQi
hanh cera so cOng nhtr van nanh tnet tieu tin hieu
(lam rno am thanh) a
ph6ng phia truoc, Khi tri$t
tleu tin hieu, cac rnep ria gay nhi~m co the di vao Kh6ng co 16ido rnep
ph6ng phla truoc vunq nhan biet nhU'ng kh6ng tao ria gay nhieu
ra tin hi$u (Hinh 3).

Do khoimg each analog

Triet tieu tin hieu a phOng

Thai gian truyen cac xung am thanh chinh la thuoc do rnat truoc
khoang each den vat the. Carn bien lam viec theo each Khoang each chuy€m mach da chinh
van hanh tiep xuc (do tim). Khoanq each do dU'Q'cty Hinh 3: earn billn cnan tillng dc;>iv60i SI.l' Iriel lieu lin hii)u a
1$voi dien ap (0 V ... 10 V) hay dong dien (4 mA ... 20 phong rn~1 IrU'60e
mAl. NgU'ai ser dung co the thay doi do doc dU'ang
bieu dien ngo ra bang mot bien tra hay mot earn Ngo ra tuyen tinh
bien teach-In'! (Hinh 4). Tat ca earn bien sieu am do ---20mA
khoanq each analog deu co the ket hop vai Sl,l'trlet
tieu tin hieu (lam rno am thanh) a
ph6ng truoc. ~

CLra so analog dil chinh

ij
Chinh vonq chan

Am thanh duoc d6i lai tot nhat khi earn bien duoc Hinh 4: Ngo ra earn billn analog voi dong dien ngo ra
hU'ang sao cho so~g am den vat the thang g6c. TiY
mot g6c toi han xac dinh (Hinh 5) am thanh b] dOi lai
10
va mat hoan toan, earn bien kh6ng nhan duo'c tin hi$u
dOi 1<;[Link] tnronq hop g6c nghieng nh6 hon g6c
giai han, ta phai truy tlrn tam heat dong CI,l'Cdai cua
earn bien bang thuc nqhiern. Cac v$t the hap thu am
thanh nhu cao su xop, val v6c va vat li$u c6 be m~lt
go gh~, 10cho (thi dl,l cat) phan X<;Iam thanh mot each Cho phep KhOng cho phep
phan tan va do veTIylam giam khoanq each nhan biet
(quet). Bong gon va vat lieu tuonq tl,l' gan nhU' kh6ng Hinh 5: Goc gi60i han
the nhan biet bang earn bien sieu am.

Quy tac thh~t ke B~ mat earn bi~n

Chung ta phai l<fipd$t cac earn bien Si8U am sac cho kh6ng c6 vat Ii$u nao narn
tren be mat earn bien. Khi d6 khoanq each lam viec cua earn bien S8 giam dang ke.

1) Teach-IN = d<,y earn bit'" co the hQCvi tri de sau do iiI hieu chinh xem trang 506 Hinh 6: Be rn~t earn billn
502 10 Ky thuat dieu khi~n

[Link] Rao chan anh sang mQt chieu

BO phat va bO thu narn d6i dlen each bi$t trong cac vo hop rieng biet. Neu
tia sang giO>abo ph at va bO thu b] qian dean, bo thu se tao ra mot tin hi$u
chuyen rnach,

Cach thu>c hoat dQng Hinh 1: Rao chan anh sang mc?tchieu

BO phat va b¢ thu tao thanh b6 tia hinh chuy. B6 tia bO phat cang hep,
khoanq each c6 thll bac C8U, tlic la tam xa (tam hoat d¢ng) canq Ion.
Vi b6 tia dung de do tim vat thll phai duoc che chan, cho nen cac b6
tia canq nep, viec chinh chinh xac b¢ phat va b¢ thu canq kh6 (Hinh 1). " 100
Ol

Tam hoat dQng

t 1000;;;;;~~II;;lii
,ro-"
"u) 10
s: ·ro
::J.r:
.r:c
,-;;·ro 1

De rao ann sang lam viec chinh xac can c6 du anh sang phat ra tCPb¢
'" 1
:r
10 100
T~m noat dong -
m

phat den b¢ thu. Trong cac tai lieu ky thuat cua cac earn bien ta co cac
Hinh 2: DU'c7ngbieu dien tam hoat dc?ng
bieu do trinh bay Sl,J'lien he cua he so thu nhan du anh sang (chirc nang
dl,J' trQ>de earn bien chuyen mach) va tam hoat dong. TCPHinh 2 ta thay,
thi du 0 tam xa 4 m bo thu nhan duoc ann sang nhieu hon 500 Ian rna n6
can de dung chuyen rnach mot each chac chan, tam xa 40 m h~ so thu a
nhan du anh sang chi con co tr] so 1, c6 nghTa diot quang nhan vua du
anh sang de chuyen rnach an toano Dieu kien tien quyet la cac thau kinh
phai sach S6 va b¢ phat va b¢ thu duoc hieu chinh toi lJ'U.

Rao ann sang mot chieu nhan biet tat ca vat the neu chung kh6ng
trong suet.

NhiPng pharn vi thiet ke d~c bi~t

Hinh 3: Vung nguy hiem dU'Q'c bao v~
De ngan con nglJ'oi khong dlJ'Q'c di VaG hay cham vung nguy hiern nao
b~ng man anh sang
d6, vung nay c6 the dlJ'Q'C bao ve bang cac rao anh sang mot chieu hay
man anh sang (Hinh 3). Man anh sang bao gom thanh phat va thanh
thu, thong thlJ'ong la cac LED de canh nhau. Cac LED rieng Ie b9 phat a
dlJ'Q'c dieu khien theo xung nhip, Dau tien LED cao nhat S6 phat ra mot
xung anh sang, rnach dien se kiem tra xem diot quang thuoc ve LED nay
c6 nhan dlJ'Q'c mot xung thu hay khong. Ke den la LED thli hai. .. Neu tat
ca cac diot quang deu nhan xung, thi khonq co vat the nao trong man
anh sang.
Hinh 4: Do s6 vang quay
De thu nhan so vong quay hay g6c quay cua mot banh rang ta dung rao
khe (nTa) anh sang hay rao vi anh sang (Hinh 4).

Rao anh sang phan chieu

[Link] Rao anh sang phan chieu ':>';;>;;:;~
<:= <:= <:=
D
Voi 109i earn bien nay b¢ phat va b¢ thu cling narn trong mot vo hOp. Tam
Tarn phan chieu
phan chieu (c6 the la mot rnanq monq) duoc liflp dc;lt narn doi dien tren
true quang hoc S6 phan chieu anh sang tro ve b9 phat (Hinh 5). BO thu va bO phat

Hinh 5: Rao anh sang phan chieu

each thu>c hoat dQng

Neu vat can do tirn lam gian dean tia sang phan chieu thi S6 lam thay doi cac tin hieu a ng6 ra.

Tam hoat dQng

TCPHinh 1, Trang 503 ta thay, he so thu nhan du anh sang de chuyen rnach voi khoanq each nho la gan bang
o (vunq rnu cua earn bien). Neu tam phan chieu dlJ'Q'c liflp qua gan earn bien, S6 c6 rat it anh sang duoc phan
chieu ve b¢ thu. Rao anh sang phan chieu hau het khonq co he so thu nhan anh sang qua lon.

• C6 the do biet hau het vat the rna khong phu thuoc
1. Hay so sanh earn bien sieu am voi loai earn bien
VaG cac 10C;livat lieu, ng09i tnr bong g6n va cac vat nao ta tot nhat? .
lieu tlJ'O'ng tu. .
• Kh6ng nhay doi voi bui, suonq rnu, SlJ' chieu sang 2. Hay giai thich tai sao earn bien sieu am c6 mot
va Sl,J'nhiem btm tOi da . vunq rnu. .

• Khci nanq do chinh xac khoang each thuc su 3. Hay giai thich each van hanh cua so?
NhuoQ'c diem:
4. Hay cho biet hai dC;liluono vat Iii r.r. the. 16~ A_I..
• So voi r.~mhi8n 1"1' I~""''''' ••.•.
..].- .» •• _- -
 10.7 Carn bien 501

10.7.7 earn bien quang

Carn bien quang phan ll'ng doi voi su thay doi 1lJ'Q'ng
anh sang nhan dlJ'Q'c. M¢t tia sang duoc phat ra tLr
mot diat quang va bi vat phai do (phat hi$n) can lal (rao
anh sang mot chieu - true tiep) hay dlJ'Q'c phan chieu
lal (rao anh sang phan chieu hay phan X<;I).SI)' thay doi
ClJ'6'ng d¢ ann sang nhan dlJ'Q'c dan den Sl,l' tac dong
ChUYEln mach (phat tin hieu) & ng6 ra (Hinh 1).

Coo ban vat Iy

Hinh 1: Cac loal earn bi~n quang

Anh sang la cac s6ng di$n tLr, tLr nguon phat chunq
Ian truyen ra moi hlJ'ong voi van toc anh sang trong
chan khong la 300.000 km/s. Carn bien anh sang 0,01 A lnrnl
~380 455492 577 597
.•. ., .•. .,... ., ........•
,..
780 100000

lam viec voi anh sang nhin thay duoc trang khoang Qua xa Gan Urn - xanh la -
Yang earn • gan Xa
xanh dU'O'ng - vang - do
chieu dai s6ng tLr 400 nm den 800 nm va ca ann sang C!)'c lim Hong
Anh sang thAy dLPQ'C
hong nqoai c6 chieu dai s6ng tiY 800 nm den 1000 nm ngo~i

(Hinh 2).

Amtiln
V6'i anh sang chunq ta phan biet cac loai phan chieu
(Hinh 3): 10-'010-8 10-6 10--4 10-2 1 102 10' 106 108 lOW 10'2 !.
[urn]

• SI,I' phan chieu doi xLrng Hinh 2: S6ng di~n lu., anh sang
Khi anh sang chieu tren mot mat ph~ng c6 tinh
phan chieu (thi du mat ph~ng ducc danh b6ng),
tia sang cuoc phan chieu doi Xll'ng (c6 cung g6c a
giO>adlJ'6'ng th~ng g6c va be mat phan chieu).

• SY' phan chieu ba I§n

Phan chieu ba Ian khi tia sang di toi doi vi tri va
phan chieu song song voi nguon sang (tia 16'i). Hinh 3: Cac loai phan xa

• Phan chieu phan tan

Neu be mat cua vat khOng bttng ph~ng, anh sang
chieu VaG S9 duoc phan chieu rnoi hu'o'nq. Anh
sang phan chieu b] hao hut canq nhleu khi be mat
n' > n
% '"';' Tia sang Iii' LED
khl -nf._~

canq khong b6ng lang va tOi.

• SI)' khuc X<;I

Hinh 4: Khuc xa anh sang
10
Khi ann sang lLr mot moi lm6'ng c6 chiet suat n
nho di VaG rnoi truonq c6 chiel suat n' Ion non, ann
sang S9 b] I$ch di v~ phia dlJ'ong vuonq g6c (va Tia
laser
nglJ'Q'c lai) (Hinh 4).

• SI,I' phan chieu loan phan

M(>l tia sang khi di VaG mat bien cua hai rnoi truonq Hinh 5: Phan xli toan phan
voi chiet suat khac nhau S9 b] phan chieu toan
pharr, khi g6c den kh6ng VlJ'Q't qua mot tri so gi6'i
han nhat dinh (Hinh 5). Kinh phan CI)'C

• 81,1' phan CI,I'C

Khi anh sang kh6ng phan CI)'C (dao dong theo mol
hlJ'ong) di VaG bo lee phan CI)'C, thi chi c6 anh sang
di qua b¢ loc khi dao dong bat bUQC theo hlJ'ong
phan cue rnoi duoc di qua (Hinh 6).
Hinh 6: S\" phan cue
504 10 Ky thuat dillu khien

Cach hieu chinh nay nhu sau:

Vm V2
Bien tro dU'O'c chinh sao cho vat th€l a mot khoanq
each con nhan biet duoc, vi trl Vi (Hinh 1). V1~

T6i TOi TO;

Bien tro dU'O'c chinh sac cho ph6ng phia sau vua de da ca thieu da
kh6ng con nhan biet duoc, vi tri V2. Tot Tai han Khong dung dU'Q'c

Khoang each narn giCi>aVi va V2 cho ta khoanq each Hinh 1: Chinh de? nhay
nhieu tot nhat.

Djnh nghia: t 100

• Tam do tim vat can do r; (Hinh 2) co>

'co· c
s: ·ro
cUJ
r.:J{u~g~ l 1 ••••••• -
r-.
:J J: 10
Tam do tim la khoanq each CU'Cd<;lico the dat toi cua .cc
~·ro
mu
mot earn bien anh sang phan chieu. do duoc tren giay <0
I- .
'"
·ar
Kodak trang, vai cac dieu ki$n Iy tU'ang (djnh hU'ang I I~ 11
tOi U'U, kh6ng vet ban) va h$ so thu nhan du anh sang
la 1,5.
1
0,01 0,1 "- m
Tam heat d¢ng

• Vunq do tim vat can do Hinh 2: Tam hoat dQng

Vung do tim nam giQ>atam do tlrn va vunq rnu.

TCPHinh 2 cho ta th§y, mot earn bien anh sang phan

chieu kh6ng c6 h$ so thu nhan anh sang Ian. Tam
heat dong cua chunq khoanq mot met.

Neu vat can do qua nho, IU'Q'ng anh sang phan chleu
tCPbe mat cua no it. Ta can chinh do nhay cao. Trong
tmang hO'P kh6ng thuan 100ikhi ph6ng phia sau sang E2
non va phan chleu anh sang con nhieu hon doi tU'Q'ng
nho, thi khong the dung earn bien anh sang phan Hinh 3: PhU'O'ng phap do tam giac
chieu rna dung earn bien anh sang phan X;;! voi SU'tri$t
tieu tin hi$u (lam mo ann sang) rnet phong phia sau.

[Link] earn bien anh sang v6>i SI,I' tri~t tieu

tin hi~u do phong phia sau

Carn bien ann sang phan chieu vai trlet tieu tin hi$u
mi;it ph6ng phia sau hoat dong theo phuonq pnap anh
sang do tam giac hay anh sang g6c.

PhlJ'O'ng phap do tam giac (Hinh 3) Hinh 4: PhU'O'ng phap do anh sang g6c

Carn bien loai nay g6m c6 mQt bo phat S va hai bo thu (E1 va E2) trang cunq ve hop. Chung kh6ng chi danh
gia cuonq do anh sang phan chieu rna ca g6c tai giQ>a cac bo thu. Cac bo thu E1 va E2 dU'Q'c chinh sao cho
voi khoanq each canq xa cua vi;lt can do, IU'Q'ng anh sang Ei nhan duoc Ian them va IU'O'ng anh sang E2 nhan
duoc it di. Tam do vat do CU'Cdai la diem, rna E1 va E2 nhan cunq IU'Q'ng anh sang bang nhau. Tat ca cac vat
can do narn ben trang tam do vat the nay chac chan se dU'Q'c nhan biat, ngoai tam do vat the duoc be qua. Mot
banh xe chinh a
earn bien se cho phep chinh g6c giQ>a E1 va E2. NhU' the vat can do se chac chan duoc nhan
biet rna kh6ng phu thuoc vao do ton, rnau sac, be mat ou nam gan mot phong phia sau sang.

Carn bien anh sang phan chieu voi SU' triet tieu tin hi$u a
phonq phia sau kh6ng nhQ>ng chi nhan biet mot
vat can do narn trang vunq do quet cua chunq rna con nhan biet vat c6 narn dung vi tri. Cho nen earn biEm
nay cOng phu hop de do khoang each.
 10.7 Carn bien 503

Chu Y khi thh~tke rao anh sang phan chieu:

100
rc 110
• Chu 'I khoanq each tOi lJ'U giO>a earn bien va phan
chieu ba Ifln; (0,2 m ... 1m vo'i dlJ'ong bieu dien he
c Cl
.ro· c;
t 10 ".
~,U~g
so thu nhan anh sang theo Hinh 1). V~t can do s: ;:...mu
c: ""
<II -,
kh6ng dlJ'OOcdlJ'a VaG vunq mu, (y day no kh6ng =>.<=
dlJ'OOCnhan biflt.
.<= c
~ -m
<0 1
71'
U)
,(1),
0,01 0,1 1,0 m 10
• Vi;lt can do kh6ng duoc nh6 han olJ'(Yng kinh tam I Tam neat dong -
phan chieu, Neu kh6ng thi anh sang duoc phan
chieu: earn bien kh6ng chuyen rnach (Hinh 2). Hinh 1: Tam heat dQng

• Trong trlJ'(Yng hoop vat the can do b6ng lang (phan

chieu) ta nen dung bO 19C phan CI,I'Chay earn bi~n
can dlJ'OOClap d$t sac cho n6 nghieng doi voi v~t
b6ng lang. NhlJ' v$y anh sang pnan chieu to> v~t
b6ng lang kh6ng anh hlJ'(yng d~n rim anh sang
phan chieu (Hinh 3).

• M¢t lJ'U diem ton la lap d$t don giim vi tam phan Hinh 2: V~t qua nnc
chieu kh6ng can d$t thang g6c voi earn bien. 80
I$ch g6c c6 the den ± 450

RaOanhsangphanch~uv&ibOIQcph~nc~c

Neu ta dung rao anh sang phan chieu de do tim vat

phan chieu, chunq ta can dung bO 19C phan cue,
Chung OlJ'OOc
d$t I$ch 90° cho moi bO phat va thu nhan
anh sang (Hinh 4).
Anh sang
phan chieu tlf
Cach thLPC hoat dQng vat bong lang;
vat duoc
nhan biet
Sau khi di qua b¢ 19Cann sang phat ra to> bo phat chi
dao d(>ng trang mat phiIng narn ngang pnan cue, BO Hinh 3: Chinh dung

quang thu chi nhan anh sang trong mat phang dao
oong thang dLl'ng do bO 19C phan CI,I'Cthll' hai bi xoay
900 BO glJ'ang phan chieu ba I~n thuc hien vlec xoay Kfnh phan CI,J'C Tam phan

nay. Cac vat phan chieu 1'1tU'(Yng lam xoay mat phang
phan CI,I'C 180°, nhu the mat phang dao dong narn
ngang duoc gili' lai. Anh sang loai nay b] bo 19C thu>
hai ngan can. Nhir the vat the phan chieu chac chan
duoc nhan biet.
O K, ¢=

kfn~
Thau
~
' .( rrJt!1
~ ~
BO phan tlch
=,
Tam
chan truce

Pha,"nc~c .
,~
lliJ
chi{)u

~V~t!~~(:,~han 10
[Link] Carn biEm anh sang phan chieu

BO phat va bo thu cOng cunq narn trong mot vo hOp

nhu rao anh sang phan chieu. [Link] earn bien nay danh
gia anh sang phan chieu phan tan tren b€l mat vat can
O ~~~r:~'""~~ BO phan tich

Hinh 4: Rao ann sang phan chh~u v6<i b9 IQc phan Cl,l'C

do. Neu 1lJ'Q'ng anh sang phan chieu VlJ'Q't qua mot
ClJ'eYngdO xac dlnh, earn bien S8 chuyen rnach. Ta c6
Hieu chinh dO nhay
the thay dbi do nhay bang each chinh mot bien tro (vit
earn bien Quang phan chieu
chlnh (y earn bien) (Hinh 5).

LlJ'oong anh sang phan chieu phu thuoc vao:

• Khoanq each vat can do

V<1lt can do
• B€l m$t vat can do (sang, toi, b6ng lanq, thO xu xi) voi be mijt
phan tan
• 86 Ion v~t can do

• 81,1' hieu chinh d6 nhay t6i lJ'U Hinh 5: Carn bi(,n phan chi(,u
506 10 Ky thuat diE!U khi€!n

O'ng dl,lng cap Quang

Lai thuy tinh
Anh
• Nhan biel cac vat ral nho sang

• Dung noi c6 nhiet dO den 300 °c

• Dung noi nguy hil!m chay n6

• Trong vunq co It) IrU'ang rnanh

HLP6>ng dan I~p d~t

85i voi ban kinh uon cong ta nem tuan theo quy tac Hinh 1: 51! phan chieu anh sang ben trong cap quang
kinh nghi$m nhu sau:

Ban kinh uon cong kh6ng duoc VU'9't qua 10 Ian

dlJ'ang kinh vang nqoai cua vo bee (Hinh 2).

Trong vung khoanq 15 mm tCP dau cap Quang va earn

bien ta khonq duoc uon cong cap quang (Hinh 3).

Cap quang loai nhua kh6ng dU'9'C gap khuc hay van
xoan. [Link] keo qua rrnrc c6 the lam cap hlJ' hong.

Tranh tiep xuc voi xanq dau hay dung rnoi hQ>uca.
Ban kinh u6n cong
\
<: 10 x 1,5 mm
2: 15 mm

PhLPO'ng phap Teach-In 1, Hinh 2 : Ban kinh u6n cong

Ta co Ihe hieu chinh cac dil!m chuyan rnach b~ng each

"Teach-In" doi voi cac 10(;1iearn bien anh sang phan
chieu nhu rao anh sang pnan chieu va rao anh sang
mQI chieu, Carn bien anh sang "hoc thuoc long" lam
do, de thuc hien duoc diem chuyen rnach t6i lJ'U lien
quan den Sl,J' nhan biet vat the va Sl,J' triet tieu tin hieu
(lam rno) a ph6ng phia sau.

each th(rc hoat dQng (tllY theo nha san xU3t)

Qua Irinh Teach-IN dieu khien va hien th] qua cac earn
bien va LED.

Thi du can do tim mot vat each xa earn bien ann sang
10 mm va tlJ'ang phan chieu 60 mm, la di;il vat each Hinh 3: Khoang each vi tri uen cong

earn bien 10 mm va nut nhan "SET" lac dQng ngan.

earn bien anh sang nhan ra 1lJ'9'ng ann sang phan
cnteu (rnuc tin hieu S1).
cftY"m b,'en V~tdin do ~~aCh
phOng
V~I dlJ'9'C lay ra va ta nh<fln Ian nua nul "SET", 1lJ'9'ng
anh sang cua phonq S2 phia sau dlJ'9'c nhan biet.
LWL I I I I yruasau
o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Khoang each kh6ng co earn bie!n [mm] _
Qua ca hai Ian do d(;1CbQ vi xU>Iy cua earn bien xac lap flU'ang cong di~n tiEln khoanq bac hai
cac diem sau: 50% muc tin hi\!u i':t diem mi':t mach (ON)

• 8iem d6ng dien 10% cua khoang each 60 mm

(do tr~)
• 80 Ire

Diem m6> rnach (ON) nam a

40 mm IU'O'ng iYng voi
Irung tam cua khoanq each nhan biet. MOl vat co cunq
be mat se lam chuyen rnach ng5 ra cua earn bien, Diem ng~t m'!lch (OFF)
nhlJ'ng voi LED nhap nhay vi he so thu nh;;tn anh sang
v2in chua duo Neu la dich chuyen vat den earn bien, Hinh 4: PhlJ'O'ng phap Teach-In
cho den khoang dat duoc 50% rmrc tin hieu S 1, LED
sang lien tuc, dieu co c6 nghTa rrurc tin hieu da duo Neu ta drch chuyen vat can do sang phai khoang 6 mm, earn
bien se ngat dien.

"Teacn-In: Truce khi SlY dvng d:,y cho earn bi€ln cua thi';'t bi hoc thuoc 16ng t~m do, sau do thi,!,t bi tV' dieu chinh
 10.7 Carn bien 505

PhU'O'ng phap do anh sang gac (Hinh 4, trang 504)

Mot thau kinh truoc diot phat sang tao nen mot lieu
di~m nho c6 wang do rnanh tal mot khoang each nhflt
dinh tCP earn bien. Anh sang phan chleu tCP vat can do
se duoc danh gia.

Carn bii!n do anh sang g6c thich hop d~c biet cho viec Wit g~n vat xa
nhan biet vat can do nho, xac dinh bien canh hay dinh
Hinh 1: Nh~n biet cac v~t nh6 can do v6>i phU'O'ng phap do
vi cac vat can do trang suet. NhU'ng vat can do tlrn
anh sang gee
kh6ng oU'Q'c each xa vunq do sau ro net cua earn billn
(Hinh 1).

Giam tam do 60
,
Mau sac anh sang phan chieu khac nhau, cho nen
50
rlen 6%
,,,
tam do phai duoc giam tuy theo khoanq each va rnau 40
,
xarn 18% ":'
sac cua vat. Hinh 2 cho thay earn bien ann sang voi
tam do dinh muc la 300 mm. Gifly trang c6 th€! diro'c
nhan biet akhoang each 300 mm. Giay rnau xarn c6
E
oS
.0
30

20
X,~ ~ /

"0 /
Sl,J'giam tam do (tam xa) con 14 mm va gitly den con
"~ 10
~
18 mm.
E
~
~
o '0 100 200 300 400
[Link] earn bi€!n vai cap quang Khoanq each vat can do [mm] _

Hinh 2: Giam tam do

Cap Quang hoac c6 th~ k§t n6i b~ng each van ren vao

e"
earn bien hay tao thanh mot don vj voi earn bien. Cac
earn bien nay c6 th~ dU'Q'c dung nhu earn bien anh
sang phan chleu hay mot chieu. Chieu dai cua cap Thao roi dia thich tYng
Quang duoc dinh tuy tCvng lfng dunq (Hinh 3).

Cap Quang la soi b~ng thuy tinh hay nhua c6 th~

truyen dan anh sang (Hinh 4). Anh sang di theo hinh
danq cua cap quang, cho du cap Quang bi congo Di€lu
nay xay ra do Sl,J'phan chieu toan phan (Hinh 5). Moi
tmang Quang day d~c hon (chiet suat n) chinh la 15i
Quang dan, rnoi tnronq loanq hon (chiet suat n') la vo
bee.
Hinh 3: Carn bien v6>i cap Quang dan

Cap Quang bfing thuy tinh 10

Gem mot b6 2000 soi rieng Ie c6 dU'ang kinh 50 urn.
TCPng SQ'i Quang dan c6 th~ phan phoi khac nhau voi
b¢ Quang thu va phat. Tuonq lfng voi tong s6 soi
Quang dan anh sang c6 th~ truyen di voi m$t cat Ian
hon, NhU' the tam heat dong dat dU'Q'c c6 th~ gia tang
hay thu nh6 lai a
cuoi cap Quang. Hinh 4: M~t cat cap Quang dan

Capquangbfingnh~a
n n'
Gem tCPng SQ'i Quang dan c6 dU'ang kinh khoanq
1 mm - 2 mm cho bo phat va bo thu. Voi cunq tinh
rnern deo nhunq n6 c6 ban kinh uon cong nho non
so vot soi Quang dan b~ng thuy tinh. Tuy nhien n6 co .J -8
d(> giam chan Ian non nen tinh chat Quang hoc kern
hon. M¢t U'U di~m so vai cap Quang bang tnuy tinh 113
cap Quang nhua khonq c6 van d€l khi phai u6n cong
thuonq xuyen. Hinh 5: Cau true cap Quang dan; ph an xa toan phan
508 10 Ky thuat diflu khifln

Bao truoc sl!' c6 (tU'ong LPng h$ so thu nhan anh sang)

Cac earn bien quang chi can nhiern ban it cOng giam di tam heat dong hay gay tac dong xau den chuc nang.
Tnroc khi dieu nay xay ra, mot LED rnau d6 nnap nhay S8 bao truce, de nhac ngan can tac dong xau nay, thi
du phai kip thai lau chui.

DQ chinh xac I~p lal, kha nang I~p l<:Ji

Khi mot vat di VaG bo anh sang hinh con cua earn bien, earn bien pha: cnuyen rnach luon iuon cunq mot vi trl. a
Rao anh sang thuc hi$n dieu nay rat chinh xac neu tnau kinh khong nhiem ban. Trong nhiYng LPngdl)ng doi hei
sv li;ip l;;Ii chinh xac cao, thl rao anh sang phan chieu chi thich bop voi mot so dieu klen, Carn bi€m anh sang
phan chieu khong co su triet tieu tin hi$u (lam mo anh sang) (y phonq phia sau thi khong nen dung, vi mot it chat
ban cOng lam dich chuyen diem chuyen rnach. Thong thU'cmg 51,!'thay doi nhiet dO rnoi trU'ang cOng nhu dao
dong nguon di$n cOng lam anh hU'ITng diem chuyen rnach. DO I$p lai cao dat dU'Q'c voi cap quang.

lrng dl,lng noi co nguy co chay n6

NhiYng vunq co nguy CO' chay no 113nhiYng nai co hon hop khi xuat hien. Chi can mot tia ItJa di$n cOng gay ra
chay no. Vi can dong dien cung cap nen cac earn bien quang kh6ng thich hop trong nhiYng vung nay (tnl cac
earn bien loai NAMUR1)). Neu ta dung cap quang trong nhiYng vung nguy hiem va lap d$t rao anh sang ben
nqoal, thl (Png dunq nhu the duoc phep thuc hien.

[Link] Tleu chi chon Il!'a

Hi? s6 thu nh~n du anh sang d~ ehuy~n mach
De van hanh an toan bang rao anh sang phan cnleu H$ so nay 20 co nghTa, earn bien nhan dU'Q'Canh
va rao anh sang mot chleu ta can mot he so thu nhan sang nhieu han 20 Ian nhu no can khi hoat dong
du anh sang. Voi nhiYng earn bien khong co su triet hoan hao.
tieu (lam rno) tin hieu IT phong phia sau (Hinh 1) can He s6 thu nhan anh sang =
phai co du ann sang phan chieu, Vi IT nhieu noi Sl1 H$ so rnoi tmITng x He s6 vat lieu
dunq khong khi co nhiem bui va cau, cac thau kinh
cua earn bien b] ban, 1U'Q'nganh sang thu b] giam, lam
tac dong xau chuc nang earn bien (xem hien th] bao
tnroc 51,!'co). Cho nen ta can chu I; cac he so hieu Bang 1: H~ s6 hi~u chinh cho mol trwO'ng
chinh.
He s6 moi DO' ban tren tnau kinh va m$t phan chieu
tru 9 do hoi nuoc, bui, manq dau
Hi? s6 hi~u ehinh eho di€!u kii?n moi trU'O'ng
1,5 Kh6ng co bui
Trang vunq khong co bui, rao anh sang can chLPCnang
5 Bui it, co dau; can cnui nya thuang xuyen
dl,!' triY 1,5. Cho vunq de b] nhiem ban ta dung earn
10 Kha nhieu bui, co dau, b~n; chul nia khi
bien voi he s6 thu nhan anh sang thich hop (Bang 1).
can

Hi? s6 hi~u chinh eho v~t li~u (phan chieu) 50 R<!itban; it hay kh6ng chui nia

He s6 nay chi Cmg dl)ng cho earn bien anh sang phan
chieu vi no danh gia ann sang phan chieu 111 vat the.
(Bang 2)
Bang 2: H~ so hi~u chinh cho v~t li~u
Chi dan
He so V$t lieu
He s6 suy giam do vat lieu khong co gia tr] nhan biet 1 Bia kiem tra Kodak
doi voi earn bien theo phuonq phap do dac tam giac.
1,5 Bao in
a day ta can lam ro su suy giam tam do cua earn bien
4,5 T<!img6 sach
d6i vai vat co rnau t6i.
0,6 Nh6m chua xli' II;
Thi du v€! djnh kich thuoc
Carn bien anh sang phan chieu can nhan biet cac tam
g6 IT khoanq each 50 mm nai co mot it bui, Phonq gan
nhu kh6ng phan chieu.
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
.,! H It II Hit III \1111H III II II \ II II" n '••
Chon loai earn bien -. --
Carn bien kh6ng co Sl)' trlet lieu (lam rno) tin hieu (y
phong phia sau la dap lI'ng duo Hinh 1: earn bi€!n anh sang phan chieu

I) NAMUR = Normarbeitsgemeinschaft fOr Mess- und Regelungstechnik (Hi~p h¢i tieu chuan cho ky tnuat do dac va dieu chinh trang cong nghi$p
h6a hoc)
 10.7 Carn bi~n 507

Eli? tre (sai bi$l khoang each gifra di§m bat va tat mach cua earn bien) duoc earn bien tl)' tinh loan toi U'U. N6
dinh di§m tal rnach a
khoang 10% khoanq each tCPvat va birc tU'ong: toe la 6 mm.

V6'i nhCmg di€!m tinh dU'Q'c earn bien c6 dU'Q'c khoanq each nhi§u (ty 1$ tin hi$u / nhieu) toi U'U. NhU' the c6 th€!
dam bao den cap do nhiem ban nao d6 h$ thong quang hoc cua earn bien van nhan biet vat do tim mot each
r6 rang.

Neu ca hai vi tri can hoc narn qua gan nhau, LED se nhap nhay, Dieu nay cho ngU'oi SLr dl,mg biet rang, tin hieu
dl)' trfr din c(P theo diem lam viec kh6ng dat den 50%.

[Link] M~ch di~n tw earn bilm quang

Hinh 1 trinh bay cau true nquyen tac mot earn bien. Tang ng6 ra thuc hi$n voi ky thuat NPN duoc trinh bay c6
gia tr] cho tat ca cac bo khai tao, kh6ng phu thuoc VaG nquyen tac vat Iy.

M6 ta chl'Pc nling

Transistor ng6 ra V4 va IC cho earn bien duoc cap

di$n qua V1 (Z-di6t bao v$ chong rnac sai cue). Khi
diot quang nhan du ann sang, V4 dan dien. Tai duoc
cap di$n, thi ou ro Ie. Z-di6t V2 c6 nhiern Vl,J bao v$
sl,J'qua ap doi voi transistor. Khi den hi§n th] tranq thai Ie voi 1~lca
cnoc nang cho
sang lien tuc, dieu nay cho biet dU'ong di cua tia sang
vi$c du 1<;10
kh6ng b] qian doan va h$ so thu nhan du anh sang de earn bien
Tai
chuyen rnach it nhflt la 1,5. Khi den hien tb] nhap nhay
kh6ng c6 nghTa dU'ong di cua tia sang b] gian doan,
n6 chi bao cho biet h$ so thu nhan anh sang qua nho.
Den hi§n th] tranq thai tat khi dU'ong di cua tia sang b]
Hiemlhj
gian doan.

HlI'ong dfin [Link] dyng Hinh 1: M~ch di~n tw cua earn bilm

Trong thuc te ta thU'ong can nhan biet cac vat rflt nho
c6 van toc lon, NhU' the thO'i gian tia sang duy tri trEm
vat the ngan. Be nhan biet mot each chac chan vat the
ta can tan so xung cao (van toc quet) cua earn bien.
Thong thuonq transistor ngo ra c6 tan so la 1 kHz, cac
earn bien quang nay d$c biet c6 tan so den 10kHz.

Toe do nhan biet (quet) cao lu6n lam anh hU'ang

xau den wong dO tin hieu va nhu the khoanq 10
each nhan biet qiam khi toc do khci dong tang
dan,
Hinh 2: Th6>i gian duy Iri

cac loai rnach

Bang 1: Mi,lch sang, phan (Png ngo ra
CO' ban ta phan biet hai loai rnach:
BO thu anh sang Tai (TIeu thu)
• Mach sang
Chieu sang Bat dien
Ttong quat ta lu6n dung rnach nay khi phai khoi dong
Kh6ng chieu sang Tat dien
ngU'ng mot qua trinh, thi du khi ban truot den vi tri cuoi
hay mLYCday da dat.

Bang 2: Mi,lch t6i, phan (Png ngo ra

• Mach toi
BQ thu ann sang Tai (TIeu thu)
Ta lu6n dung rnach nay khi phili khai dong mot qua
Chieu sang Bat dien
trinh, thi du kh6'i dong mot bang chuyen khi co tai,
Kh6ng chieu sang Tat di$n
510

10.7.8 BQ do 56 v6ng quay lam earn bifm do quang dU'ang va g6e xoay

Chung ta can dO' Ii$u d~ dieu khi~n cac thlet b] tl)' dong, xem "canh tay ro bot" c6 theo dung quy dao da dinh, may
dunq Cl,Jc6 vao vi trl lam viec hay thiet b] van ChUYEln da vao vi tri cuoi cunq cua n6 hay khong. Be qiarn sat vi
trl cuoi cunq da d!nh hay cac di~m chuan, thong thU'ang ta dung den cong tac ti$m can loai di$n dung hay di$n
earn hay earn bien quang. Be nhan biet trang thai gian ngan va v6'i do chinh X8C cao cho cac chuyen d(>ng theo
dU'ang thang va/hay cac chuyen d¢ng quay, ta can h$ thong do di$n ttY nhu bO do 56 vonq quay. Hau nhu moi
chuyen dong thang deu ket nOi voi chuyen dong quay (Buoc d2Jn tien bang chuyen dong quay cua true truyen
dong). NhU' vifly ta c6 the bien g~n nhu rnoi chuyen dong thang thanh chuyen dong quay va cOng dung bQ phat
so vonq quay (con 99; la b¢ ao
gac xoay) de do quanq dU'ang.

cciu tao be? do so v6ng quay

Mot diot phat tia hong nqoai tren mot dTa gia so. MOt thiet b] quang h9C hOi tu cac tia nay thanh cac tia sang song
song. Cac tia sang nay di vao mot tarn chan bang 1U'6'iva 1U'6'ivacn cua dTa tao xung. NhO'ng diot quang narn
sau dTa xung tao ra dang di$n d<;lng sinus ty 1$ voi wang do sang. Vai rnach di$n tli tin hieu sin nay oU'Q'c bien
thanh xung vuonq, Vai bO do so vonq quay tuyet 06i vi$c biEln dOi rna can duoc thuc hi$n. Mach di$n cong suat
ng6 ra cho ra tin hi$u 5V va 24V.

BQ do so v6ng quay tuy~t dbi - gia 56 Bit 1

Bit 2
Tuy theo ling dunq ve phuonq phap do dac va danh
gia ta phan biet bo do 56 vonq quay gia 56 va tuyet doi. Bit n

Be? do so v6ng quay gia so Hinh 1: c:iu true met b';; phat 56 yang quay

£)Ta rna h6a a bo 00 56 vonq quay gia so c6 hai Ian

oU'ang quet:
Bang 1: BQ do so yang quay
• Mot Ian oU'ang vai vunq sang-toi deu d;)n (vach).
Cang nhieu vach, tin hieu quay phat ra canq c6 00 Gia 56 TUY$t doi
ph_an giai cao, n6 cung cap canq nhieu xung cho
Cac xung phat ra Voi mili vi tri g6c, co nghTa mOi
rnoi vonq quay. dll'9'c Xli' Iy voi PLC buo'c cua g6c quay ta duoc tri
hay be>d~m so ma hoa duoi dang nhi phan
• Mot Ian dU'ang chi 56, CLFmOi vonq quay n6 chi cho (dO>Ii$u bytes), PLC Xli' Iy tiep
mot xung (Hinh 2) tuc dO>lieu nay

Vai mot earn bien ta c6 the tinh oU'Q'C 56 xung moi Singleturn Multiturn
don vi thai gian va van t6c quay cua true. Tuy nhien ta (hien th] don) (da hien thi)
Cho bi~t vi tri Cho biet vi tri
kh6ng the nhan biet huonq quay (Hinh 3).
tuy$t doi ~ili vi tuyet doi mili vi
tri cua chuyen tri cua chuyen
d(>ngquay d(>ng quay va
cho bi~t them tri
so
vonq quay
G6c cOng nhu hanh trinh oi qua chi biet duoc vol
56 xung, khi ta biet oU'Q'c hU'ang quay.

360 0

WA=----
Nh~n bhflt hU'6'ng quay se xung (PZ)
PZ: se vach
Cc1n hai earn bien de nhan biet hU'ang quay cua bo 00 n: se v6ng quay cua true
56 vonq quay gia so. dan d(>ng(min-1) (thee
vonq/phut)

Do c6 hai earn bien cung cap hai tin hi$u ng6 ra; ta 99i n= .i: .60
PZ
la kenh A va kenh B. Ta danh gia dU'Q'c hU'ang quay
cua true khi danh qia vi tri pha cua hai tin hi$u nay. Hinh 2: B9 do 56 vang
quay gia 56
Hinh 3: D';; phan gilli g6e WA
 10.7 Carn bien 509

Tinh toan h~ so thu nhan anh sang toi thieu

1000
Cac dieu kien: chung quanh it bui, vat li$u can do tim: tam go sach, chLPC
nang dl,l' IrQ>(h$ so thu nhan dO anh sang) = 5 x 4,5 = 22,5 (xem Bang 1
va 2 Trang 508) t
'" 100
a
Tli trang dQ>lieu ky thuat (Hinh 1) cua earn bien da chon, 50 mm ta doc C
·ro
<Il
dU'Q'Che so thu nhan anh sang la 30. Carn bien thich hop cho LPngdunq. s: 30
c
·ro
Mot lieu chi chon khac 103 vunq nh$n biet (vunq quet). No cho biet khoanq ~ 10
each giQ>avat can do va be mat chu dOng cua earn bien lam cho tin hieu
a
thay doi ng6 ra.

1
Giai thich cac khai ni~m (Hinh 2) 10 50 100
Khoang each chuyen mach djnh rnuc (thlet ke) s., la mot d~i IU'Q'ngdac Tam neat dong ~
Imng cua diem khoanq each chuyen rnach ma kh6ng chu y den dung sai Hinh 1: Trang d[P li~u ky thu~t
che tao, dO khac biet cua tling san pnarn va cac anh hU'ang tli ben nqoal
nhu nhiet do va di~n ap.
Vung mu 103 vunq giQ>abe mat chu dong cua earn bien va knoanq each toi
a
thieu rna trong d6 vat can do kh6ng the nhan biet duo'c.
Vung nh~n bilflt Sd la vung rna khoanq each chuyen rnach cua mot earn
bien quang dU'Q'cchlnh voi tam do chuan,
Khoang each chuy{m rnach hLi'u dl,lng Su 103 khoanq each chuy{m rnacn
cho phep trang khoanq nhiet do va dien ap da dinh.

U'u va nhU'Q'c diem cua earn bilfln quang

U'u diem:
• Carn bien quang khi dung nrur la cong tac thi khong c6 tac dl,lng 1 1
ngU'Q'clai, khonq tuy thuoc vao vat li$u va c6 khoanq each xa Ian 150 % 80% 0%
i
• Chung hoat d9n9 kh6ng bi rnai men neu ta tuan thu dung cac thong I
I
so giai han I
• Tat ca earn bien quang deu cno tin hieu a ng6 ra khong b] nay lenl I
I
I.",
IE
xu6ng I I",
I IC
I 1$
NhU'Q'Cdiem:
• £)~ Van nann can nang IU'Q'ngphu tro
1-1 ---'S"-d ---'J
• Anh sang 1<;1 (nhi9u) va su nhiern ban cac loai deu dan den viec chuyen
mach sai
10

-
• Thong thuonq chunq dat tien non thi du so voi cong tac co hoc

1. Cac earn bien quang duoc phan ra nhQ>ngloai CO' ban nao?
2. Loai earn bien nao dat tam heat dong Ian nhat?
3. Tai sac can dung bO loc phan CI,I'Ccho rao anh sang phan chieu?
4. Hay cho biet cac tinh chat d~c biet cua rao anh sang mot chieu,
5. Carn bien anh sang phan chieu duoc chinh nhu' the nao?
6. Hay giai thich each heat dong su triel tieu (lam rno) tin hi$u a phong
phia sau?
7. Cap quang dan co may loai? Hay cho biet di;lc diem cua chunq.
8. Hay giai thich rnach tOi 1 rnach sang?
9. Hay cho biet anh hU'ang nao co the lam nhi9u cac chLPCnanq cua
earn bien quang?
10. Hinh 3 trinh bay SI,I'nhan biet mot v;flt can do b:!ing quang hoc.
Nguyen tac quang hoc nao duoc dung day? a Hinh 3: Nh~n bi~t v~t th~ b~ng quang h9C
512 10 Ky thuat di~u khilln

10.7.9 Cung cap di~n tip va noi tai

~ III
Cac earn bien quang, earn (j>ng, oi$n dung va sieu am oa trinh bay oU'Q'c
cung cap vai dien ap mot chieu 24 V DC. COng co loai earn bien vai oi$n
II'
l \
ap 12 V DC va 48 V DC. Ta cOng co earn bien voi oien ap xoay chieu 24 ,.,
V AC, 110 V AC va 230 V AC.
\ i
Cac earn bien DC co Sl,l' chuyen mach chinh xac neu oi$n ap 6n dinh, "1WV
De earn bien AC lam vi$c chinh xac, cac dao o¢ng co s6ng hai (cao ttJn)
khong duoc VlJ'Q't qua 10% dao dong co ban (Hinh 1).
o ms
10 _ 20

Hinh 1: Oi~n ap xoay chi~u vai cac s6ng

hili
Carn bien co the lam viec voi oi$n ap mot chieu va xoay chieu.

Anh hlJ'cmg cua di~n tw

[Link] PNP: Tai n6i vai diem am
• Ket noi nhieu vim vunq tli' trlJ'6'ng cua earn bien -~--,----lE-I------ +
Cac thiet b] vo tuyen co the lam cho cac earn bien earn li'ng va earn 01
bien di$n dung chuyen mach sai.

D2
• Ket noi qua ngu6n oi$n
Voi day earn bien dai khong boc giap chong nhieu narn trong cac kenh
day cap hay cac day nay narn gan true tiep cap dan di$n rnanh (h$
thong han) thi co the lam cho cac earn bien chuyen rnacn sai.

Carn bien voi oi$n ap mot chieu co ky thuat hai day va ba day.

Ky thuat ba day (trlJ'ang hop thong thlJ'ang)

Hinh 2: Ky thuat ba day
Mach di$n ng5 ra oe oieu khien tai giong nhau cho tat ca cac loai earn
bien ke tren. Khac nhau la rnacn NPN hay PNP (Hinh 2).

Vai loai NPN tai duoc n6i voi diem duonq.

Ky thuat hai day (Hinh 3) BN (1)

ACI BU (2) , o e--
L_-r-J-: -=-=...:.::..:- ....0--:_~ 5-0-..
Vo'i ky thuat nay earn bien duo'c noi tiep vai vai tal. Chung ta can chu y
den cue cua earn bien. Qua hai day di$n duoc cung cap cho earn bien va i'-----------~
YE/GN
tin hi$u chuyen rnach duoc truyen di. CtJn chu y trong tinh tranq khong
d6ng di$n cua earn bien, n6 van dan du it oi$n va trong tinh tranq d~m
Hinh 3: Ky thuat hai day DC/AC
di$n co oi$n ap sut tren earn bien.

Carn billn NAMUR (Hinh 4)

g>••g
+ ::>01
c: c:
Duy nhat chi c6 cac earn bien earn (I'ng va dien dung duoc thuc hi$n voi Giao dien NAMUR
.,e ..,
"C'0
~.<:::
ky thuat NAMUR . Ky thuat nay OlJ'Q'cdung trong vung nguy CO'chay n6 vi an toan noi tai voi o
iY day CU'ang do va cong suat di$n duoc han che iY tr] so thap nhat, Cho giay phep EX') ~> .>,.
::>-
cong viec nay ta c6 b¢ khuech dai chuyen rnach va giao dien an toano .<::: -
~-----------~~ u .ro-
'" ::>
"'-
c;
o
·in
o
C.
Mach di$n OlJ'Q'c coi nhu an toan n¢i tal khi nang 1U'Q'ng cua n6 +
x
w
kh6ng co kha nanq tao ra tia Ilfa oi$n trong hon hop khi nguy hiem X
w
chay no.

earn billn vai di~n ap xoay chieu

Thong thU'cmg ta dung ky thuat hai day, tal oU'Q'c noi qua mot ro Ie Hinh 4: earn bien NAMUR trong ky thu~t
haiday
(Hinh 1, trang 513)
 10.7 Carn bi~n 511

Quay tai: a day ta chu y d~n won duonq cua kenh A. 8ieu nay xay ra
khi kenh B c6 tranq thai tin hi$u 113 O.

Quay lui: Suon dU'O'ngcua kenh B duoc danh gia (Hinh 1).
Kenh B
1f1~L
Do sl)' I$ch pha cua hai kenh ta bi€JtdU'Q'chU'ang quay
Quayt&i Jl h,--_
Mot each khac dll nhan biet chieu quay la voi k~t noi logic eong XOR.
Neu ta can Cll>vao won dU'O'ngcua kenh A va B. A XOR B = 1 -t quay
Kenh B
t6>i;A XOR B = 0 -t quay lui.
Quay lui
V&i bO do so yang quay gia s6 hien nay voi dTa co dU'ang kinh 40 mm,
ta c6 cao nhat 113 5000 vach trsn chu vi. Voi dO phan giai gap bon Ian Hinh 1: Nh~n billt chieu quay

(tan dunq suon len va suon xu6ng cua ca hai kenh de tao xung), vci
mot yang quay ta co do phan giai 360°/20.000, tuonq (Png vot mot g6c
0,018° (Hinh 2).

Ta khonq nen nharn Ian giO'a do phan giai va do chinh X8C.80 chinh xac --!:~
cua bO phat so yang quay gia so 113 tuy vao sl)' chinh X8Ccua dO rong va lrl-l!rl-l
khoanq each cua vach (dung sai thong thU'ang 103 10%). Kenh B -+-l i !-+--l : ~
I I I I I I I I
hi
Jl I:I I I I I
V~n toe quay cue d~i cho phep Elanh gia 1 1 1 III 1 I
mot I~n I i I I
Tan so giai han cua bo do so yang quay tuy thuoc vao s6 xung cho moi
yang quay, vao rnach di$n tu>trong viec phat tin hieu va mach di$n tu>xU>
£)an~ gia
hal Ian
[Link]..hL
t t t I
Iy sau d6. Vi mot PLC it khi lam viec tren 300 kHz cho nen tan so ng6
ra cua bO do s6 yang quay gia s6 can thich nghi voi bO d~m tuonq lI>ng. £)anhgia~
b6nl~n
Voi 5000 xung mOi yang quay va tan s6 ngo ra cho phep 18 300 kHz ta
Hinh 2: Danh gia
duoc s6 yang quay cua true 113 3600 vonq/phut (cong thuc xem Hinh 3,
Trang 510).

BQ do so v6ng quay tuy~t dai (Hinh 3)

BOdo so yang quay gia so b] mat dCfli$u cua n6 khi mat dii;ln. Khi c6 dien
lai hay khi bat di$n trong pha dau tien (kh&i tao) n6 can duoc dua ve
vach chuan. Ta can chu y khi b~t dau khai d9n9 mot rc bot, dau tien cac
true cua n6 can chuyen dong cham ve vi tri ban dau (home). Qua d6 cac
bo dem tU'O'nglI>ngcua bo do s6 yang quay gia so duoc tro ve tinh tranq
ban dau. BOdo so yang quay tuyet d6i khong can su dich chuyen ve tinh
tranq ban dau. Sau khi b$t di$n n6 cho bi~t g6c quay tuyet d6i, d6 la vi tri
rna n6 dang dll>[Link] hieu ngo ra phat duoi danq digital. B9 do so yang 10
quay tuyet doi loai singleturn c6 d~n 13 BiU Ian (1 bit = 1 kenh). Bo do so
yang quay tuyet d6i loai multiturn c6 d~n 25 bit (13 bit cho vi tri ben trong Thi du: dTa mil h6a voi 6 Ian dU'ang
yang quay, 12 bit cho s6 yang quay). Tri s6 mil doc duoc (kenh 1 - 6):
1 -1 - 0 -1 - 0 - 1
Thong thuonq ngU'ai ta dung ma Gray (Hinh 4). Ma nay cnuyen tranq Hinh 3: cse Ian dLPcl'ng tren be? do so
thai tCmg buoc mot, c6 nghia khi qua mot tranq thai Ian can chi thay dbi vang quay tuy~t dbi
mot bit. NhU' v$y ta tranh dU'Q'csl)' dien giai sai khi chuyen tranq thai,

1. Tai sao cac bo do s6 yang quay gia so thong thuonq c6 hai ngo ra
vaichuoixung?

2. Hay giai thich SI,J' khac biet giO'a bo do so yang quay gia so va tuyet
doi.

3. BO ma Gray dien ta dieu gi?

4. 80 phan giai cua mot bO do so yang quay 113 2500. 8ieu nay c6
nghTagi? Hinh 4: Dia ma h6a vai ma Gray
 10.7 Carn bien 513

Noi tai

• Chuc nang conq ttlc c6 ti~p diem thU'ong d6ng va

LED
thuonq mo t;
86i vo'i earn bien earn ling va di~n dung can c6 GI U
nhu a::
nhiYng diem thong nhat sau: .-----+-<*
ChLPC nang cong t~c co tiep dil1m thU'ong ma NO
(normally open) s
Carn bil~n kh6ng suy giam (tranq thai tinh), khOng
c6 vat truoc be mi;it chu dQng . Ngo ra mo.
cnuc nang conq lac co liep diem thU'cyng d6ng NC Hinh 1: Ky thuat 2 day v6>j ngo ra roo Ie
(normally closed)
a earn bien khong suy giam ngo ra d6ng, earn bien
dan di$n. I( Chirc nang cong t~c c6 tiep diem thU'ang rno
• a earn bien quang ngU'oi ta n6i den rnach tOi/m<;lch
NO; lu6n Iuon duoc dung khi khai dong START

sang (xem chuonq earn bien quang).

• a earn bien sieu am cac khai niem ve tinh nang

hoat dong 0 ngo ra khonq duoc xac dinh. Khi nhan
( Cmrc nanq cong tac co tiep diem thU'ang d6ng
NC; dU'qc dung khi dlmg STOP

biet mot vi;lt can do, ngo ra co thl1 bat dien hay
ngU'qc 1<;Ii.

Ky thuat hai, ba, bon day ~ (-)+

• Ky thuat hai day

~>-----[Link]J..---(+)
Chi duoc dung voi earn bien earn ll'ng va earn bien
1 ) BN Nau +
di$n dung.
BK Z Den
• Ky thuat ba day
~hd~angl
Tai c6 thl1 noi voi diem d~t (rnach PNP) hay diem
du'oriq (rnach NPN).

• Ky thuat bon day

Cac earn biEln nay c6 hai ng5 ra, mot ngo c6 chuc
nang NC, ngo khac co chLPCnang NO. Chung dU'qc
Hinh 2: Ky thu~t 2-, 3-,4 day
cung cap dU'O'i danq NPN hay PNP.

Nh~n xet:
Neu ta chu tronq su san sang khi b! cham tre, mat di~n
toan phan va rnach kh6ng tai, thi co the dung ket noi
logic AND (rnach n6i tiep) cOng nhu' OR (rnach song 10
song) cho cong tac tiern can earn ling, di$n dung,
rao anh sang va earn bien sieu am, trong truonq hop
khong c6 h$ dieu khien logic li;lp trinh dU'qc ( PLC).
Thuc te cho biet tuy theo tll'ng loai earn bien ta c6 the
n6i song song nhieu nh~t 20 den 30 earn bien trong ky Hinh 3: al Miilch song song
thuat ba day. Nhunq tuy theo tCPng loai, nhieu nhat la bl M;:Ich noj tjep, ky thuat ba day
tCP5 d~n 10 earn bien khi n6i ti~p.
Trong ky thuat hai day tuy theo loai ta co the n6i song
song nhieu nhat tCP5 den 10 earn bien. Khong nen
dung rnach n6i tiep (neu co chi tCP2 den 3 earn bien) 1. Hay giai thich chiY viet ttlt NC va NO

2. Mot earn bien quang chuyen rnach sang, dieu

Lydo:
nay c6 y nghTa gi?
Trong rnach song song cac dong di$n duo cua cac earn
bien cQng l<;Iitrong tinh tranq khOng bat di$n. 3. Cac earn bien nao dU'qc SLr dl,lng nhu earn bien
NAMUR va tai sao?
Trong rnach n6i ti~p sut di$n ap tong cQng tCP1V den
2,5V IllY loai earn bien. Ta phal chu y tai can duoc heat 4. Hay phac hoa rnach song song cho earn bien
dong hoan hao, trong ky tnuat hai day
514 10 Ky thuat dieu khien

10.8 £lieu khien logic I~p trinh dU'Q'C PLC (programmable logic controller)
10.8.1 Cau tao va each v~" hanh +24 V DC

PLC1) thu nhan tin hi$u tiY earn bien, nut nnan, cong tac vi tri
cuoi, rao chan quang hay bQ phat tin hi~u theo gia so (tang len
tiYng don vi), danh gia chunq, tao ket noi logic 9iCJ'achunq nh6'
c~U'O'n9 trinh cua PLC, cbuyen mach cho co cau tac dong (CO'
C8U chap hanh) tuonq lfng va bao tin tranq thai cua qua trinh.

PLC la mot bO phan dieu khifm, n6 khoi dQng, giam sat, anh hU'&ng 0v
va xac dlnh viec cham dlft qua trinh van hanh cua may. PLC la mot
hi;! thong di€lu khien bllng bQ vi XLYIy (IJP) va rnac du chuonq trinh Hinh 1: Nguyen tile NXX cua PLC
PLC khong thay doi, nhunq dU'Q'c luu trCJ'(trong bO nho EEPROM),
nen cOng co the bien soan (lcTlptrinh 11;'Ii)vao bat cli luc nao. Phan
cling va phan rnern cua hi;! thong duoc thuc hii;!n oua tren nquyen
tac nghiem ng$t NXX (Nhap - XLYIy - Xu at) (Hinh 1).

10.8.2 H~ PLC thu 9Q"

Hi;! dieu khien thu gQn nay hQi tu tat ca nhCJ'ng phan cling (Hinh 2)
vao trong mot vo may. Sit k~t noi tin hi$u voi the gioi ben nqoai bao
g6m qua:
• Cac d~u nOi ngo ra va ngo vao cho tin hi$u digital va analog
• Giao di$n de nap chU'O'ng trinh
Cap cau tao cua PLC thu gQn Ian nhat hii;!n nay (mo rong them 7
bang rnach (rno dun) di€lu khien) co the dat dU'Q'c la: 128 ngo vao
digital 01 (digital input), 128 ngo ra digital 00 (digital output) va cho Hinh 2: H~ PLC thu g9n
tin hieu analog g6m 28 ngo vao va 7 ngo ra.

Gia (ray) do
Dien ap cung cap DC 24 V AC 100 V d.§n 230 V
Ng6 vao DC24V DC24V
Ng6 ra DC 24V R& Ie

[Link] H~ diEw khiEm PLC cau tao kiEW mo dun

Ve nquyen tac nhCJ'ng h$ PLC nay dU'Q'c cau tao nhu sau: Tren mot
gia d6' (rack) mot bang rnach cung cap di$n dU'Q'Cgan 6' phia ben
trai. Bang rnach di$n CPU (bQ xir Iy trung tam) la me dun thir hai gan
a ben phai cua bang rnach nquon di$n. Bat dau tiY khe earn thli ba CPU
danh de gan nhCJ'ng bang mach di$n tin hieu nhu ngo vao digital,
ngo ra digital hay nhCJ'ngbang mach di$n analog. Tong cQng ta dU'Q'c Hinh 3: PLC du tao kit.u mo dun
gan toi da 8 bang rnach di$n tin hieu a
ben phai cua bang mach di$n
CPU. Qua each rno rong kieu rno dun nay ta c6 the thiet ke den 64
bang rnach dlen, NhCmg bang rnach di$n rieng Ie dU'Q'Cgiao tiep voi
nhau qua bus nQi bQ (Hinh 3).

[Link] May tinh PC cho cong nghi~p (Slot PLC)

May tinh ca nhan cho conq nghi$p (IPC) luon dU'Q'c SLYdunq, khi ta
can khac phuc dU'Q'c nhCJ'ng dieu ki~n khac nghi~t xung quanh.
Thi du bui, chat blm va Sit rung. May IPC duoc thiet ke theo ky thuat
Siot-CPU vai man hinh rnonq TFT (Thin-film transistor). TUy theo
each thao tac, nhCJ'ngmay tinh (IPC) dU'Q'c trang b] voi earn bien con
chuot hay man hinh tiep xuc. May tinh cong nghii;!p co the dU'Q'Crno
rong v6'i nhCJ'ng PCI-Slot VaG bat cli luc nao. Cbu'onq trinh quan Iy
tich hop qiam sat va tU'ang trinh nhCJ'ng tranq thai van hann quan Hinh 4: PC cho eong nghi~p (IPC)
tronq va bao v$ h$ thong. Moi PLC-Slot la mot bang rnach dii;!n gan
VElO khe earn cho IPC. Bang rnach nay c6 d~y du tinh nang cua PLC-CPU voi cruro'nq trinh firmware (ai~u v:[m phJn
c(mg) rieng Ie va bQ nh& ling dl,lng. Cho di~u khien qua trinh c6 dau noi giao di$n bus trU'ong (field bus); PLC noi
voi PC lam vi$c qua bQ dual port RAM (bQ nh& hai cong co the truy cap a
ca hai phial truyen dO>li$u rat nhanh.

1) Tieng D"e Iii SPS (Speieherprogrammierbare Steuerungen = di{)u khi~n kM I~ptrinh trong b9 nho)
2) Slot: khe g~n cac bang rnach dien
 10.8 Di~u khilln logic I~p trinh PLC 515

[Link] PhAn mflm PLC (Soft·PLC)

PC + PLC-M6 dun PC + PLC-Philn mem
Soft-PLC la mot chuonq lrinh conq CI.,J d$c bi$t cua cong ty. Muc
dich 18 cung cap nho>ngchU'O'ngtrinh pnuc vu PLC diEmhinh dl,J'a
tren nen tang phan cLPngd.;lc biet (IPC= PC conq nghiep) hay theo Siot-PLC Soft-PLC

lieu chuan PC. Vi$c SLPdl.,Jngcnuonq trinh Soft-PLC nay lien quan
Hinh 1: SI" khilc bi~t giGoa stot- PLC va Soft·PLC
true tiep voi do ion cua dl,J'an. Thong thU'&ng khi thit~t ke nha
may, nhQongthanh phan cong ngh$ thich hop nhu phan cLPngPLC
(Hardware-SPSen) duoc SLY dunq. a nhQonghe thong nh6 hay thi~l
b] nho thi da s6 ph~n rnern PLC (Soft-SPSen) dU'Q'cSLY dunq.

[Link] Nili day trong PLC

Chi dU'Q'cn6i day trong tinh tranq khonq co dien ap

Bang mach CPU da s6 duoc n6i voi dl$n ap mot chleu 24 V. day, a
b(>n6i day hinh IU'Q'CdU'Q'cSLPdl.,Jngcho bang rnach cung cap dien
ap. Bang rnach nay dU'Q'cn6i voi dien ap xoay chieu 230 V hay
a
120 V (hieu chinh dU'Q'C b(>ngu6n cung cap dien). Dl! cho dO>lieu
chua trong bo nho RAM khong b] mat khi ngu6n dien khonq con,
CPU co mot pin demo Qua mot giao dien dl! nap chuonq trinh, khi Hinh 2: C~u tao kieu mo dun cua PLC
cap nhat chuonq trinh cho PLC, SI,J'trao doi (download) chuonq
trinh se duoc thuc hien giQoathi~t b] lap trinh va bang rnach CPU
(Hinh 2). BO nh& nap Bo nh& h~ th6ng

[Link] xU>Iy trung tam CPU Ilr M6 dun

h~ th6ng
eo
lieu I Bo d$m ghi chep
quy trinh ng6 vim

Bang rnach di~n trung tam (Hinh 3) gbm co bo vi xU>Iy, nhQong

b(>(vunq) nho khac nhau va h$ th6ng bus dl! n6i vai tat ca thanh II Mo dun ma -
Modun dO>Ii~u
I Bo d$m ghi chep
quy trinh ngo ra
phan. ChLPO'ngtrinh wng dl}ng (y trong b(>nho nap cOng nhu bo
nho van hanh, BQ nhe» nap (load memory) diroc thuc hi$n qua
nhCmg me dun nho (memory card) duoc gttn VaG CPU hay nhO>ng Bo nha v~n hanh !lCa hi$u (bi! nh&J
linh kien luu trO>tich hop co dinh (ROM, EEPROM). B(>nho nap
baa g6m toan b(>chuonq trinh LPngdl.,JngChLP8cau hinh va thong
so bang rnach dien. BQ nho v~n hanh (work memory) la b(>nho
II M6 dun rna qua~
tronq cho trinh tl,l'
(ChLPC nang djnh thO-i]

RAM, truy cap nhanh, ChLP8nhQongthanh phan lien quan qua trinh
cua chuonq trinh LPngdunq nhir ma chuonq trinh hay dO>lieu LPng
dunq. BQ nho h~ th6ng (system memory) ChLP8nhO'ng bien so b]
II M6 dun dO>lieu
quan tronq cho
trinh tll'
I ~ C~c

I i"'tfi1!l ~~~
I ~~![Link]<
nang dem J
,:'10 d[r ld~n nQi,1i9I
= nil!n x~oil
truy cap tiJochuonq trinh. NhQongbien so (toan hanq) duoc tom tat
trong cac pharn vi (mien, vunq, pharn vi toan hanq), CPU co nhQong Hinh 3: Bang milch trung tam CPU 10
pharn vi nhu' sau:
• Ngo vao (E) la vunq d$m (ghi chap) quy trinh (process image)
cua bang mach tin hi$u digital ng6 vao
• Ngo ra (A) la vunq dem (ghi chap) quy trinh cua bang rnach
dien tin hi$u digital ng6 ra
• CeYhi~u (M) la vunq luu trO>nhO>ngthong tin co thl! truy cap
trong ca toan b(>chuonq trinh
• ChLPCnling djnh theYi (T) la vunq cho nhO>ngCO' cau dinh thoi
thuc hi$n qiam sat va tri hoan thai gian
• ChLPCnling dem (Z) la b(>dem phan mern; chieu dem tang hay
qiarn
• Dfp li~u [Link] tarn theYi (L) la b(>nho trung gian dong, khi rno
dun phan rnern dang xU>Iy
Hinh 4: a) Bang rnach digital 16 ngo vao
HlI'o>ng dan: NhQongchQocai lrong ngoi;\c don 1<'1 ky hi$u t~t cua b) 0 earn phia tnroc cho 32 ngo vae
a
toan hQng tU'O'ngLPng lenh PLC.
516 10 Ky thu~t diElU khi~n

[Link] N~p chLl'O'ng trinh vao CPU (bimg mach trung tam);
~ RUNP-
x6a toan be?
~ RUN~
Chon Il,Ya ~ 0 STOR ~
Vi$c nap chuonq trinh tYng dung vao bang mach CPU cua PLC duoc di~n ap ~ O~F MRES -
thuc hlen voi dieu ki$n la vi$c ket noi true tuyen (online) giQoathiet b] lap a) ~
trinh va PLC dil dU'Q'c thiet lap. Qua trinh nap duoc me ta trong thi du cua Hilln thi tr~ng thai va 16i
may PLC S7-300 nhu' sau (Hinh 1): H9P cho
Hien thi me dun
1. B$t ngu6n di$n qua conq t~c ON/OFF. 8i at (rnau d6) a CPU phat tranq thai va
loi cho giao
nh&
sang. di~n Dp1) Gong tac
chon Il,Ya
2. Cong tac chon co che van hanh phai a
vi tri "STOP", den LED Ngan (hQC)
cho pin dem
che d9 van
"STOP" phat sang do. Bay gia ta quay cong t~c chon CO' che van hanh
hay ac quy
hanh VaG vi tri MRES (memory reset =
bQ nho thiet I$p lai) va giO> Giao di$n
£)lIu nOi cung MP1 nOi
vi trl nay trong vonq 3 giay cho den khi den LED "STOP" nhap nhay
cham. Buong long conq tk; chon che dQ van hanh va sau 3 giay
cap di$n ap i: nhit\udi~m
GhlYCn~ng
i) i) Giao di$n
quay cong tac tro ve vi tri MRES. Bay ga
den LED "STOP" nhap noi dat
PROFIBUS
nhay nhanh non, bo nho cua CPU b] x6a toan bo. Trong tmang c)
DP
hop den LED "STOP" khOng nhap nhay nhanh non, thi qua trinh Hinh 1: a) Cong tac di~n ap mi;lng
trsn phai I~p lai. b) Cong tile cnen h,l'a ehe dO;>
v~n
hanh
3. 813 nap chuonq trinh tYng dunq cong tac chon CO'che van hanh phai c) [Link] ph~n t(P cua bang

avi tri "STOP". Nho chU'O'ng trinh quan Iy firmware chuonq trinh dil
mach CPU

bien soan dU'Q'c truyen vao CPU.

4. Cong tac chon van hanh a

vi tri "RUN P" va CPU san sang van
hanh, den LED "RUN" phat sang xanh ta cay (luc) va den LED
"STOP" tat. Neu den LED "STOP" van con do, c6 loi phat hi$n (su>a
chfra xem trong vunq d$m chan doan).

5. Neu phai truyen tai nhO>ng mo dun phtin rnern rieng Ie VaG CPU, thi
conq tac chon van hanh a
vi tri "RUN P" hay "STOP".

[Link] Xu. Iy chLl'O'ng trinh theo chu trinh (quet)

a day cong tac chon che dQ van hanh (S7-300) phai a

vi tri "RUN". Tnroc
Hinh 2: Xii>Iy chll'O'ng trinh (Png dl,mg

tien h$ dieu hanh nap bQ d$m quy trinh ng6 VaG (PAE) digital VaG CPU.
Bo d$m quy trinh ta mot vunq nho nhat dinh trong bo nho h$ th6ng
(Hinh 2, Trang 515). Tai day cac ng6 VaG cunq voi tranq thai tin Thay d6i tin hieu ng6
vao thu nhan ngay I~p
hieu thuc te cua quy trinh dU'Q'C cat giQo (vao PAE). Voi nhQong tuc bQ dem ghi chap
tranq thai tin hieu nay chuonq trinh lfng dung xU>Iy PAE va thay quy trinh Thay d6i tin hieu ng6 ra
doi tranq thai tin hi$u trong bQ d$m quy trinh a
ng6 ra digital (PM).
Sau d6, h$ dieu hanh truyen tai tranq thai tin hi$u cua bO d$m quy
trinh ng6 ra PM den bang rnach di$n ng6 ra. Bay gia qua trinh
rnoi dU'Q'Ccung cap cac dO>lieu dil xU>IY. NhU' v$y mot chu ky cua
chuonq trinh dil hoan tat va mot bQ d$m quy trinh ng6 VaG (PAE)
mot b~t d~u cap nhat (Hinh 2).
Thay dOi
PLC xU>Iy chuonq trinh tYng dl,mg theo each noi tiep, c6 nghTa la tin hi$u
tLYng buoc mot, b~t dtiu tLY I$nh dtiu tien, Sau khi I$nh cuoi cunq ng6 ra

dil thuc hien, chuonq trinh bat dtiu voi mQt buoc rnoi. Cho moi
I$nh CPU chi can val micro giay. Thai gian chu trinh la thai gian
rna CPU can thiet de xU>Iy tat ca I$nh trong chuonq trinh tYng dl,mg
(thai gian phan tYng toi da la thai gian hai chu ky) xem Hinh 3. Thai gian chu trinh la mot d~c diem ve chat 1U'Q'ng
cua PLC. Tieu chi la 1000 dong (lenh) trong danh sach cau I$nh cua chuonq trinh lfng ounq.

Trong khi xU>Iy cac heat dQng, h$ thong khong the phan tYng ngay voi Sl! thay doi ng6 vao, vi:

• Trang thai tin hieu cua ng6 VaG giQ>nguyen trong mot chu ky chuonq trinh. Khi mot bit (tin hi$u) bang rnach a
di$n ng6 VaG thay doi, thi bit nay chi dU'Q'Cthu nhan VaG luc ban dau cua chu ky chuonq trinh ke tiep.

• Khi tin hi$u a

ng6 ra thay doi nhieu ltin trong mot chu ky chuonq trinh, Sl! thay doi tin hi$u nay eOng khong tac
dl,mg len bit cua bang rnach ng6 ra, bai vi ng6 ra chi dU'Q'c chuyen doi VaG luc cuoi cunq cua qua trinh xU>IY.
1) DP (Display Port) = giaD dien chon chi. d¢ v~n hanh cho viec hi<l!nthi Va Mo loi
 10.8 Dieu khien logic I$p trinh PLC 517

Thai gian chu trinh (cycle time) d6ng vai tro quyet dinh cho
thai gian phan (Png (reaction time) cua mot hi;! th6ng PLC
(Hinh 3, Trang 516).

Thai gian phan (Png gom co cac thanh phan nhu sau:

• MOt hay hai thot gian chu Irinh (tuy thuoc vao Sl,l' thay doi tin
hi$u 0 ng5 vao va Sl,l' cap nhat hoa bo d$m ghi chep quy trinh)

• Thai gian tri hoan cua bang rnach di$n ngo vao (khoanq 3 ms
de lee cac tin hi$u nhieu) • Xung nhieu b] loai di khi qua b¢ IQc
• Cach Iy di~n th~ nho b¢ qhep quang tranh
• Thoi gian tri hoan chuyen rnach 0 bang rnach di$n ngo ra duoc nhieu tren duong nbi di~n vai CPU
TheYi gian phan (Png RZ = TheYi gian IQc 0>ngo vao + 1 hay 2 • Conq lac ngu5'ng cung cap tin hieu nh]
phan ro rang cho CPU
theYi gian chu trinh + thoi gian chuylm rnach 0> bang rnach
di~n ngo ra. Hinh 1: Bang rnach di~n ngo vao cua PLC

NhU' da de cap, bQ d~m ghi chep quy trinh cua bang mach di$n
digital ngo vao hay ngo ra va phan chia chunq thanh bO d$m ghi
chep quy trinh cua ngo vao va bO dern quy trlnh ngo ra. BQ d~m
,..".. - Sa ng rnacn digital
quy trinh ngo vao dap iYng voi pharn vi cua toan h<;lng ngo vao E
va bo d$m quy trinh ngo ra dap (Png vci pharn vi cua toan hanq
- , ~r-
0 8!a chi 0.0
8ia chi 0.1
2
ngo ra A. Qua ngo vao va ngo ra mot may san xuat hay mot qua 3

trinh dU'Q'Cdieu khien.

4
r-s-
6
- LED

[Link] Nhfrng clmg vao, bang mach di~n ngo vao

7 ~ 8!a chi 0.7

Khi I$p trinh cong dU'Q'c xem nhu la hinh anh rno ph6ng cua 1 bit o-r-
,-to--
8!a chi 1.0
(tinhieu) iY bang rnach di~n digital ngo vao. H$ dieu hanh cua CPU 2
Dia chi 1.1
sac chep trang thai tin hi$u iY bang mach di~n ngo vao vao bQ d~m 3
4
qua trinh ngo vao PAE iY moi chu ky cua chuonq trinh, truoc khi 5
chuonq trinh xU> IY. Qua d6, nhO>ng tin hieu ngo vao duo'c dua 6

d€!n CPU cua PLC qua bang rnach di$n ngo vao. De duy tri dung
7 to-- 8!a chi 1.7
sai gio>a rmrc "0" va "1" cua tin hieu ngo vao cOng nhu de bao cho '-- ~ =
CPU moi ngo vao digital deu co bO loc, bO ghep quang de each Iy Khe (slot) d~ g::\n bang rnach s6 4
dien the (galvanic) va bO cong tac ngU'iYng (rnuc dQ cua logic 1/0) Hinh 2: Danh 56 dia chi
trong viec chuan b] xU>Iy tin hieu (Hinh 1). Ngoai ra, bang rnach
dien ngo vao cho tin hieu dien mot chieu co gan di6t de bao v$ khi
noi CI!C b] sai, hay gan tich hop rnach dien chinh luu cho tln hieu
dien ap xoay chieu.

[Link] Nhfrng c6ng ra, bang rnach di~n ngo ra 10

C5ng ra sac chep 1 bit tuonq iYng voi bang rnach dien digital ngo
ra. Khi thiet I$p (set) mot ngo ra cOng co nghTa ta thiet lap (set) mot
bit tuonq iYng trong bang mach dien. Khi bit duoc thiet I$p, den Hinh 3: Bang rnach di~n ngo ra cua PLC
LED tU'O'ng (Png cua bit S8 phat sang. Viec sac chep tranq thai tin
hieu ngo ra cua bQ d$m ghi chep quy trinh PAA duoc thuc hien boi
he dieu hanh cua CPU. Sang rnach dlen ngo ra thiep lap Sl! ket noi
den qua trinh. MQt mat, CO'cau tac dQng va phan tu>chap hanh cua
qua trinh thi du nhu van (24 V, 500 mAl duoc dong hay rno, mat
khac nhO>ng bO qhep quang trong bang rnach dien ngo ra II! bao
ve va qua d6 cOng bao ve CPU (do su each Iy dien the gO>aPLC va
qua trinh dieu khien), Cho nen, neu c6 su ngan rnach xu at hien 0
CO'cau tac d¢ng cOng khOng lam hong h$ PLC (Hinh 3).

Chu '1: Vi 1'1dov~ ky tnuat an toan, bang rnach dien ngo ra ngat tat
ca cac ngo ra, khi c6 loi lam cho chu ky chuonq trinh binh thU'ang
ngU'ng hoat dQng. Nho v$y sau khi mot chu ky trai qua, PLC va Hinh 4: [Link] d~t mgt bang rnach tin hi~u.
qua trinh dieu khien each Iy nhau. Do d6, trann ouoc tr<;lng thai van Bang mach di~n tin hi~u d~u tien giin 0
hanh gay nguy hiem cho qua trinh dieu khien. khe dm mang s6 4
518 10 Ky thuat dieu khi~n

[Link] Co hi~u
Co' hieu (eon 99i bitm s6 eel hi~u, eel nh6', bit nh&) 1. NhCmg bang rnach nao thuoc ve nhCPng bang
thuoc "vung bao v$ ho tro" cho dieu khi€ln. Co hieu rnach di$n CO'ban cua PLC?
phuc vu viec luu trCPtinh tranq nh] phan cua tin hieu 2. Hay cho biet nhCPng loai cau tao PLC?
va co th€l hanh xlv nhu 113ngo ra, tuy nhien co hieu 3. 80 qhep quang co nhiem vu gi trong bang rnach
kh6ng dU'Q'c dan ra nqoai oEm qua trinh diflu khi§n. Vi di$n ngo ra?
co hi$u n~m trong bO nho h$ th6ng cua bang rnach 4. PLC lam vi$c theo chu kY. Hay giai thich diflu nay?
CPU cho nen no lu6n san sang dU'Q'c trU'ng dl,lng. s6
5. Hay giai thich khai niern "thai gian chu trlnh" cua
1U'Q'ngca hieu sLv dunq tuy tnuoc vao loai bang rnach
PLC?
CPU. Co' hieu duoc sU> dunq khi ket qua trung gian
6. Hay giai thich Sl)' khac nhau giCPaPLC phan mem
vuot ra kh6i gi&i han m6 dun cua no va co th€l xU>Iy
(Soft-PLC) va PLC phan cunq (Hard-PLC)?
cho nhieu rno dun phan mem khac. Co hi$u "con s6t
ca
lai" (remanent) 113 hi$u co tranq thai dU'Q'C PLC giCP 7. Hay giai thich khal niern "bO d$m ghi chep quy
nquyen, khi PLC mat di$n. Ca hieu xung nhip c6 ty s6 trinh dieu khien ngo ra / ngo vao"?
xung-nghi 1:1 (50%) va thay d6i tuan noan. Ca rueu 8. 8<;1nhieu gi ve thai gian phan LPng?
cOng c6 the phat sinh tiY nhCPng chuc nang dinh thai 9. Thai gian xU>Iy mot I$nh & PLC hien nay la 0,5 us.
hay chira nhCPng tan s6 cai san (thi ou 10Hz, 5 Hz, ChU'O'ng trinh SLPdl,lng c6 1000 dong, PLC thuc
2,5 Hz) trong mot byte. hien (quet) bao nhieu Ian?

10.8.2 L~p d., an

M9t qua trinh tl)' d9n9 h6a diroc chia thanh nnteu pharn vi va nhieu qua trinh nho, chunq lien ket v&i nhau nhunq
cOng doc Ii;lp voi nhau. Mot LPng dl,lng co the phiin tich theo nhieu chLPCnang nrur sau:

Yeu cau va chon h,l'a ph~n cLPng: Yeu cau ph~n mern:

• se 1U'Q'ngva loal ngo ra va ngo VaG • cilu true chuonq trinh

• se 1U'Q'ngva loai bang rnach dien • Tai lieu ve chuonq trinh va dl)' an

• H$ th6ng thao tac va quan sat • Bao quan dCPlieu cho (Png dung
• se 1U'Q'ngray (qla 65' cho bang rnach dien) • OCPli$u cau hinh
• Cong suat (kha nang heat 69n9) va 10<;liCPU

[Link] H~ dieu hanh - Phan mem Danh sach li~t k€: cau h~nh STL

M6i bang rnach CPU deu c6 mot h$ dieu nann de co kha nang lam Ngon ngfr djnh hU'&ngc3Utrue van ban ST

vi$c tl)' trio He dieu hanh la mot thanh phan quan tronq trang kha
nang heat dong cua PLC. NhCPng chLPCnanq nay la: SO' do bac thang LAD

• PLC kheYi dong lai khi dien ap c6 tro lai SO' do cnuc nang FBD

• Cung cap kha nang chuyen tai dCPli$u voi cac banq rnach di$n
Ngon ngCr cMc nling trinh tl!' SFC
khac

• T6 chLPCbo nho luu trCPIi;lp trinh CPU (89 nho RAM) Hinh 1: Ngon ngO>I~p trinh theo lEe 61131·3

• Giarn sat phan rnern va phan cLPng

• Chi dan cac giai phap khi 16i xay ra

[Link] ChU'O'ng trinh lI'ng dl,lng ~

~
£)€l thiet Ii;lp chuonq trinh sLv dl,lng c6 cac 10<;1inqon ngCPlap trinh
cuoc trinh bay trang Hinh 1 va 2. NgU'ai sU> dunq phai hieu ro b) FBD

nhCPng I$nh de I$p trinh trang ngon ngCP danh sach cau I€mh ~0002
STL 1) (Statement list). NgU'ai sU>dl,mg co th§ 1,3y xuong thong tin 1 C: = A AND
10003 NOT B;
ve cu phap va chLPCnang tiY Sl)' tro giup true tuyen. Ngon ngCPso 0004
do b~c thang ky hi~u la LA02) (Ladder logic) gom nhieu so do
1

0005

cong tac rieng Ie, dU'Q'Cg~n n6i tiep hay song song voi nhau. c) LAD d) ST

Hinh 2: Ngon ngO>I~p trinh

1) STL tlJ'O'ng .:rng vai AWL tieng o.:rc (Anweisungsliste = danh sach cau I~nh)
2) LAD tlJ'O'ng .:rng vai KOP tieng o.:rc (Kontaktplan = so do cong tac)
 10.8 Di€lu khi€ln logic lap trinh PLC 519

Trong ngon ngfl' chuc nang con qol la so db chuc nang ky

hieu la FBD1) (Function block diagram), nhO>ngbi€lutU'Q'ngv€l chirc
nang theo do hoa tieu chuan dU'Q'csUodl,mg (Hinh 2, Trang 518).
Ngon ngfl' cturc niing trinh tV' SFC2) (Sequential Function Chart)
con 99i la ngon ngO>trinh tl,!' 103 mot conq CI,Iphan m€lm b~ng do
hoa dt!lli;ip trinh. Nho nhCfng burro tac dong (I$nh) va nhCmg di~u
ki$n chuyen tiep (transition) nhO>ngvan de dinh hU'ang theo trinh
tl,!' dU'Q'cgiai quyflt. Chuyen tiflp liy buoc nay sang buoc ke tiep
dU'Q'cthuc hi$n tuy thuoc VaG dieu kien, Dang sau nhCfng buoc
rieng Ie la nhCfng hoat dong phuc tap, nhCfng heat dong nay cuoc
di~n ta trong bat ky ngon ngO>lap trinh PLC khac, Mot tinh chat
di;ic biet cua SFC la kha nang xU>Iy song song cua cac buoc tuan
tl)' voi nhO>ngnhanh re noan toan doc li[ip cOng nhtr voi diem hoi tu
a
(dong bo dflU hay cuoi cac nhanh re) (Hinh 1). Hinh 1: Ngon ngO> I~p trinh
a) ngon ngO>twin tl,l' SFC tuyen tinh
Li;ip trinh voi nqon ngCfbac cao nhu Pascal hay C cuoc biet qua b) ngon ngo> tU3n tl,l' SFC rEi nhanh
ng6n ngfl' van ban eau true ST (Hinh 2, Trang 518)
Chi d~n: Khong phai h$ thong PLC nao cOng ho tro cho ca 5 nqon
ngCflap trinh tren. I D\f an I
[Link] Cau true ehU'O'ng trinh [Link] rnanq, h~ th6ng bus
(Profibus, Interbus)

De bo tri r6 rang mot qua trinh tl,!' dong hoa, ta chia n6 thanh
nhO>ngquy trinh nho khep kin. Mot mat, dieu nay lam viec Ii;lp dl,!'
an tro nen nhe nhanq hon, mat khac nhCfng quy trinh nho cua dl,!'
an duo'c chia cho nhieu ngU'ai li;ip trinh cunq mot luc. Cach nay
cOng giup don gian viec thtY nghiem chuonq trinh cOng nhU' dlch
VI,Iva bao dU'ong.

M6 dun phan mem

Toan bo qua trinh tl,!' dong h6a phan chia thanh nhO>ngphan
OB, mo dun t6 chuc
nho, moi phan c6 nhiem vu khac nhau. FB, rno dun chuc nang
DB, me dun du' li~u
M6i phan nhiern VI,Inay di;it ra nhO>ngdoi hoi nhat djnh ve phan
rnern va phan ctYng cua h$ thong tl)' dong hoa,
DV'tm phuc VI,Iviec sap xep thtYtl)' nhO>ngdO>li$u va cmronq trinh Hinh 2: H~ phiin cap chlJ'O'ng trinh
don lai, khi xay dl,!'ng lai giai cho Sl,!'tl,!' dong h6a. NhCfng dCfki$n
tom tat trong dl,!'an di;ic biet 113:
• DO>lieu cau hinh cua cau tao phan cunq, cOng nhu dO>lieu

•
thong so cho cac bang rnach di$n sUodunq
DCflieu lap dl,!'an cho truyen thong qua manq
&. 57 _Prol

8-1
SIMATIG 300(1)

• Chu'onq trinh cho nhO>ngbang mach c6 the Ii;lptrinh

CPU3141FM
S7.f'rogromm0)
-{QJ Ouetlen
10
ill [Link]

Nhi$m VI,Ichinh khi xay dl,!'ng mot dl,!'an la:

• Thu nhan dCflieu
Hinh 3: Cfra 56 dl,l' an
• Thiet li[ip chuonq trinh

Trong thl du hinh 2 va 3 mot h$ thong PLC cong nghi$p dU'Q'cluu

hanh tren th] truonq, each tien hanh cua viec I$p dl)' an nay duoc
giai thlch lam rnau. DCfli$u dU'Q'Csap di;it trong dl)' an dU'ai danq
UR: Gi<i do (ray)
doi tU'Q'ng (object). NhCfng doi tU'Q'ngtrong pharn vi dl,!' an dU'Q'C thong dung 56 0
bo tri theo cau true dang cay (phan cap dl,!' an) (tuonq tl,!' nhu be
mat SlYdl,lng cua Windows). CLfa so dl,l' an tren man hinh duoc
chia lam 2 phan. Nu>absn trai trinh bay cau true danq cay, nu>a a
ve ben phai la noi dung cua nhO>ngdoi tU'Q'ngduoc danh dau a
ben trai, dU'Q'Chi€ln th] trong nhO>nghinh chon Il,!'a(bi€lu tU'Q'nglan,
khong c6 bit!lu tU'Q'ng,danh sach hay chi tiet). a
tren dinh cua hinh
phan cap dl)' an 113 dOi tU'Q'ng"S7_Pro1" xem nhv bieu tU'Q'ngkhai
Hinh 4: Bang c3U hinh eho gia giln cac bang
bao cho toan tht!l dl,!'an (Hinh 2 va 3).
mach di~n
1) FBD t[fO'ng lfng vai FBS hay FUP tiEmgfllfC (Funktionsplan = sc db cmrc nang)
2) SFC tU'O'nglfng vai AS tillng fllfC (Ablaufsprache ~ ng6n ngQotrinh 11f)
520 10 Ky thuat dieu khien

Cll'a s6 dl,J' an c6 th~ dU'Q'c dung d~ hi~n thi d$c tinh cua dl,J' an
va phuc vu nhU' mot thu rnuc cho dl,J' an theo cau hinh rnanq cho
cac tram PLC (de xay dl,J'ng cau hinh phan cling PLC) cOng nhu
de thiet lap chuonq trinh (thi du S7 cua hang Siemens). NhCmg
doi tU'Q'ng chtra trang tram PLC se diroc hien th] & phia phai trang
cll'a so dl,J'an, khi bieu tU'Q'ng dl,J'an b] danh oau (click). NhO'ng d6i
tU'Q'ng c6 dtJu cho tnao narn ngang (y dau cua chCl' trong hinh phan
cap 18 nhCl'ng 6 05i thoai trQ VaG viec chon Ii,l'a 05i tU'Q'ng. 8e du
hinh cho tram co hai buoc phal lam:

1. Lam dau nhCl'ng thanh phan cua phan c(rng trong cll'a so cua
danh rnuc (catalog) phan cLvng.
Hinh 1: C§u hinh cua mQt tram PLC
2. Keo thanh ohan dil chon vao cua so cua tram bang phuonq
phap "Drag & Drop" (keo & tha con chuot) (Hinh 1).

LaP cau hinh ph~n cLrng va lap dl,J'an qua rnanq chi thuc hien
trang tinh tranq "offline" (khOng qua rnanq)

NhCPng bang rnach di~n phai n6i li~n nhau khOng co ke ho.
Ky hieu nhan d,lng cua toan
E (ng6 vao) h,mg
Ngol,ti I~: Khi cau tao mot gia do mang bang rnach di$n, mot khe A (ng6 ra)
(slot) phal oe tr6ng cho bang cau hinh cua h$ th5ng (danh cho
banq rnach giao dien n5i bus cue bO voi 871»). Hinh 2: L~nh di~u khien

a may S7-300 khe nay la cho gan bang rnach s6 3. Trang cau
tao thuc te khonq co khoang h& boi vi bus phia sau b] gian dean.
a STEP 7 gia do mang bang rnach dU'Q'c khai bao qua bang cau
hinh. Bang nay co s6 hang nhieu bang s5 bang rnach dU'Q'c gan
tren gia mang bang mach thuc te (Hinh 4, Trang 517). M6i mot
ng6 VaG va ng6 ra cua bang rnach deu co mot dja chi tuy~t doi
cho san do SI,!' cau t90 phan cLrng (Hinh 3). Dia chi nay duoc
cho biet true tiilp, co nghTa la dja chi tuyet dol. 8e thong bao cho
chU'O'ng trinh Lvng dunq ta ng6 VaG duoc kilt n6i logic AND (va) thi
phai ghi I~nh dieu khien. L$nh diEW khien gem co mot phan toan
tll> (ten lenh) va mot phan toan h~ng (dCl' lieu hay dia chi) (Hinh 2).

Phan toan tll' cho biet lenh nao se thuc hien khi thao taco Ket
noi logic AND hay OR ·Ia nhCl'ng thi ·du v~ phep toano Ph~n Hinh 3: Dla chi tuy~t dbi
toan hanq duoc chia thanh phan ky hi$u nhan danq va phan
tham so. Toan h<;lng 113 ng6 vao, ngo ra, co hieu, bO dilm, thai
gian, cac me dun (linh ki$n) ve dCl' li$u va ve chuc nang.

E1.5 nghTa la: bit ng6 VaG s6 5 trong byte s6 1

A4.3 nghTa la: bit ng6 ra s6 3 trang byte s6 4
FB21 nghTa la: me dun khoi chLPCnang so 21 Ten cua Ky hi~u Tri 56 mac TOi da 80
bi~u tl1qng nh$n di~n dinh tuy nhien k·y t \P
tOi da 24 cua toan co the thay dbi
Toan hanq digital co the la byte (== 8 bit), tll' (word == 2 byte), hay tll' h~ng nhat vai vi$c giam
kep (double word == 4 byte)
kytV'J
djnh, sa; cu phap

Bieu tuonc Lo i dfl lieu

[Link] trinh vo'i dja chi tuyet doi chi nen dung khi co it ngo ra ng6 vao,
dongco_
E>iachi Giai nohta
A20.5 BOOl DQng CX1 chay lal
chaytoi
dem_chai FC18 FC18 D~chai
Kha nang dQC (hieu) chuonq trinh tang, khi ta SlY dung viec djnh
thietbLon EO.O BOOl B~t thi~l bj
d!a chi bclng bieu tU'Q'ng (Hinh 4) (td. dongco_chaytoi) thay vi dia
hienthLon A8.0 BOOl HI~n thl "on"
chi tuyet doi (A20.5). NgU'ai Sll' dung xac dinh ten hay bieu tU'Q'ng
tuonq Lvng cho mot dia chi tuyet dol. a
day lai co Sl,J'phan biet giCl'a nutnhan_toi EO.4 BOOl Nul nhan ~¢ng
CX1chay lai
bieu tlJ'Q'ng roan CI,JChay cue bO cho cac me dun.
Hinh 4: C§u true cua bilng billu tU'9'"g
 10.8 8ieu khien logic I$p trinh PLC 521

Bieu tU'Q'ngtoan cue dU'Q'ctao ra va su>dunq cho chuonq trinh Cmg dl)ng va trong tat ca mo dun (cac khoi
chU'O'ng trinh to ciurc va cnuc nang) deu c6 chung mot 'I nghTa. NhCfng bieu tU'Q'ngtoan cue duoc dlnh nghTa
trong mot bang bieu tU'Q'[Link] bieu tuonq dU'Q'cdiu tao tl,J'dong khi thiet k~ chU'O'ngtrinh. Bieu tU'Q'ngCl)C
bO duoc tao ra trang me (fun (khoi chironq trinh) va chi co gia tr] trong pham vi rno dun do. Vai cunq mot bieu
tU'Q'ng,cunq mot bi.§nso nhunq trong nhCfng kh6i chuo'nq trinh (rno dun) khac thi bieu tU'Q'ngCl)CbO duoc dung
voi nhCfng 'I nghTa khac. Ten cua dCfIi$u Cl)CbO duoc xac djnh trong phan khai bao cua rno dun tU'O'ng[mg.

HlI'ang d~n: NOi b$t nhat la bieu tU'Q'ngmang nhieu 'I nghTa b~ng do noa (rnau sac, kieu chv), bieu tU'Q'ngphai
duoc kiem tra ky de tranh nham Ian voi cac bieu tU'Q'ngkhac c6 san. Bang bieu tU'Q'ngcOng c6 the thiet ke voi
chuonq trinh bien soan tao bang bieu (Excel cua Microsoft) va co the nhap vao bang bieu tU'Q'ng.

Cac loai dCfli$u (datatype) xac dinh d$c tinh cua dlY li$u, co nghTala me ta noi dung, pharn vi gia tr] cho phep va
cac phep tinh co the thuc hi$n cuoc (kha thi). Thi du mot bi~n s6 co dang dCfli$u BOOl trinh bay 1 bit. Chll'O'ng
trinh (Png dunq co the dU'Q'CI$p trinh theo nhieu loai: nhu chU'O'ng trinh tUY€intinh, ciuronc; trinh pMn aoen hay
chU'O'ng trinh co e§u true. Chll'O'ng trinh tuy~m tinh (Hinh 1a) c6 cau true don gian (khong c6 nhanh re). Chi c6
duy nhat mot rno dun to chuc (organization block OB1) chua tat ca I$nh cua chuonq trinh. ChU'O'ngtrinh OB1
XlI 1'1(quet) t&ng dong I$nh theo mOi chu ky CPU.

Chll'O'ng trinh phan doan (Hinh 1b) duoc chia thanh

nhCfng me dun chuonq trinh, moi rno dun chua 100i giai
cho phan nnlsm VI,ltrong me dun d6. Mo dun t6 chuc OB1 OB 1 FC 1
OB1 chua nhCfng I$nh de 99i cac mo dun con khac
theo tuan tl,J'diroc dinh nghTa truoc. Chll'O'ng trinh
L~nh Toi chU'an~ Irinh
tli mQ mo dun k ac
I: ~It
"
Dieukhi~n
d¢ngca

C3U true (Hinh 2) chua nhCfng rno dun cruronq trinh XOO Ii' ehU'O'ngtrinh 1 lKA!thUcmOdlrl~If;M

FC 2
voi thong so. NhCfng chuonq trinh nay duo'c thiet ke [Link] goi ChlJ'an~ Irinh
III mot me dun k ac
t ::-11 sao tin
sao cho de dung trong nhieu iYng dl,mg. Thi ou khi )K6tt!.uem6dll'lo::l'!WrlStrll'lt'l

nhCfng chirc nanq gan gi6ng hay gi6ng trong mot qua I FC 3
trinh dieu khien dtroc stY dunq nhi~u lan, thi phai I~p
trinh sao cho lai giai c6 gia tr] tong quat trong mot
T
L$nh Qi chU'an~ trinh
tOo mo m6 dun k ac
I: r-
~
t Thu nhiin s6
gi& v~n'hanh
kh6i chuonq trinh c6 thong s6 thay d6i dU'Q'c. Neu
a) C~u true
t K~t!hucm6OUnchWngtrinh

chU'O'ngtrinh (thi du qua rno dun t6 chuc OB 1) gOi

tuyen tfnh b) Cau true phan doan
chuonq trinh con nay de xU>1'1,thi n6 phai cung cap
Hinh 1: Chll'O'ng trinh O>ngdl,lng
cho chuonq trinh con nay nhCfngthOng s6 tnuc te.
a) C~u true tuy~n tinh
Firmware dung nhCfng 10<;likhoi chuonq trinh sau day b) cAu true nhil!u phan doan

de su>dl,lng cho cau true chuonq trinh:

• M6 dun t6 chtrc OB (organization block)

Chung tao ra giao di$n giCfa chuonq trinh ll'ng dunq
voi h$ dieu hanh, 081 thuc hi$n SI,J' quet tuan hoan
cua choonq trinh chinh. NhCfng OB khac se duoc 99i
khi c6 nhCfng bien c6 d~c bi$t (thi du bao dong).
10
• M6 dun chLPCnang FB (function block)
Chung 113nhCfng khoi chLPCnang nhu chuonq trinh
can, c6 thong so thay d6i dU'Q'[Link] FB b] 99i, b('>nho
bien so dU'Q'ccap nhat voi khoi 99i. BO nho bien so
nay narn trong khoi diY li$u rieng le, Hinh 2: Chll'O'ng trinh O>ngdunq eo du true

• M6 dun cluronq trinh FC (program block)

Chung cOng la mo duni chU'O'ngtrinh voi thong so thay
doi nhu FB nhimq khonq c6 khoi dCf li$u rienq. SFC
la nhCfng chuc nang da duoc l;fIptrinh san, dU'Q'Cthu> &1iliI SIMATlC300(1)
nghi$m roi tich hop trong h$ dieu hanh cua CPU. , III CPU 3141FM
S" [Link](1)
{W Quellen
• M6 dun diP Ii~u DB (data block) [Link]

Chung chira dCf li$u (h.!ing s6 hay bien so) de c6 the

xU>1'1tiep nhlYng rno dun chU'O'ngtrinh (Hinh 3).
Hinh 3: Cac mil dun phan ml!m
522 10 Ky thuat diflu khi~n

10.8.3 NhCPngchLPCnang co ban

Toan hanq nhi phan
Moi ngon ngCl' I~p trlnh d€Ju c6 nhCl'ng chuc nang co E 1.4
ban. COngt~c IhU'ang mOo -1f--
Bang 1: NhCPng cnuc nang co ban
I BopMttin
=;> Bo phat tin
Ch(Vcnang co ban SO'do khbichuc nang FBD SO' d6 bac thang LAD 1-- hi¢u E 1.4 I--~' hieu E 1.4
tac dong ~ khong tac dong
K~tn6i nhj phBn Cong logic G~n nOi tlep hay
AND; OR; NOT; song song cua
~1H}- ~1H\_
IDENTITY
(Dong nh~l)
B nhCrngtoan h,mg

HHHsr
K19"1" K1cp"O"
Chuc nang lU'u Chi djnh Cuon day
IrCr
~ --{s)-
Hinh 1: Cach heat dong cue cong tilc thll'cYng rno
HOplU'utrQ>;bo lien kat; danh gia suon
tin hi$u
Chuc nang dinh Chuc nang dinh thai co thfl kh&i dOng,
thai thiet lap lai (reset) hay truy vfln
Toan h<;lngnh] phan
Chuc nang dam Thiet laP (set); thiet lap lai; dam thuan: E 1.5
dam ngU'9'c;truy van co dam
Cong lac thU'ang d6ng
-M-
V&i nqon ngCi' lap trinh So' d6 bac thang LAD, PLC 1 ac phat tin =;> Bo pnat tin
c6 th§ lap trinh dua tren co sa cho dieu khi§n ro 1-- hieu E 1.5 1-- hi$uE1.5
Ie va ro Ie bao v$ (conq suat - conq tac to'). \ tac dong khong tac dong

[Link] Cong t,jc thU'Oong mo:

cong t,jc thU'Oong dong
~;H4}- H1H4}-
Vai hai loai conq tac nay, toan h:;lng nh] phan dU'Q'c
truy van (h6i ae
X8C nh?n) ve dia chi cua tiep diem.
Cong tac thU'ang rno (khi conq tac d6ng l<;Ii -> dong
K19"1" up Kl "0"

dien chay qua) tuonq lPng v&i truy van tranq thai toan Hinh 2: Cach hO;!t dong cua cong t~c thll'cYng .,6n9
hi;lng nh] phan vci tin hieu "1" (Hlnh 1). Khi truy van
toan hanq v&i tin hieu "1", thi conq tac thU'ang rno
heat dQng va dong di$n di qua. CUQn day bieu tU'9'ng
cho ro Ie duoc dieu khien. Khi bQ phat tin hieu (E4) Khi truy van v~ tiilp di~m cua bo phat tin hieu, phili
rno, E1.4 dan tin hieu "0", S6 khonq c6 dong di$n chay dfl i; bo phat tin hi$u la conq tac thuang mo hoac
qua cong tac thU'cmg mo. CUQn day khonq bat di$n. thuang dong. Khi bo phat tin hieu b] tac dong, {y ngo
vile cua PLC co nh(Png tranq thai tin hi$u khac nhau.
Dong di$n di qua conq tac thU'ang d6ng, khi toan hanq
"Tin hieu 1" {y cong tac IhU'ang rno
chi dinh tin hieu "0" (Hlnh 2), c6 nghTa la bO phat tin
"Tin hi$u 0" {y conq tac thuang dong
hieu (E5) khong b] tac dong. Neu conq tac thU'cmg
d6ng b] tac d(>ng (tin hieu "1" a
E5), conq tac thU'cmg CPU khong Ih~ xac nnan, ngo ra noi voi mot cong
d6ng rno va ro Ie nha ra. Cong tac thU'ong d6ng truy tac thuang mo hay cong tilc thuang dong. CPU chi
nhan billt tranq thai tin hi$u "0" hay "1".
van ng6 V80 voi tin hieu "0".

[Link] NhCPng k~t n6i logic nh] phan Truy van v~ tranq Ngo vao
thai tin hi$u ("1 ") chuc nang
SO' do khoi FBD rno ta chuc n13ng ket noi nh] phan nhu
AND (va) hay NAND (phu dinh va). TlIt ca nhCl'ng chuc
nang nay c6 th§ chi dinh (theo Iy thuyet) vai va so Truy van v~ tranq Ngo vao
chuc nanq ng6 vao, So 1U'Q'ng crurc n13ng nay bi gi&i thai Ifn hi$u ("0") chtrc nang
han do chieu dai cua Iinh kien va do ton cua b(> nho
van hanh a
bang rnach dien CPU. Truce khi nhCl'ng
chtrc n13ng ket nOi nhCPng tranq thai tin hieu voi nhau, Truy van khong co Chicomot~.
ngo vao . 9P
nhO'ng toan hanq nh] phan truy van a
ng5 V80. SI,J'truy kilt nOi logic choc nang crurc nang
van co the thuc hien tuy theo tranq tMi tin hieu "1" hay
"0" (Hinh 3). Hlnh 3: Truy vfm vil 51! ket noi logic nh] phan
 10.8 £)i~u khilln logic I$p trinh PLC 523

[Link] Ch(rc nang AND

Ngo van
ChLPCnang AND (va) kst n6i logic voi hai (hay nhieu)
tranq thai tin hi$u nhj phan ngo vao vol nhau va cung
dp kst qua kst noi vai logic "1", khi hai (hay t~t ca) Hinh 1: H¢p ch(rc nling vai I~nh chi fh]
tranq thai ng6 vao co logic "1" cling mot luc. Neu mot
trang nhCmg ngo vao co tin hieu logic "0", thi chuc
nanq AND cung cap kst qua kst noi logic "0".
=
do kh6i

fl
Sa FBD
Ngo van 1
M<;Ing
(network) 1
if Ngo vao 1
Ngo van 2 Ngo ra 1 M<Jng 1
F r
Ngo van 3

Ngo van 4

Ngo vao 5
=G-- Ngora2 M,mg2

Ngo ra 1
F r
IITiep d"3m Tlep diem Tiep diem Cuon day
--
1'1 f-111 13~__ /) M:;mg 1

--;-~;:===~===~-F_ M<Jng 2 121

Ngo vao 4 r so co
Tlep diem Tlep diem Cuon day bi;lcthang
4 5 2 LAD
Ngo vao 5 --_---IL---------'-_
III () Mo;lng 2

Ngo ra 2
~I~I
• t

Hinh 2: ChlPC nling AND dll',?,c dien ta qua 50' db FBD hay LAD

Chuc nang AND (va) tuonq Lrng voi mach di$n

n6i tisp. NhCmg tisp dillm dU'Q'cg<1nn6i tisp voi
nhau. Dong di~m chay qua cuon day, khi ttlt ca
tisp dillm deu dong 1<;Ii. Chuc nang AND tU'O'ng iYng voi rnach dien nbi tiep,

.r
nhO>ng ti~p diem dU'Q'C nbi tiep nhau. Dong dien
cnay qua khi tat ca tiep diem deu dong.
[Link] ChLPC nang OR

Chirc nanq OR (hoac) ket nOi logic vo'i hai (hay nhieu) o vao So' db khbi FBD
tranq thai nhi phan cua tin hieu ngo vao voi nhau va o van 2 Mang 1
cung cap ket qua ket n6i voi logic "1", khi tei thieu co
mot truy van tranq thai ngo vao co logic "1".
,I01 Ngo vao 3
Ngo ra 1

M<Jng 3
II Ngovao4
III Ngo vao 5
B ~1 Ngo ra 2 M<;Ing 2
Ngo van 1
• t
10
Ngo vao 2

Ngo van 3 I
Ngo ra 3 I

Ngo van 4
M<Jng4
. t
So' db bac thang LAD

Ngo van 5

Ngo ra 4 fl.. t M;;mg 2

Chuc nang OR (hoac) tironq LPngvoi rnach di$n

song song. NhCmg tiflp di~m dU'Q'c g~n song
song voi nhau. Dong di$n chay qua cuon day,
khi mot trong nhCrngtisp di~m dong 1<;Ii.
Hinh 3: ChlPC nling OR dll',?,c dien ta qua so- db FBD va LAD
524 10 Ky thu~t dieu khiEm

NhCmg chi li~t dU'Q'cxac djnh vi tr! do mot true chuyen dong th~ng
True Z di~u khiE§nb~ng khl nen nang chi li~t nho dunq cu kep chat
va true chuyen dong th~ng mang chi tiE'llgia cong dE'ln vi Iri mong
muon. Vi trl cue: cua true Z cOng nhu cua don vi chuyen dong
tuy~n tinh dU'Q'c truy van. Do d6, nhO>ng cong tilc dinh vi tri cuoi
khonq dU'Q'c tac d9n9 cling mot luc, N~u ngU'Q'c iai se phat ra bao
loi "Loi {y cong tilc dinh vi tri cuoi" (xem bitJu d6 ky tnuat).
Hay cho bi~t ICYigiai voi: sa d6 bac thang LAD va sa do chuc nang
FBD. NhCPngcong lac vi trl cUDi la nhO>ngcong tlk thuonq mo.
E1: vi trl cuoi cua don vi chuyen dong Ih~ng hen trai; E2: vi Iri cuoi
cua don vi chuyen d9n9 th~ng ben phal; E3: vi Iri CUDitrue Z (y tren;
E4: vi trl cuoi true Z {y dU'oi.

!3·[Link] El
E2
Sa db ky tnuat
E3
E4

Toan h(lng nh] phan

Hay cho biet chuonq trinh tren phal thay doi nhu th~
nao. neu nhung conq tac cubi la cong lac thU'ang d6ng? I [Link] chi th]
I -c=J
10.S.3.5 ChlPC nang llJ'u trLP
Toan h(lng nh] phan

Chuc nang luu tru duoc SLP dunq lrang sa d6 bac I CUQn day don
I -(}-
thang LAD vai rnach di$n song song va noi ti~p cac
conq tac, trang sa d6 chLPC nang FBD voi nhO>ng ket ,-- Ti.§pdi~m 1 Cu¢n day 1
noi logic (nh] phan). Vo'i nhO>ng sa d6 d6, kilt qua cua
)--
kilt noi trang CPU dU'Q'c tao ra, ket qua nay anh hU'ang
trano thai tin hieu cua toan hang nh] phan. H(>p It?nh
~: M(lng 1

(khoi lenh) chi th] kel qua cua kilt noi do toan hang
d~t tren hop. Neu kilt qua kilt noi c6 logic "1" thi toan Ng6 vao 1 Ng6 ra 1
hang thiet li,lp (set), khi logic "0" thi toan hanq thiill li,lp
lai (reset). Neu trang sa do chirc nang khoi FBD bitJu
~ M,mg 1

IU'Q'ng 113 h¢p I$nh, thi trang sa do thang LAD tU'O'ng

ling bieu IU'Q'ng 113 cuon day don gian. Chung tao nen
Tiep di~m 1 Cuon day 2
phan kilt thuc cua dU'ang day di$n cung cap va chi th]
H~NOTH)-- M<;lng 2
dong di$n diln toan hanq ghi tren cuon day (Hinh 1,
Trang 524 va Hinh 1, Trang 525). .~. ..:

Ngo vao 1 Ng5 ra 2

Tiep di~m 1
Ngo vao 1 n •.
M<;lng 1
t
,......
~ M<;lng 2

CUQn day 1
Ngo ra 1 I n • t
Tiep di~m 2 Cu¢n day 3

Ti.§pdi~m 1
I n •. t
~~~
M<;lng 3

cuco cav z n I I (.
M(lng2

t
-
Ti.§pdi~m 2
I I D. M,mg3
t
Ng6 vao 2 Ng6 ra 3

CUQn day 3
D. ~
M<;lng 3

CUQn day 4
D. Hinh 1: ChlPC niing hru trii>(ngo ra, cu¢n day)
 10.8 8ieu khi~n logic I$p trinh PLC 525

Tt~p di~m 3
Ngo vao 3 0 • t ~ Ti~~di~m 3 CUQn ~

M9ng4 Mi,mg 4
Ti~p di~m 4
Ngo vao 4 Cl . t
r:;;~:-diem

y 1--1
3 CUQn day 6

---i()-
Cu¢n day 5
Ngo ra 5 D • t Ngo ra 5

Cuon day 6 Ng6va03~- M,m94

Ngo ra 6
Ng6 ra 6 • t
I Ng6 vao 4 & =

BQ nhe» SR va RS (Hinh 2 va 3) Hinh 1: Chu>c niing hru tr", (ngo ra, cuen day)

Trong bQ nho nay chuc nang thiet I$p S (set) va thiet

I$p lai R (reset) duoc tap hop lai voi nhau. Toan hanq
Sau xung nhjp
nh] phan narn chung atren bQ nho. ang5 ra A cua b(>
nho cho biet tranq thai tin hi$u cua toan h:;lng. Chtrc
nang cua b¢ nho co hai each thuc hi~m hoac la be?
B¢ nh6' 1
Trude xung nhip

s R A A
11
nh60 SR hay 18 bQ nho RS. ab¢ nho SR ng5 VaG thiet N90va01flR
0 000
0 100
I$p l<;IiR la U'U tien (tr¢i hori). C6 nghTa 18 b(l nho se Ngo vao 2 S Ngo ra A 1 o 1 1
giCPnquyen tranq thai hay la b] thiet I$p lai, khi ca hai R Q 1 1 1 0
ng5 VaG R va S co cunq mot luc logic "1".
Hinh 2: ChlPC nang be? nho- RS

Ngo vao 1
D I • t
Sau xung nhip
o(.
Ngo vao 2 n n • t 86 nbo 2
Tn .• uno r+vp

SIR
I
A A
I
Ng6 ra 1 I I • t N90va03flS
o
o
0
1
o 0
1 0
1 0 1 1
Ng6 vao 4 R Ng6 ra A
1 1 1 1
Ngo VaG thi~t tap Strong b(> nno RS la U'U tien c6 S Q
R o
nghTa ta oo nho se giCl' nguyen hay la b] thiet I$p (set)
Hinh 3: Chu>c nilng be? nho SR
khi ca hai ng5 vao R va S c6 cunq mot luc logic "1".

Ngo vao 3
•. t
Ng6 vao 4
• t
Ng6 ra 2 Ngo vao 3
Ngo vao 4
Ngo vao 5 10
U'u tlen thiet I~p (set) duoc SLr dunq cho b9 nho Ngo vao 6
bao 10i, rnac du da bao kh6ng con loi a
ng5 VaG Ngo V80 7
thiet lap lai R nhunq bao loi van giCl', khi loi v~n
con a ng5 VaG thiet I$p S.
Hinh 4: Thi dIJ ve be? nho SR

U'u tien thiet I~p I'lli (reset) dU'ooc SLr dunq U'U
tien cho SI,J' thiet lap, vi tranq thai tin hieu logic
"0" la tranq thai chac chan hon hay "khOng gay
Ngo vao 1 001 I •. t

nguy hiem hon". Ng6 vao 2 o CJ O ..t

Ngo vao 3 o o •• t
Ng6 vao 4 o o • t
1. Hay cho bi€lt SI,J' ket hoop ng5 VaG nao de dan den
ng5 ra 4 c6 tin hi$u "1" (Hinh 4)7. Lam th€l nao de
Ng6 vao 5 o 0 •• t
Ngo vao 6
tranq thai nay thay d6i tnanh tin hi$u "0"7
Ngo vao 7
2. Hay noan tat day du so d6 xung (y ben earth cho 0 ..
thi du trong Hinh 4, khi phac hoa tin hieu a ng5 Ngo ra 4
raA47
526 10 Ky thuat dieu khi€!n

B9 lii'ln ket (connector)

Toan hanq nh' onan Toan pqng nhi phan
B¢ lien kEfltla mot b¢ nho trung gian. Trong sa do bac thang LAD,
bi~u tU'Q'ng cua b¢ lien k~t la mot cuon day con gian trong pharn
a) ~ b) --{tI)--
vi dU'ang oi cua dong di$n va trong sa do khoi chirc nanq FBD,
bleu tU'9'ng la mot hop (khoi) lU'u trO' trong kEfltnoi logic (Hinh 1). Hinh 1: M6 ta be) lien ket theo
a) 50' db chuc nang FBD
Ket qua ket nOi IT b¢ lien ket duoc ghi (trO') trong toan hanq nh]
b) 50' db b~c thang LAD
phan narn IT tren b¢ lien ket. Toan hanq nh] phan IT tren b¢ lien ket
nay c6 th~ OlJ'9'Ctruy van tai mot noi khac trong chlJ'O'ng trinh. Tuy
nhien, b¢ lien kEfltkh6ng OlJ'9'Cket thuc cac ket noi logic hay dU'ang L1 L2 Tlep diem 1 13 E4 Ngo ra 1

di cua dong di$n. HHHIIHHHH

Tieo di<;m 1 E5 Ngo ra 2
mI!lI Nho hai rao anh sang L1 va L2, ta qiarn sat duoc vi trl cua
HH~H
tam ton trong may vu6t ep sau, Bo earn bi,§n khai tao 13 ki~m
,~" u rn E6 Ng6 ra 3
tra 5l,l' hi$n di$n cua tam ton. May ep vu6t sau keo dau oao,
khi tam ton (y dung vi tri va cong tilc dap b~lng cnan S4 ~ H/H~H
(E4) dlJ'Q'c tac dong. Qua ng6 VaG E5 ta co tin hi$u hi~n thi
"tam ton nam dung vi tri": va qua ngo VaG E6 ta co tin hi$u Hinh 2: £)i~u khi'!'n may ep theo 50' db b~c thang
"tam ton nqoai vi tri". Hinh 2 cho bi,§t mot loi giai kha thi trong LAD
50' d6 bac thang LAD. Hay bien d6i thanh 50' d6 kh6i chuc
nang FBD.
Nhan dang
suon duong

[Link] Danh gia sU'o>n tin hi~u Nh~'m d~ng

soon am

Danh gia suon thu nnan Sl,l' thay doi tranq thai cua tin hi$u. KMc
biet la Sl,J'nhan biet suon am hay suon dU'O'ng. Tranq thai tin hi$u Ngo vim 1
Ngo vao 2
thay doi tll> "0" sang "1" la suon duonq (di len). Trong tmang h9'P
Ngo vao 3
nquoc lai la suon am (di xuonq). M¢t trong hai suon do CPU nhan Ngo vao 4
biet, thiet I~p tranq thai tin hieu "1" theo Sl,J'danh gia suon tU'O'ng Ngo vao 5
(mg. Tuy nhien tranq thai tin hieu "1" nay chi ton tal ngan han,
thong thLl'<Yng chi dai bflng mot chu ky lam vi$c, sau d6 trong chu Hinh 3: Nh~n d'i'ng 5U'cm qua ket qua cua
nhiPng ket noi logic
ky ke tiep, neu CPU kh6ng nhan ra suon va sl,l' danh gia tin hieu
S6 thiet I$p lai voi logic "0". Ket qua cua viec danh gia 5U'<Ync6
the XLYIy tnrc tiep vol kEfltnoi logic k~ tiep Neu sl,l' nhan biEflt suon
Tcan hanq nh] phan Toan hanq nh] phan
can duoc SLYdl,mg IT mot noi khac trong chU'O'ng trinh, thi co hi$u
xung (b(l nho trung gian, toan hanq) S6 dU'Q'Cthiet I$p va SLYdl,lng.
Manq 1 tmecn (fi{}n trang sa 08 - NO) trinh bay su danh gia suon
~~-~L
true tiep (Hinh 3). Manq 2 chi cho biet Sl,J'danh gia sU'ITn cua mot I Mc;mg2 I
toan hanq (Hinh 4).

[Link] ChLPC nang djnh tho>i

M 11.2
Dua VaG chuc nang dinh thai c6 the thuc hi$n thai gian d9'i, thai
gian qlarn sat, do khoanq thai gian ngan hoac tao ra xung. Thong Hinh 4: Nh~n d,mg 5U'c.n qua toan h,mg nh]
phan
thuonq, bang rnach CPU dua ra nhO'ng chuc nanq dinh thai sau
day de SLYdunq:

• T<;Io xung (bo dinh thai loai 81) Tin hi~u kh6i
di)ng (start) I • t
• Xung keo dai (b(l dinh thai loai 8V) Xung
~ • 51

I
.: 6:
Xung dU'Q'c
• Tri hoan khi rno rnach (b¢ dinh thai loal 8E) keo dili
, • 5V
Tri hoan khi
• Tri hoan khi mIT rnach c6 luu trO' (b(l dinh thai loai S8)
mo macn
5E
• Tri hoan khi tat mach (bi;>dinh thai loai SA) Tri noan khi
me,. rnach co
heu trCr , 5S
Tri hoan khi tat rnacn duoc khoi d(lng (start) khi tin hieu a ng6 vao t:e-
thay doi tlJl "1" sang "0'" NhCmg chLPCnang dlnh thai khac d~u khai
Tri hoan khi
h;,t rnacn I •. SA
dong tll' Sl,J'thay doi "0" sang "1".
Hinh 5: Chtsc nang djnh thc.i
 10.8 £lieu khi~n logic I$p trinh PLC 527

Tinh nang thai gian khi lam tri hoan luc b~t di~n Toan h"ng
thai gian I Sl; SV; SE; 55; SA I
Hinh 2 chi cho biet tinh nang cua chuc nang d!nh thot. S ta ngo VaG Truy van tri so thai
gian nhi phan
khc'Yi dong, R la ngo vao thiet I$p lai, Ti la thoi gian noi bo cua bo
Truy van tr] so thai
dlnh thoi va 0 la tranq thai c'Yngo ra bO dinh thai. BO dinh thoi dU'Q'c gian th~p pMn
kh&i dong voi tin hi$u "1" & S. Ngo ra 0 cung cap tin hieu "1 ", khi
Truy v~n tinh trang
thoi gian noi bo (hleu chinh qua ngo VaG TW) trot qua (cham dCPt) gia tri thai gian
va tranq thai tin hi$u c'YS vi:in con giCPlogic "1 ". Khi tin hi$u & S thay
dlli tiJ>"1" sang "0" trong luc thoi gian noi bO dang chay, thi chLYC Hinh 1: Khoi choc niing d!nh thoi
nang dinh thoi se dCPng va 0 cung cap tin hieu "0" (2). Khi tin hieu
c'YR thay dlli tiJ>"1" sang "0" trong luc thoi gian noi bO dang cnay,
thi crurc nang dinh thoi se thiet I$p lai (reset) (0 = "0") (3), ngay ca
khi c'YS c6 tin hieu "1". Tin hieu "1" i'yR S8 thi~t tap IQi chLYC nang CD (3) 0 0
dinh thO'i (0 = "0") (4), cho ca khi thoi gian noi bo chua ket thuc. sl I nI I I•. t
iiDImI £)§ di€!u khien h$ th6ng tron, SI,!'tri hoan thai gian thLl'ang
R

Tin nn
0
n
0 . t
SLr dunq, Thi du 16 SU'&i cho qua trinh tron phai b$t 15 phut ~ t
(rno phonq 30 giay), sau khi "1" nut nnan diEiu khieln ON (co' Q n I I • t
hi$u M 50.0 = "1 ") va binh chua d~y chat Iron (b¢ earn bien
kh6'i 1<;10B1 = EO.5 = "0" chuc nling rno), Hinh 3 cho billt Hinh 2: Billlu do thoi gian tri hoiin luc b~t milch
chuonq trinh.
HWcYng dan: NhCrng ng6 ra va ng6 VaG co danh dau " ... "
kh6ng nhat thiet phai SLrdunq.

[Link] ChCPc nang dem (Hinh 4) M 50.0

E 0.5
Voi chuc nang dem ta co th~ dem thuan hay dem ngU'Q'c. COng
nhu the tr] so dem dLl'Q'Chi$u chinh hay xoa tr] so nhat dinh luc ban
dau. Truy van ve chtrc nang dem dU'Q'C thuc hien qua tranq thai M
cua bo dem c'Yngo ra 0 (tr] so dem la 0 hay khac 0), hay qua tr]
so d~m thuc t~ giai rna nh] pnan & ngo ra DUAL hay rna 56 BCD Hinh 3: MQt doan trong chU'O'ngtrinh va.i tri
c'YDEZ. hoiin luc b~t milch

Khi lap trinh cho chuc nang cua bO dem kh6ng can phai sCPdl,lng
tat ca ng5 VaG hay ng5 ra. Chi can SLYdunq nhCPng toan tLr (phep Ch(rc n~ng d~m
tinh) 113du, thi du nhu cho bi,i d~m nquo'c. £)0 la tin hi$u ng5 VaG Kih~u LO~Idii li~u Mota
thiet lap (S) khc'Yidong tr] so dem dau tien, ZR cho bO dem ngU'Q'c ZV BOOl 8em Ihu~n Bo darn
va 0 cho truy van vEl tranq thai bo demo Bi,i dem se dU'Q'c thiel I$p ZR BOOl 00n ngl1\1e zv Dual

do suon duonq c'Yngo VaG S. Do do, chuc nang dem se nhan tri S BOOl ZR
Ngo vao Ihiel I~p
S DEZ
s6 dem c'Yngo VaG ZW (pharn v] Ir! s6 1iJ>0 den 999). Voi tin hieu ZW WORD Dinh Imoe Iri s6 cua
"1" i'y R, bo dem se thiet I$p lai (reset) va do d6 tri s6 bO dem la O. bQd~m
ZW
R Q
10
R BOOl Th;ell~p lai (resel)
ChCPc nang dem thuan duoc thuc hien, khi ngo VaG ZV thay dlli
DUAL Word T~ s6 d~m Ih\ICIe
tin hi$u tiJ>"0" sang "1 ", CCPm6i suon dU'O'ng (di len), bo dem tang
them mot don vi, cho den khi dat dU'Q'C tr] s6 cao nhat 999. NhCPng DEZ Word TM 56 d~m thl/C Ie
suon duonq tiep theo khonq tac dunq. Viec truyen so nho (so duo)
khong xay ra (Hinh 5). Q BOOl Trang Ihai gia Ir!d~m

Hinh 4: ChlPCnang dem

So dem dem ngU'Q'c khi thay doi suon dU'O'ng xay ra i'y cllng ZR.
CCPm6i I~n thay dOi, tr] s6 chua da djnh trong ZW bo dem giam di
mol don v], Khi dat gi&i han 0, thi nhO>ng suon tiep theo khong con
tac dunq [Link] dem ngU'Q'c khong sCPdunq tr] s6 am. Tranq thai
cua bo dem co th~ duoc truy van c'YO.
~ooo
sucn thiet lap r
O phat tin hi$u "1", khi tr] s6 dem thuc te (nrc thi) Ion non O. 0 phat (set) -1
tin hi$u "0", khi tr] s6 dem thuc te bang O. NhO>ng ngo ra DUAL
Tri so dem C#100
va DEZ cho biet tr] s6 thuc te VaG thoi diem truy van tuy theo m6i
loai rna so, NhCPng b¢ dem c6 ng5 VaG va ng5 ra tich hop nhu' R;
DUAL; DEZ khong can phai gfln them mach di$n phu IrQ' nao nCPa.
Hinh 5: B9 dem thu~n Z1
528 10 Ky thuat di€!u khilm

Vai h~ thong tach rieng (Hinh 1) cac chi til!t rai

dU'Q'Cdieu khifln do mot xi lanh tac dong kep, Bil!u 66 ky thuat
nhCmg chi til!t nay duoc d~y xuong tCPmang
trQ>. M9t oU'ang truot chuy€m d9ng th~ng van
chuyen chi tiet den cac hoc de hang hoa. Vi
dlJ'ong truot chi co the nhan 5 chi tiet, nan ta
phai dl!m nhCmg chi tiet nay. Hay vil!t chuonq
trinh PLC di€Ju khien 51)' tach ri~ng va d€Jm so
I~n xi lanh day xu6ng. Sau 5 I~n tach rieng, qua
trinh 56 dCmg li,li (dlJ'ong truot da day). Qua
trinh chi co the khai dong 19i, khi dU'ong truot
tr6ng (khong con chi tiet) va nut barn kh&i dQng
duoc thao tac 19i. Hay vil!t chU'O'ng trinh theo Hinh 1: H~ thong tach riling
bang bieu tlJ'Q'ng ben canh?

M<l
n
91 =tJ-oA 1.2 9
M(ln 3=B-D & A 1.2
1.1
MQn94=B-DA1.3
E 1.0
E 1.2 =
Al.l
E 1.0 =
E
E 1.2 =

M(ln92 Bang 1: Bang bi€!u tll'c;mg

M 0.4 Tl
Giailhlch
E 1.1 Z_Rueck
ZV Bl E 1.0 BOOL Zl vi tri cu6i phia sau
B2 E 1.1 BOOl Z1 vi tri cu6i phia truoc
E 0.0
S II BOOL Rim anh sang
E 1.2
SI E 0.0 BOOl Nut nhan kh6i d¢ng
ZW
Zl A 1.0 BOOl Xi lanh 1 chay ra
Zl Al.l BOOl Xi lanh 1 chay vao
R
H1 A 1.2 BOOL H~ th6ng s~n sang hoat d¢ng
A 1.2 A 1.3
E 1.2 H2 BOOL Lay chi tiet ra
Giai thich:
E 0.0
M<lng 1: H~ th6ng san sang heat dong HI phat sang
M<>ng2; 8em tl! dong va tach riang
A 1.3 M,mg 3: Xi lanh chay tr& va
M"ng 4: Lay chi tiet ra H2 phat sang

[Link] ChLPC nang so sanh Tlmg quan 1: Gia tr] s6

Khi SLr dl,mg bO dl!m, thong thuonq ta din biet tinh tranq hi$u chinh I So sanh vai so nquyen (CO' s6 16 bit)
cua bO dem de kh&i dong mot chuc nang diau khien tiep theo. Cho o So sanh v&i s6 nquyen (CO' s6 32 bit)
nen, phai SLr dunq chtrc nang so sanh hai bien so digital voi nhau. 50 sann vai so thuc dau cham dQng (co s6 32 bit)
a Tong quan 1 nhCmg CaP tri so dU'Q'Cso sanh voi nhau.
Neu ket qua so sanh la "dung", thi bO so sanh S8 cung cap tin hi~u Bang 2: Cae loai so sanh
"1", neu sai, tin hi~u ta "0". Hai ng6 vao IN1 va IN2 dU'Q'Cso sanh
Q= 1 khi CMP == I
Iheo nhQ>ng loat so sanh tuonq LYng nhu sau: == IN1 b~ng IN2
a Bang 2 bO so sanh so sanh va 51)' bang nhau (==) cua hai so <>
>
IN1 khOngb~ng IN2
IN1 Ian non IN2
thuc co dau cham (phay) tTnh (fixed-point number) (ky hi~u la I =
c IN1 nho hemIN2
Integer) dua vao CO'so 16 bit. > = IN1 lon hemhoac b~ng IN2
Chi dan: Ng6 ra cua b(> so sanh phal luon luon duoc noi vai rnach < = IN1 nno non hoac b~ng IN2 BQ so sanh
(thi du voi tail. Nhfrng bien so cai dat phai cunq loai dfr li~u giong
nhU' ng6 vao.

10.8.4 Di€!u khilm theo trinh tl,l'

Dieu khien chu yeu voi chirc nang ket hop hay voi chLYCnang tho'i
gian rna khOng Iheo trinh II)' lling buoc bat buoc, ngU'oi ta gQi d6
Ia dieu khien ket noi logic. NhU'ng cOng c6 nhieu qua trinh dieu
khien doi hoi phai theo Irinh tl)' noi tiep nhau theo thai gian. Thi du
qua trinh chuyen dong bat d§u, khi truce do mot qua trinh khac da
cham du't (H~ thong truyen bang tat). Trong dieu khien k€!t noi logic
vi$C nay duoc thuc hi$n do nhCPng dieu kien kh6a lien dong trang Hinh 2: Di&u khi€!n k€!t n6i logic (dQ long sau
cnuonq trlnn (nhCmg rJi~uki~n nay n6; nhau theo tang rJU'Q'c gO; la 5 t&ng)
rJ¢ 16ngseu - NO).
 10.8 8ieu khien logic Ic;iptrinh PLC 529

Tuy nhien, neu dQ 16ng sau qua nhieu tang thi chuonq trinh nay S9
khong con r5 rang. Cho nen, khi b] loi viec sua chua S9 rEIt ton thi \kho'Ls7 V~n nap ~ V~n nap
gia (Hinh 2, Trang 528). ~dayM1 ~dayM2
Vjtri Vi trt Vjlri
A B C
Diflu khilln trinh tl,l' (tuan tV) la loai dieu khi€ln thuc hien tuan tV'
theo tl.l'ng buoc bat buoc. Qua trinh can dieu khien dlJ'Q'c chia nho ~ ~ ~
thanh tlfng phan chirc nang, gQi la buoc. Nho d6 rna chlJ'O'ng trinh l M3 1
SLr d\,mg co cau true logic va SI,!' tac dQng Ian nhau cua cac phan
crurc nang duo'c rno ta r6 rang va ta co cai nhin t6n9 quan. Mot thi
du di~n hinh cho sl,.I'dieu khi~n trinh tl,l' la thi€lt b] bang van chuyen
(Hinh 1). N~u cruec xe chuyen cho a vi trl A (earn bi~n B1 = "0")
va nut khai dong duoc tac dQng, thi chiec xe S9 cuoc nap day
hang h6a tlf kho A. Van d6 day M1 S9 ma
trang vonq 6 giay. Sau Hinh 1: Thilll b] bang v~n chuyen
thai gan d6 day (M1 d6ng l<;Ii)xe S9 di chuyen den vi tri B. Khi da
tol vi tri 8 (bao tin do 82), thi xe S9 dll'ng lai va dlJ'Q'Cd6 day hang
h6a tll' kho B. Van d6 day rno trang thai gian 4 giay. Sau qua trlnh
d6 (M2 d6ng lai) xe S9 di chuyen den vi tri C. B3 da t6'i vi tri C, xe KhOi<lOng + 24V
~-
dll'ng va d6 h~t hang h6a ra. Thi~t b] d6 hang h6a ra heat dQng a
xe chuyen cho 12 giay. Sau khi da boc h§t hang h6a, thi~t bi kh6a
lai. xe tro lai vi tri A, bao tin nho earn bi§n B1. Sau khi co mot lenh
T~ng XLY Iy
khoi dong moi thl chu trlnh dlJ'Q'c tap 1<;Ii.

NhlJ' thi du cho thay, de chuo'nq trinh chuyen ti~p buoc ti§p theo,
OV
thi can phai co dieu ki~n chuY€!n tiep (transition). NhO'ng buoc
M3 Ch~y ra Chay tra v~
va dieu kien chuyen duoc noi voi nhau qua dU'ang tac dung. N~u
Bo dan dong
dieu kien chuyen ti§p chi tuy thuoc van tin hi$u tll' qua trinh thi ta
gQi la dieu khi~n trinh tu. Trang dieu khien theo thai gian thi dieu Hinh 2: Noi day Irong h~ PLC

kien chuyen tiep tuy thuoc van thai gian.

BlfCrCkhoi <lau, khung kap

Dieu khien trinh tV' theo qua trinh, khi dieu ki$n cnuyen ti§p
tuy thuoc VaG tin hi$u cua qua trinh dieu khien. Trang diflu
khiE!n trinh tl,l' theo theYi gian dieu kien chuysn ti~p tuy thuoc Dieu ki~n ch uyen ti p
VaG thai gian (bQ dinh thai, true Ian dinh thai) (so sann v6'i (Transition)
chuonq 10.1.12).
TacdQng vo-i
nhieu hinh Ihu-c

Ca hai hinh thvc ve dieu khien trinh tU' hi€lm khi tach biet lilIn nhau. Thi du: nap vao M1
Thanh phan quan tronq nhat cua die~ khifln trinh tV' la ~huoi trinh
Tac dong lien tuc
Thai gian keo dal la biing 10
tl,l'. Chuoi nay phan chia chuonq trinh thanh nhCmg bU'<Yc rieng Ie thai gian cua buoc
bat bUQC ti~p noi nhau, moi buoc du'o'c bo tri mot co hi~u bU'<Yc
(bit nho SR). NhO'ng buoc nay tuy thuoc van cac I$nh, vi$c thuc Dlfang k~t nbi tac dvng

hien cac lenh nay duoc xac dinh bai nhO'ng dieu kien chuyen tiep
Blfac vai so thlr t\f cua blfac
(Hinh 3).
Hinh 3: Chuoi Irinh 11,1' DIN EN 60848 GRAFCET
TlI' thanq tu narn 2005 tieu cnuan DIN 40719 phan 6 khong con
hieu luc. N6 duoc thay th~ bang DIN EN 60848 GRAFCET1). Qua
d6 SV' trinh bay nhO'ng 0 tac dQng (trlJ'ang tac dQng) cOng thay d6i
(Hinh 4).
0----1 I N N<;Ipvan M1
Ben phai cua bi€lu tlJ'Q'ng buoc la nhO'ng 6 I~nh tuonq Lrng gay
DIN 40719 phan 6
ra SV' tac dQng (Hinh 4). L$nh hoac kich heat khi buoc kich noat
(khong 11J'UtrO') hoac giO' nquyen qua nhieu buoc kich hoat (luu
trO'). NhO'ng tac dQng dieu khien cac thiet b] dieu chinh, nhO'ng co 0----1 N<;IpVaG M1
hieu v.v .. tuy thucc VaG chuoi trinh tu. NhO>ng chuoi trinh tV' tao kha
EN 60848 GRAFCET
nanq rno ta chlJ'O'ng trinh SLr dung ro rang va co cau true.
Hinh 4: 51,1' doi chi~u cua 6 lac dQng gilPa lieu
1) GRAFCET (ti~ng PMp GRAphe Fonctionnei de Commande Etape Transition: Ngon chuan cu va mai
ngo>biing db hoa chLPCnang di~u khi€.n trinh t\f trang cac buoc chuy~n ti<~p.
530 10 Ky thuat dieu khi~n

Chlic nang co ban cua tieu chuan ta oi~u ki$n chuyen ti~p va nhCfng tac o(Jng khac nhau.
Transition (ehuy~n tiep) lu6n lu6n (y giQ>a hai buoc chtrc nang va chua oi~u ki$n cnuyen ti~p cho buoc chuc
nang tiep theo. £lieu ki$n chuyen tlep (y ve phia ben phai cua oU'ong chuyen tiep (qach ngang) va phan giai thich
(y ve phia ben trai cua aU'ang chuyen tiep trang ngoi;jc don (Hinh 1).

Tac d9n9 co tac dl)ng lien tuc

Thai gian cua tac a(Jng oong nhat voi thai gian cua buoc chvc nang
(Hinh 2).

Tac dQng vai dieu ki~n chi djnh (Nut barn ON) Tl
Tac aOng chi hoat 6(>ng khi aieu kien chi d!nh cua I~nh C1 duoc dap Crng.
C1 113mot bien so chLr khong phili la mot cau ki$n (Hinh 3).

Tac dQng hru trO>

Neu mot co cau tac oong (thi du van) duoc tac dl)ng qua nhieu buoc, thi Hinh 1: Dit.u ki~n chuyt.n tiep
qua moi buoc CO'cau phai dU'Q'c thie! Ii;lp trang che 00 "1U'u trCf". Khi qua
buoc sau cunq thi phan tll' tac d(Jng phai dU'Q'C thiet Ii;lp Ic;li (reset). Bit
nho SR phuc VI) nhu' mot bO nho.
0--1 N<)p VaG M1

- LU'u trO> tac dQng vai vi~c kich hoat cua bU'ac chLPC nang Hinh 2: Tac dQng co tac dl,mg lien tuc
Voi vi$c kich heat cua buoc, tr] s6 nao cua bien s6 dU'Q'c chi djnh S8
oU'Q'c ghi nhan. Tr] s6 nay aU'Q'c luu trQ>cho den c6 mot buoc ke tiep,
thi b] x6a hay viet chong len (Hinh 4).
- LU'u trO> tac dQng vai vi~c khLP kich hoat cua bU'ac chLPC nang
Khi khLr kich hoat cua buoc, viec luu trQ>tac dong gi6ng nhu' vlec kich
0--1 N"p VaG Ml

hoat buoc chuc nang (xem iY tren Hinh 5). Hinh 3: Tac dgng vOoicac dieu ki~n chi
d!nh
Ket noi logic nhO>ng tac dQng
Trong mot buoc chuc nang c6 the thuc hien nhieu tac dong dong thoi
(Hinh 6).

Phu djnh mQt dieu ki~n ~~

Duoc trinh bay voi dau qach ngang tren aau (thi du T1). _l .. __~
Tac d¢ng theo thai gian ~
- Tac dQng tri hoan (tri hoan luc bat rnach) Hinh 4: Lll'u trli> vOoi s ••••kich hOilt eua

-.---~
Viec kich hoat cua buoc duoc thuc hien sau mot khoanq thai gian xac bll'Ooc

ainh (Hinh 7). Tac a(Jng bi tri hoan duoc thuc hien tU'O'ng tl,l' nhu dieu
kien chi dinh vo'i thOng tin khoanq thai gian (4 giay), tiep theo 113mot ~
qach nghieng T va sau cling 113buoc c6 ky hieu X (thl du X6).
- Tac dQng b] giai han thai gian
Qua d6, thai gian kich heat dU'Q'c dinh truoc. Sl,l' m6 ta cua tac o(Jng bi
gioi han thai gian dU'Q'Cthuc hien voi phep dao cua tac d(>ng (Hinh 8). ~~
- E>ieu khi~n chi djnh tuy thuQC thai gian
Hinh 5: Lll'U trli> vo>i sV' khiJo kich hoat
[Link] b~t dau cOng nhu thai gian keo dai kh6ng duoc dieu khien qua cua bll'O>c
buoc chuc nang rna qua m(Jt bien s6 (Hinh 9).
Tac d(Jng Y1 S8 duoc kich heat, khi buoc 6 kich heat AND (va) A 1 =
1, sau d6 4s, thi M1 =
1; khi A 1 D, thi M1 = =
1 S6 bi gioi han thai gian ~ Tac dong 11Tac dong 21nc dong 31
tiep theo 3 giay.
Hinh 6: Kilt noi logic cac tac dQng

14S/X6 14s7X6 . 14S/A1I3S

~ ~ ~

4s Tac d(>ng M1 kieh heat

Hinh 7: Tac dgng tri hoiin th6>i gian Hinh 8: Tac dQng giOoi han th6>i gian Hinh 9: Dieu ki~n chi dinh tuy thuoc
thoi gian
 10.8 f)i~u khien logic lap trinh PLC 531

[Link] Giam sat tien trinh vai chU'O'ng trinh

B1 B2
PLC (I~nh bao loi)

Thong thuonq, chuonq trinh PLC duoc bien soan sac

cho vi$c bao loi qua PLC duoc phat ra hay hi~n th]
khi khong nhan h6i dap (Timeout) trong khoang mot
thai gian quy djnh cua qua trinh di€Ju khilln. Thf du
minh hoa:

MQt xi lanh nhan biet vi tri cuoi nho cong t~c IlJ'CYiga
(reed contact) (B1 va B2), xi lanh nay duoc di~u khi~n
qua mot van khi nen tLY nhCmg ng6 ra cua h$ PLC
(Hinh 1). Gia thiet la thai gian chay cua xi lanh tLY B 1
sang B2 bang thai gian tLYB2 sang B 1. Van dlJ'Q'c ditJu Hinh 1: Xi lanh di~u khi~n qua van xung
khien a
buoc thLY 5 cua chuoi di€!u khil!n. f)i~u ki$n
chuyen tiep T6 (transition) dl! kich heat buoc 6 tuy
thuoc vao luc xi lanh tai vi trl cuoi B2.
Van 1
Q1
chay tai
Neu xi lanh khong toi dlJ'Q'c vi trl cuo: B2 trong khoanq
thai gian dlnh truce, thi IOi xucflt hien.
3s/X5

Q2 Loi
Nhei'ng nquyen nhan gay ra loi c6 the la:

• Cung cap khi nen b] gian dean

• Xi lanh khong the hoan toan chay ra vi b] ngan can

do co hoc
Hinh 2: Mc?tph~n cua chu6i blJ'60cv60ibi~n thll tillp theo ve
• Cong tac IlJ'CYiga b] hong k€.t n6i hanh dc?ng

• f)U'ang day tin hi$u ILY conq tac lU'oi qa den PLC
b] gian doan

• Van khong Ira ve rnac du dieu khil!n dung va cung

cap du khi nen (do chat ban hay b] hao man trong a
van). Buoc 5 s
Thai gian
L$nh (SO cua PLC) dU'Q'c llJ'u trei' va thai gian tri hoan, ch;;lY
nghTa 113tac dQng, truoc lien dlJ'Q'C luu trQ> va dlJ'Q'C BLfac_6 R
thuc hi$n sau thai gian da djnh troi qua (Hinh 2). 10
Hinh 3: Thanh I~p dieu ki~n chuylln ti€.p T_6
MQt thi du cho viec bao loi la khi di chuyen cac gia
mang chi tiet gia conq do xi lanh khi nen den vi tri lap
rap. SI! dua dung vi tri nay can thiet vi kich thuoc cua
B1
chi tiet phai chinh xac trong di~u kien san xuat,
B2

1M2
Thi du: mot gia ke chi tiet duoc dlJ'a den vi tri lap rap B1
qua h$ thong bang tal, sac cho gia ke nay diroc dua
1M1
dim vi tri chinh xac qua mot d~u hinh can gan tren
82
can pit tong, de lap rap tl! dQng. Trong tnronq hop xi
lanh b] IOi c6 the dtra den SI! pha huy tram trong vtJ
co hoc (thi du gia ke khong dung chi so; SI! va cham
voi tay gap khi I~p rap chi tiet), cho nen trong mot s6
tnronq hop can thiet phai kiem tra lai xi lanh v~ chtrc
nang bao IOi thong qua choonq trinh tl! d(>ng h6a, de
co th~ bao dam chirc nanq quy trlnh cua he thong san 8E'm bao loi "do"
xuat (Hinh 4).
Hinh 4: ChlJ'O'ngtrinh thi du ve bao 16i
532 10 Ky thuat diflu khilln

Quy t~c ve I~p trinh chuoi trinh tl,l'

Hinh 1: Bang bieu tU'Q'ng
• Chuoi trlnh tl)' gom cac buoc va dieu kien chuyen tiep
BI~u tll\lfl9eta chi Loei dii lieu Chu thich
(Transition)
SI E 1.0 BOOL B~I(ON); thU'crng me .
COng t~c cinh vi tri cue! A;
• GiCl'a hai buoc ta mot diE'lu kien chuyen tiep Bl E 1.1 BOOL
B2 E1.2 BOOl ~g~nPag~i~hvi tri cue!B;
• BU'oc va diE'lu kien chuyen tlep noi voi nhau boi mot dU'eYng B3 E 1.3 BaaL ~~~nag~i~h
IhU'ling
dOng
vi trl cu6i C
tac dunq, Tien trinh tac dl,mg luon lucn di hi tren xuonq dU'ai. VI Al.l BaOL Van cho si loA
HU'ong di khac dU'Q'c ky hi$u bang mOi ten. V2 A 1.2 BOOl Vanch0 5i 16 B
Y3 A 1.3 BaaL Vanchoxe b6c(lhaO) hang
• Buoc dsu tien dU'Q'c kich heat luc bat mach de khoi dong chuoi Kl AlA BaOL 6 10 ray chayve hl10ng
phil;
trinh tl)' rna khong can dieu kii;ln. Buoc dau tien khOng nhat thiet K2 o to ray chay v~ hU'ongtra;
phat dtYng d§u (y m¢t chuol trinh tl)'

• Trang chuoi trlnh tl)' tuyen tinh (khong c6 nhanh re) luon lu6n
chi co mot bU'ac heat dQng

• Buoc ke tiep dU'Q'c kich hoat, khi buoc truoc do de dU'Q'C kich K&I n6i )
( logic AND
heat vA (ket noi logic AND) dieu ki$n cnuyen tiep duo'c dap
tYng. Do do, buoc truoc chuan b] cho buoc tiep theo.
11 ~ 65

• Buoc ke tiep thiet I~p lai (reset - lam cho khonq hoat dQng)
(thai gian 11
buoc truce d6, va nhU' vaY IUDn IUDn chi cho mot buoc duoc troi qua)
heat dQng

• Trong mot 6 I$nh (trU'eYng lenh) nhCl'ng tac dQng dU'Q'C bo tri
(B2 tac dong)
theo buoc, rna nhCl'ng tac dong nay duoc kheYi dong trong ttYng
mOi buoc.
11 =4s
Hinh 1 m6 ta chuoi trlnh tl)' cua bang chuyen (Hlnh 2, Trang 529).
Neu ta so sanh dieu khien voi ket noi logic (Hinh 2, Trang 528) (thai gian 12
voi chuol trlnh tl)', ta se nhan ra rang, nqon ngCl' trinh tl)' ro rang troi qua)
va co cau true. ChU'O'ng trlnh tYng dt,mg de hlnh dung hon va qua
chuot trinh tl)' 1$ thuoc ta nhan ra ro nhO'ng nhiern VI) nao dap tYng
(B3 tac d¢ng)
chuo-nq trinh di~u khien. COng vi vaY neu co loi cOng tim thay
nhanh. Thi du nhu dieu ki$n cnuyen ttep la B2 voi tin hieu "0" (b]
sail, cho nen buoc 2 se khonq thiet I~p (hoat dong) va chuoi trinh 13 ~ 125
tl,!' van giCl' nquyen vi tri a
buoc 1. NgU'eYi phu trach h$ thong nhan (thai gian t3
ra 10i eYconq tac gioi han nho chuoi trinh tl,!', neu nut nhan S1 duoc troi qua)
mo dung quy dinh, r--::-::----, Xe K2 chay
L-....:.c:.----" tra ve

Chuoi trinh tl)' con b] anh hU'eYng c6 chu dich tac dunq do nhCl'ng (B1 tac dong)
ngo VaG tll' cap cao (cap tren). NhU' trong Hinh 2 trinh bay, 4 ngo
VaG cap cao c6 the dieu khien tling buoc, NhO'ng ngo VaG nay la
thanh phsn cua che do van hanh tYng dunq. Qua d6, nhung chuoi Hinh 1: Chubi trinh tV' cua thiet b] chuyen v~n
buoc va nhung tac dong b] anh hU'eYng tli cap tren, Nhung ngo
VaG nay dU'Q'c ghi a
tren bang thao tac (panel) cua h$ thong. Voi
ngo VaG "thiet I~p l<;Ii (reset)" (voi tin hieu "1 ") tat ca nhung co
hi$u cua buoc se tro thanh thu dong (thiep I$p lai) (nqoai trli CeY
nieu buoc dau tien). Khi bat dii;ln PLC, (y chu ky dau tien c6 the
kich heat buoc kheYi dong voi tin hieu "1" (y ngo VaG reset nay ("ceY
hieu bat dien") (xem Hinh 4 trang 533) va tat ca nhung buoc ke
tiep se b] reset. Do d6, chuoi trinh tl)' cua chuonq trinh Lmg dl)ng
duoc dU'a VaG vi tri ban dau co chu dich. Ngo VaG "chuyen tiep
co dieu ki~n", ngan chan hoat dQng buoc bat ky (voi tin hieu "0"),
rnac du dieu kien chuyen tiep cua n6 duoc dap tYng. Trong che dQ
Van hanh tl)' dong (xem phan che dO van hanh) ngo VaG nay IUDn
dU'Q'c cai d.;it voi tin hi$u "1 ". Neu che dQ van hanh buoc rieng Ie
duo'c hi$u chinh tren hop thao tac, mOi buoc ChUYEJntiep chi duoc
phep tac dong khi ta nhan nut. Ngo VaG "chuyen tiep khong co
diilu ki~n", se lam kich heat bat ky buo'c tiep theo, rna khDng can
dao [Link] di~u ki$n chuy~n tiep. V6'i Sl,!' tro glup cua ngo VaG "cho Hinh 2: ChuOi trinh tV' v60jnhffng ngo vilO
phep ph at I~nh kich ho~t", ta co the ch.;in vi$c xu at I$nh ngo ra. a cap cao
 10.8 8i€lu khien logic I~p trinh PLC 533

Thuc hien thong s6 ngo cho vao thi~t I~p I~i

ThiEfltI~p l<1i
NhO>ng thong so ng6 VaG cap cao thiet I~p lai (reset) tat ca buoc trang
chuoi dieu khien; chi tn:./'buoc ban dau cua chuoi dieu khien la duo'c kich
hoat. Qua trinh nay 99i la su khai tao cua chuoi dieu khien. Qua trinh
khai tao dlJ'Q'c thuc nien VaG luc ban oau thO>nghi$m dua vao van hanh
cua (mg dung. Hinh 1 rno ta sl,J' tnuc hi$n cua chuoi dieu khien duoc
cau t90 voi pnan to' IlJ'U IrO>SR (b¢ nho'). R6 rang la qua ket n6i logic
OR (hoac) a ngo VaG thiet I~p S (set) cua buoc dau tien, buoc nay sa
hoat d¢ng ngay sau khi & ng6 thiet I~p lal R (reset) co tin hi$u "1". Tat ca
nhO>ng buoc tiep theo cua chuoi deu duoc reset. Ke tiep cac thong s6
thiet I~p lai co the OlJ'O'CsO>dung cho b¢ phat I$nh true tiep cho ng6 ra
cOng nhu reset cho nhO>ng phan tfr dinh thai.

Thong so ng6 VaG "chuyen tiep voi dieu ki$n" d.;it gia thiet truoc rang:
tat ca nhO>ng dieu ki$n chuyen tiep deu dlJ'O'c dap Lrng vA (ket n6i logic:
Hinh 1: Thong sb thillt I~p I(li

AND) thong so "chuyen tiep co dieu kien" co tin hieu "1 ", Neu nhO>ng
dieu ki$n nay duoc dap Lrng thi buoc n se chuyen tiep
sang buoc n+1, tuc la buoc ke tiep (Hinh 2). COng
Chuyen
nhlJ' the, nhlJ'ng tin hieu "0" ang6 VaG nay, se ngan ti~pv&i
chan viec ChUYEln tiep cho buoc ke tiep, rnac du dieu dieu kien
'---+----1
kien chuyen tiep dlJ'Q'c dap Lrng.

Trong che dO van hanh tl,l' dong thi thong so nay phai
luon luon c6 tin hi$u "1".

Cho che dO van hanh tLrng buoc don Ie, mOi buoc
Hinh 2: Thong sb chuyen tillp v60i dieu ki~n
chuyen tiep duo'c phep hoat d¢ng phai qua thong so
nay (xem che do van hanh).
Chuyen
Chuylm tiep kh6ng CO diau ki~n (Hinh 3) ti~p khong
c6diilu
Vo'i thong s6 ngo VaG nay buoc ke tiep dlJ'Q'c kich hoat kien
trong chuol dieu khien, ma khong can phili c6 dieu Tin hi$u
ki$n chuyen tiep. Cho nen, khi thO> nghi$m dlJ'a VaG xung
van hanh cua Lrng dung, thi moi buoc deu co the la
rnuc tieu d6i Lrng va thfr nghi$m. Cho rnuc dich nay,
nglJ'ai ta phat mot tin hieu xung cho thong so ngo vao,
Khi loi xay ra a
mot vi tri nao do, thi buoc a
ng6 VaG Hinh 3: Thong sb chuyen tillp khong co dieu ki~n

nay b] gian doan, va sau khi loi da sua chtra, khac 10

phuc xong, chuonq trinh Lrng dunq phai tro ve vi tri ban dau, c6 nghTa la phai kh&i dong l<;Iivoi buo'c 1. NglJ'ai
phu trach h$ th6ng pnai thao tac van hanh bang tay va tao xung nhip cho chuoi buoc voi tin hieu "1" & ngo VaG
thong so chuyen tiep khong can dieu kien a
buoc kho'i dong.

Cho phep phat I~nh tac dQng

Tong quat nhO>ng co cau tac dong

hay CO' cau chap hanh khong dieu
khien duoc true tiep tLr buoc tac
o(>ng rna do b(> nho xuat I$nh, dac
biet hon nO>aduoc dieu khien khi a
cu·a phat I$nh n6i· voi cong S cua bO
nho xuat I$nh. M.;it khac, cOng co
kha nanq tac dong cac CO'cau chap
hanh, ma kh6ng can thiet I$p I$nh
tac d¢ng qua buoc tlJ'O'ng Lrng.
Cho phep Cong I~c an loan cho
8ieu nay thu'c hi$n duoc voi cong pMI I~nh vi Iri cu6, hanh trinh -
cho phep phat I$nh tac dong vai tin lac di?ng c6ng I~c IhU"irngdong
hi$u "1" (Hinh 4).
Hinh 4: Thong so cho phep philt lenh heat d«)ng
534 10 Ky thuat di~u khien

[Link] Cae ehe d9 v~n hanh cua dil!u

khiEm trinh tl;J'

8i€lu khien trinh II! dLfc;YCchia thann nhCrng ph~n nhu

sau:
• ChE! do van hanh
• Chuoi di~u khien
• Phat I$nh dieu khifln (true tiep)
• Phan chia cap bac bao tin va hit~n thi (Hinh 1)
Trong phan che do van nann cua chU'O'ng trinh lfng
Hinh 1: Nhii>ng thanh phan cua di€!u khi~n trinh tl,/'
dunq, di~u kien nhCl'ng chE! do van hanh riEmg Ie dU'c;YC
xac dinh. NhQ>ng che do van hanh chu yeu 113:
• V~n hanh bang tay (theo che do dil cai di(it trvoc)
• V$n hanh tl1ng buoc don Ie
• Van hanh tl! dong h6a
Trong che dQ van hanh bang tay, nhQ>ng phan tll' chap hanh rieng Ie
c6 the dU'c;YCthao lac bang lay voi nhCrng buoc IU'O'ng LPng va nhQ>ng
I$nh buoc phu thuoc, dQc lapvol cnuonc trinh. Tuy nhian vi$c khoa lien
dong an loan cOng can tiep tuc lac dunq. Trong che dQ v~n hanh tLPng
bU'o>c, chuoi di~u khien duoc van hanh tCPng buoc bang lay. Do d6,
Nut nhtm fA,
nut nhan tren bang thao tac cOng nhu vi$c hien th] cac buoc duoc quy B,6.T(ON) ~

dinh. NhCrng rnenh I$nh cho lien 1$ chi cho phep lac dong qua nhan nut. Nutnhan (]
Hinh IhLPCvan hanh nay lam nhe di viec Ihll' nqhiem luc van hanh, cOng TAT (OFF) Y
nhu khi lim loi. Trong che dQ v~n hanh tl,l' dQng (sau khi chuoi Irinh II! BU'ac ti4p t?"\\
theo ~
khai dong) Sl! dieu khien II! kich dong nhQ>ng buoc rieng Ie cua chuonq L$nh cho fA,
trinh, rna khonq c6 SI! can thiep cua ngll'ai dieu khien. NhQ>ng may m6c phep hoat y
dong
tac dong duoc di8U khien do nhCl'ng buoc rieng Ie cua chuoi di~u khien.
Hinh 2: H9P di€!u khilln (thi du]
[Link] Nhfrng d<;lng co ban cua dieu khien trinh tl;J'

Tuy Iheo doi hei cua conq vi$c, chuonq trinh dieu khien e6 the l;ilp trinh
nhLf sau:
• Chuoi tuan tl! tuyen tinh
• Chuoi IU8n II! voi nhanh re chon Il!a
• Chuoi IW3n tl! vei nnanh re dong thoi
Chuoi di8U khien voi cau true tuyen linh duoc mo ta trong Hinh 1,Trang
522. Dac tinh cua chuoi di~u khien luyen tinh la C(P sau moi buoc, ti€Jp
Iheo chi c6 mot dieu kien chuyen tiep va moi dieu ki$n chuyen liep dU'Q'c
kich noat bang mol buoc,
SI,I' phan nhanh chon Il,I'a la 51,/' re nhanh OR (ket noi logic hoac). Voi
nhanh re OR chuoi dieu khien duoc phan chia thanh nhieu nhanh. Khi xU>
Iy chuoi va trang thai gian chuonq Irinh li€Jn hanh Ihi chi c6 mQI nhanh
duoc pnep hoat dong (chon Il,I'a). 8iem bal dau cua chon Il,I'a nhanh (tuan
tu) dLfQ'C ky hi$u vo'i g;;'lch ngang. Cho moi nhanh tuan tl,l' c6 mot dieu
kien chuyen tiep (transition). Mot dieu kien chuyen tiep chung cho tat ca
cac nhanh (y phia tren g;;'lch ngang la khonq dLfQ'C phep. Trang thi du a
Hinh 3 neu buoc 4 hoat dong va dieu kien chuyen tiep T8 dU'Q'c dap (Png
(tin hieu "1"
.
=
true =
thuc) thi buoc T _8 thiet I$p se heat dong va buoc 4
Hinh 3: Nhii>ng nhanh re chon II,/'a
5e thiet lap lai Ira thanh thu dong. Ca hai nhanh xen ke khac buoc T 5
va T_10 khonq duoc xll' Iy trong chu ky nay. Khi cac nhanh xen ke (cac dU'ang chuyen van) hop lai voi nhau thi
nhCl'ng dieu ki$n chuyen tiep phai dU'c;YCdinh vi tren g;;'lch ngang (TA; TB va TC). Sau d6 true ti€Jp theo buoc ke
a
ti€Jp, day la buoc 11.

Vai 51! phan nhanh chon lua thi luon chi c6 mot nhanh cua chuonq trinh dieu khien heat dQng. Neu khong
c6 51,1'phan phoi U'U lien cho moi nhanh rienq Ie thi nMnh uu tien heat dong 113 nhanh xa nhat ve phia a
trai, (y trang Hinh 3 la nhanh cua chuoi voi cac buoc 5; 6 va 7.

Chi dan: Cho vi$c xU>Iy cac nhanh ngLfai SU>dl)ng co the dinh quyen U'u tien. MOi nhanh c6 ghi mot con so.
Nhanh c6 s6 nh6 nhat c6 U'U tien cao nhat,
 10.8 m§u khi~n logic I~p trlnh PLC 535

Truonq hop dac biet cua Sl)' phan nhanh chon Il)'a
la cau true vang. aday mot hay nhieu nhanh duoc
dan tro ve buoc truoc do. Dong di cua chU'O'ng trlnh
(Hinh 1) tLr buoc 5 nhay d~n buoc 3 duoc thuc hien,
khi buoc 5 thiet I~p va dieu kien ChUYEln tiep TA la
thuc (= true). Vai each nay nhCfng buoc 3, 4 va 5 c6
the I~p lai, Neu buo'c 5 hoat dong va dieu ki$n chuyen
tiep T6 la thuc, thi buoc 6 se dU'Q'c thlet I~p (set) va
biro'c 5 duoc thiet I$p lai (reset). Sl)' nhey tro ve buoc
3 khang the xay ra. Vai Sl)' tro giup cua phan nhanh re
(rEi nhanh OR), ta co the thuc hi~n I~nh nhay. Hinh 2
cho biet nhilng buoc trang chuoi dieu khien nhay
nhu the nao, Neu buoc 2 diroc thiet I$p va dieu kien
chuyen tiepTB la thuc, thi buoc 6 58 duoc thiet I$p va
buoc 2 duo'c thiet I~p lai, Do d6 nhCvng buoc 3, 4 va
5 b] nhay qua. Hinh 1: Yang chon hta Hinh 2: Nhay chon hta
(di len) (di xu6ng)
SI)' phan nhanh dong thOoi ta Sl)' phan nhanh AND
(ket n6i logic vA hay 11'1 phan nhanh song song),
duoc ma ta trang Hinh 3. SI,J' phan nhanh nay duoc
khai dong voi dU'cYng kep va mot dieu ki$n chuyen
tiep chung a tren dU'cYng nay. Neu buoc 4 dU'Q'c thi~t
I$p va dieu kien chuyen tiep T_C duoc dap Cmg, thi
nhCvng buoc 5, 8 va 10 dU'Q'c thiet I$p cunq mot luc.
BU'ac 4 duoc thiet lap lai se ducc ·reset trc nen thu
dong, khi nhO>ng buoc 5, 8 va 10 cOng da thuc 51)'
dU'Q'C thiet lap. Nhilng dU'cYng chay rieng Ie cua sl,J'
phan nhanh song song heat dong d6ng thcYi nhU'ng
doc lap Ian nhau. Sl)' g~p g5' cua cac nhanh song song
cOng duo'c ky hieu voi dU'cYng kep va dieu ki$n chuyen
tiep thl luon luon narn a dU'ai dU'cYng nay. SI,J'g~p g5'
song song nay cua cac nhanh con gOi la SI,J'd6ng bO.
Chi khi tat ca cac nhanh da duoc xu Iy hoan toan va
dieu ki$n chuysn tiep cho buoc tiep theo duoc dap
ung, thl SI,J'chuyen tiep moi dU'Q'c thuc hi$n cho buoc
k~ tiep. £lieu nay trang Hinh 3 co y nghTa nhu sau:
neu nhilng buoc 7, 9 va 10 hoat dong va dieu kien Hinh 3: S\l' phiin nhanh dbng th6>i
d6 11
U1

chuyen tiep T11 dU'Q'c dap Lrng (la dung), thi buoc 11
dU'Q'c thiet I$p (set) S8 hoat dong. M~t khac buoc 11
lam nhilng buoc 7, 9 va 10 duoc thiet I$p lai (reset) IpOSAI Ipos BI IpoSCI
Bang
S8 tro thann thu dong.
[Q] [Q] chuyen
v~n
[Q] 10
Chi dlln: NhO>ng dang co ban cua dieu khien trinh tl,J' B1 B2 B3
trinh bay a tren c6 the dU'Q'C tron Ian voi nhau. Thi
-

0
€long ,
co
du SI,J'phan nhanh song song co the chua SI,J'phan ~
nhann OR. B4
- ABC I
iDI!lI M(,>tbang tai mang nhQ>ngchi tillt may dlln thiet 1 Chi liel phun 1

b] phun tl,J'd('>ng. Sung ph un duoc chuyen d('>ng 1 Chi tiel phun 1

nho vao chuyen d('>nghai true cua mot ban truot
duoc d('>ngco dieu khien. Qua d6 viec dieu khien Hinh 4: SO'db ky thuat may ph un t\l' dQng
d('>ngco ban truot c6 the chuyen djch vai hai toe
d('>co dinh khac nhau (Bang 1 va Hinh 4).

Vai nhilng dieu ki$n cho san sau day d(>ng CO'co the Bang 1: L~nh chuYEm di?ng
dieu khien:
Chillu chuy~n dong
• Ban truot di cnuyen tLr vi tri ban dau (Pos A) va t6c do
• Neu ban truot a vi tri A (Pos A) va nut nhan S1 v~ hU'ong phai, cham
(conq tac thU'ang mal tac dong, may phun san v~ hU'ong phili, nhanh A B
sang tl,J'dOng van hanh, v~ hU'ong trai, cham C A
• Khi B4 baa tin bO phan phun da co, ban truot chay v~ hU'ong trai, nhanh B C
"nhanh" ve phia phai,
536 10 Ky thuat diE!U khiiln

• a vi tri POS B (Bao tin B2 =

tin hi$u "1 ") qua trinh phun bat d§u
Ban truot chay giCPahai vi trl POS B va POS C theo tuy Iheo Sl,l'
cho tnroc (mi;lc dinh) "chay cham non" IQ>iva IUi.

• Sau Itm chay cuoi cunq ban truot chay "nhanh" ve phia tra:

•a vi trt POS A (Bao tin 81 = tin hi$u "1") ban truot doi mot bO
PLC
phan mQ>ide phun

• a vi tri POS A h$ thong co the t~t (OFF) khi nut nhan 82 (conq
tac thU'Q>ngd6ng) duoc tac dQng (Hinh 1)

Bang 1: Bang ghi bil!u t1.1'Q'ng +C +B +A

Billu tU'Q'ng Dia chi Loai dii kien Giai thich Hinh 1: SI,I' n6i day
B1 E 1.0 BOOl BO kh&i tao vi trt POS A
B2 E 1.1 BOOl Bo kh&i 1<;10
vi trl POS B
B3 E 1.2 BOOl Bo kh&i tao vi tri POS C
B4 E 1.3 BOOl Bo kh&i tao phun vi Iri POS
S1 E 1.4 BOOl Nut nhan BAT (ON)
S2 E 1.5 BOOl Nul nhan TAT (OFF)
K1 A2.1 BOOL Dong co - CI,J'CdU'O'ng - Dilu nOi C
K2 A 2.2 BOOL £long CO'- Cue dU'O'ng - £lllu nOi B
K3 A 2.3 BOOl Dong CO'- CI,fC dlJ'O'ng - D:liu n5i A
K4 A 2.4 BOOL Dong co - Cue am - £lllu n6i C
K5 A2.5 BOOl Dong CO'- Cue am - Dau noi B
K6 A2.6 BOOl Dong CO'- CI,fC am - Dilu nOi A

ChUGi trinh tl,l' (Hinh 2) cho thay Sl,l' phan nhanh xen ke (nhay tLP
buoc 4 den buoc 7) cOng nhu sl,I' chay v6ng tro lai (thi du nhay lui
tLPbuoc thil> 6 den buoc 3). Neu di~u ki$n tr] so oem> 0 duoc dap
il>ng, ban tnrot chay lien tuc tLP POS B sang POS C va chay trQ>
v~. Khi tr] so oem bang 0 va oi~u kien chuyen tiep tr] so dem 0 =
duoc dap il>ng, thi bU'Q>C5 va 6 b] nhay qua va buoc 7 duoc heat
6';'n9 (thiilt I$p).

Chironq trinh chia thanh 8 buoc:

• BU'Q>c1 ---> khoi tao
• BU'Q>c2 -+ chay nhanh sang phai
• BU'Q>c3 ---> chay cham sang phai
• BU'Q>c4 -+ dem s6 Ian chay sang phai
• BU'Q>c5 ---> chay cham sang tral
• BU'Q>c6 -+ dem s6 Ian chay sang trai
• BU'Q>c7 ---> chay nhanh sang trai
• BU'Q>c8 -+ sau khi chay het thai gian T1 ban truot tro ve vi tri
ban dau, T<;Ii day h$ thong co the tat khi tac dQng
bU'Q>CS2.

SI,I' cap phat (phan phoi) Co' hi$u 02 - 08 xem Hinh 3

Hinh 2: Chuoi trinh 11,1'

1. Hay thay doi chuGi trinh tl,l' de qua conq t~c chon lua, nhCPng
chi tiet cung cap co kha nang duoc phun hai rnau khac nhau. CO' hi$u 1
Chuyen dQng dao cnteu (I.;ip lai) cua ban truot r§t khac biet, D¢ng co cnay £l¢ng co cnay
vi rnau phu thil> nhat t6t hon rnau phu thil> hai. Thai gian doi nhanh phia phili ch<;im phia phai
T1 van khong doi trong hai qua trinh phun? (Chi dan lQ>igiai:
Co hi~u 3 Cd hieu 4
rno ph6ng Sl,l' phan nhanh dong thOj).
D¢ng CO'chay Dong CO'chay
2. Co bao nhieu buoc co the thiet I$p cunq mot luc trong mot
cham phia Irai nhanh phia tr<3i
chuoi tuyen tinh?
3. Khi nao mot buoc cnuyen tiep den buoc ke tiep? Hinh 3: SI,I' giQ>cho co hi~u
 10.8 Bi~u khien logic I~p trinh PLC 537

10.8.5 An toan v~n hanh cua dieu khien

Trang nhieu ITnh VI,I'Cling dunq nhu ky thuat thiet b] va ky thuat bang chuyen, nhiern Vl) quan tronq ve an toan (thi
du nhu giam sat nhCPng vunq c6 nguy hi€Jm v.v ... ) dU'Q'c giao cho h~ thong va thanh phan cau tao cua ky thuat tl.,l'
dOng h6a (thi du nhu' earn bien, rao anh sang). NhU' v~y cuoc song va sue khoe cua ngU'(Yi di€Ju khien may rnoc
cOng nhu Sl.,l'loan ven cua cac dl.,lng Cl,JIhi~1 b] SLPdl,Jng trong nha may va moi trU'6'ng tuy thuoc vao nhCPng h~
thong va thanh phan 11.,1'
dong h6a. Qua trinh di~u khi€Jn may m6c luon ti~m ~n rui ro phat sinh loi do con ngU'(Yi
thao tac kh6ng dung hay may m6c true trac.

Nguy hiem (y may hay (y h$ thong phat sinh bai:

• SI,I' b6 trl may m6c • Trinh dO dao tao cua ngU'6'i SLY dunq

• SI,I' thay d6i trong qua trinh gia cong • Bao dU'ong may m6c hay h$ th6ng

• Cong viec lam sach • Van hanh trong che dQ binh thU'6'ng

Bi$n phap an toan an toan la khai niern tuonq d6i chi dQ rui ro con l<;lisau khi da
thuc hi$n cac bien phap bao v$ dU'Q'c xet theo:
• Quan diem v~ ky thuat (giili phap an toan heat dong nhu' the nao)

• Quan diem v~ luat 1$ (nhCPng quy ttlc an toan nao phai tuan thu)

Tiep theo la phal chu y den mot vai khia canh ky thuat trong ITnh VI,I'Cdieu khien
logic lap trinh PLC hay n6i day. Xa non cOng phili tham khao them tal li$u ve an
toan cOng nhu nhO>ng tieu chuan hay quy tac cua chau Au.

Ky hi~u mau cho nut nhan va dim bao tin

Be lam nhe bot tac dong ho tuonq giO>a ngU'6'i va may m6c, nhO>ng cong tac, nut Hinh 1: May phat I~nh TAT-
nhan, den bao tin deu diroc ky hi~u rnau ro rang, moi rnau du'o'c c6 mot Y nghTa KHAN cAp dU'Q'c cai
Cl) the (xem Bang 1). Qua d6, dO an toan cho ngU'6'i dieu khien may m6c tang len vao vi tri nghi vai kh6a
va vi$c SLv dyng va duy trl h~ thOng dU'Q'c tot non. an toan

Hinh 1: Mau va y nghi"a cua nut nhan

M<'iu Y nghTa Giai thich NhCPng thi du v~ lmg dl,lng
Truong Thao tac trong trinh trang TAT-KHAN cAp
hop kh§n nguy hillm hay trU'ang Huang dt.n chLYCnang TAT-KHAN
cap hoop kh§n cap cAp dieu kien cho DlYNGITAT

Vang Kh6ng binh Thao tac trong tinh tranq Can thi$p dll x6a be tinh tranq kh6ng
thU'ong khong binh thU'ong binh thuonq. Can thiep de qua trinh
tl,J'dong h6a bi gian doan khai dong 10
tro l;;Ii

An toan Thao tac khi Slr dunq an START/BAT

toan hay chuan b] trong tuy nhien a
day uu tien rnau tr~ng Hinh 2: May phat I~nh TAT-
tinh tr<;lng binh thU'ong KHAN cAp bi kh6a vao
vi tri nghi
B~tbuoc Thao tac trong tinh tranc ChLYCnang tra v~
bi b~t buoc phai can thiep

Tr<1lng khong c6 y HU'ang dt.n t6ng quat START/BAT (u'u tien)

nghia d~c ve chuc nang nqoai tflY STOP/TAT
Xam biet TAT-KHAN cAp
START/BAT
(xem luu y sau)
STOPITAT
START/BAT
STOPITAT(U'u tien)
Chu 'I: Khi mot bi~n phap [Link] cua ky hi(iu (thi dV cau [Link] d<;[Link] tri) (lugc SLPdvng cho ky
hieu nhQ>ngbo phan thao tac nhu nut nhan, thi nhQ>ngrnau TRANG. XAM hay DEN (lugc dung cho
nhQ>ngchuc nang khac nhau nhu thi dV rnau TRANG cho b¢ phan thao tac START/SATva STOP/T A T.
Hinh 3: Kh6a an toan va; syo
Chi dan: Tieu chuan tuonq Ll'ng tlrn thay (y EN 60204-1 (VDE 0113 Phan 1) tnanq giam sat chia kh6a
06.1993
538 10 Ky thuat dieu khiE!n

Bang 1: Mau cho dim bao va y nghia cua n6

Milu Y nghia Gilli thlch thaotac Nhiing thi du (mg dunq
Hanh dongcua ngU'C1i

TrLl'ong Tinh tranq nguy hiE'lm Hanh d¢ng I~p Ilk d~ Ap suat, nhi~t dOVLl'O't
hop kh~m phan (rng lai vai tinh nqoai gi&i han an toan;
cap tn;mg nguy hi~m, thi du SI,l'sut dien ap: dien ap bj
lac dong TAT-KHAN CAp ng~t; vuot Quavi tri Stop
Vang Kh6ng Tinh tn;mgkh6ng binh ctam sat va/hay can thiep Ap suat, nhi~t 09 tang cao
binh thuonq: tinh trang (thi dv thi~t I~p lal chuc non pharn vi binh thu'ong;
thu'6'ng nguy kich g~n k~ nang da dl,l'tinh) kh&i dong thiflt bi bao ve

An toan Tinh tranq binh Tuy chon (kh6ng b~t Ap suat, nhi~t d¢ trong
thU'ang buoc) pharn vi binh thU'ang; din
Sl,l'uy quyen (cho phep)
Bat buoc Hi~n th! tinh tranq dbi Hanh d¢ng bat buoc Chi th], nhap vao nhCPng
h6i ngU'ai stY dung tr! 56 djnh truoe Hinh 1: Thiet b] bolo
phai hanh d¢ng
va phat tin
Trung tinh Co th~ stY dung khi Giarn sat Thong tin t6ng quat hi~u qua am
kh6ng chac v€!SI,fSLY thanh va th]
dung rnau 86, VANG, giac
XANH LA CAy

TAT- KHAN cAp

TAT - KHAN cAp la hanh dQng d~ xac d!nh vi$c ngat nang lU'oong di$n cho mot phan hay
cho ca h$ th6ng thiet lap, trong trU'Crng hop c6 nguy co (rui ro) vi cham di$n (di$n gi$t)
hay nguy CCY khac c6 nguon g6c Ily di$n

D••••tru ngat di~n trong trU'6>ng h9'P kh~n cap tai noi co

• Bao v$ chonq lai SU'tiep xuc true tiep (thi du thiet b] d6ng/ngat), bang each tao khoang
each hay vat can tro

• Kha nanq gay ra nguy hi~m khac hay gay thi$t hai do nang luonq di$n, thi du chuyen
09n9 quay

Thiet b] phat tin hi~u TAT-KHAN cAp (Hinh 1 va 2 Trang 537)

• Khi lac dQng conq lac TAT-KHAN cAp ke ca khi thai gian tac dQng ngan, thl bQ phat
I$nh nay phai duoc cai tro v~ v! tri nghi CU'ong buc.

• May hay h$ th6ng khonq dU'Q'c khoi dQng lal Ilf xa neu crura khilc phuc xong m6i nguy Hinh 3: I)(m bao
hiem. Thiel b! TAT-KHAN cAp phai duoc mo kh6a & t~i cho bang thao tac co y tlurc.

Nhfrng phAn tu. cong tac cU'o>ng bu.c khi van hanh (Hinh 4)
Ket hoop nhll'ng phan tiY co n cong tac IhU'Crng mo va m conq tac thU'Crng dong, ket n6i voi
nhau qua co hoc, sac cho chunq khonq duoc dong lai cunq mot luc.

M6> cU'o>ng bu.c

Chuyen dQng rno phai chac chan rang cong tac chinh cua mot thiet bi chuyen rnach dat
duoc vi trl rno, khi bQ phan thao tac & vi tri TAT (OFF). Cho nen SU' each Iy conq tac
khong duoc thuc hi$n voi nhll'ng bQ phan dan hoi (thi du mot 10xo). Tat ca cac rnach an Hinh 4: Nut nh~n
toan phai c6 chirc nang m& CU'ong buc (EN 60947) can thi~t rno CU'iYng btrc cho cong v6>i ti€lp di€lm
cll'ang b(rc
tilc thU'Crng dong duoc quy d!nh cho thiet b] TAT-KHAN cAp (nquyen tac dong di$n tTnh)
phai cho phep rno CU'ong btrc cong tac thU'ang d6ng trong tinh hu6ng KHAN. (Hinh 5).

Nguyen t,k dong di~n tinh (khonq tail

Neu rnach c6 conq tac thuonq d6ng (thi du cua an toan dong lai) va co
dong di$n tTnh chay qua, thi kh6ng th~ can thiep true tiep, Dong di$n nay
chi gian dean khi ta tac dQng cong lac chuyen rnach (rno conq lac vi tri
cuoi) hay cat dut day dan di$n. Chi dU'ooc cat dCrI day vi Iy do an toan khi
c6 lenh d6ng cho conq tac thU'dng mo va lenh ngat cho cong t~c thU'ang
dong. Hinh 5: Me- cll'ang blPCqua cong tac cera
b3ovl?
 10.8 £)ieu khien logic Ic;iptrinh PLC 539

C6ng tac vi tri la cong tac di$n phu tro. Chung duoc SLr dl,Jng cho viec qiarn sat vi
tri cua cac thiet b] bao v$ a cac may lam vi$c hay nhu' nhO>ng d~u do dean dU'ang.
TUy theo loai thao tac ngU'ai ta phan bi$t cong lac vi tri bang cc cOng nhU' cong tac
tiem can vot cac loai earn (mg, di$n dung va quang hQC. Khi cong tik vi tri duoc thiet
ke trong rnach di$n lien quan den an loan, thl phai 5Lr dunq IO<;licong tac mo wang
blic (Hinh 1)

ChLrc nang dillu khien quan tronq den an toan dU'Q'c thuc hi$n cho nhCi'ng h$
thong an toan quan trong de giO>tranq thai 6n dinh cua may hay de tranh tinh tranq
nguy hiem hinh tnanh. Hinh 1: Cong tac vi tri
a) khong co lay
khoa
Kh60i dQng thiet b] TAT - KHAN cAp b) co lay khoa

Khi tac dong thiet b] phat I$nh TAT - KHAN cAp phai chac chan da gian dean rnach
an toano Thiet b] nay chi dU'Q'c thuc hien voi conq tac thLl'ang mo. May khcnq dU'Q'c
phep tl,J'dong chay tro lai, cho nen thiet b] phat I$nh TAT - KHAN cAp phili c6 chirc
nanq cai wang buc de dling hoat dong may m6c.

Trong h$ th6ng cuoc dieu khiEln bang PLC, nhCl'ng chirc nang lien quan den 51,!' an toan phai noi day dQC
I~p doi vai PLC. Ngoai ra nhO>ng tranq thai chuyen rnach, thi du cua kh6a lien dong an toan va conq tac
di$n phu tro phai ket nOi voi PLC.

Ky hi~u rnau cho dU'cYng day

Ky hieu dU'ang day dU'Q'Cxac dinh theo tieu chuan EN 60204. Tieu chuan quy dinh rang dU'ang day phai c6 the
nhan danq dU'Q'c qua moi d~u n6i dung theo tal li$u ky thuat, Ngoai ra con de nghi, thay vi lap rap day nhieu rnau
cho may chi can SLrdunq mot mau th6ng nhat cho ca h$ th6ng. Thi du rnau:

• Den cho rnach di$n chinh (Dong di$n xoay chieu hay mot chieu)

• D6 cho mach di$n dieu khien (Dong dien xoay chieu)

• Xanh dU'O'ng cho rnach di$n dieu khi€!n (D6ng di$n met chieu)

• Carn cho rnach di$n kh6a lien dong, rnach nay duoc cung cap do mot nguon dien tlJ' ben nqoai.

Ky hi~u cho day bao v~ (quy djnh bat bUQC)

Day baa vi'? phat co hai rnau ket hop vanq/luc (xanh la cay) tren ca chieu dai cua day. Ky hieu rnau nay duoc
danh rieng cho day bao v$.
Ky hi~u rnau day trung tinh N

Khi mot rnach di$n c6 ky hieu rnau

cho day trung tinh N, thi phai SLr
dunq rnau xanh da troi nhat, Mau PLC tieu chuan va bo chu Man hinh giarn sat an loan
10
lieu chu<lln . So khach
xanh da troi nhat nay khcnq duoc an loan
SLr dl,lng cho mot day nao khac de
tranh nharn l<fIn.

Di~u khiEln an toan I~p trinh dU',?,c

Voi h$ thong bus giao dien AS1)

Safety at work (= an toan khi van
hanh) nhCi'ng dO> li$u an toan va
nhCi'ng dO> li$u tieu chuan co the
truyen chung voi nhau qua dU'ang So ngulln
giao dien AS ky hi$u rnau vanq. lieu cnuan

tJng dunq hi$n co co th€! khai trien

them cmrc nang quan tronq ve an So khach lieu chuan So khach lieu chuan BO kbach
toan. Ta can them hai thanh phan fJanh gia tin hi$u bO khach an loan i man hinh an loan lieu cnuan
b6 sung: man hinh an toan va bQ Thong lin cua bO chu (qua S\l' truyen thonq thong dung ngo rain go vao)
khach (slave) an toan (Hinh 2).
Hinh 2: He thong giao dien AS (Safety at Work) v&i be;. khach tieu chuan, b(i khach
1) AS (Actor-Sensor Inteface): Giao dien earn an toan va man hinh an toan
bi~n - co cau tac dQng
540 10 Ky thuat dieu khi~n

CO'sa cho viec truyen dO' lieu an toan la giao thuc an toan dong ve viec truyen lai giQ>a man hlnh an toan va
b¢ khach (thanh vien) an toan. Trong m6i b¢ khach "an toan" d~u c6 gifIn mot bang ma so, de b¢ chu nhan di$n
ro. Khi bat rnach rnanq an toan Ian dau tien, man hlnh an toan S8 nhan bitJt cac b¢ khach an loan va lU'u trQ>dQl
li$u vao trang mQt bang ma so rieng danh cho cac bo khach, Mot m~t man hlnh an loan giam sat nhQlng tin hieu
ma so cua bO khach an toan, mat khac man hlnh an toan kiem tra thuonq xuyen 51! truyen 1<3idG>lieu giG>a hai
he thong trang mOi chu kY. NtJu ma so dU'Q'c ph at ra co sai bi$t voi rna so trong man hlnh an to Em hay thoi gian
truyen tin bi VU'Q'tqua (Timeout), thi man hinh an toan ngat rnach an toan oU'Q'c thuc hien qua mach cho phep
chuyen mach (duoc thiet kfl 2 kenh).

Ma s6 "0" duoc danh rieng cho vi$c ngifIt rnach c6 chu dich. Thi du khi bO phat lenh TAT - KHAN cAp tac dong,
tin hi$u "0" 58 gai dfln man hlnh an toano Man hinh se thi hanh S\,f ngat di$n qua rnacn dien cho phep hoat dong
tuonq (mg. Bai vi bO chu giao di$n AS quet theo chu ky nen man hlnh an toan cOng nhu h$ thong PLC nh$n
dU'Q'c tin tuc nay. Qua d6, viec danh gia be sung v~ thong tin cOng dU'Q'c thuc hi$n do PLC nharn rnuc dich chan
dean viec di~u khien may m6c.

Mim hinh giam sat an toan

Man hinh an toan la mot be?phan chinh cua Safety at Work (Hinh 3 va 4).
Cau hinh cua lYng dunq an toan nay cuoc thuc hi$n voi may tinh PC va
phan rnern tuonq lYng. a may tinh nay co the chon l\,fa nhi~u che d¢ van
hanh chuysn bi$t cho tCrng lYng dunq. £)6 la: chuc nang TAT - KHAN,
e kh6a, thao tac bang hai tay cOng nhu chon l\,fa hanq muc dCrng cap 0
hay 1. 8e tan dunq hoan toan kha nang viec chan doan, man hlnh an
toan cOng co the chon l\,fa cuoc van hanh theo dia chi cua giao dien AS.

DUong cap 0

DCrng may khong can di~u khien duoc thuc hien qua vi$c ngat ngay I$p
tuc ngu6n nanq 1U'Q'ngden nhQ>ng be?phan truyen dong may.
Hinh 1: Man hinh giam sat an toan
Dung cap 1

DCrng may co dieu khien, cung cap nanq 1U'Q'ngchi bi gian dean khi dat
duoc tranq thai tTnh (kh6ng chay),

S\,f truyen thong c6 dinh hU'ang an toan co the thuc hien vo'i nhG>ng phan
tli chuyen rnach duo'c rno ta trang Hinh 2. Cho cong tac vi tri co bang
rnach giao dien dac biet. £)e dam baa chuc nanq an toan, cac thanh phan
kh6ng c6n n6i day thong thU'erng. Ca lU'ai quang va man chan quang
cOng c6 the ket n6i theo djnh hU'ang an toan a
giao dien AS.
Hinh 2: B9 khach an toan

Hinh 3: Man hinh giam sat an toan v60i mach cho phep hoat dQng Hinh 4: Man hinh giam sat an tean va.;
nhO>ng me dun an toan
 541

11 Ky thu~t di~u chinh

11.1 Cae khai ni~m co ban

fJ"i lU'qng gay
nhieu z
Khai nii;lm v~ (lieu khi~n va dieu chinh thU'ang OU'Q'C
Slf dl,mg trang nqon ngCl' thong dl,mg hang ngay cOng
nhu khi d,§ cap dEm Sl,J'ket nOi cac qua trinh ky thuat, fJ(li
IU'O'ng Dai 1U'(;mg ~
Sl,J' khac bi$t giCl'a dieu khien va di~u chinh da duoc chuan ,----;---,-;---::------, lac dong
gieii thich can ke trong muc 10.1.

Trang ky tnuat di~u khilln va dieu chlnh, Sl,J'lien h$

giCl'a nhCmg thanh phan cau tao rieng Ie diroc m6 tei
bang each dung so do tac dunq (so do khoi), £lieu nay
--w

cOng da duoc giai thich trang rnuc 10.1.

Hinh 1 bieu dien so do tac dunq cua hi;l dieu chinh co earn bi.:in, b¢
doi cho khac voi each trinh bay trong rnuc 10.1. bien danq do

Hay quan sat thi du v,§ di,§u chinh nhii;lt do trong cua be
han nhunq, ta thay so do tac dl,.lng nhu' sau. 8<;1iIlfQ'ng
can duoc dieu chinh, goi la d~i 1U'Q'ng dieu chinh (tin Hinh 1: SO'db tac dyng cua h~ dieu chinh
hi~u ra) x (& day la nhiet dO cua chat han thiec) duoc
do bang earn bien va duoc so sanh voi o<jli 1U'Q'ng
chuan (tin hi~u vaal w (con 99i 18 dai 1lJ'Q'ngcal d:;it,
d:;ti 1lJ'Q'ngdinh truoc) (c6 tr] s6 cai d:;it, & day la nniet 8<;1i lU'qng gay
do mong muon cua chat han three). nhieu z

80 sai biet giCl'a dai 1lJ'Q'ngchuan va dai 1U'Q'nghoi tiep

duoc ky hieu la do sai biet dieu chinh. Neu kh6ng c6 fJ<;li IU'O'ng ~
Dai IU'O'ng
tac dong
loi xuat hien thi dai 1lJ'Q'nghoi tiep (tin hieu vao) giong chu~n
dai luonq chuan w cho nen sai bi~t dieu chinh e la
w
o. Neu dai 1lJ'Q'ngdieu chlnh x thay dOi do anh hlJ'ang
cua d~i 1U'Q'ng gay nhieu z (a day do Sl,J'nguoi di cua
nhiet dO chat han thiec) thi ta S9 co sai bi$t can dieu
chinh. Qua co cau dieu chinh va thiet bi tac dong (con
gOi la thiet b] tac chinh hanh) se teo ra dai IlJ'Q'ng tac
09n9 y. 8Qi 1lJ'Q'ngnay tac dong len tuyen dieu chinh,
sao cho d:;ti 1lJ'Q'ng di~u chinh x tro l:;ti bang vai d:;ti
1U'Q'ngcnuan w.

Qua trinh dieu chinh duoc thll hii;ln qua tuytm dieu Hinh 2: SO'db tac dyng cua h~ (lieu chinh nit gQn
chinh (o6i IlJ'Q'ng di€!u chin h). Trong thi du be hen
m6 ta tren, tuyen di~u chinh la Sl! tac d9n9 ho tuonq
giO>athiet bi nung n6ng c6 tin hi$u vao ta d:;ti 1U'Q'ngtac

•
d9n9 y, voi dai 1lJ'Q'ngdieu chinh, va cOng co the voi
d:;ti 1U'Q'nggay nhieu z.
e Thillt b] dillu chinh Y Y Tuyen (db; toonq) x
dillu chinh

£lieu chinh luon ta mot dU'ang tac d9ng khep kin.

£lieu khien luon la mot dlJ'cmg tac dong mo.

Thong thU'ang trang da so

ky thuat di~u chinh, so do x. Phiin tll' dillu chinh Xa
tac d9ng rut qon duoc Slf dl,.lng nhu' Hinh 2. a
day chi
c6 thiet b] dieu chinh duoc xem la ket nOi giO>aco cau
dieu chinh va thiet b] lac d9n9. Carn bien hay cac b9
bien danq do khonq dU'Q'Cde cap den.
Hinh 3: Ph~n tu. mach di~u chinh
542 11 Ky thuat dieu chinh

11.2 Phan tw mach dieu chinh

M¢t phan tLr cau tao mach dieu chinh (Hinh 3, trang 541), gom ca thi€Jt b] di8U chinh l{in tuyen di8U chinh, dU'Q'c
d~c tnmq boi:

• Dap CPng buoc nhay (b~c thang), nghTa 113tinh nang 6' c6ng ra, khi tin hi$u cong VaG duoc tao ra b&i mQt
bi~n d6i b~c thang,

• Phan I1ng do mot tin hi$u & c6ng VaG 103hinh sin va

• Bi~u do Bode, nghTa 103dU'ang biE'lu dien theo logarit t~n s6 cua Sl,l' bien thien (tV 1$) bien d¢ va dQ dich chuyen
pha.

Thi€Jt b] dieu chinh va tuyen dieu chinh thuonq duoc diEln ta bang nhC!'ng thanh phan can ban hoac bang SI,I'ket
hop cua chunq se dU'Q'Cde cap den trong nhCPng trang toi. Thiet b] dieu chinh va tuyen dieu chinh thU'ang duoc
cau tao tLYnhCPng thanh phan can ban giong nhau. Vi th€! chunq SEldU'Q'c trinh bay song song trang nhCPng rnuc
sau.

11.2.1 CO' C3U (khau) dieu chinh ty I~ khong tre (CO' du P)

CO' cau dieu chinh P tao ra mot tin hi$u dau ra ty Ie
voi tin hieu dau vao. He so Kp bieu dien moi quan he
gili'a trt so dau ra voi tri so dau vao duoc gOi 113he
56 khuech dai, 8ieu nay cOng dung ca khi Kp<1, va
nhu v$y thuc chat 103mQt sv (khuech dai) suy giam
(Hinh 1). N6 duoc tinh nhU' sau:
t t ,---
Ph~n Ill' di~u chlnh
-,
L t

----II,--'l==11--
----,
K = xa Bi~u tU'O'ng Kp
P x;

Tr] so Kp c6 thE'l dinh kich thuoc, Thi du sau day lam

ro diem nay:
Thi du co cau dieu cntnn Thi dl,l tuyen dieu chlnh
M¢t b¢ earn bien do khoanq each cung (!'ng mot dong
dien ra fA = 0 mA, khi khoanq each giCPa earn bien va
d6i tU'Q'ng 1130 mm. Carn bien nay cung C!'ng 20 mA khi
khoanq each la 8 mm. 8U'ang cac tmng se la dLl'ang
thang.

K = xa = 20 mA =2,5[mA]
p xe 8 mm mm
B(i khu~ch dai kh6ng dao B(i truyen d(ing

Hinh 1: CO' cau dieu chlnh P

BQ truyen dQng trong Hinh 1 co mot banh rang
chu dQng voi 150 rang fy phia VaG va mot banh
rang bi d¢ng voi 50 rang fy phia ra. Hay tinh he
s6 khuech d(;'li Kp.

11.2.2 CO' C3U dieu chinh ty I~ (quan

tin h) va.i dQ tre b~c 1 (CO' C3U PT1)

CO' diu dieu chinh bac 1 PT1 tao ra mot tin hieu dau
t t

Phan Ill' dieu chinh

t , t

ra; tin hieu nay chi d<;lt toi tr] so on dinh sau mot thai
gian tre. Thai gian tre nay dU'Q'c xac dinh qua hang s6 Bil.u IU'O'ng
thai gian r.

Hang s6 thai gian r c6 the xac dinh bang each dung

do noa, ve dU'ang tiern can cua dU'ang cong tal diem
g6c va kao dal dU'6'ng nay toi tri on dinh. T<;Iigiao diem
cua dLl'ang tiem can va tn s6 on dinh ta c6 the xac
Hinh 2: CO' cau dieu chinh PT1
 11.2 Phan tlr rnach di§u chinh 543

dinh hang s5 thai gian. Trang thuc hanh ta c6 th~ thua

nhan rang sau khoanq 5 . t thl S8 dat duoc tr] s5 6n
Thi du CCYcau/m<;lch RC Thi du binh ao suat
dlnh,

COng nhU' tal CrY cau P, h$ so khuech dai Kp duoc X8C

d!nh b~ng ty so gilia tri so
cu5i va tr] s6 dau vao. ~
0>-----1.•..... -0 Po
CO' diu PT 1 khong dU'Q'c dung lam co cau di~u
chinh, nhunq thU'<'YngdU'Q'c dCJng tren tuyen di§u
chinh. Hinh 1: NhO>ng thi dl,l coo cau PT1

Lien h$ giO'a dau VaG va dau ra duoc di~n ta bang mot

ham s5 IOy thu'a nhu sau:

x = '[1-e-~1'x
ape K

Trong thi du rnach RC a Hinh 1, '[ dU'Q'Cxac djnh nhu

sau:
t t
JL t

r = R· C

Ngoai hang s6 thai gian r, CrY cau PT1 c6n luon c6

----II Ph~n IlP di~u chinh

phan chira nang 1U'Q'[Link]'ng thi du trang thuc te voi

co cau PT1 duoc dung nhu binh ap suat dU'Q'c trlnh
bay & Hinh 1 hay su' thay d6i nhiet dO trang 16 nhi$t Bi€ou IlfQ'ng K 0
luyen cOng nhu thiec nhunq trong bon.

11.2.3 CO' cau di~u chinh ty I~ (quan tinh)

v&i de?tre b~c 2 (CO' c~u PT 2 )
-I~I----I
Hinh 2: Coo cau PT2

Mot co cau PT2 g6m co hai bo trQ> nanq 1U'Q'ng gan

n5i tiep. 86 c6 the hose la hai bO trQ>nang 1U'Q'ngcunq
loai, thi du hai rnach RC rnac n5i tiep, hoac hai binh
ap suat gan n6i tiep, hoac hai bO trQ>nang 1U'Q'ngkhac
loai, Tin hiEiJucap lI'ng bac thang cua mot CO' cau PT 2
Thi du: H~ thong khoT IlPQ'ng - 16 xo
dU'Q'Cbieu dien trang Hinh 2, thi du trang Hinh 3.

CO' cau PT 2 trang thuc te thU'ang chi xU(~t hi$n

trong tuyen di~u chinh.

Khi mot tuyen di~u chlnh gem c6 hai bo trO' nang

1U'Q'ngcunq 10<;1igan nOi tiep, thl duoc bi~u thi bang
Lo xo Khoi IlfQ'ng m BO giam cnan
hai CO' cau PT1 gan n5i tiep. Chung hoan toan c6 the
c6 hang s5 thai gian khac nhau.

Thi dl,l rnach dao dc'?ng noi ti~p

Cach hoat dong cua mot co cau PT 2 dU'Q'C di~n ta ro
rang bang each dung mot rnach dao dong n5i tiep nhU'
trong Hinh 3. 8ieu n6i bat la tin hiEiJudap lI'ng buoc R

nhay co dien bien dU'ang cong khac bieu tuonq cua

co cau PT2 (xem Hinh 1 trang tol).

Tin hiEiJudap lI'ng buoc nhay cua mot rnach dao dong
=
n5i tiep khong bi giam rung (R 0 0) la mot dao dong
hinh sin. Vi trong mach dao o(>ng Iy tU'&ng nay kh6ng
Hinh 3: NhO>ng thi dl,l Co' cau PT 2
544 11 Ky thuat di~u chlnh

co gi bj tieu hao, nen dao dong van giCr duoc bien dQ

kh6ng thay doi. 1,8
- 8(> t~t dim = 0.5

Hay quan sat mot rnach dao dQng noi tiep thuc te
1,6 8(> t~t dan = 0.7

(R i- 0 0), co the co 2 trU'6'ng hop xay ra: 1,4 A 8(> tat dan = 1_

II r\ - 8(> t~t dan = 2

• CO' cau PT 2 co kha nanq dao oQng (khau dao donq 1,2
1 r:r-,
bac 2)
t r\ -
• CO' cau PT 2 kh6ng co kna nang dao dQng ~ 0,8
'1
m
1//
/ /'
-"~
0.../

Ta c6 mot CO' cau PT2 co kha nang dao di;>ng neu h~ 0,6
so t~t dan 0 narn giCra 0 va 1. Vai he so t~t d~n > 1 0,4 ~/
ta co mQt CO' cau PT 2 kh6ng co kha nang dao oQng.
0,2
jl'
ov
MQt CO' cau PT 2 kh6ng co kh3 nang dao dong c6 o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
t!r--
the m6 ta bang hai co cau PT1 gan noi tiep.
Hinh 1: Tin hi~u (lap li'ng bU'QoC nhay cua mot CO' c3U PT 2

Hinh 1 cho thay tin hieu dap (Png buoc nhay cho nhCrng h$ so suy qiarn khac nhau. Quan h~ giCra dau vao va
dau ra dU'Q'c dien ta qua ham so nhu sau:

x =K
a
-o« t
1__ e__ o_sin~1_D2.w
~ 0
t=o
't'
J -x e
[
'./1-0-

trong do Kia he so ty Ie, 0 la h$ so tat dan, Wo ta tan so g6c rieng va rp ta g6c lech pha. Trang truonq hop mot
rnach dao dQng noi tiep thi he so tat dan va tan so g6c rieng duoc tinh nhU' sau:

1
Wo = ..fLC;
Hi;! so ty Ie dU'Q'Ctinh la thuonq so cua tr] so dau ra xa voi tri so dau vao x, luc h~ thong da dat dU'Q'c tai tinh
tranq dao dQng on dinh. NhCrng tr] so nay la nhiYng dai 1U'Q'ngdac trunq va dU'Q'Cbieu th] bang bieu tU'Q'ng tnrnq
trong Hinh 2 6' trang tnro'c.

CO' cau PT 2 co mot Y nghTa dac bi~t trong ky thuat dieu chinh. a
day ngU'6'i ta tim each thiet ke phan t(P cau t90
rnach dieu chinh sac cho no co tinh nanq cua mot co cau PT 2 co kha nang dao di;>ng. Tuy nhien phai lU'u y ta di;>
vuot ngU'5'ng (dQ vot 10) kh6ng qua Ian. Trang thuc hanh ta thay he so tat dan 0 = 0,7 103 tot nhat neu bien dt? t6i
da bang tri 56 6n dinh mu6n co + 5%.

11.2.4 CO' cau di€!u chinh tich phan (CO' cau I)

Cac co cau I (Hinh 2) thU'6'ng dU'Q'c xem 103 tuyen dieu

chlnh Ian thiet bj dieu chinh. Phep tich phan duoc hieu
103 cQng tin hieu d<'lu VaG mot each lien tuc, £)ieu nay
c6 nghTa 103 voi mot tin hieu dau VaG co dinh, ta co tin
hi$u d~u ra lien tuc tang dan (Hinh 2). t t

Phan ILr di~u chinh

JzC 7j t

Hang so th6'i gian tich phan dU'Q'c dinh nghTa la

thoi gian can thiet, cho toi khi tin hieu oau ra co
tr] so 1 khi tin hi~u d<'lu VaG c6 tr] so 1.

He so tich phan KI ta trj so dao cua hang so thoi gian

tich phan. £)6 18 tr] so oU'Q'c bieu th! nhir trang bieu
tuonq. Hinh 2: CO' cau I
 11.2 Phan t(Y rnach di~u chinh 545

Quan h$ toan hoc giCra dau ra va dau vao nhu sau:

cac thi d\l eho tuytm dittu ehinh
x.(t) = K, . f x.(t)dt

Trang truonq hop xe(t) = khonq doi, ta co:

x. '" K1• xe' t

NhCl'ng thi du cho tuy4n di~u chinh co tinh nang l la: d9

cao nap day thunq va SI)' truyen d(lng dan ti4n. Trang
thi du dau tien ta th~y rnuc d6 day tang d~u d?n neu
binh chua duoc d6 voi mot ong dan co ILPUILPQ'ng Thi d\l eho thi~t b] dieu chinh
kh6ng d6i (Hinh 1), TU'O'ng 11,1'. ban truot cua bo truyen
d(lng dan tien chay voi van t6c khonq d6i, n~u so v6ng
quay cua dQng CO' khong doi. NhU' v~y dU'erng truot
tang len d~u d?n.

Thiet b] dieu chinh co tinh nang l luon dU'Q'c dung trang

trU'ang hop sau khi dieu chinh thanh conq ta khong
~e
muon co dQ sai I$ch dieu chinh nCra. ~Y

1 f
Hay tinh h$ 56 tich phan K, cua mot binh chua veri Hinh 1: Coo cAu dittu chinh I
dii,ln tich day 1 m2 khi binh nay duoc nap day voi
mot ILPUILPQ'ng5 lIs.

11.2.5 Coo cau dieu chinh vi phan

(Co' cau 0)

CO' cau dieu chinh D cung cap mot tin hi$u dau ra co
dQ doc ty 1$ vot tin hi$u dau vao, Neu tin hieu dau vao
tang len d~u dan thi tat dau ra ta co tin hieu khonq doi
(Hinh 2).

Neu tin hieu dau vao la mot tin hii,lu buoc nhay, thl
tin hieu dap LPng buoc nhay la mot xung ng~n tal theri --".I..---i
diem nhay cua tin hii,lu dau vao. Con nhCPng tuc khac
thi dQ doc cua tin hi$u dau vao b~ng 0 va nhLP the tin
hieu dau ra cOng b;jjng O. Quan h$ giCl'a dau ra va dau ----H Phan
Ill'di~u chinh
vao diro'c tinh nhu' sau:
x (t) = KD . [Link](t)
a t'l.t

-----:--1 LIt----
Bio!lu1lJ'Q'ng KD

•
Tr] so Ko dU'Q'c gOi la h$ 56 vi phan.

Tinh nang D tren thuc te kh6ng dU'Q'c dung trang tuyen

di~u chinh. Tinh nang D duoc dung trang thiet bi dieu
chinh cho nhCrng trU'erng hop khi can phan LPng nhanh
cho bien doi cua d9 sai I$ch dieu chinh. Tuy nhien n6 Thi dl,l eho thiet b] di~u chinh
chi duoc dung trang ket n6i voi cac CO'cau dieu chinh
P va I, Iy do la voi sai I$ch dieu chinh kh6ng doi thi

r
tinh nang D kh6ng tao dU'Q'Cbat ky SI,I' dieu chinh nao,

~Y
M¢t d6 thay doi v~n toc 10 m/s dU'a t6'i mot do
thay doi dong di~n 5 mAis. Hay tinh h$ s6 vi pnan, 1 f
Hinh 2: Co>du di~u ehinh 0
546

11.2.6 CO'cau di~u chinh thiYi gian

1=1=
ngLPng(co C3U Tt)
CO' cau dieu chinh tMi gian ngLPng (thai gian chet) tao
ra cho mot tin hi$u buoc nhay tal dt:.u vao, sau mot
thai gian tre qoi 18 thai gian ngLPng, tin hieu d~u ra b]
bifln d6i hinh danq. Tin hi~u d§u ra gi6ng nhlJ' tin hieu 7; t
dAu vao nhunq cham hon mot khoanq thai gian bang
thai gian ngLPng (Hinh 1).

Cac CO' c~u thai gian ngLPng lu6n xu~t hi$n khi xli
------i! Philn to> di~u chinh

Iy tin hi~u cho nhCrng bO dieu khi~n logic I~p trinh

dlJ'Q'c (PLC) va trong may tinh (PC).

""'I "r------'1
Bi~u IU'Q'ng Tt

so cham tn§ nay xay ra ta do ehU'O'ng trinh phan meml r-

trong PLC hay PC can e6 thai gian XLPIy tLPluc nhan 1-----
duoc tin hi$u df:lu vao den luc thiet [Link] dU'Q'c tin hieu ~
tal df:lu ra. . .

NhO>ng thi du cno tuyen dieu chTnh c6 thai gian ngLl'ng Hinh 1: CO' c3U dieu chinh thai gian ngCvng
la cac bang chuyen, hay SI! pha tron nhCPng chat long
dang chay.

11.3 Cac thi~t b] dieu chinh va

cac co c~u dieu chinh
Trong thiet b] dieu chTnh thi dO sai I$ch dieu chTnh la
B~t 1 86ng t--.,
dO khac bi$t giO>a dai 1U'Q'ngdieu chTnh voi dai 1U'Q'ng
chuan, d<;li 1lJ'Q'ngdieu chinh nay d13dlJ'Q'c cnuyen d6i T~t IM&
tiJ>b(i chuyen doi/b(> earn bien. Sai I$eh nay cuoc XLPIy
va dung lam dai 1U'Q'ngtac dong (tac ehinh) cho tuy~n
di~u ehinh. Thlet b! dieu chinh gom CO' cau dieu chTnh H
va CO' cau tac dOng (Hinh 1, trang 541).
flH
'2
Cac co cau dieu chTnh, con 99i tat la bO dieu chinh, TSMM+-~r-~T--~Tr~~V-\~~r----
duoc chia thanh nhCrng loai nhu sau: flH
2
• SO dieu chTnh tac dOng qian doan
Yang Irll Ian V6ng tre nh6
• S(i dieu chinh tac dOng lien tuc flH flH
• SO dieu chTnh 56 (digital)

11.3.1 B9 di~u chinh tac d9n9 gian Hinh 2: D(ic luy~n cua be> dieu chinh hai vi tri
do~n

SO dieu chTnh tac d(ing kh6ng lien tuc co dal 1U'Q'ngtac

dOng gom hai hoac ba tr] so co djnh. 86 la:

• SO dieu chinh hai vi tri, khi dai 1U'Q'ngtac dOng c6 ba

tr] so co djnh (Hinh 2).

• SO dieu chTnh ba vi tri, khi d<;li1lJ'Q'ngtac dOng c6 hai

tr] so co dinh (Hinh 1, trang 547).

M(it so thi du lieu bieu cho cac bO dieu chTnh hai v] tri
18 hAu het nhCPng qua trinh lam n6ng. Thi du khi mot 16
chua chat long can phai gill' & mot nhi$t dO gfm nhU'
co dinh duoc bat len, thi 16 se dU'Q'c dun n6ng len den
nhi$t dO dlJ'Q'c hieu chTnh truoc (trt so mong muon) Hinh 3: B{> dieu chinh hai vi Ir;
 11.3 Cac thiet b] dieu chinh va cac CO' cau dieu chinh 547

Khi tai nhi~t do nay, 16 se dU'Q'C tat di. Nhi~t do chat

16ng vi the se giam d~n cho den khi tai mot tr] so can Bieu tU'Q'ng

dU'[Link] chat 16ng l<;IidU'Q'Cgia nhiet (ham n6ng).

Cac b(J dieu chinh hai vi tri tren can ban luon c6 hien
tU'Q'ng tre luc chuyen rnach (v6ng tre hysterisis).
@V;"'oh""O rnach 3

Neu v6ng tre lon, b(J dieu chinh it khi chuyen mach.
Neu v6ng tre nho, bl) dieu chinh thU'ang xuyen chuyen

----
Vitri
rnach (Hinh 2, trang 546). Hinh 3 trang 546 trlnh bay chuyen rnach 2
bieu tU'Q'ng va c8U tQO can ban cua b¢ dieu chinh nay.
Vang tre

M(>t thi du cho mot bO dieu chinh ba vi tri 121he thong Vi tri chuyen
dieu h6a kh6ng khi. He thong nay c6 ba tranq thai: Lam rnach 1
Tinh nang chuyen rnach
n6ng, tat, lam lanh. Bo dieu chinh ba vi tri cOng bieu th]
cho moi tranq thai mot vonq nhiet tre luc chuyen mach
Hinh 1: Be) dillu chinh ba vi tri
(Hinh 1).

11.3.2 Be} di~u chinh tac de}ng li{m tuc

Cac b(> dieu chinh tac dong lien tuc kh6ng c6 tinh nang
chuyen rnach, vi the cOng kh6ng c6 hien tU'Q'ng tre.

T<;Iicac bo dieu chinh tac dong liEm tuc, moi thay

dbi cua dO sai lech dieu chinh gay ra mot thay dbi
cua dt;li 1U'Q'ngtac dong. Elieu chinh
toc do quay
60 dieu chinh loal nay gom nhung thanh phan can
ban nhu sau:

• CO' cau P (bo dieu chinh P)

• CO' c8U I (bo dieu chinh I)
• CO' cau 0 (bo dieu chinh D)
Hay nhung phoi hop:

• Bo dieu chinh PI, tuc phOi hop cua bo P va bo I Hinh 2: Thi d~ dillu chinh toc de) quay

• BO dieu chinh PO, tuc phoi hop cua bl) P va bo 0

• BO dieu chinh PIO, tuc phoi hop cua bO P, bl) I va

bo 0

BO dieu chinh P va PO co nhuoc diem la gay ra

do sai lech dieu chinh.

•
T

8ieu nay dU'Q'c chunq to ra trong cac thi du sau day:

.z,
Hinh 2 trinh bay cau tao CO' ban cua each dieu chinh
toe do quay. Ta dung bO chiet ap de dat dU'Q'c d<;li
1U'Q'ng chuan w qua thiet b] dieu khien VaG dong CO'.
w e
L ~
X

Toe d(> quay tuc thol, do bang toc do ke cua may phat
toe (taehgenerator), do so vonq quay duoc chuyen
thanh dien ap va dU'Q'c dua vao thiet b] dieu chinh. BO
dieu chinh (y day duoc dung 121bo dieu chinh P.
KpM

L
Sa do tac dong cua vi du nay duoc bieu th] trong
Hinh 3. 80ng co e6 tinh nang nhu bo dieu ehinh PT1.
May phat toc chuyen d6i so vonq quay dau vao thanh
mot dien ao theo ty Ie thuan. NhU' the may nay c6 tinh
nang P. Hinh 3: SO' do tac de)ng cho dillu chinh toe de) quay
548 11 Ky thu~t dieu chinh

NhCfng thong so ky thuat di;lc trLPng cua d9n9 CO' dien

m9t chleu la:
xat/
Kps =100 rninVv , T = 250 ms. Thong so 6i;1c trunq
cua may phat toe 18 KpM = 0,01 v/rntn", h~ so khuech
6<;1icua bO di€lu chinh P 18 KpR 2. =
Neu 6~t 6<,1iILPQ'ngcnuan la 6 V thi ngay luc d~u dO sai
I$ch diflu chinh la e = 6 V, dai ILPQ'ngtac dOng 18y 12 =
t t
~

V va 60ng co b~t d~u quay. Nh6' v$y may phat toc tao
ra mot di(ln ap quay nquoc l<;li dLPa vaG thiet b] di€lu
chinh, va nhu the lam qiarn dO sai l(lch dieu chinh.

8e don qian toan bo cac diem tren ta chi quan sat tinh
nang tinh cua rnach di€lu chinh.
Hinh 1: B9 dieu chinh PI
Trang truonq hop nay ta c6:

x = Kps . Y = Kps . KpR . e

Ngoai ra:

e= w- KpM' X

Thay the VaG phLPO'ng trlnh tren, ta co:

x= Kps' KpR' (w- KpM' x)

x = Kps . KpR . W - Kps . KpR . KpM . X
Hinh 2: Thi d", cho mQt bQ dieu chinh PI
X + Kps . KpR . KpM . X = Kps . KpR . W

X . (1 + Kps . KpR . KpM) = Kps . KpR . w

Kps' KpR
X= ·w
1 + Kps . KpR . KpM
xat /
Thay nhCfng tr] s6 d~c trunq tren VaG phLPO'ng trinh
nay, ta S6 c6 s6 vonq quay la 400 rnin". Neu ta cho ~
dong CO' chay khonq c6 rnach dieu chinh, voi di$n ap
d~u VaG 6 V ta S6 c6 s6 vong quay la 600 rntn'. Trong
thi du tren bo dieu chinh P tao ra do sai lech dieu chinh Bi~u tU'Q'ng Kp Tn Tv
la 260 min'". '"

Van de cua do sai I$ch 6ieu chinh van con s6t lai 6U'Q'c
giai quyet bc1ng each dung b9 dieu chinh PI. Hinh 1
cho thay tin hieu dap Ll'ng buo'c nhay va bieu tU'Q'ng
----.ll ~ 1---1

cua b9 6ieu chinh PI. Hinh 3: BQ dieu chinh PID

Trong khi vai bO P IUDn t6n tai mot de;, sai lech dieu
chinh, thi phan tich phan cua bO PI chinh hop sac cho
sai I$ch dieu chinh hoan toan bien mat. NhLP v$y phan C1
sai lech dieu chinh con lai nay bc1ng O.

Hlnh 2 cho thay cau tao co ban cua mot be;,PI. Hc1ng
s6 khuech dai Kp trong thi du nay la ty s6 R2/ R1.
Ph~n goi la thai gian dieu chinh con s6t T« tinh theo
tich s6 R1 . C. +1---+---0

NhU'Q'C diem cua phan la ca he th6ng c6 khuynh

huonq bi dao dong (rung). Khi dlnh kich thuoc cho
mot b¢ PI ta phai d~c biet chu tronq diem nay. Hinh 4: Thi du cho mQt bQ PID
 11.3 Cac thiet bj dieu chinh va cac CO'cau dieu chlnh 549

S6 dieu chinh PI c6 thll van hanh cham. £)ll dieu chinh

D"i IlIqng analog X1
h§t phan sai I$ch dieu chinh that nh~nh ta c6 the cho
them phan D vao. Tin hieu dap LPng buoc nhay va
bieu tU'Q'ng cua b(> PID trong Hinh 3 cOng nhu mot thi
du trong Hinh 4 da dLYQ'ctrinh bay trong trang truoc.
t D"i hJ'qng dllqc
Illelng h6a X2

NhCrng tr] s6 d~c trunq cua bQ PID dLYQ'ctinh nhu sau:

'n;
• = R21Rl
Kp Gl
t ----
• t; = Rj C2 Thai gian

• Tv = R2' C1

Trong b(> PID ta can tinh ba th6ng s6 va hi$u chinh t

chunq, diem nay c6 nghTa la ta phai be ra it nhieu
c6ng [Link] v~y ta phai r6 la b(> dieu chinh PID c6
the dung dLYQ'c da nang. a
day cOng phai chu tronq
tinh on dinh cua toan h$ th6ng nhLY voi b(> dieu chinh
PI.
Thai gian t ----

11.3.3 BQ di~u chinh digital Thai gian bi doi (thai gian ngll'ng Tt)
T 2
t
T ~

Neu nhCrng d<;li 1U'Q'ngtrong qua trinh dLYQ'cthu nhan D"i IlIO'ng
va XLPIy bang b(> dieu khien logic I~p trinh dLYQ'C(PLC), cua qua trinh
b(> vi rnach dieu khien hay nhCrng thiflt bj tU'O'ng tu,
ta phai chuyen doi d<;li 1U'Q'nganalog thanh dai 1U'Q'ng
digital.

£)e thuc hi$n vi$c nay, dai 1U'Q'ng analog duoc do

quet (lay maul va tach thanh nhCrng bac thang rai rac o 23456789

(Hinh 1). Trong quan he nay ta gOi la lam r6>i rac tr] s6 tlTA ----

{lU'Q'ng h6a, 1U'Q'ng tIP h6a, quantilize). Dung nhCrng Hinh 1: LU'Q'ng hoa va do quet mot tin hi~u analog cua quy
buoc ILYQ'ng h6a canq nho, thi h$ th6ng canq chinh trinh
xac, nhLYng thai gian cho viec tinh toan canq cao.

Viec do quat dLYQ'cthuc hi$n voi nhCrng khoanq thO'i

gian co dinh. Tin hi$u dLYQ'cchuyen doi ngay tal thoi
diem quet va giCr cho kh6ng doi den thoi diem quet
ke tiep

• ThO'i gian quet TA canq ngtln canq t6t.

t ___ BO ChUYElndoi AJD

nf:l:l:
t~ t ___

Vi$c do quet tao ra mot SI,J' dich chuyen thoi gian

•
tai d9 cao VaG khoanq nt/a buoc thoi gian quet (lay
maul nhu da chi a
Hinh 1. NhU'ng ta chi c6 the anh
hLYang VaG thai gian quet trong mot giai han nhat djnh,
vi n6 con tuy thuoc VaG thoi gian Xli' Iy cua cruronq Cach bi.§u th] tin hieu trang may tinh
trinh phan rnern cua PLC, hay cua b9 dieu khien v.v.
(Hinh 2). Va nhCrng diem nay lai con tuy thuoc vao t6c I D6so9uetdo tr! Duytri tri

d(> tinh toan cua b9 xli' Iy dieu khien, hay cua thuat
toan (algorit) dieu chinh dLYQ'cdung va cua s6 b9 dieu
s6 do

•
t~ t ___

chinh dang chay,

Thoi gian tr~ (ngLPng, chet) t90 ra bai vlec do quet co :

I
ann hU'ang kh6ng t6t den SI,J'on dinh cua ca rnach
I
L __ Truy van PLC theo thai gian XIY Iy cua
di~u chinh.
phan mlim (thai gian cua chu ky) TA

Thoi gian tn~ canq lau, rnach dieu chinh canq co

Hinh 2: SO' do tac dl)ng cho tin hi~u qua trinh dA xU> Iy d;mg
khuynh hU'ang b] dao dong. digital
550 11 Ky thuat di~u chinh

11.4 Sl;I' on d!nh cua rnach

diEm chinh
F(w) IdB]
Wg =t =4
C6 nhieu phuonq phap de khao sat SI)' 6n d!nh cua
rnach dieu chinh. Sau day ta xem m9t rnach dieu chinh
dU'Q'c d!nh kich thuoc bang each dung phuonq phap
t~n s6-di:lc tuyen.

CO' ban cua phuonq phap nay d0>a tren bieu do Bode.
TQi bieu do Bode ty s6 gilia dQi 1U'Q'ngd~u ra va dQi
1U'Q'ngd~u vao duoc bieu diEm dU'ai danq logarit theo
tttn s6 g6c W, cOng nhu g6c I~ch pha qJ gilia tin hieu
dttu ra va dttu vao cOng dua tren tttn so g6c.

Hinh 1 cho thay bieu do Bode cua tuyen dieu chinh Hinh 1: D~c tuytm theo tan so cua met tuyen dieu chinh
cua thi du trang rnuc 11.3.2. Tuy nhien ta dc;lt cac hang
56 khuech dai la K = Kps . KpM = 1 .

Ta dung ty 56 sau:
x
F(w)=20·log~[dBl
xe
de ve dU'ang chay cua tan so g6c. TY so nay xap xi
o dB cho tai tttn so g6c giai han wg. TCPdiem nay tro
1 10
I

100
•.
ta
di ty s6 nay qiarn 20 dB voi moi decade (thap tien = w -1--4
9 - Tn -
khoang each giCl'a hai tan 56 each nhau 10 I~n). TQi
=
tan so g6c giai han Wg g6c lech pha 113qJ -45°. Dung
phep tinh gttn dung ta c6 the thua nnan do lech tan
so ben trai mot decade cua Wg ta khoanq 0° va mot a 100
decade tan s6 ben phai cua Wg 113khoanq -900. D6 la w
tinh nang tieu bieu cua mot bO dieu chinh PT1.

Hinh 2 cho thay di:lc tuyen theo tan s6 cua mot bO dieu
chinh PI. a
d6 Kp =
2 va T« = 250 ms. Vai nhling tri
so ral Ian cua w, hau nhU' chi co phan P c6 hi$u ll'ng
trong bo dieu chinh PI. a
day phan nay la 20 log Kp = Hinh 2: D~c tuyen theo tan s6 cua be? dieu chinh
6 [dB]. Cho tai trj so Wg = 1fTn = 4 S·1 ty s6 nay giam
20 dB moi decade tan so.

Hien nay, de dQI dU'Q'C 51)' on dinh, chu yeu SlY dunq F(w) [dB]
rnach dieu chinh ho. De xac djnh dLfQ'C tinh nang cua 40
bo dieu chinh ha ta chi phal cong dU'ang chay theo tan
so va dU'ang chay theo pha cua tuyen dieu chinh voi 20
hai dU'ang chay d6 cua b9 dieu chinh. Dieu nay duoc 6~~~ __ ~~~~~ __ ~~
bieu thj trang Hinh 3. 4 110 1000 tu
1
-20 1
1
1
Mot rnach dieu chinh duoc on djnh khi tal tan 56 -40 1
1
g6c xuyen true hoanh (ngang) WD ta c6 d9 I~ch 1
1
pha qJ > -120°. 1
1
110 100 1000
Neu g6c I~ch pha narn trang khoanq -1200tai -180°, 0,2 2 20 200 W

dao d9ng giam dan 58 xay ra. Dao dong nay canq
c~n nhieu thai gian hon de giam di khi canq tien gttn
toi -180°. T<;Iidung diem -180° ta S8 c6 mot dao dong
lien tuc, Vung khonq 6n dinh
-1800 f----='----'--------
Thi du nay cho thay sl)' dieu chinh cua mot tuyen dieu
chinh PT1 voi bo dieu chinh PI hoan loan kh6ng c6
van de. Hinh 3: D~c tuyen theo tan s6 cua mach dieu chinh ho.
 551

12 Cae h~ thong bus trong ky thu~t tl! dQng h6a

Hien nay trong nhieu ITnh VI)'C cua cucc song hang Giao dien cho co clJu lac
ThOng thU'O'ng d¢ng va earn bien
ngay, cac thong tin dlJ'Q'c trao dbi b~ng di$n tll'. Thi du

Gill
nhv may rut tien tl,J'dong ngan hang, a
sieu thi noec
trong may tinh ca nhan, nglJ'ai ta co the hien thi hay rut PLC
so tien hien c6 trong tai khoan cua minh. Trong tat ca
cac trLl'<Ynghop nay, cac may di$n tLr phal giao tiep voi
nhau nghia la phai trao doi thong tin cho nhau.

Hinh thirc giao tiep nay cOng dlJ'Q'c thay trong ITnh VI,l'C
ky ngh$. Thi du nhu tin hi$u earn bien dlJ'Q'C truyen
24 VDC
den mot bO dieu khien tap trinh duoc (PLC). Nhli'ng
tin hi$u nay S8 dU'Q'c xli' Iy beYibQ PLC. NhCl'ng tin hi$u
ket qua a d~u ra S8 duoc PLC cnuyen d~n cac CO'
cau chap hanh, N~u c6 the, viec nay nen duoc thuc
hien qua mot h$ Bus. Hinh 1 chunq to lJ'U diem cua
h$ thong Bus qua thi du ve cac coo cau chap hanh vai
giao dien earn bien (AS-i). Hinh 1: So sann nOi day thong thll'ong v6>i h~ thOng bus

Khi noi day thong thlJ'ang, moi tin hieu earn bien
duoc truyen rieng bi$t den dung dia chi d~u vao cua
PLC. Tiep d6, moi bo earn bien phai dlJ'Q'C cung cap
nang 1lJ'Q'ngtll' ben nqoai, £)ieu nay c6 nghia la chunq
ta phai dau tu kha Ian cho viec rnac day di$n. Neu
dlJ'<Yngday vua truyen tin hi$u vua dan nang 11J'Q'ngthi
phi ton cho vlec mac day di$n S8 giam dang ke. Ngoai
ra, chunq ta con ti~t ki$m dlJ'Q'c cac bang rnach d~u
vao cho earn bi~n va cac bang rnach d~u ra cho cac
cap C(J sa
co du tac d(>ng. Cac bang rnach nay dU'q'c thay thi! (cap t",,,n9)
boi mot thi~t b] gOi la bang rnach (modun) giao di$n.
TI,I' di)ng hoe qua trinh
c~p C(J sa
Viec noi nh[fng bo earn bien voi cac CO' cau tac dong (cap trU'ang)
qua mot h$ thong Bus chi ta mot phan trong qua trinh
ch~ tao hay san xuat cong nghi$p. Thi du cac bo phan TI,I' d¢ng h6a san xuat
khac nhau trong qua trinh che tao phai trao doi thong
Hinh 2: H~ phan cap tl,l' dQng h6a
tin vei nhau, cac chuonq trinh PLC phai duoc chuyen
di, cac d[f li$u dieu hanh phai duoc ghi lal, cac ban V8
thiet ke phai duoc duoc thiet lap va luu trCf, hang ton kho phai duoc ghi nhan va quan Iy, v.v. Tat ca cac nhiern
vu nay khong the dU'Q'Cgiai quyet chi voi mot h$ thong bus duy nhat, Vi Iy do d6 mot bO phan gOi la h~ phan
cap tl,l' dQng hoa da duoc dua vao SLr dunq, Hinh 2 cho thay h$ pnan cap tl)' dOng h6a trong san xu at va quy
trinh tl,J'dong h6a. NhCfng linh VI,J'Cheat dong cua h$ thong bus dlJ'Q'c phan chia thanh nhieu cap. Tuy cuno cap
trong san xuat va trong quy trinh tl,J'dong h6a nhlJ'ng c6 the c6 nhCfng ten gOi khac nhau. Thi du cap cao nhat
trong tl,J'dong h6a san xuat diroc gOi la dp quan Iy xi nghi~p con trong quy trinh tl,J' dong h6a thi goi la cap
quan Iy v~n hanh, Trong hai cap cao nhat nay, ou 11J'Q'ngdCf Ii$u truyen tai rat Ian nhunq toc do truyen kh6ng
quan tronq, C6 nghTa la thai gian can thiet de truyen tai dCf li$u khonq d6ng mot vai tro quyet dinh. Da so nhCfng
h$ thong bus SLr dl,lng trong trao doi thong tin van phonq dung cac cap nay.

Trong cap quan Iy san xuat va cap quan Iy qua trinh, nhCfng dCf li$u dieu hanh hay cac chuonq trinh PLC,
12
CNC dlJ'Q'c chuyen tai voi khoi 11J'Q'ngIan. Viec can 0,5, 1 hay 2 giay cho viec chuyen tai mot chuonq trinh PLC
khonq anh hlJ'eYng gi den toan bo qua trinh.

(y cap trU'o>ng (cap coo so», nhCfng bo earn bien plurc tap va CO' cau chap hanh dlJ'Q'C ket noi voi nhau. Day la
nhCfng thiet b] de truyen mot vai byte dCf li$u va co the la nhCfng bo truyen dong di$n, bO dinh vi van hay la nhCfng
bO earn bien phuc tap non. £)oi khi cOng c6 the ta cac chuonq trinh PLC nho hon. (y cap nay, dieu quan tronq
la phai biet viec truyen dCf li$u keo dai bao lau,
552 12 Cae h~ th6ng bus trong ky thu~t tl,l' dQng h6a

8ieu nay co nghTa,yeu cau ve thai gian trong cap nay

Ian hon nhieu so voi cac cap cao hon.

earn bi~n
nhiet d¢
80i khi cap truonq (co so) lai dlJ'Q'Cchia ra thanh mot
cap truonq khac va mot cap earn bien voi CO'cau chap
hanh, Trang cap earn bitm voi CO'cau chap hanh chi
c6 mot so 1lJ'Q'ngr~t nho dCrIi~u duoc trao cioi. Thf ou
don qian nhtlt 18viec truyen tin hi$u bat tat tlf nhCrng
bo khoi t90 (khoi rnao - initiator) hay gu>ici€Jncac van
(khoi 1lJ'Q'ngdCrli$u: 1 bit). Yeu cau thai gian trang cap
nay co th€Jla toi quan tronq. Thi du sau day (Hinh 1)
minh hoa doi hoi nay:

Trong mot qua trinh, dung luonq toi thieu va toi da cua
mot be chua din duoc do chinh xac. Be chtra duoc
lam d€ly thong qua mot van va lam voi thong qua mot
van thLr hai. Nhi~m VI) di;lt ra la phai kiem tra rnuc day
toi da. Neu be cnua duoc lam d~y va rnuc day toi da
da dat ouoc, earn bien "day toi da" 59 nhan ra dieu
nay. Tin hieu nay voi khoi 1lJ'Q'ng1 bit se dtroc truyen
di to>earn bien qua he thong bus den PLC. Khoanq
Hinh 1: £)0 mire nap day vO'i
thai gian toi da h~ thong bus can de truyen dCrli~u nay
duoc gOi la thai gian chu trinh.

~
Chu ky quet la thai gian toi da rna h~ thong bus I~
Doc PAE \bQ d~m
din de chuyen tai dCrlieu. Do d6 con du'o-c goi 1<'1 quy trinh dau v~

thoi gian chu trinh cua h~ thong bus.

Khi thai gian chu trinh cua bus cham dLrt,thong tin can Chu'onq
, trinh PLC
thiet dlJ'Q'cdam bao la da duoc cnuyen den PLC. Tuy
nhien, thong tin nay chua ouoc Xlr IY. Viec xU>Iy cac i
thong tin nay can OlJ'Q'ckhao sat chi tiet hon. Hinh 2
the hi~n vi~c XLrIy nay.
Doc PM (b¢ a~m
quy trinh d~u ra)
T9i mot thai diem nhat dinh, PLC doc bO dem quy
trinh tal dau vao, viet t<fltla PAE. Sau d6 chuonq trinh
PLC S9 Xli' Iy thong tin vua rnoi doc. Cuoi chu ky PLC, ~
chuonq trinh PLC sau khi xac djnh, se ghi lai ket qua
dau ra trang bo dem quy trinh dau ra, viet tat la PM. Hinh 2: Cach hoat dQng cua rnQt PLC
Sau mot khoanq dO>ngngan, chu ky PLC bat dau 19itLr
dau. Qua trinh rno ta a day la mot I$p trinh PLC lieu
chuan, c6 nghTa la khonq xet toi nhCrngtrLfang hop di;lc biet nhlJ' lap trinh ngat hoac tlJ'O'ngtu.

Bay gic'Ychunq ta S9 xem xet kha nang xau nhat trang thi du nay. Thong tin n6i rang "dat rrnrc nap day toi da" c6
mat tai PLC ngay sau khi doc PAE (bo dem quy trlnh dau vao). £)ieu nay co nghTa rang trang chu ky PLC hien
tai, thong tin nay chua duoc xli' [Link] chu trlnh PLC ke tiep, PLC se nhan ra mire day toi da da dat va xac
djnh la van kh6a can dlJ'Q'Cd6ng lai. Thong tin nay duoc ghi vao PM.

Tu day thong tin nay phai duoc chuyen qua he th6ng bus d€JQLriden van. Va nhu v$.y, khci nang xau nhat de
thuc hien dieu nay ta chOng ta can them mot chu ky h~ thong bus.
 12 Cac h$ th5ng bus trong ky thuat tl,l' dQng h6a 553

Tinh chung lai, ngU'eri ta gQi la thai gian phan (Png di~n tLP. Thai gian nay duoc tinh nhu sau:

TR, = Tsus + 2 . TpLC + Tsus

Thai gian phan ling di$n tu-

Tsus Thai gian ehu trinh h$ th5ng Bus

Thai gian xU- Iy chuonq trlnh cua PLC

Thai gian thuc hi$n chuonq trinh cua PLC phu thuoc VaG chinh n6, VaG dQ Ian cOng nhu VaG su phuc tap cua
chvonq trinh. Cac PLC hi$n dai du lon hon va phuc tap hon van co th§ chi din mot vai milli gi8Y (phan nghin
giay, viet tat 103ms) de hoan tat viec nay. Trang thi du trEm, veri giil dinh thoi gian chu trinh h$ bus 1035 ms, thai
gian xU- Iy chuonq trlnh 10315 ms thl thoi gian phan ling dien tu- 11340 ms.

8e xac dinh thai gian phan LPng thuc Sl,l' ta phai tinh them thai gian tri hoan cua cac earn bien va cua cac van.

Khi chat 16ng trang thi du tren cham vao phan earn bien cua b¢ earn bien d$t er "rnuc d~y tOi da" thi ta can phai
mat them mot thoi gian cho den khi thong tin duoc XLYIy va tao thanh mot tin hieu dien tll' (tin hieu chuyen d6i)
er giao dien cua n6. COng vi;iy, ta phai mat them mot thai gian noa cho dEm khi van thuc su XLYIy va thuc hi$n
thong tin "d6ng van" (chu yeu la SI,I'trl hoan chuyen dQng co khi). 8ieu nay c6 nghTa la thai gian phan u-ng thuc
Sl,l' TR la thoi gian phan u-ng cua bQ earn bien cQng veri thoi gian phan ling di$n tLY TR' va C9n9 them thoi gian
phan ling cua van.

MOi quan h$ nay duoc minh hoa b~ng Hinh 1 sau day mot Ian nCYa:

Chat long r'

cham b6 earn f--
Xli' Iy tin
hi$u & b¢ f-- Tai tin hi$u
f-- i Xli' Iy tin
f-- Tai tin hieu xo Iy tin r--- II Van dil
:r---, hi$u
bi~n a ·mLrc qua bus hieu 0 PLC qua bus o van duoc dong
day t6i da
earn billn
i I

I I

Thai gian Thai gian chu I 2 x thai gian I Thai gian chu Thai gian phan
phan lmg cua trinh bus Tbu5 I chuonq trinh Xli' I trinh bus hus t:rng cua van
b¢ earn billn I Iy TplC I
I I
Thai gian phan lmg di$n tlr cua van TR·

Thai gian phan Lrng thuc SI,J'

cua van TR

Hinh 1. each tinh th6>i gian phan (mg

Gia SLYtho'i gian phan u-ng 113100 ms va khi kh5i 1U'Q'ngdong chay thong qua h$ th5ng dU'erng ong duoc biet,
ngU'ai ta c6 the din cu- tren kich thooc cua be crura de Xc3Cdjnh SI,I'gia tang rnuc d~y cua be chua. Veri gia djnh
rrurc day se tang 10 cm sau 100 ms thi trang thuc te, b9 earn bien "d~y t5i da" se dU'Q'c dieu chinh de c6 mire toi
da la 10 cm dU'ai rrurc tOi da thuc su. Neu thoi gian phan u-ng 113200 ms thi bO earn bien phai duoc dieu chinh
de c6 muc t5i da la 20 cm dU'ai rnuc t5i da thuc SI,I'de dap ling doi hoi th~t chinh xac. 12
Thi du nay cho thay can phai:

• [Link] biet chac thoi gian phan u-ng cua h$ th6ng, dac biet 113trong cap earn bien va truyen dong dien.

• [Link] tinh toan dU'Q'Cthai gian phan ling. 8ieu kien tien quyet la phai biet va tinh toan duoc thai gian cua moi
thanh ViEJnco lien he den thai gian phan LPng.8ieu nay cOng co gia trj cho cac he thong bus va chtronq trinh
PLC. Trang ket n6i voi h$ th6ng bus, mot he th6ng bus duoc coi la xac dinh neu co the tinh toan duoc thai
gian phan ling. Hitfln nay tren th] trU'O'ng cOng co nhCrng h$ thong bus rna d~c tinh thai gian khong xac dinh
va do do thai gian chu ky cua nhiPng he th6ng bus nay se khong tinh toan dU'Q'c.
554 12 Cae h~ thong bus trong ky thuat tl,l' dQng h6a

• Thai gian chu trinh cua h$ th6ng bus thU'ang kh6ng nh~t dinh la phai Cl)'C ngan vi day chi la mot trong 56
nhCl'ng thanh phan xac dinh thai gian phan Cmg. Dieu quan tronq la thai gian chu ky cua h$ th6ng bus c6 the
tinh toan dtroc. Trong thi du tren, viec tran bon choa de dang duoc nqan chan khi earn bien "d~y t6i da" dU'Q'c
dieu ehinh de rrurc nay lu6n thap non muc t6i da thuc te.

NglJ'oi ta goi lei mot h~ thong bus tat dinh neu theYi gian chu trinh cua he th6ng bus c6 the tinh toan dU'Q'c.

Cac dai lLJ'qng cho truoc:

Thai gian trl hoan cua earn bil1n trl hoan 1 ms; Thai gian ehu ky cua h$ thong bus 5 ms;
Thai gian xli' Iy chuonq trinh 20 ms; Thoi gian trl hoan cua truyen dQng di~n 100 ms.
Hay tinh thai gian phan ling cua h$ thong.

Cac cap khac nhau cua su phan cap co nhCl'ng yeu cau r~t khac biet den h$ th6ng bus. NgU'eYita da nhan thay,
thi du (y c~p quan Iy van hanh hoac quan Iy xi nghi$p, s6 1U'Q'ngdCl' li$u dU'Q'c truyen di r~t Ian nhunq thoi gian
truyen kh6ng d6ng vai tro quan tronq, Trong khi do, (y cap earn bien hay co cau tac dong 56 1U'Q'ngdCl' li$U de
truyen thi rflt nho nhunq thol gian truyen lai rat quan tronq.

Cang len cap cao trong he th6ng tl)' dQng h6a thl so 1U'Q'ngdCl' li~u canq Ian va thai gian truyen canq bat
quan tronq hon.

Hien nay kh6ng c6 mot he th6ng bus nao c6 the vua giai quyet t6t nhCl'ng vfln de (y cap quan Iy van hanh / quan
Iy xi nghieP (56 1U'Q'ngdCl' li~u Ian nhunq thot gian truyen kh6ng quan tronq) vua giai quyet t6t nhCl'ng van de a
cap earn bien hay CO' c8U tac dong (s6 1U'Q'ngdCl' li$u nh6 nhU'ng thai gian truysn rflt quan tronq), Day la Iy do tai
sac c6 nhieu he th6ng bus khac nhau tren thi trU'cmg. Hinh 1 cho thay mot h$ phan cap tl)' dQng h6a tren CO' so
cua nhCl'ng he thong bus dU'Q'Cm6 ta tiJ chU'O'ng 12.7.

Cap quan Iy van nann !

cap quan Iy xi nqhiep

H$ thOng diiiu
khien qua trinh
Thu nhap dO>
lieu xi nghi$p

cap quan Iy san xuat !

quan Iy qua trinh

Cap earn
bien!CO'du
tac dong
dong

Hinh 1: Phan cap tl)' dong h6a

LU'u y: Trong thuc te se kh6ng co mot su phan cap ro rang nhu dU'Q'Cthe hi$n trong Hinh 1.
 12.1 Mo hinh giao tiep 555

Mot khia canh quan tronq la tinh lien tuc thong suet
cua thong tin. £lieu nay co nghTa rang dQ>lieu dU'Q'C Profibus
ghi nhan lli earn bien hay CO'cau chap hanti co the
Sl1 dl,mg trong cap quan Iy van hanh hay quan Iy xi
nghii;!p. Thi du ta c6 the tU'cYngtuonq la earn bien "do
rnuc t6i thieu" trang thi du "do rnuc dfly" co the phat
hien chat long sap sua xu6ng thap. Thong tin nay c6 Profibus
the dU'Q'Cthong bao cho t~t ca cac dip quan Iy van khach
hanh va quan Iy xi nghif;lp. (y d6 lai c6 mot bO phan Giao di~n
gOi la ktl hO;;1Chva kiem soat san xutH (PPS). Bo phan AS-i - cnu
nay chlu trach nhiern dam bao cung [Link] lieu dung
not, dung thai diem, dung s6 1U'Q'[Link]'v~y bO phan
nay phai di;lt hang ngay khi chat long sap xuong thap.
Tinh lien tuc nay co the dU'Q'Cthuc hien qua cong noi
(Hinh 1). Giao di~nAS

Hinh 1: Cbng nbi (Gateway)

Cong nOi (Gateway) la nhCrngthiet b] thuc hien vi$c giao dlch giCrahai h~ thong Bus khac nhau.

Thi du c6ng noi (Gateway) AS-i/PROFIBUS, ve phia AS-i la chu dOng (bO chu master) nhunq doi voi PROFIBUS
lai 113
thu dong (bO khach Slave). £lieu nay c6 nghTarilng t<fltca nhCrngdCrli$u nhan dU'Q'Ctif PROFIBUS S6 duoc
truyen tai den giao di$n AS-i co cau tac dong va nquoc lai, nhCrngdCrlieu nhan dU'Q'CtiY giao di$n AS-i thu dong
(CO'cau chap hanh) S6 dU'Q'cthong qua PROFIBUS de chuyen den bO dieu khien PLC.

Nqoai ra, bO dieu khien logic Ii:\ptrinh (PLC) hoac may tinh (PC) c6 the heat dong nhu' c6ng noi (Gateway). Neu
ta cai dliit trang mot khe earn cua PLC mot rno dun ket noi voi bus X va trong mot khe cam khac mot rno dun ket
n6i voi bus Y thi chi can viet mot chuonq trinh PLC de thuc hien viec trao doi thong tin giCrahai me dun nay. Thi
du, neu rno dun ket noi PROFIBUS va Ethemet da c6 san trang PLC thl rnoi dCrli$u dU'O'ctruyen tlf PROFIBUS
den PLC cOng duoc chuonq trinh PLC chuyen tiep den rno dun ket nOi Ethernet va do do c6 the truy cap qua
Ethernet.

Neu mot may tinh co giao di$n bus, mol dCrlieu tren
bus nay deu c6 the duoc xU>Iy de thuc hi$n viec cho Bang 1: Me) hinh 7 tang
phep truy cap qua rnanq (internet). NhU' vi:\y rnoi dQ> Tfing Ten gOi Thidl,J
li$u cua mot qua trinh c6 the dU'Q'Cnhap va truy van
a bat ky dau,
7 Tang (rng dl,Jng
(applciation)
Dich VI,J
HTTP, FTP

6 Tang trinh bay cau true dO>li~u

(presentation) £ljnh danq

12.1 Me) hlnh giao ti~p 5 Tang phien Giao di~n oJ, stY dl,Jng cac
(session) kenh logic
KiJ.m so at ket noi

4
Du con ngU'ai hay may m6c, khi giao tiep voi nhau,
nhCrng quy tac giao tiep cOng phai duoc thiet Ii:\p va
Tang chuyen van
(transport)
Cung clip kenh logic
Ket noi oiJ.m-oiem
12
duy tri. Thi du khi mot nh6m ngU'ai gi;lp nhau, can phai
xac dinh khi nao va ai S6 n6i, khi do nhCrngngU'ai khac 3 Tang rnanq Ouan Iy rnanq
lang nghe. HO'n nCrangon ngCrsU>dunq cOng phai Il,J'a (network) ouan Iy oU'&ng truyen

chon, v.v... Trong conq ngh$ tl,J'dong h6a cOng v$y. 2 Tang lien ket dO> £lieu khiJ.n lien kilt logic
Mot trong nhieu me hinh thiet I$p va dinh nghia t~t ca lieu LLC
(data link)
rnoi thu can thiet cho viec giao tiep dien tu>(trao d6i £lieu khiJ.n truy cap phU'O'ng
thong tin) la rno hinh tham chieu ISOIOSI hay c6n gOi ti~n truyen MAC
ta me hinh 7 tang. Tang vi)t Iy Thong s6 co va dien t(P
(physical)
556 12 Cac h~ thong bus trong ky thuat tl,l' dQng h6a

TriY mot so it nqoal 1$, ph~n Ian cac he giao ti~p conq nghe oU'Q'c to chirc theo mo hinh tham chieu tieu
cnuan ISO/OSI.

T~ng Lmg dunq la giao dil';ln cho cac Crng dl,mg rieng bi$t va cung dp dlch vu. 8~ hi~u r6 hon, Ihli xet mot
chuonq trinh xli lyovan ban (thl du nhU' Word).

Trang Lmg dl,lng xU>Iy van ban c6 mot nut mang hinh may in. Neu ta nhap chuot vao nul nay, tai li$u hien hanh
se ducc in. 8i.§u nay co nghTa la ling dl,mg "ngU'oi dung van ban" (NO: trong sach la "tac gia", slia 19i "ngU'ai
dung" cho tong quat han) da yeu cau dich vu "In tai lil';lu hien hanh". T§t ca rnoi Ihlf can thiet cho hoat dQng in lln
o€lu dU'Q'Can va la vo hinh 06i vo'l ngU'oi dung. Viec nay ca duoc xac dinh khi cai di,ll may in. Tire la trang viec
giao tiep lem tren, t§ng (Png dl,mg (I~ng 7) chi trao doi dO>lieu voi Lmg dl,lng rna tho!

Trong ph~n giao tiep xu6ng dU'oi, t~ng u'ng dunq chi trao doi thong tin voi tang trinh bay (t~ng 7). Thi du trong
t13ng nay, may in S9 cuoc xac dinh thuoc 109i may in PostScript hay mot 109i may in nao knac,

Tang phlen, tang chuylm v~n va tang rnanq (t~ng 5, 4,3) dieu chinh vi$c trao doi dO>li$u thong qua mot manq
1U'6'ipnuc tao chang han nhu rnanq Internet. Neu may tinh ca nhan chua van ban dU'Q'Cviet thuoc manq A trong
khi may in 19i ket noi voi rnanq B thi ba t~ng nay bao dam dO>Ii$u oU'Q'c truyen tran tru gio>a cac rnanq khac nhau.
Han rura, cac t~ng nay con chia dO' li$u thanh cac g6i nh6 han de cac tang dtro'i c6 the xU>Iy oU'Q'c (thi du tap
tin 1MB duoc chia nh6 ra de chuyen qua rnanq internet).

Tang liEm ket (t~ng 2) dO>li$u bao dam cac g6i dO>li$u duoc an toan va dieu chinh viec truy cap VaG cac phuonq
tien truyen dan, gQi la truy cap bus (8ieu khien truy cap bus).

Tang v~t Iy (t~ng 1) rno ta vi$c ket noi dii;m tu>vOi cac phu onq ti$n truyen diin. Thi du trong t~ng nay cac thOng
s6 di$n tCr cua giao dien S9 cuoc xac djnh.

MQt khi van ban can duoc in da di qua tllt ca cac tang tu>tren xu6ng dU'6'i, n6 se duoc chuyen qua dU'6'ng truyen.
May in nhan duoc nho>ng tin hi$u va nhO>ng dCi' lieu nhan dU'Q'C19i truyen qua cac tang tiY duoi len trsn trong may
in. cue: cunq (a tang Lmg dunq) 103tal lieu se duoc in ra.

Trong cac he thong bus tnronq (co sa) thU'ang chi co cac t~ng 1, 2 va 7 duoc sli dunq.

8ieu nay co nghTa la, cac he thong bus tmang khong qua phuc tap nen khong can mot quan Iy manq (tang 3-5).
COng c6 nghTa la, t~ng lfng dl,lng phal true tiep trao doi thong tin vo'i t~ng lien ket dO>li$u. Viec nay duoc thuc
hi$n qua mot giao dien cua tang Crng dl,lng (All). MQt vai he thong bus trU'ang tharn chi be luon ca t~ng 7 (thi
du nhu Ethernet va CAN).

Ethernet chi sli dl,lng t~ng 1 va 2 cua rno hinh tham chieu 150/051.

Thi du ve U'U di~m cua me hinh.

PROFIBUS ho tro vi$c truyen dCi' lieu qua cap dong (giao dlen RS485) va cap quang (LWL). Ca hai he thong
deu dung chung mot each thuc truy cap cac phuonq tien truyen dan, c6 cau true thong di$p khac nhau, chi khac
nhau a
me-dun k~t n6i.

MQng Ethernet cOng vi;ly. M9ng nay c6 the ket n6i b~ng cap hai day xoan, cap d6ng true, cap quang ...
 12.2 To po 557

12.2 To po

each thLPCoe cac thanh vien ket noi v6'i nhau dlJ'Q'c qoi
la to po (C8U true hinh). V~ CO'ban co 4 toai to po trang
cong ngh$ h$ thong bus truonq (CO'so):

• To po tuyen

• To po cay

• To po v6ng

• To po sac
o o
C1(}()

Cac To po nay se dU'Q'c ban so 1U'Q'ctrong phan sau

day.
"00
Hinh 1: To po tuyen
Trong To po tuyiin (Hinh 1), tat ca nhQ>ng thanh vien
S8 chia S8 cac phuonq ti$n truyen dan. Thong thlJ'6'ng,
cac thanh vien dlJ'Q'c ket nbi VaG dlJ'6'ng truyen chinh
qua nhQ>ng dlJ'6'ng phan nhanh.

Moi thanh ViEJOoeu co the truyen diY lii;lu oEm tat ca cac
thanh vien khac, £lieu kien tlen quyet la m6i thanh vlen
sa hO>umot dia chi duy nhat va rieng biet. Khi tham gia
VaG mot he bus voi cau true nay, m6i dia chi khong bao
gi6' duoc phep xuat hien 2 Ian. PROFIBUS va giao
dien AS-i la nhQ>ng thi du cho cac he bus sU>dunq To
po tuyen. AS-i cOng co the su> dunq cac To po khac,

Can chu 'I cac diem sau trong To po tuyen.

Hinh 2: Tinh nanq cua bC>ph3t1nh~n

So 1U'Q'ngtnann vi en tham gia va co the heat d¢ng a

mot dU'ang day bus (pnan doan) ia c6 gi6'i han. Thong
thlJ'6'ng tbi da 32 thanh vien co the heat d¢ng trong mot phan dean, £lay 13 ket qua truyen vat 1'1cua giao dien
RS485.

Tren nguyen tac, b¢ phat tin khong gi khac non la mot ngu6n dien ap voi mot dien tro n¢i dlJ'Q'c xac dinh truce.
Vi kh6ng ro thanh vien nao S8 nhan dO>lieU nen tat ca cac thanh vien phai cung tiep nhan dO>lieU truyen, £lay 113
m¢t ganh n~ng cho ngu6n.

Them vao d6, trong he thong bus voi To po tuyen, nqoai trll' giao dien AS-i, hai dau day deu phai duo'c trang b]
mot di$n tro cuoi (Zw trong Hinh 2).

Trong To po tuyen voi cap ph an nhanh, dien tro cuoi duo'c noi IT hai dau cua dU'Crng truyen chinh. £llJ'Crng 12
phan nnanh kh6ng bao giCr dU'Q'Ckat noi voi dien tro cuoi,

Dien tro cuol a

bus lam tang SlJ'C tai cho nguon Quan sat giao di$n RS485, cong suat tbt nhat khi co toi da 32
thanh vien. Nau c6 nhieu hon 32 thanh vien dU'Q'Ckat noi, cac dieu sau day co the xay ra:

Khi b¢ phat va b¢ nhan a xa nhau, di$n ap dau ra cua bo ph at S8 qiarn vi ngu6n tai cao. HO'n nQ>a, rrurc d¢ sut
dien ap tren dU'Crng truyen cOng S8 tang cho thanh vien a
xa nhat, dieu nay co the dan den d¢ sut dien ap a
ngo VaG cho thanh vien qua xa S8 nh6 nen tin hieu ngo vao S8 kh6ng nhan dlJ'Q'c. Va nhu vaY, truyen thong se
gian doan.
558 12 Cac h~ thong bus trong ky thu~t tl,l' dOng h6a

N~u mot he thong bus c6 kha nang phuc vu hon 32 thanh vien, va neu c6 hon 32 thanh vien hoat dong,
thi phai dung them bo repeater (bO khuech dai, bo lap).

BO repeat heat dong nhtr nhCmg me-dun khuech dai, nghTa la khi nhan tin hieu V80 S8 khuech dai va tach Iy dien
ap tal dau ra truoc khi duoc gu>i di ti€Jp Nguyen tac nay co gia trl cho ca hai chieu.

Trong nhCPng h$ thong bus voi To po tuyen do dai dU'ong truyen anh hlJ'ang den toe dO truyen tal,

Phan lon cac he thong bus SLr dl,lng tin hieu co di;lng
hinh ehQ>nhet (hinh xung) de bieu di~n tr] so logic 0
va 1. Bus k€lt n6i cac thanh vien voi nhau duoc bieu
di~n qua mot dien tro, dien earn, dien dung va mot tr]
s6 ro, £)e don gian hoa, dien earn va tr] s6 ro kh6ng
dlJ'Q'Cthe hien trong Hinh 1. Va nhlJ' V$y, dlJ'ang truyen
nay chinh la mot mot rnach dien RC.

Khi bQ phat t90 ra mot tin hieu thay dbi tll' logic 0 ra
logic 1, nghTa la phat mot tin hieu dien ap hinh chQ> to t
nhat (NO: tin hi$u buoc nhay), cac thanh vien tham
gia S8 nhan duoc mot tin hi$u tuonq Cmg voi dU'ang
cong n9P dien cua mot tu di$n. Moi giao di$n di$n xac Uta;
r
dinh mot nglJ'5'ng di$n ap cho logic 0 va mot nglJ'5'ng
khac cho logic 1. Neu bay gia bQ phat t90 ra Sl)' thay M t

doi dien the thl phai can mot thai gian t,t cho den khi
bo nhan co the nnan ra SI,!'thay doi di$n the nay. Hinh 1: SI,I' liE'" quan tbe (Ie? truyen va de') dai dlJ'i>'ng truyt'"

BO nhan phai co thai gian toi thieu t,t nay de nhan biet
Sl,!'thay dOi di$n the. Bang 1: PROFIBUS

roc <10 truytm Elo dili toi da cho mOi pnan

N{)U bay gio dlJ'ong truyen bus dU'Q'c keo dai thi dien IkBiVs] coan cap [rn]
tra va di$n dung dlJ'ong truyen S8 tang. Qua d6,
9,6 ... 93,75 1200
dU'ang cong bieu dien S8 it cong hon va bQ nh$n S8
mat nhieu thai gian hon de nhan biet SI,!'thay dbi di$n 187,5 1000
the. £)ieu nay c6 nghTa la toe do truyen S8 b] cham 19i.
500 400

1500 200
Bay ta mot tinh nang dien hinh cho To po tuyen
va duoc minh h09 mot Ian nCi'a trong thi du voi 3000 ...12000 100
PROFIBUS. Bang 1 cho thay SI,!'Ii$n quan giCi'8 chieu
dal dlJ'ang truyen va t6c do truyen tai a
PROFIBUS.

Neu cac bQ repeater dtroc SLYdl,lng de truyen khoang

each dai hon thi moi phan doan dU'ang truyen S8 co
duoc chieu dai toi da phu thuoc vao toc dQ chuyen tal,

Neu bO repeater kh6ng dlJ'Q'c d;;it a hai dau cua phan

dean ma a
mot noi nao d6 phia giCi'a, chunq ta S8 c6
mot To po cay (Hinh 2). Bay don thuan chi la mot rno
rOng cua To po tuyen.

Vi trong To po tuyen tat ca cac thanh vien deu cunq

SLYdunq mot phuonq tien truyen dan nen can phai xac
djnh iY thai diem nao thi thanh vien nao duoc truyen
dQ>lieu. CO' che vai quy dinh Cl,Jthe nay duoc 99i la
phU'O'ng th(Pc truy cap Bus.

Hinh 2: To po cay
 12.3 Phuonq tien truyen thong 559

Qua phU'O'ng thuc truy cap bus, he th6ng bus tat dinh 113he th6ng bus c6 mot thoi gian chu trinh tinh toan duoc,
Nhi~u phuonq thirc truy cap bus khac S8 dU'Q'c giai thich [y phEIn tiep theo.

Trang truoc da ban ve bQ repeater (khuech d~i, I~p lai, nhac nho), Viec cac bO repeater dU'Q'c ket n6i [y hai d§u
day truyen tai se t<;10ra mot phan doan m6'i. Moi phan dean c6 thll c6 d¢ dai t6i da cho phep. 8ieu nay c6 nghTa
113b¢ repeater khonq nhO>ng chi dU'Q'c dung d~ tang s5 1lJ'Q'ngthanh vien ma con dll dll truyen tai dlJ'Q'c xa non.

BQ repeater (khuech dai) con duo'c dung de truyen tai dlJ'Q'Ckhoanq each xa hon.

M¢t danq ke tiep de cac thanh vien ket n5i voi nhau 113
To po vang (Hinh 1).

8c;tc dillm cua To po vonq 113luon c6 ket n5i diem-

voi-diern giO>a hai thanh vien. Khi mot thong tin OlJ'Q'c
chuyen tLr thanh vien A oen tnann vien D, thanh vien
A S8 chuyen thong tin den thanh vien B. Thanh vien
nay nhan, khuech dai va giJ'i tiep den C. Sau do, thanh
vien C glfi den nglJ'oi nhan that su. 8e giO>an toan dO>
lieu, thanh vien D S8 chuyen thong tin tra lai may phat
A qua cac thanh vien E va F.
Hinh 1: To po vong

Bay gio b¢ giJ'i S8 so sanh thong tin giJ'i di voi thong

diep nhan duoc. Neu ca hai gi5ng nhau thl bO giJ'i c6
the chac chan r~ng thong tin da duoc giJ'i dEm thanh
vien D mot each chinh xac.
Vong cap Quang diln phu
TLr rno ta nay ta co the thay r~ng moi thanh vien tham
gia deu hoat dong nhu mot bO repeater. Mot U'U diem
cua To po yang la s6 thanh vien tham gia v§ mat Iy
thuyet 113khonq b] giai han do do mo rQng duoc rnanq
1U'6>i.

Van de 6>day 113sai lam 6>cac thanh phan. Neu trong

Hinh 2, trang 558, mot thanh vi en tat may hay olJ'ong
truyen bi ngat, thi toan b¢ viec giao tiep S8 b] gian
dean. Vi Iy do nay, he th5ng bus c6 To po vonq thuonq
cuoc trang bi mot vang pnu. Co nghTa la co hai dU'ong
truyen (neu mot trong hai dlJ'ong b] hlJ' thi he th5ng
bus van chay dlJ'Q'C- ND).

V6'i he th5ng bus tmong, To po vonq thuonq duoc

Yang cap Quang dan chinh
siJ' dunq khi ket hop v6'i cap quang. Ky thuat ket n6i
diem-v6'i-diem giQ>a cac thanh vien cua vonq tuonq
d5i don gian.

Hinh 2: Yang cap Quang phu (dlJ')

Ngoai ra con c6 To po sao. [Link] cau true nay hien
khonq dlJ'Q'c dung 6>he th5ng bus tmong nen khonq
12
ban 6>day.

12.3 PhU'O'ng ti~n truYEm thong

Trong cong nghe bus trll'6'ng co hai phuonq tien
truyen thong dlJ'Q'c dung 113(Hinh 3):

• Cap dong
• Cap quang Hinh 3: cac loai day trUYEm
560 12 Cac h~ thong bus trong ky thu~t tl,l' dQng h6a

Cap d6ng thU'<Yng g6m hai day cap xoan, ben nqoai
Cap
bee chat each di$n. Tin hieu dCi' li$u duo'c hi~n thi la PROFIBUS DP
sl)' sai bi$t dien ap giQ>a hai day. Viec sU> dl,lng cac tin Man chan
hieu sal bi$t di$n ap va vo boc day cap 113 d~ nqan
chan nhieu cua cac trvonq di(m tll' phat sinh tCY viec
KE;)p man chan
truyen dO' li$u.
Phich earn bus
390 Ohm (sad"')
NhCfng nhi~u dien tCY nay thLl'ang do cac dLl'<Yng day 220 Ohm
di$n cao ap, bo chuyen doi tan 56, robot han, di$n
390 Ohm VO den dien
thoai di d(>ng ... Can chong nhieu de khong anh hLl'cmg
viec truyen dCPli$u.
phich earn 9-pin D-SUB
L...L_...L..&.----'"--' thanh cnot earn
Pin 5 3 8
Khi di;it cap ta can chu y man chan phai dU'Q'c kflt noi
Hinh 1: Phich earn PROFIBUS-DP
chinh xac voi kep n6i dat.

Khi Slf dunq cap da lam san, man chan duoc kilt n6i
vai vo kim loai cua cac phich earn (Hinh 1). Thong
thLl'<Yng la phich earn 9-pin SUB-D. Vi$c n6i dflt duoc
thuc hien 6 ben trong thiflt bi. Neu 11,1' lam cap, can
chu y ben trong phich hay 6 earn phai c6 mot ket noi
tll' man chan den vo boc cua phich hay 0 earn. Neu
chieu dal b6c vo dung theo quy dinh cua nha san xuat
phich earn thi viec n6i dat hoan toan kh6ng c6 van de.

Can noi dat cho man chan d~ chong kha nang tuonq
thich di$n tll' (EMC: electromagnetic compability).
Trong trLl'<Yng hop hai h$ thong 6 xa nhau (thi ou giCfa
hai toa nha) can duoc g~n mot day d~n dii;ln dll can
bang di$n thil. Nilu di$n the dat trong hai toa nha knac
nhau rna khonq co day dan can bang di$n thil thi dong
DQ dai eo dili
di$n can bang s13chay qua man chan, Do man chan
< 100 m < 10 km < 100 km
kh6ng duoc thiet kfl cho cac dong cao thil nen cap c6
th~ b] dot chay, Vi Iy do nay, mot so h$ thong bus cho Hinh 2: TAng quan cap quang
phep n6i diflt 6 mot dau cuoi cua man chan hay noi oat
6 dau cuoi thCPhai bang di$n dung. Nilu chi n6i dat 6
mot dau thi viec bao v$ c~ong kha nang tLl'O'ng thich . . . . .
di$n tll' (EMC) kern hon noi oat 6 ca hai dau. Neu noi dat 6 mot dau va tai dau thu hai c6 noi dat voi di$n dung
thl viec bao v$ chonq kha nang tLl'O'ng thich di$n tll' (EMC) t6t hon noi diflt mot oau nhLl'ng kern hon noi oflt 6 ca
hai dau. Cap dong diroc dung trong tat ca cac To po (cau true hinh) trinh bay 6 day.

Cap quang thLl'<Yng dU'Q'c Sl1 dl,lng khi c6 van de voi

• Viec bao v$ chong kha nang tuonq thich di$n tll' EMC

• Thay doi di$n the trong trLl'<Yng hop thieu can bang di$n the

• Chieu dai cap qua Ian

Ngay nay c6 rflt nhieu loai cap quang khac nhau ban tren th] trU'<Yng (Hinh 2). Can phan biet giCfa hai loai cap
quang thuy tinh va cap quang nhu-a. Cap quang dgm thuy tinh c6 hai leal: don soi va da SQ'i. Cac loai cap quang
nay khac nhau ve do dai truyen tal toi da. Trong tnuc te, cap quang dan kh6ng c6 nhCfng han che V8 toe do
truyen. Tuy nhlen, chi phi cho cap quang rflt Ian so voi cap dong, nhat 113 khi khoanq each can dung cap qua xa.
 12.4 Phan loai truYI~m dan 561

12.4 Phan lo;;ti truy€m dan

Tren nquyen tac, c6 hai loal truyen dan: truyen bang

(dai) CO'ban va truyen bang r¢ng (Hinh 1).

Truy~n bang rQng c6 nghia la nhleu tin hi$u dU'Q'c

truyen tal cunq mot luc qua m¢t phU'O'ng ti$n truyen
dan (thi du cap dong true). [Link] VI,l'CiYng dl,mg truyen
bang rong thong dl,mg nh~t la truyen hinh cap va di$n
thoai, Trong lanh VI,l'C he thong bus tmc'mg (co sa),
truyen bang rQng khong duoc Slf dunq vi cac thanh
phan tU'O'ng d6i phuc tap va t6n kern.

Truyfm bang co ban c6 nghTa 1030 mot thoi diem chi

c6 mot tin hi$u duoc truyen tai qua mot pruronq ti$n
truyen dan. NhU' v~y, khi truyen mot dO> li$u thi rnoi Hlnh 1: Cae loal truy~n tin
thanh vien khac khong ket noi dlJ'Q'c voi phuonq ti$n
truyen d~m nay.

Khi dung truyan bang co ban, ngU'6'i ta c6 thEll truyen

SYN Bytes va bits dCr li~u ETB
dO>li$u d6ng b(J (Hinh 2) noac khong dong bO (Hinh 3).
£l6ng b(J trong b6i canh nay mang y nghTa 113bo phat
va bo nhan lam viec d6ng bo voi nhau. £lieu kien tien
Hlnh 2: Khung dau hi('!u truyen d6ng be?
quyet 113mot tin hieu dong be:>(thong tin giCPnhjp) cunq
duoc truyen di. 813 lam vaY can "tich hop" mot thong
tin giO>nhip VaG cac tin hieu dO>li$u. Hinh thuc truyen
tin nay duoc Slf dung trong PROFIBUS-PA.

U'u diem cua viec truyen dO>lieu dong bQ la sau khi b9

phat va bQ nhan da duoc dong bQ h6a, so 1lJ'Q'ngbyte
duoc truyen di khonq giai han va khong can them mot
51)' d6ng bQ h6a nao khac nua.
Hinh 3: Khung dau hi~u truy~n kh6ng d6ng bQ (D~e tinh
UART)
Trang truyen dO> li$u khonq d6ng b(J, thong tin giO>
nhip se khong c6. Vi v~y, bQ phat va b(J nnan can phat
duoc tai d6ng bo dinh Ky. Vi$c nay duoc thuc hi~n
qua mot byte thong tin (8 bit) va dU'Q'Cd6ng khung b&i mot bit bat dau (S8: Startbit), mot bit ket tnuc (EB: Endbit)
va thuonq la them mot bit chan Ie (PB: Parit8tsbit). Khung mang dau hieu nay dU'Q'c gOi la dac tinh cua UART
(Universal Asynchrounous Receiver Tranmitter).

Tranp thai tTnh cho loi truyen dO>li$u khong d6ng bO dU'Q'c xac dinh va tuonq iYng voi mot tr<;lng thai logic (thi du
logic 0). Bit b~t d~u trang thi du nay luon c6 tranq thai logic 1. Do d6 luon phat sinh mot SU'6'n (canh len xuong
cua xung tin hieu), Suon nay dlJ'Q'c phat hi$n boi bo nhan va do do n6 nhan biet 113c6 mot byte rnoi vira duoc
chuyen dan. 12
£lieu ki$n tien quyet cho viec truyen dO>li$u khong d6ng b9 103cac b9 phat va nhan phal dU'Q'Chi$u chinh de c6
cunq toc d9 truyen (toc do theo baud, so bit moi giay). Qua d6, bO nhan cOng biet dU'Q'c thoi gian gOi la thoi gian
truyen 1 bit (= 1 / toe dO truyen theo baud). Bo nhan doc (quat) bit bat d~u (start bit) tCt>trung tam bit. Khi dung
each truyen kh6ng d6ng UART, b(> nhan se biet tiep theo la 9 bit dO>li~u, cu the la 8 bit dO>lieu va 1 bit chan Ie.
Bit cuoi cOng tuc 113bit ket thuc phai c6 trano thai tinh tU'O'ng iYng voi logic 0 tren bus. Neu dung nhu v~y, be:>
nhan da nhan dU'Q'c mot byte dO>li$u chinh xac va sau mot khoanq dCt>ngngan, b9 nhan lai san sang tiep nhan
cac byte dO>li~u ke tiep.
562 12 cac h~ thong bus trong ky thu~lt t\f dQng h6a

Truyen du' li~u khong dong bO UART duoc dung thi du nhu trang PROFIBUS-DP. U'u diem la ngU'ai ta khong
phai truyen thong tin giCPnhip, nhuoc diem ta mot byte dCPli$u dU'Q'c truyen phai chua den 11 bit. So sanh viec
truyen d6ng b(J va khOng dong bl? ta thay vot cunq s6 ILYQ'ngbyte phal cnuyen, vi$c truyen d6ng bO se phai
chuyen tai it bit hon la truyen khong dong bO. NhU' th~ truyen dCPIi$u d6ng bO voi cunq toe do tinh theo baud se
nhanh hon va se hieu qua hon.

12.5 PhU'O'ngth(Pc truy c~p bus

Phuonq thuc truy cap bus duoc hieu la xac dinh
tnanh vlen nao dU'Q'e phep truy cap van phuonq ti$n
truyen d~n van thai diem nao,

Tren nquyen tac, c6 the chia ra hai nh6m phuonq thtrc

truy cap bus: mot nh6m truy cap c6 kiem scat va mot
nh6m truy cap ngf3u nhlen (Hinh 1). Trong phU'O'ng
thirc truy cao co kiern scat, thanh vien nao c6 quyen
pnat tin da duoc xac dinh truoc khi truyen dCPIi$u.
Tat ca nhCPng thanh vlen khac khong c6 quyan phat
tin deu phai nghe (theo dot) viec truyen dCPli$u hi$n
hanh. Sau day, phU'O'ng [Link] chu Ikhach (Master/
Slave) (Hinh 2), nguyen tik the (ma thOng bao) va
truy cap hybrid (Iai - hybride access) S6 duoc giai Hinh 1: Tong quan phU'O'ng th(Vc truy c~p bus
thich. Cac phuonq thuc nay deu tnuoc ve nh6m truy
cap c6 kiem scat.

a phuonq thuc truy cap ngau nhien, thanh vien nao

c6 nhu cau phat tin phai theo dol dU'ang truyen dCP
li$u. Neu n6 xac nhan dLl'cmg day roi (khong ban)
thanh vien nay chuyen dCPlieu ngay. Neu dU'ang day
a
ban, thanh vien nay thLr 19i mot thai diem sau d6. Vi
khonq the xac dinh thai diem dLl'ang day r6i hay ban
nen kh6ng the xac dinh thai gian truyen va thai gian
chu kY. Cac h$ thong bus tnyang (CO' sa) SLr dl,Jng
phuonq [Link] truy cap ngau nhien thuonq la khong tat
dinh. Chu 'I: C6 trLYang hop nqoai I~ phu thuoc vao
mot so dieu ki~n nhat dinh.

H~ th6ng bus SLr dunq truy cap ngau nhien la bus CAN
va Ethernet. Cac phuonq thirc SLPdl,Jng a
d6 mang
ten CSMAICA va CSMAlCD. CS a
day ta viet tat Hinh 2: Nguyen tac chu I khach (cnu d9ng/thl,l d9n9)
cua Carrier Sense (su' do tlm chuyen tail va MA cho
Multiple Access (da truy cap), Hai phuonq phap nay
se dU'Q'c giai thich chi tiet hon a
phan sau.

12.5.1 PhlJ'O'ng thuc chu I khach (chu dQng I thu dQng)

Trang phuonq thoc nay, mot thanh vien c6 nhiern Vl,Jdieu khien giao thong qua dU'ang truyen, Thanh vien nay
gQi la chu. Thanh vien chu d9n9 nay gLri mot thong diep yeu cau, gQi ta yeu c~u chu d9n9, den chinh xac mot
thanh vlen khach (thu d9n9). Trong yeu cau chu d9n9 nay, thanh vien chu dong cOng dong thot chuyen tai dO>
li~u den thanh vien thu dong. Chi c6 thanh vien thu dong dU'Q'c chi djnh nay rnoi tra lai yeu diu chu dong qua
dap ung thu dong. Trong thong dieP dap ung, nhCPng dO>li~u doi hei t(Y thanh vien chu dOng se dLYQ'cthanh vien
thu dOng chuyen di. Khi thanh vien chu dOng nhan duoc thong dieP dap [Link], thanh vien chu dong se d6i hoi dQ>
li$u t(P cac thanh vien thu d(Jng khac. Sau khi tat ca thanh vien thu d(Jng da dU'Q'c truy van, thanh vien chu dong
S9 bat d~u 19i t(Y dau.

8ieu ki$n tien quyet de pnuonq thuc nay lam vi~c dung la moi thanh vien tham gia chi diro'c sa ho>u mOt dja chi
duy nhat. 8!a chi nay phai duoc thong bao cho tnann vien chu d9n9 va cac thanh vien thu dOng khac ngay khi
cai d~t. Mi?t nqoa: 1$ la h$ giao dien AS-i, a
day thanh vien chu d9n9 khong sa huu mot dia chi "'30 ca.
 12.5 Phuonq thLPCtruy cap bus 563

Trong phuoriq thLPCnay, nhi~u thanh vien cling 56' hO>umot dja chi tren dlJ'Cl'ngday la di~u khong the xay ra.

Vi de biet tnroc so thanh vien dlJ'O'cbo chu (master) truy van, so 1lJ'Q'ngbyte 6' d~u ra va d~u VaGmoi bOthu dong
truyen, cOng nhu toc dO truyen nan vi$c tinh toan thot gian chu trinh tlJ'O'ngdoi de dang. Mot h$ thong bus heat
d¢ng theo phuonq thLPCchu Ikhach thU'dng la tat dinh (a day cOng c6 nhiYng nqoai Ie).

Mot thanh vien chu dOng (master) phai co kha nang phat hien mot thanh vien thu dong (slave) b] nglJ'ng heat
dong (hv hong) va neu dung, thanh vien chu dong phai thong bao vlec nay. Khi thanh vien chu di;>nggll'i mot
thong di$p den mot thanh vien thu d¢ng rna khong nhan dlJ'O'ctra l6'i hay chinh xac non ta khOng nhan duoc tra
Idi dung thai han thi thanh visn chu d¢ng biet ngay la thanh vien thu di;>ngnay ds nglJ'ng heat dong. NhO>nghe
thong He bus co so (truonq) se khong thong bao Sl,J'nglJ'ng hoat dong ngay sau khi khong nh$n duoc tra lai
cho thong diep thLPnhat, rna S8 thLr 19inhieu I~n lien tiep (thi du giao dien AS-i S8 thLr 6 lan). Neu I~n nao thanh
vien thu dong nay cOng tra lai khong dung hay hoan toan khonq tra loi, thanh vien nay se b] loai ra kh6i vonq
giao tiep va S8 duoc thOng bao la co loi. Khi thanh vien thu dong co loi dlJ'Q'cthay the, viec nay cOng 58 duoc tl,J'
dong nhan biet va thanh vien chu dong cOng S8 tl,J'dong dlJ'a thanh vlen thu d¢ng moi nay tro lai vonq giao tlep.
Trang thuc te, vlec nay co nghia toi da la chi co viec thiet I$p dja chi ta duoc lam d thanh vien tnu dong, tat ca
cac viec khac se duoc thuc hien boi thanh vien chu dong. Trang he giao dlen AS-i, khi chi co mot loi xay ra tren
Bus, ta khonq can phai lam gi them. Thanh vien chu dong se tl,J'dong djnh dja chi thanh vien thu dong rnoi thay.

12.5.2 Nguyen tac the (ma thong bao)

The hay me thong bao (token) la mot tin ngan. Thanh vien nao hien dang co the S8 co quyen chuyen tai diY lieu
qua bus. Tat ca cac thanh vien khac la thu dQng va nhan dO>lieu truyen di. Sau mot thai gian dlJ'Q'Cxac djnh qua
cac tham so cai d~t, thanh vien chu dong phal chuyen the nay cho thanh vien ke tiep. Ap dl,.lngnquyen tac nay,
mot vonq logic se duoc thiet l<\3p(Hinh 1).

Sl,J'khac biet doi vai nquyen tac chu/khach (master/

slave) la 6' bus the, tat ca cac thanh vien deu tham
The (token)
gia dieu khien Sl,J'truyen thong. Trang nquyen tac chu
dOng/thl,.ldong chi co thanh vien cnu dOng 113
co quyen
Thanh vien Thanh vien
nay. Vi Iy do d6, mot tnanh vien cua bus the khi doi
1 n
hoi dO>lieu tCPmot thanh vien khac se khong nhan true
tiep cau tra lai nhu 6' nquyen tac chu dong/thl,J dong.
Thanh vien nhan yeu cau cung cap dO>lieu S8 IlJ'UgiO'
yeu cau nay va chi tra loi khi ca nhan dlJ'Q'Cthe cho
phep truyen dO>lieu.

He thong bus chi dung nguyen tac the rllt hiern trang Hinh 1: Nguyen tile the
cong nghiep tl,J'dQng h6a. Cac he thong bus thlJ'ang
g~p dung hon hop hai nquyen tac the va chu dong/
thu dong.
CM di)ng 1 (master) Chu di)ng 2 (master)
Hinh thLPChon hop nay qoi la phuonq thLPCtruy cap
hybrid (Iai) (Hinh 2).

Day la mot he thong bus co nhieu thanh vien chu dong

va thu dong ket noi voi nhau. 12
Khi so hO>uthe, thanh vien chu dong tien hanh ngay
viec truyen dO>lieu den cac thanh vien thu dong theo
nquyen tac chu khach (chu dOng/thl,.ldong).

Khi cham du't viec trao dlli dO>lieu, thanh vien chu
dong gLri the den thanh vien chu d¢ng ke tiep. Thanh
vien nay lai giao tiep theo nquyan tac chu dong/thl,J
Thl,l dong 3 Thu di)ng 4 Thl,l dong 5
dQng voi cac thanh vien thu dong.
Hinh 2: PhlJ'O'ng thwe truy cap lai (hybrid)
564 12 Cac h~ thong bus trong ky thuat tl,!' dOng h6a

Phuonq thuc nay dlJ'Q'c dung thi du nhu trong PROFIBUS. PROFIBUS dung hai loai thanh vien chu d(mg khac
nhau: Chu dQng lap 1 va chu dong lap 2. Trang tV' dong h6a qua trinh, thanh vien chu dong cua hai lap duoc
dung nhu sau:

Thanh vien chu d(>ng lap 1 chiu trach nhiern cho viec trao dlli dCl' li$u d<liu vao va dflu ra. Thanh vien chu di,'>ng
nay thlJ'ang duoc tlch hop VaG h$ th5ng di~u khien. Trang Hinh 1, trang 563. day la chu dQng 1. Thanh vien chu
di,'>nglap 2 c6 th~ dlJ'Q'c dung nhv trang cac trlJ'ang hop hilln th] hay hi$u chinh pharn vi do llJ'ang, cac tri so giai
han hoac tlJ'O'ng h,l'. 8ieu nay dlJ'Q'c minh hoa trang Hinh 1, trang 563. qua chu dQng 2.

Thong thuonq, cac thanh vien chu dOng nqay nay rat thong minh va S8 tl,!'dOng nnan biet ket noi vai mot chu
di,'>ng mai va cunq trao d6i voi chu d(>ng rnoi nay dll sap xep viec xli' Iy the rna khonq din su' can thi$p tlJ' ben
ngoai. Trong thuc te, thi du thiet bi dll cap nhat h6a I$p trinh earn tay c6 tich hop chu di,'>ng 2 c6 thll ket noi voi
PROFIBUS bat ClJ' luc nao va tlJ' do c6 thll thay doi cac tham s5 cai di;lt a cac thanh vien cua PROFIBUS.

12.5.3 Phuonq thuc CSMA

CSMA la viet tat cua Carrier Sense Multiple Access (do tim truyen tai tin da truy cap), a
day thanh vien c6 nhu
cau chuyen tin phai do tim truyen tal tin tren bus chung (Carrier Sense: do tim truyen tai tin) va l;1IptLPCcnuyen
tin ngay neu bus roi. Neu bus b] ban bai mot thanh vien khac, thanh vien muon gLPiphai tarn thai thu h6i nhu cau
ChUYElntin va thLr lai vao mot thai diem sau (Multiple Access: da truy cap), Vi mot thanh vien chi truy cap dU'6'ng
truyen khi muon chuyen tal dCl' lieu nen khong th~ xac dinh truoc tnanh vien nao S6 chuyen tin. Do do, day la
mot phuonq thLPCtruy cap bus ngau nhien. Ngoai ra, vi khonq chac chan bus roi khi c6 nhu cau gLPi, nen cOng
khong the bao dam thoi gian toi da can thiet de truyen dCl' lieu. flay la met phuonq thLPCkh6ng xac dlnh va do
do khonq tinh cuoc thoi gian chu trinh.

C6 hai each chon Il,I'a de dieu chinh viec truy cap sau khi no Il,I'c truyen tin khonq thanh cong:

each chon lV'a 1, tram muon gtYi tin can chon mot thot gian ngau nhien d~ doi va sau do thtY lai vil;!c truy cap,
Neu bus van con b;1ln hay vua rnoi b] ban lai, thanh vien nay I~i chon mot thai gian ngau nhien, nhU'ng Ian hon
quang thoi gian mai chon trang Iftn r6i. Van d~ co the phat sinh a day la thanh vien muon gCJ'itin S8 phai cho doi
mot thoi gian rat dai cho den khi bus roi. Van de S6 canq Ian hon khi bus canq bi qua tai nhieu hon. Cach chon
lua nay dtroc stY dunq a
Ethernet trong lanh Vl)'C trao dlli thong tin van phonq.

Cach chon Il,I'a 2, mot thanh vien c6 nhu cau gu.i luon luon nghe ngong dU'ang truyen va S9 pnat tin ngay Ic~ptuc
khi SV' truyen thong truoc d6 hoan tat. NhU' v~y S9 khong ton thai gian cho dol. Tuy nhlen co the xay ra trU'ang
hop hai thanh vien bat dau phat tin cunq mot luc, vi ca hai deu da cunq thu. truoc d6 dll truy cap bus. Ket qua la
co SV' va cham giO>a hai dO>lil;!u va chunq S6 pha huy Ian nhau. Neu khong c6 bien phap b6 sung, su' co nay S6
khong dlJ'O'c phat hien cho den khi thanh vien nhan killm tra va phat hien loi a
dO>lieu vua nhan duoc, Qua do,
bus S6 b] ban trang suet th6'i gian truyen chong cheo nay va khong con dlJ'O'c SLr dl,lng cho cac rnuc dich khac.
Hieu qua giam.

Van de nay cOng c6 thll xay ra vai each chon lV'a 1, khi hai thanh vi Em hau nhu d6ng thai do tim chuyen tai tin,
nhan ra bus roi va bat dau chuyen tin. Kha nang xay ra va cham a
each chon Ii,l'a nay ti II;! thuan voi rnuc di,'>
qua tal cua bus.

Va cham la dieu khong the tranh dlJ'O'Ctrang phU'O'ng thuc CSMA. Vi v$y, can phai nhan ra cac trlJ'6'ng hop va
cham nay. Tren nquyen tac, va cham dU'O'c phat hien nhu sau: Thanh vien gLri so sanh dO>lieu phat di voi dO>lieu
nhan duoc, Neu chunq khac nhau tLPCla da co va cham xay ra va viec chuylln tai tren bus phai ngU'ng ngay laP
tuc, Phuonq thLPCnay dlJ'Q'c gOi la Collision Detection (phat hien va cham) hay ngan qon la CSMNCD.

Thanh vien phat hien va ch<;lm chuylln ngay mi,'>ttin hil;!u bao tra ngQi ngan Oam) den tat ca cac thanh vien khac.
MOi thanh vien co nhu c8U gU'i phai dQ'i mot th6'i gian rOi mai dU'Q'c thu. truy c;1lp tra l<;li.
 12.6 Bao dam dO>li$u 565

12.5.4 PhU'O'ng tlurc CSMAICA

Trong phU'O'ng thuc nay, mot thanh vien c6 nhu cau gCYicOng do tim cnuyen tal tin nhU' & che dQ CSMAlCD va
bat oau chuyen tai tin ngay khi bus roi. Neu bus ban, viec chuyen tin phal dU'Q'c hoan va chi bat dau ph at tin I~i
ngay khi cham dut vi$c chuyen tin truoc. a day, viec do tim chuyen tai tin phai duoc lien tuc theo doi. Neu hai
thanh vien bat dau chuyen tin cunq mot luc, thu tl,J' U'U tien phai dU'Q'c xac dinh truoc va thanh vien co U'U tien
thap hon tl,J'dong rut lui. Co nghTa la thanh vien nay phai ngU'ng vlec chuyen tai tin ngay vi dau Kia se khonq nhan
dU'Q'c dO>li$u cua minh da gUi. Qua do. S8 tranh duoc vi$c va cham (Collision Avoidance, CA: Tranh va cham).

Mot thong di$p luon bat dau voi ky hi$u nhan biet bat oau chuyen tin. Vi tat ca cac thanh vien co nhu cau gCYi
d~u dung thong tin bat dau chuyen giong nhau nen vi$c hai dO>li$u dU'Q'c chuyen cunq luc S8 kh6ng gay anh
hU'ang len nhau. Sau thong tin nay la dia chi cua thanh vien gUi, 99i la danh tinh. Neu chunq ta dinh nghTa mot
tinh tranq logic la "troi", thi du nhu "0", va cac tinh tranq khac la "chim" thi thanh vien vei dia chi nho S8 chiern
U'U the Thanh vien voi dla chi Ian hon phai ngU'ng viec truyen dO' lieu cua minh va thiY chuyen lal ngay khi viec
truyen dO>li$u hien tal hoan tat.

8ieu ki$n tien quyet cho heat dong cua phuonq thtrc nay la [Link] ca cac thanh vien cunq quet bit gi6ng nhau VaG
cunq mot thai diem. Thai gian truyen tin hi$u trsn dU'ang day khOng anh hU'&ng.

Dua theo Sl,J'phac thao co ban thi phU'O'ng thuc nay la khong xac djnh. Tuy nhien, phu thuoc VaG phan rnern
stY dunq, mot he th6ng bus dua tren CSMAICA c6 the c6 tinh nang xac dinh. M9t thi du cho trU'ang hop nay
la DeviceNet ova tren CAN. CAN heat dong theo phuonq thoc CSMAlCA; DeviceNet dung chip CAN la chip
truyen thong. Trong DeviceNet, ngU'ai ta c6 the chon mot bO phan 99i la "tharn do dau ra/vao" (Poll I/O modus)
de dU'Q'Cdam bao thai gian chu trinh t6i da tinh toan dU'Q'c.

12.6 Bao dam dQ! Ii~u

Bao dam viec truyen dO>li$u qua trinh la vo cung quan

tronq trong ky thuat tl,J'd¢ng h6a. Tuy nhien, trong rnoi ~
c
truonq conq nghieP, dO> lieu co the b] sai sot do nhieu Byte dCr lieu PB "OJ
s:
c
EMC (tinh tuonq thich dien tLY) hay nquyen nhan 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 co
tuonq tu. 8e nhan ra nhO>ng thong diep sai s6t nay, iri
a..
nhieu co che bao dam dO>li$u duoc sCYdunq. NhO>ng 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1

co che nay chi dung de phat hien loi chu khong phai 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
de sCYachoa chunq, Se don gian hon, nhanh hon va
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
it ton kern non khi ta be duoc mot thong di$p co loi va
yeu cau g&i I~i dO>li$u nay mot Ian nO>a. 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

8e phat hien cac thong di$p c6 10i nhu v.;iy, ve co ban Hinh 1: BaD dam kh6i

co ba each:
• Giarn sat tin hi$u (thi du nhir dU'Q'c sCYdunq trong AS-i)

• Bao dam khoi (thi du nhU' duoc sCYdunq trong PROFIBUS-DP)

• Phironq thuc kiem tra dU' thu'a chu ky (Cyclic Redundancy Check), viet tat CRC (thi ou nhU' duoc sCYdunq
trong INTERBUS)

Cach thir nhat da dU'Q'Cn6i den trong chuonq ve giao dlen AS-i.
12
Bao dam khoi co nghTa la moi byte dO>lieU dU'Q'C bao dam b.!ing mot bit chan le. Thi du ngU'ai ta an dinh t6ng
cua tat ca cac logic "1" phai chan (xem Truyen tin kh6ng d6ng bo).

8ie~ nay co [Link] neu trong mot byte dl!' li$u co mot so 1U'Q'ngbit chan "1" hien dien thi bit chan Ie phai c6
tr] s6 "0" va neu so 1U'Q'~gla bit Ie thi bit chan Ie phai la "1". Vo'i CO'che don gian nay, ngU'ai ta c6 the xac dinh
dung 100% mot bit co 16i.

Tuy nhien, neu loi xay ra & hai bit thi ta lai kh6ng the pnat hien loi dU'Q'c. DO'n vi do lU'ang de hien thi m6i quan
he nay dtroc 99i la khoang each Hamming (HD). KhoElng each Hamming duoc djnh nghTa la solU'Q'ng 100%
loi phat hien cong voi 1. Voi bit chan Ie khoanq each Hamming dat duoc la 2.
566 12 Cac h~ thong bus trong ky thuat tV' dQng h6a

N€Juviec ki~m tra nay khong chi cuoc thuc hien theo dong ma con theo cOI Ihi ngU'cYita goi la bao dam khoi.
Trong Hinh 1, trang 565, dong cuoi cunq la ILPbao dam. CO' ch€l dU'Q'cSLPdunq thi du nhU' trong PROFIBUS.
Qua bao dam khoi, khoanq each Hamming dat duoc ta 4. NhU' v~y, sai sot len den 3 bit trong mQtthong di$p se
diroc phat hien cnac chan 100%,

Kiem tra CRC

Trong CO' che nay, thong di$p truyen di dU'Q'cdi~n giai la mot con so. s6 nay duoc chia cho mot 56 khac goi la
so da thLPCva da dU'Q'Cxac d!nh tLPtruce. Khi chia 58 c6 phsn dv. Thi du 14: 3 = 4 dU'2. Phan dU' nay duoc dua
VaG6' cuoi thong diep. Sau khi co dU'Q'cca hai tr] 56, thanh vien nhan lay tri so cua thong diep trLPcho tr] so phan
dU' (dU'Q'cchuyen theo voi y nghia tLPbao dam). Trong thi du tren la 14 - 2 = 12. se thanh nay ducc chia cho s6
da thLPCtren. Phan dU' phai la 0, trong thi du: 12: 3 = 4 dU' 0,

V6'i nhO>ngkiem tra CRC nhir v$y va tuy thuoc vao so da tlurc ngU'&i ta co th~ dat dU'Q'ckhoanq each Hamming
4 hay 6. Cac chip thuc hif;!n CO' che nay deu co ban san.

12.7Giao di~n AS

COng nhu' InterBus, PROFIBUS, CAN va nhieu he bus khac, giao tlif;!nAS la mot hf;!th6ng bus mo. £lieu nay c6
nghia la ta co the dung nhO>ngsan pharn AS-II tLPnhieu nha cung ung, chir khong chi tLPmot. HO'nnO>a,ta con
duoc bao dam la hf;!thong bus cOng van hanh hoan hao ngay ca khi dung san pham cua nhieu nha cung ung
khac nhau tren cung mot hi;) bus (kha nang lien Van hanh, interoperability). Khi mot san pharn duoc thay bang
mot san pharn cunq loai cua mot nha cung ung khac thi san pnarn khac nay cOng phai chay tot (kha nang hoan
doi, interchangeability).

12.7.1 Nguyen tac v~n hanh cua giao di~n AS

Giao dien AS la mot hi;)thong chu yeu dU'Q'Cphat trien cho nhO>ngthi€lt b] truyen mot dung 1U'Q'ngdCP ki$n ritt nho,
Trong d6 phili ke nhu cac bo khai tao, cong tac va van. Tuy v$y nhCPngtr] so analog van co the truyen tal dU'Q'c.

Giao dii;!n AS la mot hi;! th6ng chu/khach (Master/

Slave). Mot bO chu (tnenn vifm eM cJ¢ng) , neu Van
hanh theo dac ta (mo tacJi)e tfnh ky thu¢Jt) 2.0 hay thap
hon, c6 the quan Iy tOi da 31 bo khach (tMnh vien thu
cJ¢ng). £lac ta giao dien AS 2.11 cOng nhu 3.0 hien
hanh 58 diroc ban dEmtrong moi mot chU'O'ngriEmg.

MOi mot bi;l khach trong 31 bO khach cung ung dung 4

bit dCPkien de SlYdunq.

Giao dien AS con c6 nhCmg bi;l gQi la nhCPngbO khach

thong minh. Chung la nhCPngmo dun earn bien hay
nhCPngCO' cau bi;l chap hanh co tich hop giao dien AS-i.
Mo dun tao thanh giao dien giCPahe AS-i va nhCPng
earn bien chuan cOng nhu nhO>ngbo chap hanh chuan
(Hinh 1). Ngubn cung cap
di",n t(P rnanq
Chung ta hay quan sat mot bi;l giao dlen earn bien AS-i.
Bi;l nay cung ung dung 4 bit dO>lieu. Trang do thi du
xac nhan bit co tr] thap nhat (LSB) DO luon luon la tin
hieu chuyen rnach. Bit dO>lif;!u 01 luon duoc SlYdunq
lam tin hi$u canh baa, khi bi;l giao cten nay tich hop
24 VDC
v6'i earn bien. Tin hi$u canh bao nay c6 the d~ hien thi
truo'c khi ngU'ng may. Hinh 1: C~u true 9iao di~n AS
 12.7 Giao di~n AS 567

8i~u nay co nghTa la earn billn S8 giYi mot canh bao

truoc khi b] ngU'ng chay. Tml'Yng hop nay rat co ich DO _ Tin hii)u chuyen mach ~
cho nhO>ngearn billn quang di$n bao hi$u Quang kinh Mot D1 = Tin hieu canh bao
b] ban hay nhO>ngearn bi~n earn iYng bao loi sai di~u c Ong n6i D2 = Hi~n thi siln sang

chinh. Nho do mot Sl)' co co th~ dU'Q'csiYa ChO'8tnroc

khi b(Jearn bien ngU'ng khie!n ca dan may ngU'ng heat
,.
~
~
D3 = cnoc n:lng th(Y nghi~m

0
PO = BO djnh thOi
d(Jng. Bit dO>li$u D2 dung de hien th] tranq thai san IC cho P1 = Dao nglYc;rc (tin hii)u) Cam
sang neu chuc nang nay dU'Q'cb(J earn bi€!n h6 tro. giao dien P2 = Khoang each do/quet bien
Neu cuon earn trang mot b(Jearn bien earn lfng b] gian AS khach P3 = cnec n:lng (jac biet
dean, b(Jearn bien nay van c6 mot tranq thai rno dsu
dU'Q'cdinh ro (conq tac ma hay d6ng). Tuy nhien ta
HOp vo
chung
I Cung cAp nang IU'c;rng -r
chua biet dU'Q'ctranq thai hi$n tal nay la tU'O'nglfng
Hinh 1: Profin cua be? earn bien AS-i
voi tinh tranq lfng dl,mg hay chi do 10igay ra (IOi6>day
la cuon earn b] qian doan), Qua bit dO>li$u D2 ta co the
truy van billt dU'Q'ctin hieu nay la m¢t tranq thai cua
qua trinh hay chi tCJ> m¢t [Link] dO>li$u D3 la yeu cau
tl)' trinh thiY nghi$m.

Ben canh 4 bit dO>Ii$u b¢ khach AS-i con ho tro 4 bit thong 56. Tai cac earn bien, bit thong s6 P1 luon chi SI)'
cnuyen doi tinh nang giO>acong tac thU'l'Yngrno hay thU'l'Yngd6ng. 3 bit thong s6 con lai co the dung cho nhi~u
cnuc nanq khac nhau tuy thuoc VaGloai cua b¢ earn bien va linh V\fC tYngdunq.

NhO>ngb¢ chap hanh co chip AS-i tlch hop d~u Van hanh theo cunq nquyen tac tren,

N~u chi lap nhO>ngbo phan co AS-i thong minh theo di;ic ta 2.0 hay thap hon, ta co the cho 31 bO khach Van hanh
voi mot b(J chu, Co nghTa la ta c6 the c6 duoc 31 tin hieu chuyen mach, 31 tin hi$u bao d¢ng v.v. duoc truyen
tren day AS-I. NhU'the tiern nang tillt kiem v~ phan clfng co the dU'Q'Cxllp VaG10r;Jinho. Thi du: Neu bo chu van
hanh true tiep trang PLC dU'ai danq mot bang rnach earn thi qua mot b¢ chu nay ta tiet kiem dU'Q'C4 bang rnach
c6ng VaGhay 4 bang rnach cong ra hoac mot hon hop cua ca hai. 8ay cOng la Iy do rna tren tnuc te nhO>ngb(J
dU'Q'cqoi la rno dun AS-i thU'l'Yngduoc dung. 86 103nhO>ngthiet b] cung dip giao dien giO>amot b(J earn bien
chuan cung nhu' mQt b9 chap hanh chuan va dLYongday truyen tai AS-i (Hinh 1, trang 566).

B(Jkhach AS-i cOng duoc tich hop VaGrno dun va chi co rno dun mot can mot dia chi. NhU'the 6>buoc dsu mot
me dun cung tYng dung 4 bit dO>lieu. Tuy nhlsn 4 bit nay bay gil'Ychi co the dU'Q'Cdung cho tin hieu, thi du qua
d6 4 b(Jearn bien chuan co the gan 6>mot rno dun c6ng vao. Trang trU'l'Ynghop nay. ngU'l'Yita gOi d6 103 rno dun
cong VaG4E. Trang Hinh 1, trang 566 nhO>ngmo dun c6ng VaGduo'c danh dflu rnau xanh luc, Nguyen tac nay
cOng duoc dung cho nhO>ngc6ng ra. TU'O'ngtl)'. ta gOi 103me dun c6ng ra 4A. Ngoai ra cOng c6 nhO>ngrno dun
danq hon hop, thi du mo dun 2EA voi 2 c6ng VaGva 2 c6ng ra.

Vi giao dien AS-i 103mot h$ th6ng chu/khach (Master/Slave) nen ta co the phat ra dO>li$u theo yeu cau giYi dl tli'
b(Jchu den m(Jt b(Jkhach nhat dinh, cOng ntur kern dO>lieu VaGtrong thOng bao tra lo'i tli' b(J khach. NhU'the co
tai 4 bit dO>li$u VaGva 4 bit dO>lieu ra c6 the truyen duoc vol mot rno dun va chi dung mot dia chi AS-I. Trang
tnronq hop nay. ngU'oi ta 99i la mo dun cong VaGra 4EA.

N~u mot thiet b] cuoc Van hanh chi voi nhO>ngrno dun AS-i. ngLYoita c6 the quan Iy 4 x 31 = 124 bit dO>lieU VaG
va 4 x 31 = 124 bit dO'li$u ra voi chi mot bo chu AS-i. 8ieu nay co nghTa h$ giao dien AS-i duoc rno rong t6i da
ma d$c ta 2.0 hay thap hon cho phep.

DO>lieU va viec cung cap nang IU'O'ngS8 dU'Q'ctruyen tal cunq luc tren dU'l'Yngday di$n hai SO'[Link] vi the nhu 12
Hinh 1, trang 566 trinh bay. mot ngu6n cung cap duoc gan VaGdU'ong day truyen tal. 86 la mot ngu6n cung
dip d$c biet,

Co hai Iy do tai sac ta dung mot ngu6n cung cap dac biet 6>day:
1. £)e co the truyen tai nang IU'O'ngva dO>lieU cung m(JtIuc. nang IU'O'ngcan dU'O'Ccung cap qua m(Jtdien ap
m(Jtchieu DC. 8ien ap m(Jt chieu DC nay dU'O'cch6ng len mot tin hi$u di$n ap xoay chieu AC. Chinh dien
ap xoay chi~u nay bieu dien tin hieu cac dO>lieU. N~u ta dung b(J cung cap nang IU'O'ngthU'ong dung thi
nhCmg tin hieu chlfa trang di$n ap xoay chi~u S8 bi "dieu chinh mflt di". 8ieu nay hoan toan khOng dU'O'c
xay ra trang giao di$n AS-I. £)€!tranh viec nay nguoi ta tich hO'pmot m<;lchtach Iy dien ap d~c biet VaGtrang
ngu6n cung cflp dien AS-I.
568 12 Cae h~ th6ng bus trong ky thu~t t••••dQng h6a

2 Nguon cung cap di$n theo lieu chuan thlJ'ang co di$n ap cong ra la 24 VDC. N~u ta gcfln nguon cung cap
nay VaG ml)t dlJ'ang day AS-i, dl) sut di$n ap doc theo dlJ'ang day AS-i S8 tro nen Ian qua va khien di$n ap
cong vao cho thanh vten cuoi cunq kh6ng con du rnanh nCi>a.D~ bu dcflp cho dl) sut dien ap, nhQ>ng ngu6n
cung cap AS-i thU'ang co dien ap cong ra 18 30,5 VDC.

Du dO sut dien ap tren dU'ang day truyen AS-i dU'OOcbu dap d~n mot khoang nao d6 bc\ng each dung dien ap
cong ra cao hon, nhunq ngU'ai ta phai chu if d~ giQ>dQ sut nay nho het sue co th~. each don gian nhtJt d~ dat
dieu nay 18 gan ngu6n cung cap dien AS-i VaG dU'ang day truyen tai
dlJ'OOC a noi c6 dQ tieu thu dien cao nhat,

Ml)t nguon cung cap dien AS-i c6 the dlJ'OOcgan a

bat cu cho nao tren dU'ang day truyen AS-i. Tuy nhien
ta nen tim each gan n6 VaG noi c6 dl) tieu thu di$n lon nhat tren dlJ'ang day AS-i.

Tuy theo tLl'ng loal thiet ke, nhQ>ng nguon cung cap dien AS-i cho ra mot dong di$n tlf 2A dlln 8A. Trong trU'6'ng
hop rat di;ic biet, neu ta cho 124 co cau chap hanh trong nhCmg me dun chay tren mot nhanh AS-i thi 8A cOng
khonq du de cung cap dien cho tat ca cac co cau chap hanh tran. Vi the cac b(> chap hanh nay dlJ'OOccung cap
dien riEmg. NhCi>ngnguon cung cap 24 VDC rieng nay dlJ'OOcgan VaG mot m6 dun vai nhQ>ng cong ra. Rieng rno
dun thi duoc cung cap dien tlf AS-i va chuyen rnach nhung nguon cung cap di$n rieng VaG nhfrng CO' cau chap
hanh. Ky thuat noi day dien se dLfQ'C trinh bay sau.

Kh6ng the gan 2 nguon cung cap AS-i VaG mot dLfang day truyen AS-i

Giao dien AS-i co the van hanh khong can co nhQ>ng dien tro cuci bus. Trong trLfang hop nay, dU'ang day dlJ'OOC
phep dai toi da 100m. Cach sap d~t To po cOng tu'onq doi bat kY. Tuy v~y cOng nen tranh each sap d~t theo
hinh vonq.

Giao di~n AS-i cOng co the van nann vo'i mot dien tro cuoi bus. Trong giao dien AS-i, dien tro nay dU'Q'c gOi la
linh ki$n giam rung (giam dao o(>ng, giam chan). Linh kien giam rung duoc gan canq xa ngu6n cung cap dien
AS-i canq tot. Giao dien AS-i phan biet giQ>a:

• Linh ki$n qiam rung thu o(>ng. £)(> dai cua dLfang day oien a day co the toi 200m.
• Linh kien qlarn rung chu dong. DI) dai cua dU'ang day oien a day co the toi 300m.

Chi OlJ'Q'Cgan VaG giao dien AS-i toi da mot dien tro. Dien tro nay dU'Q'Cgan canq xa ngu6n cung cap cho
giao dien AS-i canq tot.

Nho each xep o~t tuonq doi tl,!' do ta co the gan dlJ'ang day phan nhanh & nhung noi can thiet, Khi lap d~t ml)t
thiet b] AS-i can chu y de tong so tat ca dlJ'ang day truyen tai cua AS-i khonq qua 100m. £)1) dai cua olJ'ang day
giQ>amot rno dun va mot bl) earn bien hay bl) chap hanh chuan kh6ng tinh VaG d6.

£)(> dai cua dLfang day co the tang len khi dung them bl) repeat (khusch dai). Tuy nhien voi moi bl) khuech d<;li
ta lai can them mot nguon cung cap di$n cho AS-i. AS-i cho phep gan 2 bl) khuech dai nOi tiep. Ml)t each giai
quyet khac S8 dlJ'Q'c giai thich sau.

12.7.2 each d~t cap trong giao di~n AS

Kha nan9 Ian nhat cua giao dien AS la ky thuat noi day dien. NglJ'ai ta c6 the dung dLfang day tran g6m 2 day
cuon xoan o~ lam dlJ'ang day truyen tal. Tuy nhien, tot nhat la stY dunq day dien phllng tieu bieu cho AS-i.
 12.7 Giao di~n AS 569

LQ'i di§m cua day di~n ph~ng ta kheng can nhCmg

vi~c nhU' b6c vo each di$n, g~n bee deu day di$n
v.v... Trong day di~n ph~ng c6 2 day di$n kheng xoan
]
quanh nhau voi profln dU'Q'cme ta ro rang trang d~c
ta cho AS-i.

f)U'cmg day AS-i duoc di;lt narn trong mot ranh chira
day di$n chung (Hinh 1). Profin dam bao khonq xay
ra trao Cl,J'C. Trang nhCmg me dun, ranh chira day di$n
chung nay co the dU'Q'CgEIntai phan dU'&i rno dun. Khi
van chat phan tren me dun vao phen dU'&i bang vit thi
ranh chua day di$n chung vol day cap b] ep xu6ng
phia dU'&i va duo'c giCPchat trang vi tri rnoi nay. Nho
dU'OOc ep xuonq phia dU'&i nhCPngchau nhon xuyen £>l.I'6'ngday phang khOng b! trao CI,I'C
Qua vo boc cua day dien phang va tl)' dong tao nen
cong lac voi soi day di~n trang dU'ang day di~n phang. Hinh 1: Cau true coo di~n cua giao di~n AS

Nguyen tac duoc me ta trang giao di~n AS nay duoc

gOi 103giao dien co-dien, gOi tal la EMS. ThU'Crngthl
dU'ang day AS-i rnau vanq. Giao di~n EMS nay c6 th§
duoc dung nhu mot bi;>phan phoi vi no co hai chau
nOiAS-i.

Nguyen tac tren vai ky thuat noi xuyen cOng duoc ap

dunq cho bi;>cung cap 24 VDC rieng. f)U'Crngday cung
cap rnau den. Giao dien cho phep gan them bo cung
cap 24 VDC dU'OOc gOi 103giao dlen co-dien rno rQng, a)
goi tat 103
EEMS.

MQt di;ic diem nCPacua dU'Crngday di~n phang ducc

gOi la tinh tl,l' [Link] cong t~c t90 tren giao di~n
EMS duoc rno ra lai thi cho nay cua vo each dien
mau vanq/den se tl)' dQng d6ng 1<;[Link] khi rno cho
n6i thi cho conq tac cO nay it nhflt van dap Lrng dU'Q'c
b)
cap hang bao v$ IP65, co nghTa la duoc bao v$ tranh
bui va nvoc ban (xem ti§u rnuc [Link] cac loai bao v$
theo DIN VDE 4070 - Bang 2).

Trang Hinh 1 ta thay m6i day di$n cua dU'Crngday AS-i

duoc danh cau bang mot rnau, Mau nau danh cho AS-i+,
rnau xanh dung cho AS-i-. c)

Hinh 2: Giao di~n EMS

Hinh 3 cho thay mach dien tU'O'ngdU'O'ngcua rnach
tach Iy di$n ap duoc tich hop VaG nguon cung cap
AS-i.

Quan sat ky hon ta se thay tin hi~u dCPli$u duoc tao

ra tal cuon earn cua rnach khiJ>ghep. Mot bi;>phat AS-i
nang dong dien tren day di$n AS-i len cOng nhu giam
no xuonq. Vi the tren cu6n earn cua rnach tach Iy phat
12
sinh tin hieu dien ap lieu bieu cho AS-i (UL = -L . L':.i/ L':.t). AS-i +

Neu gan day AS-i' (day dien rnau xanh ) voi day dat,
thi nhanh dU'Cricua rnach tach Iy b] ngan macho Do do,
dieu co the xay la viec truyen tin b] gian doan.
AS-i-

f)U'ang day AS-i khong duo'c phep gan voi mot

di$n the dilt ben nqoai,
Hinh 3: M;lch tach Iy m;lng
570 12 Cae h~ thong bus trong ky thu~t tl! dQng h6a

Khi ta g~n nhQ>ng be) earn bi~n hay co cau chtJp hanh,
thi du nhQ>ng cum van (nh6m van) co giao dien AS-i
tlch hQ'P. duoc 99i la be) earn bien CO' cau chap hanh
thong rninh, ta co th~ gan nhCmg thanh vien AS-i nay
true tiep VaG day dien ph~ng qua nhi~u each khac
nhau. Hinh 1 cho thay mot each gan.

NhQ>ng earn bien va CO' cau chap hanh chuan phan lon
dLl'Q'c gEm VaG nhQ>ng rno dun b~ng kat nOi OC M8. M12
hay ghep nOi ren PG (NO: Panzer Gewinde: Ong kim
toei co ren) cunq voi kep c6 10 xo keo danq 16ng. Mo
dun g~n trang tu dieu khien hay trong hop phan phoi
thi chi can cunq eong tac kep qian d].

12.7.3 DU'a vao v~n hanh mQt h~ thong

thiet b] giao di~n AS Hlnh 1: Cbng nbi cua m¢t thanh viE'" AS-i thong minh

Khi dua VaG van hanh mot h$ thong thiet b] giao dien
AS ta kh6ng din quan tam den viec n6 phai lam vi$c
voi mot bO chu AS-i hay voi mQt gateway ket nOi voi
mot h$ thong bus khac,

Trong thuc te rno dun (Hinh 2) rtJt hay duoc dung.

Viec dua VaG van hanh giao dien AS duoc thl,l'c hien
nhu sau:

• Truoc nhat. nhQ>ng phan duoi rno dun dLl'Q'Clap rap

tai noi SLY dunq.
• Sau do, day dien ph&ng cua giao dien AS dlJ'Q'c
gan VaG

• Neu dung bQ khach thong minh thi I~p them mot

bO thich lmg giQ>aday di$n ph~ng AS va bQ khach.

• Sau do, cac bQ khach AS-i deu phai dLl'Q'c I~p dia Hinh 2: Tong quan nhll'ng d~ng thi~t k~ cua mo dun
chi.

Trong qua trinh nay. ta phai chu 'I den cac diem sau:

NhQ>ng bQ khach giao dien AS-i rnoi tinh tll' xLI'ang

da duoc lap dja chi truoc 113O. NhQ>ng san pharn voi
nhleu bO khach AS-i tich hop c6 the 121nhQ>ng tm&ng
hop nqoai Ie (thi du cum van voi 8 den 18 van. bQ
phat tr] s6 tuyet doi), Trang trLl'ang hop nay. dja chi lap
truoc duoc ItJy ra tll' ban mo ta ky thuat,

Dieu nay c6 nghTa la khi bat dau dLl'a vao van hanh,
nhieu bQ khach giao dien AS deu c6 dja chi O. Vi thuc
te AS-i 121mot he chu/khach nen khong the gan ngay
ttJt ca bQ khach cunq mot luc VaG dLl'O'ng truyen tai
AS-i dLl'Q'c vi 1'1 do don gian ta luc do bQ chu S8 kh6ng
con phan bi$t dLl'Q'c tll'ng bQ khach rieng c6 cunq mot
dia chi nay.

NhCi'ng bO khach giao dien AS co the djnh dLl'Q'Cdia chi

theo nhleu each khac nhau:

• StY dung nhQ>ng nut barn dlJ'Q'c g~m a bQ chu

Hinh 3: Thh~t b] djnh dja chi giao di~n AS
 12.7 Giao di~n AS 571

• Sli dunq phan rnern cau hlnh

• Sli dl,lng mot thiet b] thiet lap dia chi (Hinh 3, trang 570)

Trang hai each dau tien, mot bO khach voi dla chi 0 dlJ'Q'Cgan VaG dlJ'ang day AS-i. Tiep d6, dla chi nay duoc
dbi bang nut barn tal b¢ chu hay bang phan rnern cau hlnh. Sau do, b¢ khach AS-i voi dia chi °
ke tiep rnoi duoc
gim VaG dlJ'Crng day truyen tal. PhlJ'O'ng tmrc nay tren thuc te r~t la nhieu khe va thlJ'ang kh6ng dlJ'Q'Csli dung.

M¢t so pnan rnern cau hlnh ho tro conq viec gQi ta b¢ tro Iy I$p aja chi. Truoc d6, cau hinh AS-i phai diroc tao
ra trong phan rnern va dlJ'Q'C luu tru. Sau d6 cau hinh nay OlJ'Q'cphan mem tai ve b¢ chu. Tiep 06, bo tro Iy I$p
dia chi alJ'Q'c khoi dong. ThlJ'ang thi nhQ>ng bO khach vai dia chi 0 duoc g~n VaG dlJ'ang day AS-i lien tiep nhau,
bat dau tll dja chi thap nh§t da cho truoc. Khi bo tro Iy I$p dja chi th§y mot bO khach vci dia chi 0, n6 S9 kiem tra
xem b('>khach nay dung khong. Neu dung, dja chi cua bO khach nay duoc tl,l' d¢ng dei qua dia chi maio

Tuy v$y, thiet b] I$p dja chi thuang hay ducc dung nhat, Vai thiet b] I$p dja chi nay b('>khach AS-i co the dlJ'Q'C
lap trinh voi di<;lchi dung truoc khi gcf!n vao. Sli dunq thiet b] I$p dia chi co the mang den viec mot dja chi duoc
phan phat nhieu Ian cho mot nhanh AS-i. Ly do la thiet bj I$p dja chi khong nho dla chi nao da duoc phan ph6i
va dia chi nao cnua dung.

Khi t§t ca dja chi da duo'c I$p xong va tat ca b(> khach da auQ'c gan len duo'ng day truyen AS-i, di$n ap co the
b$t ten duoc. Sau khi bO chu duoc kh<Yi d(,>ng, n6 S9 bao loi cau hinh. Sa di xay ra dieu nay vi b¢ chu chua llJ'u
trCl' mot cau hinh nao neu rnoi xuat xlJ'<Yng, Trang buoc tot. viec nay rnoi dlJ'Q'c thuc hi$n.

Phan Ian nhQ>ng b¢ chu cung cap mot chLPCnang de lam vi$c nay. Vai chLPCnang nay, cau hinh hien hanh tLPC
la cau hinh tal thai diem dang c6 - con 99i la cau hinh cal di;lt - duoc luu trQ>.Vi$c nay thuonq dlJ'Q'c thuc hien
bang each nnan nut.

BO chu AS-i llJ'u trQ>nhQ>ng b¢ khach nao can phai c6, con 99i la cau hinh cai di;lt, va nhQ>ng bo khach hien hQ>u
that sir, d6 la cau hinh hien dang co hay cau hinh thuc Ie Sau khi so sanh nhCmg dli' lieu nay be
chu nhan ra,
nhQ>ng b¢ khach nao

• thleu noac h6ng

• hi$n hQ>uqua nhisu

• thuoc 10Qi sai nhunq oa dlJ'Q'c gan VaG

Be c6 the nhan ra duoc diem cu6i cung b¢ chu can them mot so dQ>li$u be sung. Trang moi b¢ khach c6 luu trQ>
thlJ'ang true mot ma duoc 99i la rna nhan danq va mot cau hinh duoc 99i ta c8U hlnh VaG ra EtA. Chung duoc
tao ra khi san xuat nhQ>ng b¢ khach va nglJ'ai sli dl,lng khong thay dei duoc, Ma nhan danq me ta bO khach AS-i
thuoc loai nao (Thi du: 1hex =earn bien AS-i, 0hex =
mo dun). Cau hinh EtA me ta each van hanh cua cbng dQ>
li$u giQ>a b¢ khach AS-i va thiet b]. Thi du ve profin cua b¢ earn bien AS-i (y truoc rno ta y nghia cua nhQ>ng bit
dQ>lieu giQ>a b¢ khach AS-i (tLPCla con chip) va earn bien.

Thi du mot rno dun 4EA dtro'c sUodung thi ca bon bit dQ>li$u duoc dung vua la bit c6ng VaG Ian bit c6ng ra. Thi
du tal mot dja chi can rno dun 2EA (cau hinh cat di;lt) , nhlJ'ng lai gan mot rno dun 4EA (cau hinh thuc tel, b¢ chu
nhan ra di~u nay qua cau hinh EA khac nhau va glii bao cao. Bao cao nay dlJ'Q'c dlJ'a len bang hien thj thi du
qua danq bao dja chi sai. Tiep d6 dQ>li$u khong the trao d6i qua rno dun 4EA Icf!psai dlJ'Q'c, tnr khi ta luu trQ>mo 12
dun mai nay VaG cau hinh cai di;lt.

Nhu da d€J cap, mot b¢ chu AS-i c6 the quan Iy tai 31 bo khach. Sau khi da dlJ'a VaG v$n hanh S9 khong c6 b('>
khach nao vai dja chi 0 dlJ'Q'c hi$n hQ>utren bus nCl'a. Vi the trang khi v$n hanh dja chi 0 luon luon tr6ng. Trang
AS-i, dja chi nay dlJ'Q'c dung de I$p trinh dja chi tl,l' dong.

Neu trang khi vi;ln hanh chi c6 d¢c nh§t mot b¢ khach nao d6 bi hong, b¢ chu S9 tl,J'd¢ng nhi;ln ra. Dl,J'a VaG cau
hinh cai di;lt da dlJ'Q'c IlJ'U trQ>,b¢ chu S9 nhi;ln ra b(> khach (y dja chi nao bj hong.
572 12 Cac h~ thong bus trong ky thu~t tl! dQng h6a

Nay neu b(l khach b] hong duoc thao ra khol bus va m¢t b¢ khach rno'i voi dla chi 0 duoc g~n vao bus, b¢ chu
58 tl,J'dong nhan ra ngay. BO chu so sanh ma nhan danq cua bO khach rnot (dja chi 0) vai ma nhan danq cua
bo khach b] hong. N€!u ca hai gi6ng h$t nhau, bO chu so sanh cau hinh EA cua hai bO khach. Neu chunq giong
nhau, bO chu lap dla chi bO khach c6 dla chi 0 thanh dja chi dang con thieu,

NhU' the co nghTa 113tren thuc te bo khach bi hong chi can phili thao ra va b¢ khach rnoi g~n vbo la xong. MQi
ChUYE;lnkhac con lai do h$ thong lam lay. Qua trinh nay gOi ta SI,J'thiet I$p dja chi tl,J'dOng.

SI,J'thiet laP dja chi tl,J'dong chi tien hanh duoc neu chi co mot bO khach duy nhat b] hong.

Neu nhieu IQi xay ra cunq mot luc, thl nho>ng b(l khach - tnr bO cuoi cunq - phai dU'Q'c thiet lap dja chi thu cong
(thi du dung thiet b] lap dla chi).

8iem cuoi cunq cho vlec dua vao Van hanh la viec chinh cac thong so. Voi thong 56 AS-i, nhieu chLPCnang cua
AS-i co the thay doi dU'Q'c. Thi du qua bit thong so P1 ta c6 the cat dU'Q'CSI,J'chuyen doi giO>atinh nang thU'ang
rno va tinh nang thU'ang d6ng cua nhO>ng bo earn bien AS-i. NhO>ng thong 56 nay chi co the thay doi duoc b<1ng
phan memo Thi du ta kh6ng the thay doi chunq bang thiet b! I~p dia chi vi nhO>ng tri 56 cua thong 56 chi dU'Q'c luu
trCPmot each tarn thai (ngan han) trang b¢ khach AS-i. Khi vi$c ket n6i giCPathiet b] laP dja chi va bo khach AS-i
b] gian doan thi nhO>ng tri so da dU'Q'c cal d<;jt cho thong 56 cOng bi mat.

12.7.4 Cau true cua h~ th6ng giao di~n AS

NhO>ng san pharn via bi;> khacn giao dien AS r~t da danq. Nhunq cho ca bo chu va gateway cOng co nhieu loai
khac nhau va dLfQ'C phan biet tuy theo ITnh Vl,J'CsUodunq,

B¢ chu pho bien nhat la bang rnach giao dien earn trong PLC. B¢ chu giao dien AS do dU'Q'c Siemens, Moeller,
Bosch va nhieu nha che tao PLC khac cung cap. a
day bi;>chu giao di$n AS-i k§t nOi giao di$n AS va bus mat a
sau cua PLC.

Vi chieu dai dU'ang day truyen d~n cua giao dien AS b]

giai han trang khoanq 100m nen co the c6 van de voi
di;> dai cua dU'ang day trang cau true duoc bieu di~n PLC + b6
cnu AS-i
trong Hinh 1. Ly do la khoanq each giCPa PLC, tIYC la
giCPabO chu AS-i va phan LPngdunq rat c6 the tot SOm.
80 dai nay kh6ng con thich hop cho mot so LPng dl,lng
tren thuc te.

Mot so nha san xuat cung cap nhO>ng thiet b] dLfQ'C gQi CO' dIU lac
la extender (bO noi dal). Extender la mot loai repeater dQngAS-i
(bo khuech dai (repeater) nhunq co diem han che 113
giO>a bi;> noi dai va PLC ta khong duoc I~p them mot
bo khach AS-i. GiCPaPLC va Extender cOng kh6ng can
them mot nguon cung cap di$n cho AS-i. Carn billn
AS-;

NhU' vaY ra rang c6 the tich hop nnleu bO chu AS-i

vao mot PLC nay. Tuy nhien a
day ta can d<;jc biet chu
tronq den do dai cua dU'ang day.

Ngu6n nang
NhCfng bo qoi la bo chu PC cOng dLfQ'C van hanh theo
a = 1lJ'Q'ng cung cap
cunq cau true nay. day bo chu duoc gan vao mot
PC tal khe earn ISA hay khe earn PCI. Ngoai ra con
co bi;>chu kep cho PLC va ca PC, do la tren mot bang
o
rnach di$n gan hai bo chu AS-i.
Hinh 1: Cau true 1 giao di~n AS
 12.7 Giao di$n AS 573

NhCl'ng b(l chu giao di$n AS-i con cung cap them mot
kha nang cau tao mot b(l di€!u khifln.
BO chu
AS-i
Tnroc nh<fit chUng thlJ'ang dlJ'Q'c dung cho nhCl'ng frng
dunq tieu chuan (rnac dinh), NhCl'ng b(l chu co thfl
duoc cau hinh qua nhCl'ng giao dien RS232, RS422
hay RS485. Them vao d6, nhCPng b9 chO AS-i nay
Coocau lac
con c6 cturc nang PLC. C6 nghTa 121nhCPng b9 chu d9ngAS-i
Co' diu tac
nay thay the hoan toan thiet b] PLC. Chieonq trinh dong AS-i

PLC chay trsn b9 chu AS-i nay. Ngon ngCP I~p trinh
ducc dung tuy theo nha cung cap la IEC61131-2 hay
Ngubn nang lU'qng
STEPS@ £)6i khi cOng c6 th§ dung lap trinh Assembler
cung cap
(ngon ngCl' may). NhCl'ng tr] so tieu bieu cho b(l chu voi ~
~ Co cau tac
chuc nang PLC la:
dong AS-i

• B9 nho chuonq trinh 16 kByte

c=
• B9 co hieu (bit nho) 8 kByte

• 1024 b9 djnh thai

• 1024 bo dem

Thong thuonq nhCPng b9 PLC cue ti§u nay khong

nhCPng biet xtY Iy bit ma con xtY Iy duoc ca byte (8 bit)
va word (tCJ>,
2 byte = 16 bit) [Link] ra chung cOng Hinh 1: cAu true 2 cua giao di~n AS
c6 the lam dlJ'Q'c nhung phep toan nh6.

NhCmg b9 chu loal nay duoc cung cap voi vo boc

IP20 de gan trong tu dieu khien va voi vo boc IP65
hay IP6? d€: xli' dunq tat cong tnronq. Hinh 1 103b9 BO di~u khi~n logic
chu voi vo boc IP67. LTnh vue stY dunq 103nhCPng frng I$p trinh PLC
dunq nho, kin gQn nen khonq can trao d6i dCPlieU voi
nhung thanh phan khac. Chung cOng con duoc stY
dunq cho nhung frng dl,Jng voi 1lJ'Q'ngdCPli~u can xtY Iy
nho va chi can giao dlen AS d§ di€!u khi§n frng dunq
d6. NhCPng gateway frng voi phuonq an cuoi cunq
(Hinh 2). NhCPng gateway voi giao dien AS ducc dung
voi nhieu he thong bus khac nhau, thi du Interbus,
a
PROFIBUS, CAN va nhieu bus khac nCPa. phia AS-i BO cnu
chung c6 tinh nang nhu mot b9 chu AS-i trong khi 6' AS-i
phia ben kia chunq heat d9ng nhlJ' mot b9 khach "binh
thuonq" cua mot h$ bus h<;lng cao hon. Ngay ca nhieu
gateway voi AS-i c6 th§ gan vao he bus hanq cao nay. Co cau lac
DT nhien bat cU>thanh phan nao khac cOng c6 thfl gan dong AS-i
vao bus hanq cao nay duoc.

NhCPng gateway cOng duoc dung vol vo boc IP20,

IP65 hay IP67. £)i;lc biet 6' tmang hop sau cunq, van
12
de ve d9 dai dlJ'ang day c6 the dlJ'Q'C giai quyet nhu'
sau:

NgU'ai ta g~n gateway canq gan cho stY dl,Jng canq Nguon nanq lU'qng
cung cap
tot de d9 dal dlJ'ang day AS-i canq ngan canq tot. Neu
khoanq each qua xa thi khac phuc bang each noi h$
th6ng bus bac cao.
o
Hinh 2: CAu true 3 cua giao di~n AS
574 12 cac h~ thong bus trong ky thuat tl,J'd¢ng h6a

Nh6' nhCmg gateway nhU' v$y nen nhCmg thi~t b] c6

th~ duoc m6 dun h6a. £)i~u nay duoc giai thich qua
thi du voi mot he thong vi\in chuyen nhu sau:

Quan sat mot he thong bang cnuyen nhU' thi du trong

Hinh 1, ta th~y n6 bao g6m nhCmg thanh phan khac
nhau (nhCmg m6 dun). NhCmg rno dun nay co th€lla
mot bO tach dai, mot bO phan phoi, mot bo dU'eYng
cong v.v.: Trong mot he thong van ChUYfJn,phan Ion
nhCfng tin tuc duoc truyen tili c6 tinh nhi nquyen, thl
du d6i tU'Q'ng(vi;lt duoc van chuyen) c6/kh6ng, dong
CO' ch~y/t~t.

Tat ca nhQongtin tuc nh] nquyen nay deu c6 th€l dU'Q'c

truyen tai qua giao dien AS. Mot gateway co th~ duoc
g~n lam bo chu AS-i trong PROFIBUS hay Interbus.
Hinh 1: Thi du h~ thbng bang chuylln 1

Viec dU'a VaGvan hanh mot phan dean giao dlen AS

co the cuoc thuc hien ngay trong khi san xuat. Qua
d6, ta c6 ngay tfit eel nhQongdO> lieu nhj nquyen VaGva
ra t<?licong ra cua gateway d€l dung.

Khi n6i nhQongthanh phan rieng Ie voi nhau nhu trong Hinh 2, ta chi can dem vao van hanh mot bo khach ten
Gateway AS-i tren mot he bus hanq cao hon. Tat ca nhCmg tin t(Pc khac deu da duo'c gii3i quyet khi dU'a vao
103
van hanh nhanh AS-i.

thi du Interbus, PROFIBUS V.V ...

Hinh 2: Thi dl,l h~ thbng v~n chuyen 2

Nqoal ra he th6ng nay rat linh hoat. Thi du neu ngU'eYita g~n PROFIBUS voi he th6ng van chuyen nay thi chi
can dung b(l gateway tuonq (Png. Neu trang trU'eYnghop khac, gia du can dung Interbus, ta chi can thay the
gateway khac va nhCfng dQolieu deu da co san tai Interbus d€l s(p dunq. Viec duy nhat phai lam them & day la
luu trQocau hinh AS-i hien thoi VaGtrong gateway mot, va nhir da giai thich (y pnan truoc, vi$c nay duoc thuc
hien qua nut nhan.
 12.7 Giao dien AS 575

12.7.5 £)~c ta 9iaO di~n AS 2.11

Chuc n<3ngcua h$ giao di$n AS duoc rno rong dang ke qua d~c ta rnoi. Dang chu '1la so thanh vien tham gia t6i
da duoc tang len t&i 62, tich hop them chuc nanq rnoi d~ truy€m tai nhCPngtr] s6 analog theo nquyen ti3c "Plug
and Play" ("c~m va dung"), va kha nang cnan dean loi dU'Q'cnang cao hon, Dieu kien tien quy€lt d€l chap nhan
Sl,I' rno rong nay la tinh tU'O'ngthich hQ'pv6'i dac ta cu. dieu nay co nghia 113
d~c ta "mot" va "cu" co th~ duoc van
hanh trong cunq mot nhanh, Sau day, ta hay khao sat each van hanh chung noi tren va tlrn xem co nhCPnghan
che nao co th~ xay ra:

MOo r¢ng t&i 62 thanh vien

Giao dien AS lam vi(lc dung voi mot thong diep gQi ~~~~~[6I]~OII@]m:JlliJ[JQ]
~
ST Bit b~t dflu Bilt dau gOi b9 chu (luon 0)
cua bO chu va mot thong dieP tra l6'i cua bo khach.
Cau true cua nhCPngthong di(lp nay khOng duoc phep SB Bit di~u khilln "0" Truy?m tai d[P Ii~u hay thong so
thay aOi nau muon giO>duoc tinh tU'O'ngthich. De hieu Truyen tai d[P li~u cau hinh
Bit ai~u khi€.n "1" Dia chi 0 cho nh[Png bo khach
dU'Q'ctai sac mot thong dii;lp co th€l g6'i den g~p doi s6
AO ... A4 Ella chi OOhex khong co ala chi van hanh
thanh vien tham gia ta can quan sat thong di~p nay. Nh[Png a!a chi b9 khach AS-i
01hex ..·1Fhex:
Hinh 1 trinh bay thOng dieP gQi cua b(>chu theo d~c 10 ... 14 pnan crura S8 = "0",14 = "1": 4 bit d[P lieu
ta cO. Sau Startbit ST (bit b~t dau) la bit dieu khien thong tin SB = "0". 14 = "0". 4 bit thong so
SB. Bit nay bao hi~u la thOng di~p nay duoc dung de SB = "1". 5 bit d[P lieu c§u hinh
truyen tai dO>li~u hoac thong s6 hay de chuyen dCP
li$u cau hinh (thl du rna ID nhan d<;lnghay can CU'&c). PB Bit chiln Ie Toan chi!n khong kll bit cuoi
Theo sau la dla chi duoc dap 0>ng.V6'i 5 bit ta co the cung
EB Bit cuoi cung Cham d(rt goi bo chu
tao duoc 32 dia chi khac nhau va nhu da giai thich 6'
tren, dla chi 0 mang mot '1 nghTad<;jcbiet. Hinh 1: Thong ai~p gQi bQ chu theo a(ic tll 2.0

Trong phan thong tin cua thong dieP, bit 14 cho biet
day la mot thong dii;lp truyen dO>li$u hay truyen thong
s6 neu bit dieu khien truoc d6 mang tr] s6 O. Trong
trU'Crnghop truyen dO'lieu hay thOng so thi 4 bit ra (10-
13) la dO>lieu ng6 ra, nghTa la dO>li~u duoc gu>itLr b(>
Hinh 2: Thong diep g<;>ibi,l cnu theo d(ic ta 2.11
chu den bo khach. Thong dii;lp nay duoc ket thuc voi
mot bit chan Ie (PB '" Parity bit) va mot bit cham dirt
(EB '" End of bit).

Quan sat thong di$p theo d~c ta 2.11 (Hinh 2), ta thay chi co mot bit duy nhat dU'Q'cthay d6i, do Ia bit 13, nay
duoc gQi la "bit chon" ("Select-bit") SEL.

"Bit chon" nay la mQt bit phu trong dja chi. NhU' the giao dien AS theo quy each rnoi c6 toi 6 bit de ghi dia chi.
Tuy nhien 6' giao dlen AS ngU'&i ta khong gQi la dja chi 33, 34, v.v... rna gQi la nhCPngbQ khach A va nhO>ngbo
khach B. Dja chi dU'Q'cbieu hien b~ng nhCPngbit dO>lii;lu AO toi A4, va bit chon SEL cho biet bO khach A hay b(>
khach B dU'Q'cchon. V6'i nquyen tac nay ta I$p duoc nhO>ngdja chi tLr 1A den 31A va 1B den 31B, nhu v$y so
thanh vien t6i da c6 the 103
62.

Hau qua cua viec nay la nhCPngbQ khach moi c6 trang b] cong ra chi con toi da 3 bit dO>lii;lu 6' c6ng ra. NhCPng
vii;lc nay hoan toan khonq anh hU'6'ng den thong dieP tra l6'i tti bo khach, NhO>ngthong di$p nay van g6m 1 bit
bat dau, 4 bit dO>li$u, 1 bit chan Ie va 1 bit cham d0>t(Hinh 1).
12
NhU' the bo chu theo di;ic ta m6'i co the quan 1'1duoc
4 x 62 '" 248 bit dO>lieu VaG(tLr bQ khach) va 3 x 62 '"
186 bit dO>li$u ra (den b(>khach).

Khi mot bo khach cO dU'Q'cg~n v&i bQ chu mot, bQ

Dja chi Dia chi Dia chi Ella chi
khach cO nay chiern mat 2 dia chi, d6 ta dia chi dU'Q'C 10 11A 11B 12A
di;it cho dia chi A va dia chi B. Bo khach cO di~n giai B(i khach B(i knach B9 khach Bo khach
bit chon SEL la bit dCPlieu va nhu the van con c6 4 bit cO moi mo'i mai
dCPlieU dau ra.
Hinh 3: Chu ky truylm thong theo d(ic ta 2.11
576 12 Cac h~ th6ng bus trong ky thuat tl,l' dong h6a

Chu ky truyen thong trang mot h~ th6ng hon hop gom nh(jJng b¢ khach cO va moi voi mot bO chu rnoi dien ra
nhu sau:
Trang chu ky dau tien, b¢ chu truy van cac dia chi 10, 11A va 12A. a
chu ky ke tiep b¢ chu truy van nhCmg d(jJ
lieu cua b(>khach 10, 11B va d~ cho thai gian chu trinh khong doi, 12A cOng dlJ'Q'ctruy van. Sau do b¢ chu lai
a
hei dia chi 10, 11A, 12A. £le nhan biet dlJ'Q'cbo khach m6>ihay cO dang dU'Q'cgan dia chi x va neu 103 be)khach
rnoi thl d6 thuoc ve nhorn dia chi A va aia chi B hay chi c6 mot trang hai nhorn dia chi d6 duoc dunq, thi b(>chu
phai luu tr(jJnhCmg thong tin nay s<'lntrang may minh.

Khi mot b(>khach theo a$c ta 2.0 duoc van hanh voi mot bO chu theo dac ta 2.11, thai gian chu trinh kso
dai t6i da la 5 ms. Neu chi co dia chi A hay chi c6 aia chi B duoc dung, thai gian chu trlnh cOng keo dai t6i
da 1035 ms. Chi khi ca hai loai dia chi deu duoc dung, thoi gian chu trinh keo dai t6i da 10310 ms.

Be)khach "cu" va "moi" dU'Q'Cphan biet qua rna nhan d<;lng10 (the din cuoc). NhCl'ngb¢ khach ho tro each ll'ng
dunq dia chi AfB co me 10 Ahex. Qua d6 lai co van de rnoi ta neu khong co nhCi>ngd~c tinh nhan dang tiep theo
thl kh6ng th~ pnan biet duoc mot be)earn bien AS-i voi mot mo dun AS-I. Vily do d6, nhO>ngme xac djnh, me
101 va me 102, ouoc aU'a vao d$c ta 2.11.

Me 102 cho b¢ khach rnoi co chua tin ve b¢ khach toal nao (mo dun, bO earn bien, b¢ chap hanh, v.v...). Me 101
rno ta b¢ khach luu trO>dia chi A hay dia chi B.

Truyen tai tr] so analog qua 9iaO di~n AS

Viec truyen tai tin hieu c6 tr] 56 analog qua giao di$n AS truoc kia de luon duo'c thuc hien nhunq rat lei thoi va
tuonq d6i cham. £l$c ta 2.11 lam cho viec truyen tai tr] 56 analog don gian non nhieu.

Ngay nhO>ngbO khach truyen tai tr] 56 analog cOng chi

co 4 bit trang thong di$p tra lai cua giao dien AS. Vi
mot "tri 56 analog duoc 56 h6a" thlJ'ong can 12 hay
16 bit nen nhCrngdCrli$u nay phai duoc truyen tai qua
nhieu chu ky giao dien AS. Dinh nghia cac bit dO>lI$u
61 ... B3: B9 ba t~ s6 Bit 1 ... 3
I H I 631621 B1 I H: Bit bat tay H (handshake)

Van de IT day la trong trU'ang d(jJli$u cong vao cOng Host (may chil) B9 khach
(thi dy PLC) GiaodienAS Cambien
nhu cong ra cua mot bO chu chi co 4 bit dClngcho moi
b¢ khach AS-i. £lieu nay c6 nghia 113 thi cu mOi khi bo 11 I x I x I x ~J"l:iJEJ}iJ 3
B~~(j~lU ,
chu nhan duoc tLr mot b(l earn bien analog mot phan
cua d(jJ Ii$u, n6 pMi chuyen nhCmg d(jJ li$u nay vao I 0 1031021011-r7o"'-:::0-=-3 ~~.,.,
mot vunq khac truoc khi n6 c6 the yeu cau them dCr Truy~n tai 01 .. 03 III I """,,-,--
lieu moi. 8e tranh viec mot dC'Plieu mot viet de len bo chtl dE'" b¢ khach ,

~ot dO>li$u cO tnroc 'khi dU'Q'cchuyen, ta dung mot I I I I 1-@_I3-::,-T"""'-:,--'

1 13 12 11
bit gOi 113"bit bat tay" (handshake-bit) de dieu khien Truyen tai 11.. 13hi bo :
viec truyen tai tr] 56 analog. Nhu the chi con co 3 bit khach (j~n b9 chu

trang moi thong di$p de dung cho viec truyen tai tr] 56
analog. Hinh 1: Truytm tai tr] s6 analog

BO gOi 113host (chu nh8): nghia 113PLC hay PC, yeu cau b¢ khach chuan b] viec truyen tai tri 56 analog. NghTa
la bo khach luu tr(jJtr] so hi$n nay vao mot be)nho trung gian va gi(jJkh6ng d6i. Sau khi lam xong vi$c nay n6
nqhjch dao bit b~t tay [Link] bit nqhich dao nay host nhan ra rang cong vi$c de xong xuoi va truy van bo ba tri
56 dau tien. Khi nhan duoc b(>ba tr] 56 dau, bO chu phai lU'u trCrchunq trang mot b(>nho trung gian. Sau khl
lam xong, b¢ chu yeu cau bO ba tri 56 thLr nhi. Bo khach nhan ra yeu cau ve b¢ ba trj 56 moi qua bit bat tay. So
voi thong di$p cO, bit nay IT trang tlnh tranq nghjch dao. N&u kh6ng, b(l khach se truyen tai l<;Iibo ba tr] 56 cO.
 12.8 PROFIBUS 577

f)~ truyen tai mot tr] s6 analog 16 bit theo nguyen tac tren ta can 7 chu kY. Trong d~c ta cO viec nay phai dU'Q'c
thuc hien voi PLC hay PC va nhu th~ ngU'ai dung phai tl,J' I~p trinh. NhCmg bO chu hi) tro pr6fin analog rnoi co
cnuc nang nay da dU'Q'c tlch hop. Qua ma 10 (ma nh{[m d?ng) va cau hinh veolt»; chunq nhan ra day la mot b¢
knach analog va luu tro> toan b¢ tr] so analog trong mot khu VI,J'Crieng, noi rna PLC, PC hay he bus bac cao co
th~ truy van duo'c.

Nguyen tac truyen tal tr] so analog van con duoc duy tri. NhU' v~y, thai gian chu trinh cho nhO>ng tr] s6 analog
phai dU'Q'c tru tinh cao hon nhieu so vO'i 5 ms hay 10 ms.

12.7.6 D~c ta giao di~n AS 3.0

VO'i SI,J'phat tri~n cua d~c ta giao dien AS 3.0 nhO>ng chuc nang rnoi sau day dU'Q'Cdua vao:

• Dua vao profin 8 01/8 DO. Vai pr6fin nay m(>t b(> khach giao dien AS co th~ heat d(>ng voi 8 c6ng vao digital
(ky thuat 56) va 8 c6ng ra digital. NhU' v~y toi da ta co the dung 496 c6ng vao digital va 496 c6ng ra digital 56
d~ truyen tai qua giao di$n AS.

• Tr] 56 t6i da cac b¢ khach analog tham gia dU'Q'c tang tCY31 len 62.

• Giao thoc bat dong bQ, n6i tiep va dU'Q'Ctruyen vai t6c do 50 toi 100 Baud theo tinh hai chieu, cho them mot
kha nang de trao doi dO>lieU giO>a bo chu va bQ khach.

12.7.7 Tinh an toan (safety) trong AS-i

Trong thuc te luon nay len cau hoi, nhO>ng tin hi$u c6
noi dung ve an toan, thi du nhu t~t kh~n cap, c6 th~ BO chu Man hinh giam Ngubn cung cap
AS-i sat an loan di':'m cho AS-i
duoc truyen tal qua giao dien AS kh6ng. Va that SI,J',
chuc nang nay cOng duoc giao di$n AS hi) tro.

Cho nhO>ng tin hieu co noi dung ve an toan ta phai

dung nhCmg be;, khach di)ic bi$t duoc dinh hU'ang an
toan, thi du nhO>ng rno dun. NhO>ng bQ khach dU'Q'c
Cam billn
dinh hU'ang an toan nay truyen thong "hoan toan blnh
chu~n AS-i
thuonq" vo'i bo chu giao dlen AS. SI,J' giao tiep giO>a Nut t~t kh~1n

I
dip c6 kha AS-i m6
bQ chu va nhO>ng b(> khach duoc dinh hU'O'ng an toan
nangAS-i dun duoc
dU'Q'c theo dol tren mot man hinh giam sat an toan dinh hlJ'ang M6dun
(xem Hlnh 1). May nay dam bao trang tmang hop: an toan voi chuan AS-i
bo earn billn
• khi c6 nhO>ng thong di$p sai

• khi c6 nhO>ng thong diep bi mat

Hinh 1: C§u true cua an toan 9iao di~n AS
thi he thong thiet b] duo'c dua vim tinh tranq an toano

Man hinh giam sat an toan nay chiu trach nhiern cho den nhCfng cap bao ve dU'Q'c dinh truce. NhCfng thanh phan
AS-i tieu chuan va AS-i an toan co the van hanh tren cunq mot ph an doan.

12.8 PROFIBUS
Tuy theo ITnh VI,J'Csli dunq, PROFIBUS cung ling 3 profin giao tiep khac nhau:
12
• PROFIBUS-FMS

• PROFIBUS-OP

• PROFIBUS-PA

PROFIBUS-FMS la profln pho thong cho nhO>ng nhiem VI,J phuc tap va la buoc phat triem dau tien cua PROFIBUS.
FMS, viet tat cua Fieldbus Message Specification, cung ling nhieu chuc nang co hieu suat cao trang viec trao
d6i dO>lieu giO>a ~ho>ng thiet b] thong minh voi nhau. Qua qua trinh phat trien ky thuat, PROFIBUS-FMS canq
ngay Gang mat dan y nghia. Ngay nay PROFIBUS-FMS hoan toan khonq con d6ng vai tro nao nO>ava duoc
thay the bo'i Profinet du-a tren Ethernet. .
578 12 Cae h~ th6ng bus trong ky thuat t"" dQng h6a

PROFIBUS-DP, DP villt tat cua Dezentrale Peripherie

May cung dip djch VI,I
(b¢ ngo?i vi ph8n ttm), 103 profin truyen thong duoc toi
C~p
U'Uhoa cho vi$c trao doi dC/'lieu cao toc. £lay 113 profin xU'(yng
lien IQcthU'6'ng dung nhat hien nay,

PROFIBUS-PA duoc phat triem d~c biet de dung cho

tl,!' dong hoa qua trinh (PA = Process Automation).
Gan day bus nay ciinq dU'Q'cgQi la PROFIBUS-MBP,
MBP la villt tal cua Manchester Bus Powered va lien c;\p
quan den vat Iy truyen thong Lrng dl,Jng,Bus nay dU'Q'c lrlfang
chuan h6a trong tieu chuan IEC-61158-2 va cho phep
truyen tal dC/'li$u va nang 1U'Q'ng tren cunq mol dU'erng
day (Bus Powered). Tin hi~u dO>li$u duoc ma h6a Hinh 1: Nhfrng linh v'!c iPng dyng cua PROFIBUS
theo quy dinh cua trll'6'ng d<;lihoc Manchester. Tinh
v~l Iy nay co tlnh tl,!' an toan va nhir v~y co the dung
trong khu VI,!'Cco nguy CO' no.
Bang 1: £>c?
dai dU'IYngday phan nhanh trong
Hinh 1 cho th~y nhO>ng ITnh VI,!'CLrng dyng cua PRO FIBUS-OP
PROFIBUS.
V(lnt6c truylm lei [kbitls] < 93,75 93,75 187,5

NhC/'ngdO>li$u c6ng VaG va ra cua nhCmg earn bien 6ng s do dai cua dU'CYngday
500 100 50
analog va cua CO' cau chap nann co the truyen tai qua phan nhanh [m]

PROFIBUS-DP. BOchu PROFIBUS thuonq duoc tlch V(ln t6c truy~n tei [kbitls] 500 1500 >1500
hop trong mot PLC. Ta con co the nOigiao dien AS voi
PROFIBUS qua mot gateway. Tcing s6 do dai cua dlfCrng day
20 6,67 0
pMn nhanh m

Hi$n nay khong co b9 chu PROFIBUS-PA. M9t phan

doan PROFIBUS-PA dU'Q'ckhai mer qua mot bo gOi 113
bo cap noi phan doan, NhO>ngnhiem Vl,Jva quan he
cua no S8 duoc giai thich sau.

Ngoai ra ta con co the noi PROFIBUS-DP va ca nhO>ng

he truyen thong khac v&i nhau qua ProfiNet. Vii;!c nay
co the thuc hien qua PLC, PC hay mot he thong dieu
khien qua trinh (PLS), chUng sa hC/'uPROFIBUS-DP
va ca giao dlen ProfiNet nO>a.

12.8.1 PROFIBUS-DP

PROFIBUS-DP dung giao dii;!n RS485 de truyen tili

dO>lieu. Moi quan he giO>ado dai dU'6'ng day va van
toc truyen tai dU'Q'cchi ro trong Bang 1, trang 578. Hinh 2: Day cap PROFIBUS
PROFIBUS-DP cOng cho phep gan dU'6'ng day phan
nhanh, Bang 1 cho thay quan hi;! giO>avan toe truyen
tili va t6ng so toi da cua do dai nhO>ngday phan nhanh,

a hai dau cua dU'6'ng day chinh du'o'c gan dien tro
dau cuoi. £lien tro dau cuoi nay thU'6'ng duo'c gan
vao trang 6 earn duoc dung de noi nhll'ng thanh vien
PROFIBUS voi dU'6'ng day truyen tai. £lien tro nay co
a
the noi rnach bang mot cong tac vo h9P.

Trang nhieu trU'6'ng hop, cap PROFIBUS phai duoc

che tao theo kieu co san co nghia la ta chi can tl,!' lap
rap vao 6 earn.
Hinh 3: Oyng cu bee lOop each di~n
 12.8 PROFIBUS 579

M¢t h$ th6ng dung rat thoai mal gOi 113Fast Connect

(n6i nhanh) duoc cung cap d?! lam viec nay.

Mu6n cat theo ki?!u c6 s~n cho m¢t day cap nhu vaY,
kich thuoc cua d01;Jn phai b6c vo each di{m can that
chinh xac.

8?! dam bao di€!u nay, truoc h€!t can mot dl,mg CI,J
chuyen dl,mg de do do dai cua doan phai b6c vo each
dien. Sau d6 day cap dU'Q'c kep VaG trong dl,Jng CI,Jnay
va ta xoay dunq CI,Jnay 4 vonq quanh day cap. Khi I~y
dl,Jng CI,Jra, day cap dU'Q'c b6c di doan vo boc vai dung
kich thuoc can thi€!t (Hinh 1).

Hinh 1: Cat theo kieu co san cho b dm

8i~u ki$n ti{m quyet dll b6c vo cap duoc hoan hao la
day cap phai hoan toan tron. C6 rieng mot loai day cap
diflc biet d?! ap dl,Jng ky tnuat nay.

Cap quang cOng c6 thll dung duoc. Can co nhCmg bO chuyen by RS 485 toi cap quang, qoi la nhfrng rno dun n6i
quang. Nhfrng m6 dun nay lam viec nhu nhfrng repeater (bO knuach d<;li) nhunq nqoai viec sap dat tin hieu can
chuyen tinh vat Iy cua tin hieu. LU'u y sac cho ch6 giao ti~p quang cua bO bien doi voi cap quang.

Nhfrng thann vien PROFIBUS co the r€tt khac nhau.

se 1U'Q'ngtin hic t6i thieu co th?! truyen tai la 1 byte, 56 1U'Q'ngtin toe t6i da g6m 244 byte dfr lieu cong VaG
va 244 byte dfr lieu cong ra cho m6i bO khach,

Them vao do, PROFIBUS h6 tro nhieu chtrc nanq. BO chu PROFIBUS phai diroc thong bao tnroc khi cai dat
cau hinh la 56 1U'Q'ngdfr lieu dU'Q'Ctruyen tai cho moi b¢ khach lon bao nhieu, nhfrng chuc nang nao can dung
cOng nhU' duoc ho tro ve nhfrng chuc nanq nao khong.

Nhfrng dfr kien tren duoc luu trfr trang taP tin goi 18 t~p tin GSD. Tnroc day tli viet t~t nay dung cho tap tin
Gerate-Stamm-Daten tieng Due, hay General Station Description (tieng Anh). M6i nha cung cap bo khach
PROFIBUS d~u phal cung cap ca tap tin GSD nay. Tap tin GSD chua tat ca nhfrng chuc nang rieng va nhO>ng
diflc tinh cua mot b(> khach, 8ay chinh la mi?t loai bang me ta ky thuat dien tu.

Khi mot b(> khach PROFIBUS duoc dung Ian dau tien, taP tin GSD phai cuoc tich hop vao dl,Jng CI,Jcau hinh. Ta
dung ph an rnam de t90 chuc nang nay. Sau khi tap tin GSD dU'Q'c tich hop, phan rnern "nhan ra" b(> khach moi,
khong phan biet phan rnern hay bO khach tli nha san xuat nao.

Nhin dU'ai g6c nhin truyen thong, viec dU'a VaG Van hanh mot he PROFISBUS phai c6 nhfrng buoc nhu sau:
• 8if1t dia chi PROFIBUS cho tat ca bo chu va tat ca b(> khach, Viec nay dU'Q'c thuc hien qua nhfrng cong tac
DIP (Dual In-line Package), cong t~c xoay, nut barn hay nhfrng b(> phan tuonq tu. Dia chi bi? chu thuonq
dU'Q'c thiet laP bang phan rnern cau hinh.

• Dung phan mern cau hinh de xac dinh moi bO khach PROFIBUS truyen tai bao nhleu dO>lieu vao va dO> 12
lieu ra. Nqoai ra cOng dung phan rnern cau hinh dll xac dinh nhfrng thong 56 rieng can thiet cho bo khach
PROFIBUS lam viec.

Thi du sau day se lam ro nhfrng viec tren. Mot bO dinh (bo phat) tr] s6 tuyet d6i duoc hi$u chinh voi nhfrng thong
so sau: Bao nhleu vi tri khac nhau trang moi vonq quay phai duoc do, nhO>ng so do nay c6 tang len khong neu
true quay chay theo chieu kim d6ng ho hay neu true quay chay nquoc chi~u kim dong h6 V.V...

NhO>ng tri s6 cua cac thong 56 nay diroc goi la thong so

nglJ'oi dung. 80 chinh CO' ban duoc phan rnern cau
hinh lay tli tap tin GSD. Khi nhfrng d9 chinh CO' ban b] thay doi thi nhO>ng tr] s6 cua thong s6 ngU'ai dung dU'Q'c
580 12 cac h, th6ng bus trong ky thuat tl,J' dQng h6a

hru trQ>trong bo chu PROFIBUS. Neu bQ dinh tr] so tuyet doi hong va phai duoc thay the thi viec sau day xay
ra:

Tnroc nhat, dla chi PROFIBUS cua b(> d!nh tr] s6 tuyet doi b] hong cuoc ghi VaG bo dinh rnoi. Sau d6 n6 moi
duoc I~p VaG va noi vot dU'ang day truyen tal cua PROFIBUS. Neu thay the b(> dinh tr] s6 trong luc dang van
hanh may, b¢ chu PROFIBUS se tl,/' dong nhan ra thanh vien "rnoi". No killm chLrng lai xem c6 dung bo nay
khong. Neu dung, b¢ cnu PROFIBUS S8 truyen tai nhCl'ng thong s6 ngU'cYidung toi b(l khach. Qua do, b(l khach
duoc bao dam luon van hanh tl,/' dQng voi dQ chinh dung.

a
Neu viec thay the xay ra khi thiet b! trong tinh tranq tTnh, bQ chu PROFIBUS sEl nhan ra b(l khach rnoi sau khi
thiet b] b~t d~u van hanh tro lai va se truyen tai nhQ>ng thong so ngU'ai dung.

(y PROFIBUS-DP c6 hai phat trien them sau day:

1. PROFIBUS-DPV1: Diem chinh trong su rno r(lng

chtrc nang nay la vlec truyen thong khong theo B9 chu cap 1 B9 chu cap 2
chu ky qua PROFIBUS-DP. PROFIBUS-DP 113
mot h$ bus chi he tro SI,J'truyen thong theo chu
kY. R~t nhi~u thlet b] thinh thoanq pMi duoc thay
d6i thong s6 trong luc may dang van hanh. Vi$c
truyen tai tn s6 cua thong s6 chi hou Ich khi can
thiet (nghTa 113khonq tuan hoan, khong c6 mot
chu ky nhat djnh), trang khi do dO>li$u cua quy
trinh dU'Q'c truyen tai lien tuc, tuc tuan hoan (xem
trang 563) . De c6 the thuc hi$n dU'Q'c viec truyen
thong kheng tuan hoan nay, ta phai co hoac b(l
chu cap 1, hoac mQt b(l chu cap 2 va bQ khach
cOng phai he tro chuc nang nay (Hinh 1).

2. PROFIBUS-DPV2: M(lt s6 Lrng dunq trang cong

ngh$ truyen dQng can nhieu dong co chay d6ng B9 khach 3 B6 khach 4 B9 khach 5
be;.voi nhau. NhO'ng lI'ng dunq d6 co the gap van
Hinh 1: S"" truy€m thong khong theo chu ky cua PROFIBUS·
de khi chay voi PROFIBUS vi ngay h$ chu/khach
DP
cOng da tao ra SI,I' cham tre giO>a hai dQng CO'.
Trong qua khLr van de nay dU'Q'c giai quyet bang
mot che dQ van hanh PROFIBUS di;lc biet 99i 113
che dQ Sync (d6ng bo). Tuy v$y, che dO nay c6
diem bat loi 113viec d6ng bO h6a can nhieu chu
ky a PROFIBUS va nho v$y thi qua cham cho
nhieu Lrng dunq.

Van de nay duoc giai quyet bang Sl)' rno rong chuc nang qua PROFIBUS-DPV2. Vai PROFIBUS-DPV2
nhieu dong co c6 the dU'Q'Cde dang d6ng bo hoa. Dieu ki$n tien quyet a
day 113chuc nang nay cOng phai
duoc ho tro boi tat ca nhO>ng thanh vien PROFIBUS dn thiet.

12.8.2 PROFIBUS-PA
B6 k~t n6i phan dean B6 phan ph6i bus trU'IYng

Hinh 2 cho thay mot cau true cua PROFIBUS-PA:

Thong thU'cYng nhQ>ng thanh vien PROFIBUS-PA duoc

g~n voi bO phan phoi bus tmang qua nhO>ng day phan
nhanh, BO phan phoi bus tmang dU'Q'C n6i voi bO ket
nOi phan dean qua dU'ang day chinh. Ve mat chuc
nanq, nhO>ng bo phan phoi nay c6 the so sanh voi
nhO>ng me dun AS-i. Chung han che tinh tranq ng~n
rnach cho ben thiet b] trU'ang. Viec nay tranh cho ca
@J -
phan doan b] ngU'ng heat dong trang trU'ang hop ng~n
rnach xay ra giCfa bO phan phol bus trU'ang va thiet b]
tnronq, Hinh 2: cau true cua PROFIBUS-PA
 12.8 PROFIBUS 581

PROFIBUS-PA ho tro dU'ang day dai toi da 1900 m.

Bang 1: £>Q dai t6i da cho phep cua day phan nhanh

DQ dai t6i da cua dU'ang day

Thanh villn giao tiap
phan nhanh
DO dai t6ng cong cua dU'ang day la do dai cua
dU'ang day chinh cong vot t6ng so do dal cua ttJt 1-12 120m
ca cac day phan nhanh,
13-14 90m

Sl)' tuonq quan giCl'a do dai toi da cho phep cua day 15-18 60 m
phan nhanh va so thanh vlen tham gia giao tiep duoc 19-24 30m
bieu dien trang Bang 1.
nhieu hem 24 1m

Khi xac dinh dO dai toi da cua day phan nhanh,

bo ket noi phan dean duoc coi nhu' mot thanh
vi en giao tiep.
o o

Hau het nhCl'ng LYng dunq dung PROFUBUS-PA chi

99mA - r-r- - -
chay chung voi PROFIBUS-DP. BO chu PROFIBUS-
DP cOng chinh la bO chu cho nhCl'ng thiet bi tru>ang
PROFIBUS-PA. Giao dien giCl'a PROFIBUS-DP va s:
PROFIBUS-PA dlJ'Q'c tao boi bQ ket n6i (ghep n6i) :a
(J)
90mAl-
phan doan. c:
£

Trang chLPC nanq nay, bO ket noi phan doan dam

nhiem nhCl'ng nhiern VI) duoc giai thich sau day:

• Thich nghi tinh vat Iy ve truyen tal. Cac bo ket noi

phan dean hi$n nay phai c6 giao dien RS485 & Hinh 1: Tinh v~t Iy cua truylm tai theo lEe 61158-2
phia PROFIBUS-DP. PROFIBUS-PA SLYdunq tinh
vat Iy thee IEC 61158-2.

• Thich nghi van toc truyen tal. NhCl'ng bO cap n6i phan dean tan tien cho phep tat ca nhCl'ng van t6c truyen tai
tCP9,6 kBiUs toi 12 MbiUs & phia PROFIBUS-DP. a
phia PROFIBUS-PA, Van toe truyen tai 31,25 kBiUs da
dU'Q'Cquy dinh san.

• Thich nghi truyen tai bat dong bO cua PROFIBUS-DP voi truyen tai dong bO cua PROFIBUS-PA.

• NOi dien ap cung cap vao dlJ'Crng day truyen tai PROFIBUS-PA.

PROFIBUS-PA dung tinh vat Iy truyen tai d$c biet thee IEC 61158-2 tLYCta dua vao each I~p rna Manchester.
C6 nghTa la tranq thai logic "0" hay"1" dlJ'Q'Cbieu hieu bang suon & giCl'a bit. Mot suon am c6 nghTa la logic "1 ",
SlJ'CYndlJ'O'ng la logic "0".

Neu hai tranc thai logic giong nhau dU'Q'c truyen tai tiep thee nhau thi truoc bit thLY hai va truoc mOi bit thee sau
n6 va & dang tnzoc nhCl'ng Bit nay, ta phai gl1i di mot suon dU'O'ng neu muon c6 "1" logic va gl1i mot suon am
neu muon gl1i nhieu "0" logic. Dieu nay duoc dien ta trang Hinh 1. 12
Nho the ta dat dlJ'Q'c mot tin hieu dCl'li$u khong chira mot chut phan di$n mot chieu nao ca. Moi bit deu chua mot
phan bien d(> duonq va mot phan bien dO am va ca hai deu Ion bang nhau. SI! vang mat cua di$n mot chieu la
dieu kien tien quyet de truyen tai them nang 1lJ'Q'ngtren cunq mot dlJ'Crng day diin dien.

Trang Hinh 1 CU'ang d(> trung binh cua dong dien cung cap la 90 mA. BO ket noi phan doan cung cap mot dong
di(in nguon toi da 1211 A va mot dien ap nguon 12131 V
582 12 Cac h~ th6ng bus trong ky thu~t tl:J'd9n9 h6a

Tieu cnuan toc d(> co ban cho tinh vat Iy nay la 31,25 kBd. De thuc hi$n viec truyen tai dO>lieu nhanh non ngU'ai
ta dung each truyen tai dO>lieu dong b(>. Nguyen tac nay da duoc giai thich a
rnuc 12.4.

C6 2 loai b(> ket nOi phan doan:

1. Bo k~t n6i pnan doan trang suet

2. Bo ket n6i phan doan khong trang suet

Voi bO cap n6i pnan doan trang suet, nhO>ng thong diep dU'Q'c bO ket n6i phan dean truyen "xuyen" qua rna khong
thay doi noi dung. Nho the c6 earn giac bO chu PROFIBUS-DP dang truyen thong vai mot b(> khach PROFIBUS-
DP. Sl,J'truyen trang suet c6 nhCmg uu diem sau:

• B(> ket n6i phan dean dlJ'ang nhu khong duoc nhin thay tli' phia bO chu PROFIBUS-DP va nhu the khOng
can phai cau hinh va d$t thOng s6. Vi$c gan VaG hoan toan theo nquyan tac "gan va chay - Plug and Play".
B(> ket n6i phan doan cOng khonq can c6 dia chi.

• Ta co the giao tiep true tiep tli' phia PROFIBUS-DP den mot bO khach PROFIBUS-PA. Dieu nay d?c biet quan
tronq trang tl,J'dong h6a qua trinh vi nhO>ng bo khach PROFIBUS-PA rat thU'ang dU'Q'Cd?t trang vunq c6 nguy
CO' no va tranq thai qua trinh & mot bo chu cap 2 can phai duoc hien th] hay dU'Q'c d?t ngay tal nol rna nhO>ng
thong s6 thU'ang phai thay doi trang khi van hanh.

• Moi bO khach PROFIBUS-PA c6 the truyen tai toi 244 Byte dO>lieu ng5 VaG va 244 Byte dO>li$u ng5 ra.

Cac d?c diem tren kh6ng ap dl,mg cho bo k~t n6i phan dean khonq thong suet. Diem khac nhau Ion nhat la mot
bO ket n6i phan dean khonq thong suot can c6 mot dja chi PROFIBUS-DP va dU'Q'Cdoi xU>nho mot bO khach
PROFIBUS-DP. Nhu the tong s6 1lJ'Q'ngdO>li$u c6 the truyen tai tli' mot PROFIBUS-PA b] gioi han & 244 Byte
dO>li$u ng5 VaG va 244 Byte dCPli$u ng5 ra. Neu c6 nhieu dO>lieu hon, ta phai gan them bO ket n6i phan doan.

Vi bO ket n6i phan dean khonq thong su6t c6 mot dia chi PROFIBUS-DP nen n6 duoc nhin thay, can phai duoc
cau hinh va d?t thong s6. Tuy nhien, day cOng la mot 19'i diem vi chi qua mot dia chi PROFIBUS-DP ta c6 the
truyen tai dU'Q'c dO>Ii$u cua nhieu bO khach PROFIBUS-DP. Diem nay con la lQ'i the d?c biet neu nhieu bO khach
PROFIBUS-DP chi chay voi nhO>ng dO>li$u rat nho thi du 1, 2, hay 4 Byte.

Viec dinh kich thuoc cho phan doan PROFIBUS-PA phai duoc quan lam d$c biet. Bo cap nOi phan doan c6 the
han che dong di$n cung cap. Diem nay quan tronq vi khi phan doan PROFIBUS-PA trang tl,J'dong h6a qua trinh
dlJ'9'C gt.n trang vung c6 nguy CO' no. Trang truonq hop nay c6 the xay ra tinh tranq b(> ket n6i phan doan chi c6
100 mA di$n cung cap.

NhO>ng thanh vien PROFIBUS-PA thuonq duo'c cung cap dien tli' dlJ'ang day truyen tai PROFIBUS-PA. Chi khi
mot thanh vien can qua nhieu di$n tli' day Bus trU'ang ngU'ai ta rnoi gan VaG nhO>ng may gai la thiet b] bon day.
Hai day dung cho vi$c truyen thong va hai day cho vi$c cung cap nang 1U'Q'ngtli' nqoai,

Moi thanh vien PROFIBUS-PA phai dung t6i thieu 10 mA di$n cung cap tli' day truyen tal.

NhO>ng bo khach PROFIBUS-PA rat thlJ'ang dung di$n nhieu hon 10 mA. Trang nhO>ng Lmg dunq & nqoai vunq
co nguy CO' no thi dieu nay thuonq khong gay hau qua xau. Theo Iy thuyet s6 thanh vien t6i da duoc han che la
32 bo. Tren thuc te thU'ang chi co tli' 16 den 23 thanh vien trang mot phan dean van hanh bai neu khonq dO dai
day phan nhanh cho phep de dap lI'ng nhO>ng yeu cau cua ky ngh$ nay tro nen qua ngt.n.

Cho nhO>ng lI'ng cunq a vung c6 nguy CO' no thi s6 cac thanh vien c6 the dlJ'Q'c qiarn them nO>a.
 12.8 PROFIBUS 583

[Link] ban d~u, bO k~t nOi phan doan cho nhCmg li'ng dunq d6 dlJ'OOc trang bi bO cung cflp dien tlJ'O'ngthich FISCO
(Fieldbus Intrinsically Safe Concept. Intrinsically safe c6 nghTa ta tl,l' an toan). Tinh tl,l' an toan la mot phlJ'O'ng
thuc bao quan chong n6 b~ng each han ch~ conq suat tOi da co th€l xay ra trong vung c6 nguy co no xuong mot
a
rnuc dO rna do n6 khonq du sire gay chay vunq khong khi xung quanh. Viec nay cOng c6 gia tr] trong trlJ'cmg
hoopc6 hai loi xay ra cunq mot luc va nhCrngbien phap thuc hien:

1. H<;Inch~ dien ap cung cap va dong di$n cung cap trong b¢>cung cap dien tuonq thich FISCO va
2. H<;Inche tich trCr nanq lU'oongtrong trll'cyng, c6 nghTa la nan che nhCrng dien earn va dien dung cong VaG
cua nhCrngthiet b] PROFIBUS-PA cOng nhlJ' han che nhCrngtr] so di$n earn va tr] so dien dung cua dlJ'ang
day truyen tai PROFIBUS-PA.

NhCrngtr] s6 tieu bi€lu cho nhCmg bQ cung cap di$n tuonq thich FISCO la 12,8 v cho dien ap cung cap va 10mA
cho dong di$n cung cap.

Neu t~t ca cac bo khach PROFIBUS-PA tieu thu dung 10 mA dong di$n cung cflp thi 10 thanh vien c6 th~ chay
voi b(>cung cap di$n d6. Neu moi thanh vi€m tieu thu 12,5 mA thi s6 thanh vlen giam xuong con 8.

Them vao do ta phai d~ y la thann vien PROFIBUS-PA cuoi cUng phai c6 mot di$n ap cung cap it nhat la 9 V.
a
vcfln de day ta di$n th~ se bi sut tren dlJ'ang day truyen tal.

Thong thU'ang, d¢ dai tong c¢>ngcua dlJ'cyngday cho

cac li'ng dung PROFIBUS-PA dung ben nqoai vunq
de no la 1.900 m. Khi trang b] ben trong vunq nay va
neu I~p diftt theo rno hlnh FISCO thi do dai nay chi R;
con dU'ooc1.000 m. Chieu dai mot day phan nhanh
chi duoc phep toi da 60 m. Trong nhCmg dieu ki$n
khonq thuan ti$n, thl du nhu tat ca cac thanh vien
PROFIBUS-PA deu dlJ'OOc gan tai cho cuoi dlJ'ang day
thl c6 th€l khong dat duoc d¢ oal day toi da.

Thi du minh hoa:

Mot b¢>ket nOi phan doan voi di$n cung cap 100 mA
Hinh 1: Xac dinh de?dai tOi thi~u cua dU'Oong day
cho ra it nhefltla 12,8 V di$n ap a chau kep. 8i$n ap
nay duoc bieu th] trong Hinh 1 nhu mot di$n ap ngu6n.
Mot bo khach PROFIBUS-PA tac dong nhu mot 10 hut
di$n vai rrurc thu hut di$n co dinh. Khi tefltca cac thanh
a
vien duoc gan cuoi dlJ'cyngday va rrurc thu hut dien
t6ng conq ta 100 mA, ta can xac dinh do dai t6i da cua
dU'ang day.

Mot day truyen tai PROFIBUS-PA sa hCrutieu bieu mot tinh dien tro la 44 O/km. Tren day truyen tal, dien ap tieu
hao dU'oocphep la 3,8 v. Vai dong di$n 100 mA ta co dien tro dlJ'ang day la 38 O. Ap dunq quy tac tam suat, ta
c6 the tinh ra chieu dai toi da cua dlJ'cyngday ta 38/44 km = 0,863 km de dam bao dieu kien di$n ap cuoi dlJ'cyng
day la 9 V.

N~u PROFIBUS-PA duoc dung trong khu de no, can phai co mot chli'ng minh ve tinh tl,l' an toano NghTa la phai 12
chli'ng minh duoc so nang llJ'oongtoi da b! thoat ra trong trll'cyng hoopxay ra loi phai nho hon so nang 1U'Q'ngcan
thiet de gay chay lap khi xung quanh.

Ng~yen nhan chinh de phat trien rno hlnh FISCO la lam sac dlJ'a ra duoc b~ng chli'ng tren mot each don gian
nhat.

Moi thiet b] dung trong vunq d.e n6 can phai c6 mot giay chli'ng nhan kiem tra bO m~u. Giay nay dlJ'Q'cnha san
xuat trao cho nglJ'ai dung. Giay nay c6 ghi dien ap tOi da chap nhan dlJ'Q'CU; dong di$n VaGt6i da chap nhi;ln
dlJ'OOCIi va cong suat vao t6i da chap nhan dU'oocPi'
584 12 Cac h~ th6ng bus trong ky thuat tl,l' d9n9 h6a

COng tU'O'ngtV' nhU' v~y cho b(>ket noi phan doan. a

day, trong giily chunq nhan ki€Jmtra bo mau c6 ghi di$n
ap c6ng ra toi da Ua, dong di$n c6ng ra toi da la va conq suat c6ng toi da Po·

NhCrngtr] so tron phai do m¢t viij!n doc I~p, c6 giay phep, thi du t6 chuc lien bang vat Iy ky thuat PTB, TOV (NO:
Tecnniscner Oberwachungsverein = Oy ban giam sat ky thu?t), v.v... do va chunq nhan,
Mo hinh FISCO dinh nghTa nhCPngthOng so an toan k~ tren sac cho bO cung cap di$n tU'O'ngthlch FISCO lu6n
lu6n g~n dU'Q'cvoi mot thiet b] PROFIBUS-PA tuonq Crng.

Neu geln PROFIBUS-PA trong mot vung c6 nguy CO'n6 thi can dap CrngnhCPngdieu ki$n sau:

• Moi thanh vien PROFIBUS-PA SLY dl,lng trong khu de n6 phai dU'Q'ccap giay chunq nhan theo mo hinh
FISCO. Dieu nay dU'Q'Cde c~p r6 rang trong giay chli'ng nhan kiem tra may mau.
• B¢ ket nOi phan doan phai dU'Q'ccap gi<flychunq nhan theo mo hinh FISCO. Dieu nay cOng dU'Q'Cde cap ro
rang trong giay chli'ng nhan ki€Jmtra may mau.

• Day cap truysn tai dung phai c6 nhCPngtri so d~c trunq nhu sau :
• Tinh diij!n tro day R' : 15 .. 1500/km
• Tinh di$n earn day dien L' : 0,4 .. 1 mH/km

• Tinh di$n dung day diij!n C' : 40 .. 200 nF/km

• Diij!n tra dflu cuoi phai dU'Q'Ccap giay chli'ng nhan theo rno hinh FISCO.
• NhCrngtr] so cua day cap c6 the l<fIytlf ban me ta ky thuat tuonq li'ng hay hoi nha san xuat.

Ngay nay nhCmg h$ thong thiet b] PROFIBUS-PA

thU'6>ngdU'Q'cxep d~t theo de an qoi 113 High Power
Trunk (mang cap/than cap c6 nang i(J'C cao). Dieu
nay c6 nghTa la di$n ap cung cap va dong di$n cung
cap tren day dien chinh kh6ng con b] han che rura.
NhU'the day cap phai dU'Q'Cd~t sac de khong b] hong
do anh hU'ang co', h6a, nhiet hay nhO>nganh hU'ang
khac, NhO>ngbOchan tmang duoc dung nhU' bO phan
phoi bus trU'ang. NhCPngb(>chan trU'ang nay chuyen
day di$n chinh khonq tl,l' an toan thanh mot day dien
bo
ra tV' an toano C6ng ra cua nhCPng chan tnronq nay
duoc chunq nhan theo rno hinh FISCO, c6 nghTa ta
dam bao tinh tV' an toano

U'u di~m cua de an High Power Trunk la nhieu thiet Hinh 1: De an High Power Trunk
b] trU'ang c6 the van hanh trong cunq mot phan doan,
Thucnq Van hanh dU'Q'Ct6>i16 thiet b] truonq, so voi
10 thiet b] trong rno hinh FISCO. Them van d6, khong c6 Sl,l'han che ve do dal dU'ang day trong de an High
Power Trunk nhu trong rno hinh FISCO.

Trong de an High Power Trunk d(>dai t6ng c¢ng cua dU'ang day 103 1900 m. M(>tday phan nhanh c6 the
dai toi 120 m.

12.9 Ethernet
Ethernet dU'Q'cphat trien trang thap nien 70 tal trung tam Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. CO' ban cua viec
phat trien nay la t<fltca nhCrngthanh vien deu binh d<[Link] toc truyen tai thoat tien la 10 Mbitls. Ethernet du~g
CSMAICA lam phuonq thuc truy cc(lpbus (xem chU'O'ng12.5.3). Vai phU'O'ngthCrc truy cap nay, viec va cham
gilra nhCfng thong di$p co the xay ra. NhU' vaY Ethernet kh6ng c6 tinh tM djnh.
 12.9 Ethernet 585

Ngay nay ta tranh duoc nhCrng SI,J'va cham nhu vf).y

nho ky thuat switching. Cach xac dinh lJ'U tien cho
nhCrng thong di~p Ethernet c6 th€l dlJ'Q'ccau hinh ttJt
Tang 7
djnh. Them vao d6, van tac truyen tai c6 th€llen den
100 MbiUs, 1.000 MbiUs hay den ca 10 GbiUs.

Ethernet chi duoc djnh nghTa (y tEmg 1 va 2 cua m6

hinh 7 tang ISOIOSI (Hinh 1). Trong ky thuat tl,J'dong
( Tang 4
®
h6a [y cong ngh$, cho tang rnanq cung nhu tang van
chuyen nglJ'(Yi ta dung nhCrng giao thuc da dlJ'Q'c
biet nhu Internet Protocol (IP), Address Resolution
Ti'lng 3
®
Protocol (ARP), Transmission Protocol (TP), User
Tang 2
Data Protocol (UDP), v.v... NhCrng giao thuc nay da Ethernet IEEE 802.3
duo'c dung trong ky thuat thong tin van phonq (xem Tang 1
chlJ'O'ng1.5.2).
Hinh 1: Ethernet trong mo hinh 7 tAng
NhCrngEthernet khac nhau di;it tren n€!ntang Lrngdl,mg
nhu PROFlnet, Ethernet IP, EtherCAT hay ngay ca
Modbus TCP/IP la tang Lrng dl,mg narn tren !§ng van Bang 1: Cac IOi,fi day cap Ethernet
cnuyen. each van hanh cung theo cunq mQt nguyen
Day cap dOng true 10base2 Cap BNC rnonq
tac nhu "Internet". (y d6 c6 vai di€lm sau: Cap map (cap vanq)
cho 10 MbiVs 10base5

• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) chu yeu dlJ'Q'c [Link] day 4 soi khong lap chan,
dung d€ltai dCrli$u tiJoWorld Wide Web (WWW) VaG cucc cuon tlrng doi
CaC soi dU'Q'c
mot trinh duyet (web browser). cuon t(long doi day 4 sol co lap chan,
cho 10 MbiUs 10baseT/STP duoc cuon t(long doi
• File Fransfer Protocol (FTP) d€ltruyen tai 1lJ'Q'ngdCr hay 100 MbiUs
lleu Ian qua Internet. 100baseT-STP day 4 sQ'! co .Iop c~~n,
duoc cuon ILmg dOl

• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) la mQ! giao cap quang cho 10 MbiUs
cap quang ehO
tnoc de truyen tai di~n thu (e-Mails) trang cac 10/100/1000 MbiVs
cap quang cno 100MbiUs
rnanq may tinh. l000baseF Cap quang cno 1000 Mbitfs

Cap dong va cap Quang dlJ'Q'cdung lam phuonq ti~n

Bang 2: £)Q dai day Ethernet/Topo hoc
truyen tai. NhlJ'ng ca truyen tai vo tuyen cOng dlJ'Q'c
dung nhu [y WiFi (wireless) hoac cOng dung ca truyen ITP STP TP,Cord

tai hong nqoai tuyen. Cap dOng true nhU'ng nay hau Phuoan9 ti~n
nhu khong can mang y nghTa nao noa trang lanh VI)'C truyen tai

tl)' dQng h6a trong conq nghi~p. Cap dong cOng c6 the Tinh linh d(>ng xliu Trung binh X~u Trung binh T6t
la day 4 SQ'iquan tli'ng doi.
Lap ch~n Hai lap Mot lap Hai lap M¢tlap Mi)tlap

Bang 1 trinh bay tong quat ve cac loai cap. se dling

Dl1ang ElU'ang f)i~mt&i
dau cho biet van toc truyen tai toi da cua cap. Sau d6 TOp6 nee Hinh sac Hinh sao
luy~n tUYEm diem
la chCrchi dinh "base" (phuonq phap truyen tail. Neu 0(> dili IOida
sau ki; hi~u nay la mot so thi d6 la cap dong true: neu cua pMn doan
500m 185m 100m 100m 10m

la mot chCrthi do day dong cuon tli'ng doi (T = Twisted)

Khoang each
hoac cap quang (F = fiber optic). t6i thi~u giCra
hai thlinh v~
2,5m O,5m O.5m O.5m O,5m
12
Ngay trang Ethernet cOng quy dinh dQ dai tai da cho
mot phan doan, Moi loai cap c6 them quy djnh v€!
khoang each t5i thieu giQla hai thanh vien. Bang 2
chva nhCrngdCrki~n nay.

Trong trlJ'ang hop nhQlng day 1ObaseT cOng nhu 100baseT, Ii; do dung day 4 sol la dlJ'cyngphat va dlJ'ong thu
duoc dung ri€mg. Di€lm nay diin d~n na: nau qua:
586 12 Cae h~ thong bus trong ky thu~t tl! dQng h6a

1. Bo phat va bO thu chi c6 the dlJ'Q'cket n6i vai nhau qua each ket n6i diem-tai-diem. De c6 the tao mot
rnanq nglJ'ai ta can nhCmg "bO phan ph6i bus" va tuy theo chuc nang rna nhO>ngbO nay dlJ'Q'cgoi 113Hub
hay Switch (Tapa Sao).
2. Voi lei be tri nay, Ethernet c6 khil nang chay hai chieu (vollduxplex), mot thanh vien co the gUoiva nhan
trong cunq mot luc.
EIA!TIA 568A EIA!TIA 568B
~ Tin hieu D6i Mau Tin hieu DOi Mou
Trong hau he! cac Lrng dl,mg, cap ITP hay STP cunq 1 TX+ 3
~ Rx+ 2
~
vai phich earn RJ-45 duoc dung de noi cac thanh vien TrAngN~n xanh luc TrAngN~n earn

tham gia Ethernet. 2 TX· 3

~ Ax- 2
~
Xanh luc Cam

3 Ax+ 2
~ Tx+ 3
~
Tr~ngN~n eam Tr~ngN~n xanh luc
RJ la viet t~t cua "Rgistered Jack", day ta mot 0 n6i da ~ ~
4 1 1
dlJ'Q'Cchuan h6a. Vi tri cac noi day cho ca phich earn Xanh dlPO'ng Xanh dLYcyng

va 0 noi dlJ'Q'crno ta trong EIAITIA-568. Tuy nhien c6 5 1

~ 1
~
TranQNcln xann dlPO'ng TningN~n xanh dtlC7r1jL
hai each chon Il,I'a nOi day dinh nghia: EIAITIA-568A
va B. Ca hai dlJ'Q'cphan biet qua nhCrngdoi day 2 va 6 TX- 2
Cam
TX- 3
Xanh luc
3 co the doi che voi nhau (Hinh 1). Neu ta dung cap ~ ~
7 4 4
dlJ'Q'Cc~t kieu san va cap c6 hai be?earn giong nhau TrangNcin nau TrangNfm nau

thl ta goi la cap "noi thanq" (straight through). Day co 8 4 4

Nau Nau
nghTa113 day phat cua mot thanh vien dlJ'Q'cket noi vai
day phat cua mot thanh vien khac.
Phich <Aim RJ45 nhin ICl'truoc
(eh6 kh6a a tr~n)
Neu bO earn (y m¢t dau cuoi day gan theo EIAITIA- Hinh 1: Vi tri chau (y phich c~m RJ45
568A va bo earn (y dilu kia cua day g~n theo EIAlTIA-
568B thl ta co cap "noi cheo" ("cross over"). Day phat
cua mot thanh vien duoc noi vai day thu cua thanh
vlen khac.

Hinh 2 cho thay nhCrng ITnhVl)'CLrng dl,mg tieu bieu

cua cap nOicheo va nOithang. Vi be nqoai mot cap nOi
thang rat kh6 phan biet voi cap noi cheo nen nhO>ng
thanh pnan cau tao Ethernet tan tien he tro chirc nanq
qoi la chuc nang nOi cheo tt,!' dong (Auto-MDI(X». Hinh 2: Ap do,mg cua cap nbi cheo va nbi thang

Thanh vien tl,l' nhan day phat va day thu va tl,l' d¢ng
lam viec voi chunq,

Cho nhCmgthanh phan he tro tinh noi cheo tt,!'d¢ng ta co the dung cap noi thang hay nOi cheo,

Cap dong vai soi cuon xoan tiJongdoi c6 nhieu chat

1lJ'Q'ngkhac nhau. De phan biet, nglJ'oi ta dinh ra 7
hang, theo do chat 1lJ'Q'ngtruyen tai tang len theo dO Bang 1: Quan h~ cap h<ilng/v~n t6c truylm tai
tang cua s6 hang. St,!' phan chia nay hoan toan dua
VaGcung each truyen tal, khonq phan biet giCracap co Tan s6 truyen lai
Ulnh vue (Yng dt,l'ng cua Ethernet
t6iaa
vo boc va cap tran.
16 10Base-T, 100Base-T2, 1000Base-T4

Bang 1 cho thay m6i quan h$ giCrahanq, tan so truyen 20

tai t6i da va lanh vue Lrng dunq cua Ethernet. NhCrng 100 100Base-TX, 1000Base-T (Han che)

cap d6 cOng duoc goi t~t la cap Cat-x; Cat (tieng Anh) 5e 100
= Category va x la ky hi$u cua hang. 250
6e 500 10GBase-T (Han ehe)
Neu dung cap ITP hay STP thl nhCmg thanh vien cua 6a 625 10GBase-T
rnanq duoc n6i voi nhau qua hub hay switch.
600
 12.9 Ethernet 587

NhU' ta thay trang Bang 2, trang 585, dQ dai cua day

truyen tal giCra mot hub/switch va mot thanh vien c6
thll toi 100 m. Day che t,;10 san phai dai t5i thillu ta
0,5 m dll dap (mg yeu cau ve khoang each toi thillu
giO>a hai thanh vien theo dung nho bang nay.

Hub va switch cung lI'ng mot so 1U'Q'ng nhO>ng giao

dien de dung gOi la port (cong, ng6).

Mot hub (Hinh 1) giYi mot thong diep da nhan dU'Q'c tal
bat Clf mot port nao lai tal ca nhO>ng port khac hien c6 Hinh 1: cacn v~n nann cua mQt Hub
[Link] each nay ta c6 mot moi tmang gQi ta "phuonq
tien chia se" (Shared Medium). Nhieu thanh vien chia
S8 mot phuonq tien truyen tal chung. Vi Ethernet dung
CSMAlCD phironq thuc truy cap bus nen Sl,l' va cham c6 the xay ra trang rnanq nay. Trang quan he nay ngU'ai
ta cOng gQi day la mot Collision Domain (mien va cham) .

Mien va cham (collision domain) la mot rnanq hay mot phan rnanq trong d6 Sl,l' va cham c6 the xay ra.

Vi Iy do nay nhO>ng rnanq heat dong vol hub khong c6 tinh tat djnh. Ml)C 12.5.3 da giai thich vi sao va cham
c6 the xay ra. Cho Ethernet, mot "cua so va cham" dU'Q'c dinh nghia dua tren co ban cua Van t5c truyen tai
10 MbiUs. CiYa so va cham la khoang thai gian trang d6 mot va cham c6 the xay ra va dU'Q'Cquy djnh la 51,2 IJs.

CiYa so va cham duoc tao ra do thai gian truyen tai tin hieu tren day dan. 8e chac chan nnan ra mot va cham,
mot tin hieu phai duoc truyen tll' thanh vien thiJonhat den thanh vien cuoi cunq va truyen ngU'Q'c tro la]. C6 nghia
la thai gian truyen tin hieu t6i da tren day 10325,6 IJS. XiY Iy voi Van t6c Ian truyen tieu bieu 1032/3 Van toc anh sang
(khoanq 200.000 km/s) ta c6 dU'Q'c do rno rong tOi da cua rnanq 103vao khoang 5000 m.

8e nhan ra Sl,l' va cham, thong dieP Ethernet phai keo dai tOi thieu la 51,2 IJs. Neu Van toe truyen tai 10 MbiUs
ta co thai gian truyen bit la 0,1 IJS. NhU' v$y ta phai truyen it nhat ta 512 bit de c6 the nnan ra Sl,l' va cham voi do
chac chan 100 %. Khi dung phuonq phap truyen tai dO>lieu dong bQ thi dieu tran c6 nghTa la 512/8 = 64 byte.
Tren thuc te, do dai t6i thieu cua thong di$p Ian hon.

Mot thong di$p Ethernet phai dai toi thieu 10372 byte. NhCrng bytes khong can thiet phai dU'Q'c nhei them
bang byte nhei, gOi 103padding bytes.

Vi Iy do tuonq thich ngU'ai ta khong doi dO dai thong dieP t6i thieu nay, thi du khi dung rnanq 100 MbiUs. NhU'
the tinh voi Van toe truyen tai nhanh gap 10 I~n ta c6 cira so va cham chi con 5,12 IJS va dQ mo rQng cua rnanq
chi con 500 m.

NhO>ng thanh vien van hanh voi van t6c truyen tai khac
nhau c6 the dU'Q'C ket n5i voi hub va voi ca nhCrng
rnanq LWL (cap quang, tCftieng Dire Lichtwellenleiter)
noac rnanq day dong. 12
Trai voi hub, switch (Hinh 2) truyen tiep g6i dCr lieU
den bQ nhan da dinh rnuc tieu truoc. Switch quan Iy
mot bang dia chi, trang d6 c6 dja chi cua cac thanh
vien gsn vao cac port cua switch. Switch tl,l' hoc bang
dia chi nay bang each phan tich (dung ARP, toe giao
thll'cAddress Resolution Protocol; xem chuonq 1.5.2).
Switch c6 kha nang xu. Iy song song nhieu dong dCr
lieu. Cac tnanh vien thong thU'ang Van hanh voi each
truyen hai chieu toan ven va qua d6 hoan toan tranh Hinh 2: each v;in hanh eua mQt switch

dU'O'c va cham. 1) HMI = Human Machine Interface - Giao di$n giOoa ngU'&i va may
588 12 Cac h~ th6ng bus trong ky thu~t tl,l' dQng h6a

NhLl' v~y mot hi,l co tinh tat dinh neu tal moi port chi co
mot thanh vien duo'c k~t n6i.

Khi nhieu thanh vien dCJng chung mot port, thi du qua
mot hub (Hinh 1) thl S8 phat sinh mot vung va cham
(collision domain).

Trong phan Ian nhO>ng Crng dung, cac switch duoc

n6i voi nhau b~ng cap quang. Vi$c nay cOng thuonq
dLl'Q'c thl,l'c hien b~ng each dung m¢t topo vonq duo
(Hinh 2). Vi$c truyen dO>li$u cue bo, thi du trong noi
bo vung va cham hay giO>a nhO>ng port cua mot switch
voi nhau van giO>tinh cuc bo va kh6ng la ganh ni;ing
FGl SPS FG2 FG3 HMI FG4
cho cac rnanq ket noi ke tiep.
Hinh 1: MillO va cham (collision domain)
Neu nhieu thanh vien cunq phat dO>li$u den chi mot bO
nnan. ta co the dung each di;it cap L1'Utien de dam bao
Switch Switch
tinh tfit dinh cho nhO>ng tin tCrc nhfit dinh. Neu khong,
thl duoc giai quyet theo quy tac "FIFO"; First in First
out (ca: gl vao truoc thi ra truce).

Hlnh 3 cho thay cau true cua mot thong di$p Ethernet,
duoc gOi la frame co ban (khung co ban). Ben canh
frame co ban nay con c6 frame Q-tagged (khung gan
nhan hl$u Q) va frame envelope (khung phong bi) rna
ta khonq ban den 6' day.

ThOng di$p bat dau voi mot phan rno dau gom 7 byte
dung de dong bO h6a cac thanh vien. Theo sau la dau
HMI2 FGl SPS FG2 FG3 HMll FG4
hieu bat dau va sau do la dia chi cua dich va nguon.
Bay chinh la ma s6 nhan di~n MAC ID (xem rnuc Hinh 2: Vong Ethernet
1.5.2) cua bO nhan va bo phat. Tiep theo la thong tin
ve dO dal cua thong di$p hay 10<;1i
cua thong di$p.

N~u tri s6 duoc ghi 6' day nho hon hay bang 1500dec
hay ODChex (NO: tiP t~t viet th8p 18 CO' so) thi c6 nghTa
day la do dai cua thong di$p, neu tr] so Ian hon hay
b~ng 1536dec hay 0600hex thl day la 10<;1ithong di$p. Thi
du 0800hex cho giao trnrc IPv4, 0806hex cho Address
Resolution Protocol hay 8892hex cho PROFINET. dung de ~----- Dia chi b¢ nh~n (6 Byte)
d6ng bi) h6a
(7 Byte) ollu hieu b~t dliu (gi&i han khunq, 1 Byte)
Mot truonq dO>li$u phai c6 toi thieu 46 byte va c6 the
dai toi da 1500 byte. Neu mu6n truyen nhieu non 1500 Hinh 3: Thong di~p Ethernet
byte dO>li$u thl ta phai chia chunq ra trong nhieu thOng
dii,lp. Giao thl.i>c bac cao hon cOng phai lam sao de dCf
li$u tal b¢ nhan dU'Q'Cxep l<;lidung thCr tl! da chiao

Thong dii,lp dU'Q'c cham dut b~ng 4 Byte CRC (Cyclic

Redundancy Check) do la mot each kiem tra loi truyen
tal.

BO truyen Robot Remote 1/0

dong
12.9.1 PROFINET

PROFINET la mot chuan CO' ban dtra tren Ethernet va

co the dap (rng d~Q'C mol ITnh VI!C U:ng dl,lng ky nghe tll'
tl! 6(mg h6a san xuat den tl! d¢ng h6a qua trinh. Bang
Hinh 4: cac linh vt,l'c (vng dt,mg PROFINET
 12.10 Tom tat 589

pho ling dl,mg trai dal hi truyen tai tin hieu chuyen
rnach theo ky thuat s6 cho den dong bO hoa cac be:>
truyen d(>ng (Hinh 4, trang 588). PROFINET dlJ'Q'c
thiet ke theo phuonq thuc gOi la "Switched Ethernet".
£)ieu nay co nghTa la cac thanh vien PROFINET dlJ'Q'c
ket nOi rnanq chi qua switch. NhCPng switch nay phai
biet ho tro "Auto Cross Over", "Auto negotiation" nrc
la tl)' d(>ng thuonq 1U'Q'ngve cac thong so truyen cOng
nhu truyen tai toan ven ca hai chleu. van toe truyen tai
dU'Q'c quy dinh la 100 MbiUs. Cac dCl' li$u co the truyen
tai qua cap d6ng cOng nhu qua cap quang. Ngay ca
nhCl'ng ky thuat khong day nhu Wi-Fi va Bluetooth
cOng c6 the thiet ke vao rnanq PROFINET dU'9'c.

IRT
PROFINET phan bi$t giCl'a truyen thong dua tren
thanh phan (PROFINET CBA, component based Hinh 1: Cae giao thuc PROFINET
automation) va truyen thong qua trao doi dCl' li~u vao
va ra (PROFINET 10). Cac thanh phan a
day la nhCmg
b(> phan cua may hay cua thiet b] can phai nOi rnanq
voi nhau. Hinh 1 bieu diEm mot cai nhin t6ng quat ve
PROFINET.

PROFINET 10 dung de ket n5i nhCl'ng thiet b] nqoai vi co tinh phan tan (khong tap trung).

LTnh vue lPng dl,mg nay co the so sanh voi ITnh vue lPng dunq cua PROFIBUS-DP.

PROFINET dung cac giao thuc khac nhau cho cac ling dunq khac nhau:

• TCP/IP cho PROFINET-CBA. TCP la m(>t giao thlic tat dinh. Qua do, bo phat biet cac dCl' li$u da dU'Q'c gai
den dung b(i nhan,

• UDP/IP cho PROFINET 10. UDP 103giao thuc khong t<fltdinh.

• Giao thuc RT thai gian tnuc (RT, Real Time Protocol ). Truyen thong RT d~t nen tang cho Sl)' trao dbi dCl' li$u
a PROFINET 10. Thai gian thuc (real-time) trong PROFINET d~t CO' sa tren vi~c sau: Trong mot chu trinh
bus, tat ca thai gian chi hoan toan danh cho vi$c truyen thong RT rna thoi. Cac thong di$p RT dU'Q'c U'U tien
hon cac thong di~p TCP hay UDP. Chinh viec nay nqan can mol Sl)' cham tre trong cac switch. Thai gian chu
trinh aday keo dai trong pharn vi tLr 1 ms den 10 ms.

• Giao thuc IRT thai gian thuc vot tinh d~ng thai (IRT, Isochronous Real Time Protocol: dung thai gian b~ng
nhau). Giao thuc nay duoc d~c biet tao ra de cac b(i truyen d(ing d6ng bo hoa cac voi nhau. Cac thong di$p
nay duo'c truysn tai ngay luc dau cua chu ky bus va co the I$ch 1us, 8e d6ng b(i hoa ngU'oi ta con dung them
mot giao thuc nCl'a la do la giao thuc thai gian chinh xac (Precision Time Protocol PTP).

12.10 Tom t~t

NhO>ng h$ thong bus tmong dtroc rno ta trong cac muc tLr 12.7 den 12.9 chi la mot phan nho nhO>ng h$ thong
dU'9'c cung cao tren th] tnronq. NhO>ng h~ thong da diroc mo ta nay hau nhu hoan toan duoc dung trong tl)' dong
hoa san xuat hay trong tl,l' d(ing h6a qua trinh. 12
M(it h$ bus tmong quan tronq khong dU'Q'c rno ta a
day la thi du Controller Area Network (CAN). Bus CAN
nquyen thuy di tLr ky ngh$ 0 to thU'ong dU'Q'c dung trong nhO>ng h$ thong thiet bi voi khong gian mo r(ing nho,
thi du nhu nhO>ng may conq Cl,J. Bus CAN co nhieu loai co d~c trU'ng khac nhau, thi du CANopen, CANrho,
CANKingdom. Ngay ca cac h$ bus trU'ong nhu DeviceNet cOng dl,l'a vao bus CAN. Trong khuon kho sach nay
khong rno ta nhO>ng loai bus nay.

Neu can tlm hieu them ve cac h$ nay, xem them nho>ng tai li$u chuyen nqanh tuonq ling. Bang sau day so
sanh mot vai dal 1U'9'ng d~c trunq cua nhO>ng h$ bus tnronq, ngay ca khi chunq khong dU'Q'Cde cap trong cac
chlJ'O'ngtruoc.
590 12 Cac hI?thong bus trong ky thu~t tl,l' dQng h6a

Bang 1: T6ng quat

FOUNDATION
Giao di(lnAS InterBus CAN PROFIBUS-DP PROFIBUS-PA Bus trU'Crng
Bus H1

Tuyen dU'cl'ngl Vong Tuyen duonq Tuy~n dU'6'ng T uyen dU'ang voi Tuy~n duang voi
cay day phan nhanh day phan nhanh
TaPa

1 km voi 50kBd: 1,2 km (93,75 kBd) 1900m cong nhu 1900m cOng nhLP
D~ dili day khong 100 m tai 12,8 km 400 m (500 kBd) 1000m cho (rng
40 m vai 1 MBd 1000m cho (rng
c6 khuech d,i 200 m (1,5 MBd) d • ,.
100 m (12 MBd) \lng a nqoai dl,mg & nqoai

4 Bit vao + 4 Bit

244 By1e vao + 244 Byte vao +
Kh6i IlI'(I'ng d('r ra (3 Bit ra theo 8 Byte m6i T6i da 276 Byte
512 By1e m6i h~ 244 Byte ra m6i 244 Byte ra m6i
IItu quy each 2,11) Thong di<1lp m6i thanh vien
bO khach b¢ knacn
mei bO khach

56 thilnh vien
62 512 Khong giai han 126 126 240
t6i I1a

500 kBd, 2MBd 50 kBd tOoi 9,6 kBd toi

V~n t6c truy.}n tai 167 kBd 31,25 kBd 31,25 kBd
1 MBd 12 MBd
PhU'O'ngthlrc
£)ong bO £long b¢ £)ong bO B~t dong b¢ £)ong bO £long b¢
truyen tili
PhU'O'ng thlrc truy Masterlslave Thanh ghi dich Phuonq thoc truy PhU'ongthu-c Tronq tail
CSMAICA
c,p bus (chu/khach) phan pho! cap lai truy cap lai Philn Xlr Bus
30 VDC, 8A
Lap v,t Iy tinh RS422 (Bus
(Nguon cung cap): RS485
xa): TTL RS485 IEC 61158-2 IEC 61158-2
3 Vss toi 8 Vss (tin (duo'c slra dbi)
(Bus nqoai bien)
hi~u dCl'li~u)

:Elm!1
1, Hay cho bi€!tthai glan phan Ll'ngdien tLr bao gem nhCl'ngthai gian nao va dLP9'Ctinh ra sao?
2, Phuonq thuc truy cap lai la gi va duoc dung trang cac h$ bus trU'ang nao?
3, Hay giai thich thuat ngCl'"Khoanq each Hamming"!

4, Giao dien AS-i 2,11 cho phep 62 thanh vien chay tren giao dien. Hay giai thich cac bo khach AS-i dU'9'c lap
dja chi ra sac va c6 nhCl'nganh hU'ang nao neu cac bo khach AS-i "cO" theo d$c ta 2,10 hay cO hon ket
noi chung voi cac bo khach AS-i "mot" theo d$c ta 2,11 hay cao hon va heat dong cunq voi mot bO chu?
5, "Lap trinh dia chi tl,l' dong" nghTa la gi va khi nao thi dU'9'c SLrdunq?
6, PROFIBUS-DP ho tro Van toe truyen tai nao va do dal day tOi da la bao nhieu cho moi phan doan vai tLl'ng
Van toc truyen tal?
7, "TaP tin GSD" la gi va duoc dung de lam gi?
8, Hay giai thich ngan gQn Sl,l'khac bi$t quan tronq giCl'aPROFIBUS-DP va PROFIBUS-PA!
9, Phuonq thuc truy cap bus nao duoc dung cho Ethernet?
10, Hay giai thich thuat ngCl'"Collision Domain",

11, "Auto Cross Over" nghTa la gJ?

12, Cap cat 5 c6 the dung cho mot CYngdunq Gigabit-Ethernet duoc kncnq? Hay giai thich Iy do,
13, Ethernet cuoc dinh nghTatren nhCl'ngt~ng nao cua rno hinh tham chieu ISO/OSI (rno hinh 7 t~ng) va viec
nay gay ra nhCl'nganh hU'ang gJ?
14, Tai sac nhCmg dCl'li$u cua mot thong di$p Ethernet phai c6 toi thieu la 46 byte?
 591

13 H~thong co di~n tll'

H$ thong CO' dien hi phLPCtap thU'cl'ng la sl,l' ket hop dieu khi€ln tLr nhieu h$ thong co di$n tll' thanh phan (h$
th6ng con). £)~c diem chu yeu cua chunq la k~t n6i nhieu ky thuat thiet b] voi nhau. Vi th~. h$ thong co di$n tli
phLPCtap thU'ang xuat hi$n mot so van de trong khi tU'O'ng tac phoi hop giQ>acac ky thuat khac nhau. Do v~y. ky
thuat vien co dii;m tLr can phai hieu biet tU'<Yngtan tLrng ky thuat thi~t b] rieng Ie cOng nhu Sl,l' ket nOi gi[i>a chunq.
Thi du may ep thi nghiem (Hinh 1) dung de che tao cac b(> phan ep b~ng chat deo, cao su •... voi solU'Q'ng nho.
Quy trinh ep c6 the la ep n6ng hay tanh.

13.1 Cae h~ thong thanh ph~n cua h~ thong co di~n tll

May ep thi nqhiern bao go~ mot h~ thong coo khi thanh phan hay h~ thong con coo khi cLPng vQ>ng. duoc che
tao qua nrueu cong doan (due, cat got. gan ket •... ). Chi mot phan cac cong dean do duoc thuc hi$n boi ky tnuat
vien CO' di$n tLr. nhieu cong dean knac nhat la due va cat got dU'Q'c thuc hien bo-i cac "nha cung cap" tLr cac cong
ty khac hoac cac b(> phan khac, Ky thuat vien CO' di$n tLr lap rap cac chi tiet CO' khi hoac cac cum CO' khi voi nhau
va kiem tra kha nang heat dong cua chunq. Qua trlnh do, d~c biet la phuonq phap gan ket (xem chuonq 7) can
duoc xli' Iy mot each chuysn nghi$p.

Nhi$m vu cua h$ thong co chu yeu la gan gi[i> cac h$ thong thanh phan khac cOng nhu tiep nhan cac IItc phat
sinh va chuyen tiep den nhQ>ng vi tri tac d(>ng can thiet.

Cac luc nay duoc tao ra boi h~ th6ng thuy Il,J'c thanh phan hay h~ thong con thUy Il,J'c. H$ thong thanh phan
nay khong nhQ>ng dam nhan chLPC nang bien doi nanq 1U'Q'ngdi$n sang d(>ng nanq rna con chuyen van nang
1U'Q'ngthong qua h$ th6ng thuy luc. Trang khuon kho dieu khien cac chu trinh heat d(>ng. vi$c chuyen doi va
truyen tai tin tLPCcOng duoc hoan tat. Dac biet 0- day yeu cau ky thuat vien CO' di$n tLr phai thuc hien dung cac ket
n6i va d€lu n6i nhu' yeu diu trang sa 66
thuy Il,l'c. NhU' da nhieu Ian de cap, dleu
nay d6i hoi kha nang doc va glal thich
duoc cac so do rnach thuy luc,

Nhiern vu cua h~ thong di~n - khi nen

thanh phan hay h~ thong con di~n - khi
nen cua may ep thuy Il,l'c la cung cap cac
bien phap an toan can thiet de nqan ngLra
Sl,l' van hanh khong dung quy trlnh, thi du
tam chan an toan dieu khien bang khi nen,
cOng nhu tl! d(>ng cung cap cac tam lam
nguOi. TU'O'ng tl! nhu v$y trang h$ thong
thuy Il!c thanh phan, viec hieu ro cac tai
Ii$u van ban la vo cling quan tronq, Cac
b(> phan dieu khien bang khi nen phai
''';
~.'

..•.::: ii
'Y' '0
~ ,.4

v' • ~
•
• t,
••
I ••

~. r.
~

dU'Q'C lap rap can than, ket noi voi di$n.

khi nen va duoc hieu chinh sau d6.

•
•
H~ thong di~n thanh phan chu yeu dam
nhan chLPCnang bien dOi. lien keto ChUYEln
tal va luu trQ>tin hieu va nang 1U'Q'ng. N6
bao gbm cac b(> phan cap cong suat va
cap tin hieu. Vi the rat can kien thLPC
trang cac ITnh Vl!C ky thuat dl$n cOng nhu
ky thuat dieu khien logic li,ip trinh PLC.
Hinh 1: May ep thi nghi~m
592 13 H~ thong co di~n hi

13.2 Cae thanh phan cua h~ thong co di~n tLP

C6 the nhan biet cac thanh phan rieng Ie cua mot hi;!
thong CO' di$n hi va tac dong tong hop cua chunq tot
nhat qua mo ta qua trinh hinh thanh, NhU' da d~ cap,
cac so do va ban vElday dO la CO' so cho qua trinh Iilp
rap cua ky thuat vien CO' dien tLP.

13.2.1 H~ thong con v~n hanh bang co

B(l phan chu chot cua may ep thuy Il,l'c la tam ep tren
va dU'ai dung de lap rap khu6n ep truoc khi SLPdunq.
TUy thuoc vao rnuc dich SLPdunq sau nay, khuon ep
co the la ki€!Uduoc gia nhiet hoac lam lanh theo yeu
cau, hoac kh6ng bi anh hU'&ng boi tac dunq nhiet, Cac
tam ep dU'OOc giG>chat va chuyen d(lng theo phuonq
thang dCPngnho' bon tru d~n hU'ang lap chat tren ban
may (Hinh 1). Chung cOng duoc ket noi voi cac b(l
phan truyen Ii,J'Cva van hanh thuy luc. Ky thuat vien CO'
dien to' dU'ooccung cap tat ca cac bo phan vua ke dU'ai
danq chi tiet rieng Ie hay cum lap rap hoan thien, NhU'
the trang trU'ong hop nay trach nhi$m cua ky thuat
vlen co dien tLPla llip rap theo dung (quy each) ban
ve (Hinh 1, trang 593). Hinh 1: Tn,1dan hlJ'ongvoi xi lanh chinh

13.2.2 H~ thong con v~n hanh bang

thuy",Pc

Song song voi viec che t90 va Iilp rap CO' khi, nhG>ng
b¢ phan thuy luc dU'Q'Clap qhep theo so do (Hinh 1,
trang 594) thanh mot he thong con thuy luc (Hinh 2).
B¢ phan trung tam & day la xi lanh chinh, trang tmong
hop nay co dU'ong kinh piston 280 mm va quanq chay
piston 300 mm co the cung cap mot ap suat heat d¢ng
260 bar va mot Il,J'cep den 1600 kN. Hai xi lanh kh6a
chan gan & hai ben co nhlern Vl,Jtarn diJ'ng trong thoi
gian ngan khi thuc hi$n nann trinh dai, thi du luc thay
doi dunq cu. Vi$c lap dat xi lanh doi h6i ky nang co khi
cao, nen cac xi lanh nay cOng dU'ooclap di,it khi che tao
khung giG>cac cot.

Kh6ng chi viec Iilp rap hoan thien cum thOy luc bao
g6m born va cac van thuy luc rna ngay ca viec lap dat
va lien ket chunq voi phan CO' khi cua may ep thOy Il,J'c
cOng doi h6i ky thuat vien CO' dien tLPphai co trinh d¢
cao ve kien thCPcva tay nghe. Do luc truyen dong phat
sinh bang d(lng CO' di$n va viec di~u khien dao chieu
cac van cOng bang tin hi~u di~n nen viec tich hoophe
thong dien thann phan VaGh$ thong la dieu can thiet,

Hinh 2: Thi~t b] thuy ",Pc

 .
13.2 Cac thanh phan cua hi;! th5ng co dien
It;l hi 593

T§m ep tren

Tarn ep duo!

Tru diln hU'&ng Xi lanh kh6a chan

• Hub = Quang c h f!Y piston

II
" cau coo khi cua gia glU'
Hinh 1: Ket . - cac
. cQt (trich doan]
594 13 H~ thong co di~n tip

c
'co·
s:
o
co
a. '0
s:
.Q)
~
~c s:
c
.!!1 .!!1
x X
r------~~~---------
)
Zl Z2
) 7.3
I Imml 280 50
I Imml 36
I
I Imml 300 310

I ImmI'l s.' 100

I Imml'l 0,2 s
: 7.8 ImmI'l I 100

I ImmI'l I
I (QanIU)

L-----~77T_--~~I--~ :~--~------------~~ (Nml

16 x 2,5
~~.~ J
260 250

x ,

6.2

!)~u nOi g~n dung cu do

16x2,5

28x2

20x3
G'" p

28x2
20x3

1.1.9 1.1.14
1.1.8 1.1.13
1.1.7
1.1.6 1.1.12
28 x 2
1.1.1 1.1.11
1.2.6 1.1.2 1.1.10
1.2.5

1.2.3

[Link].1
1.2.7 1.8.1
1.8.2
1.8

Bong CCY Bern piston hlfong true 1.0

P 7,5 kW f)i~u chinh bai ao suat va g6c I~ch
n = 1500 U/min Q 2411min
p max. = 260 bar

Hinh 1: SO' do maeh thuy l,!c cua may ep (trich doan)

 13.2 Cac thanh phfln cua h$ thong CO' dien tLP 595

13.2.3 H~ thong con v~n hanh bang khi nen

Nhiern Vl,Jcua h$ thong khi nen thanh phan trong trLJ'cmg hop hi$n tai duoc gioi han trong viec rno va d6ng tam
chan lU'oi bao v$ cOng nhu chuyen dong cua bO hi) tro kep giQ>ngan han. Cac bo phan khi nen phai dU'Q'c lap
rap dung theo so d6 rnach khi nen (Hinh 1) va dU'Q'Cnoi toi cac ong dBn khi nen. a
day cac ky hi$u dau noi phai
dU'Q'c tuan thu chinh xac. Vi chuyen dong cua xi lanh chi duoc thuc hien b&i nut an co di$n, nen viec tlch hop
vao h$ thong di$n thanh phan ta bat buoc.

Giil k~p giii> LU'o>i bao v~

(chu ky) ngan han

3.0.1 4.0.1
2'-'-'-'! 2'-'-'--'
13.0 14.0

I i
1 1

1 1

._._._.J ._._,_,J

3.1 3.2

G 1/4

Hinh 1: Trich Ill> so db mach khi nen

•
596 13 H~ thong co di~n tu.

13.2.4H~thong con ve di~n

XU>Iy thong tin trong he thong co dien tu> duoc quyet
dinh boi viec XLr Iy cac eo li$u do lU'ang (g8n chat vo:
cac qua trinh heat dong) va vlec tao ra cac tin hi$u
can thiep (thi du DUNG KHAN CAp), Tu di€Ju khien
(Hinh 1) la b¢ phan chu y~u trong vi$c XLr Iy thong tin
cua may ep.
Trong tu di€lu khien lap d$t co cac bo phan sau:
• Thiet b] thao tac
• Thiet b] dieu khien nhu cong tac va nut barn
• Thiet b] kiem tra tranq thai
• Thi~t b] in bieu do lien tuc
• Sang lap rap va domino (thanh kep) nOi day dien
• Dau earn cap dieu khi€!n cho cac ohan tLr dieu
khien dieu chinh nhu dong co thuy Il,J'c hcac "cum

•
gia nhiet bsn tren"
C6ng giao ti~p (ports) cho cac thiet b] nqoai vi phan
tan
Ouat de lam nguoi cac thiet b] dien tu>trong tu dieu
khien (tu dien)
•
Hinh 1: M;il IrU'o>c lu dieu khiAn

De tlrn nhanh 16i cOng nhu sva choa 16i trong tru>6'ng
hop co 16i hay co su co & h$ thong co dien tLr hoac
may ep, can phai co cac tai lieu hU'&ng dan chinh xac
cua cac linh kien, each sap xep va hoat dong cua h$
thong (Hinh 2). Tai lieU bao gom:
• Sa do dau day
• Ma rnau day noi
• DiP lieu chinh xac ve cac b¢ phan duoc SLr dunq
(thi du cong suat cua dong Co' thuy luc hay dong
di$n dinh rmrc cua thiet bi bao ve qua dong).
• Danh dau dau day dcf!u noi
• So' do vi tri cac thanh phan duoc SLr dl,lng nhu'
bang lap rap hoac thanh kep X7
• So' do chi tiet nhu' So' do di$n the 0 v DC hay +24
VDC
TU'O'ng tl)', phan ky thuat dieu khien, phan rnern phai
du'o'c lap ho So' chinh xac:
• Kieu (I01;1i)PLC (thi du & day S7-315)
• Modun tin hieu VaG va tin hieu ra (analog hoac/va
digital), de earn modun
• Modun d~c biet (dau nOi bus, thi du Profibus DP
hoac As-t)
• Bang cap phat dia chi (danh sach cua cac linh kien
cap phat dia chi vao, dia chi ra cho biet chunq ket noi
den cac thiet b] cap tin hieu vao, thiet b] conq suat)
• Chuonq trinh (di€lu khien tuan tu)
De co the phan dean trong trU'6'ng hop co 16i/sl)' co:
khi t<;li trang x trong So' do rnach dien co mot tin hi$u
phat ra tiJ>mot earn biE!n nhi$t (y dau mOi y (bang lap
rap, thanh domino X7) noi nhau, cong tac dong/ngat
K1 pha: duoc kich hoat, thi ky thuet vien phai biet doc
cac tai li$u co lien quan, co th€! hi€Ju va giai thich dU'Q'c
Hinh 3: Chi liel bang lAp rap
cac moi quan h$ ky tnuat nay (Hinh 3).
 13.2 Cac thanh phan cua h$ thong co di$n ttY 597

Dua VaG cac so do goc, ta co the nhin dU'Q'C ben trong

phan ky thuat dien cua he thong CO'dien tLr.

8e khong b] mat phuonq hU'ang khi co qua nhieu day

di$n dU'Q'C lap d~t trong tu dieu khien, cac rnau khac
nhau ouoc SLr dl,lng de dau noi tren cac thanh kep
(Hinh 3, trang 596 va Bang 1).

Bang 1: MilU cua day nOi

Mau Lrng dunq

Mach dien chinh 400 V
Day trung tinh

"1 8i$n ap dieu khien 230 v

Me Dien ap dieu khien +24 V
Xam Cap dien cho thiet b]
Ngo ra tuonq tl,!'
Ngo vao tuonq II!

Day diin dien ra ben nqoai

Tu dieu khien duoc chia thanh nhieu tang (Bang 2).

Tu (Ss) cOng nhu cac !hanh kep (Kk) cua thiet b] nqoai
vi phan tan duoc bo tri nhu sau (Hinh 1):

Thanh dau noi day di~n (thanh kep):

• XO = 8flu noi di~n 400 V AC (Ss)
• X1 = 8au noi dien 230 v AC (Ss) Cua di day
• X2 = 8au noi dien +24 v DC (Ss) Hinh 1: Tu diAu khi~n vo-i bang lap rap
• X7 = 8au noi cac thiet b] nqoal vi phan tan (Kk)
• X8 = 8au noi thiet b] bao ve (Kk) Bang 2: Cac tang cua tu dit~u khien
• X9 = Nap che bao ve cac tiep diem (Kk)
T~ng Linh ki$n 1 cau kien
8ilu earn cap dieu khiem trong tu dieu khien:
May bien the dieu khien T1. T2
• SX1 = 8(mg co 1/2 Thiet b] bao v$ dong dien CI!C dai (qua dong)
• SX2/SX3 = Gia nhiet tren 3 Thiet b] ch6ng qua tal d(>ng co
• SX4/SX5 = Gia nhiet dU'oi 4 Lap d~t PLC
• SX7 = Thuy luc: cac van giam sat 5/6 NhQongb(> conq tac bao v$ 1 RO'le

• SX8 = Thiet b] bao v~ 7 Thiet b] chuysn dlli nhlet d(> sang di$n ap
Giarn sat nhiet d(>
• SX9 = Cong tac vi trl cuoi cua may ep
8 Thanh kep nISiday dien (thanh domino)
• SX10 = Day bus

Thanh kep noi day di$n (Hinh 2) danh cho thiet b]

ngo~i vi phan tan duoc gan ngay tren d(>ng co may
ep. Trong d6 c6 chua b(> phan dieu khien thiet bi
bao ve an toan cho may ep cOng nhu modun ket noi
(Profibus) den PLC.

U'u diem cua Sl,!' phan tan (kh6ng tap trung):

• StY dunq rflt it b(> phan va vat lieU nhu day cap va
cac manq chua cap; co the stY dl,lng nhQong day
chuan b] s~n.
• Tinh linh heat cao trong viec tuonq thich va rno
r9ng h~ thong.
• Kh6ng mat thai gian tim 10i luc lap rap, van hanh
hay khi bao hanh bang nhieu chuc nang chan dean Hinh 2: Thanh kep nAi day di~n cho thi~t bj ngoiJIi vi phan tan
khac nhau.
598 13 H~ thong coo di~n tif

Bang dieu khien cua may ep dU'Q'Clap len cua tu dieu

khien. Cac thiet b] dieu khien tieu bieu cho cac h$
thong CO' di$n ttY cOng duoc stY dunq cho may ep nay.

1. Bang dieu khien earn t:mg; de dieu chinh nhCJ'ng

thong so chuonq trinh, thi du dieu chinh di;lng
dU'Crng chay cho hanh trlnh ep

2. Cong tac chinh (cong tac ngat) de khol dong

rnay ep
4
3. DUNG KHAN cAp - Cong tac ngat hinh nam

4. Thiet b] ve d6 th] de ghi nhan dU'Crng bieu dien ap

suat va nhiet do
5. Conq tac chon Il)'a che dO tl)' dong hoac bang lay 8 10 13 16

(conq tac ngat co chia kh6a)

9
U
11
U
14
• 17 19 21
6. Dieu khien D6NG/MO (conq tac nul an co den) 'IJ
12 15 • 7
7. Dong coo ep D6NG/MO
8. KhCri dong II)'
(conq tac nut an co den)
dong (nut an); luc nay cong lac d~t
U
•
che dQ s6 5 phai a vi tri che do tl)' dQng
9. D6NG/Het SI)' c6

10. M&!dong tam IU'Cribao v$

11. BQ h6 tro chu ky ngan LEN/XUONG
12. Ma/d6ng ep
13. Lam nguQi bang tay
14. MO bQ phan gia nhlet sau khi lam ngu(>i
15. D6NG/MO b(> phan gia nhiet
Hinh 1: Bang difw khi~n cua may ep
16. Den tin hi$u (tranq) chi baa che d(> dieu khien
b~ng tay
17. Den tin hieu chi bao dang thiet I$p
18. Den tin hi$u chi bao che dO tl)' dQng
19. Den tin hi$u chi bao thoat hoi
20. Gia nhi~t
21. Lam nguoi

Cac thanh phan cua tu di€lU khilm

Tang 1 (Bang 2, trang 597) dU'Q'C l<fIp rap cac may Hinh 2: May bi~n th~ diEw khi~n T1
bien the T1 va T2. May bien the T1 co b(> chinh lU'u
cung cap d6ng di$n mot chieu 24 V (DC). May bien the
T2 (Hinh 2) cung cap dong di$n dieu khien tCPrnach
thu cap. T2 dU'Q'CstY dl,mg vi bO truyen d(>ng thuy Il)'c
c6 cong suat dinh rrurc cao hon 3 kW.

cac may billn the dh~u khien thU'Crng duoc dau

vao hai day di$n tCPnqoai VaG (L 1 va L2). Dieu nay
giup chunq khong phu thuoc VaG cac (mg dunq khac
trang h$ th6ng di$n. 0 rnach thtY cap, cac rnach di$n
dieu khien co the dU'Q'C noi dat hoac khong (nhunq
neu khong thi van de each di$n phai duoc chu y). Q4
(Hinh 3) trinh bay mot b(> cong t<flc dong/ng<flt bao v$
d(>ng CO' (trinh bay hai cue) voi phan ttY earn nhi$t de
baa v~ cuon day dQng coo (tranh qua tail va phan tu.
earn tYng tCP(baa v$ ng<fln rnach), "F67" dU'Q'c danh
dau la thiet b] d6ng/ngat baa v$ dU'cYng day. Chung
OV
N516.0
ta nhCJ'ng thiet b] bao v$ co the dU'Q'c van hanh tro lai
sau khi kich hoat, May bien the dU'Q'Cnoi d~t mot ben. Hinh 3: May bi~n th~ di~u khi~n T1 v6>ithi~t b] baa v~ qua dong
 13.2 Cac thanh phan cua h$ thong CO'di$n tl1 599

Tleu chi chon h,l'a co che bolo v~ qua dong cho rnach di~n dieu khitm:
• Dong di~n dinh mlPc can duoc xac dinh phu hop voi tai cua cac bo chuyen rnach phu, d4 phonq ngll'a cac
ti~p di~m cong tac b] han dinh vao nhau (chu y thong so cua nha san xuat).
• Thai gian d6ng/m& trong trlfang hop ngan rnach phai nho hon 1 giay, n~u khong tinh tranq dieu khien ngoai
dl)' kien co the xay ra.
• Vlec Il)'a chon phai dlfQ'C thuc hi$n sac cho rnach so cap cua may bien the T2 duoc bao v$ b6'i 04 va mach
thti cap b&i F67. CO' che bao v~ qua dong nay phai duoc Il)'a chon rieng biet voi nhau, qua d6 chi c6 rnach
di$n dieu khien g$p IOi bi ngat rna thoi.

BQ truYEm dQng thuy lI,Pc ducc bao v~ b6'i cac cong tac chong qua tai va dU'Q'c kich neat heat d¢ng qua rnach
kh&i d¢ng noi sac - tam giac (Hinh 1; K1 M, K2M, K3M). Cac cong tac chong qua tai la cac conq tac di$n tll' co
th4 bang II)'C phuc h6i va giup dong hoac rno cac rnach dien cong suat da CI)'C bang mot nang IlfQ'ng kich thich
nho. Ve nquyen tac, cac cong tac bao v$ (khi Cl,Jbao v$, cong tac to') dU'Q'c chia ra hai loai chinh va phu.

o 2 5
L1/13.0
,------------+-....,1-------+""----------- L2/13.0
,-----------t--H--,,-----t--"c------------ L3/13.0
1------- ------------ N/15.0

i
I
i--:-F3
I 16A
'--'--'--'--
f)U'6'ng
dongdien so 3
- PE/13.0

2 4 6
I K2M
16.7
Q1Jv i I
135 I I
s:
C
:co I I
I

o A4 A5 A6
'~
OJ
C
I I
I
<0
U

L1 L2L3 N PE
1!
Day dfin vao 3x400V/50Hz BO dfin dQ6r·n~g1=t~===*====~::::!-J
thuy lI,fc
Hinh 1: SO' do mach di~n bQ dan dQng thuy h,fc

BQ cong tac bolo v~ chinh (ky hieu 0), la nhCmg cong tac bao
v$ qua tai dung d4 dong, rno va chuyen mach (kh6'i dQng doi noi
sac - tam qiac) cho rnach di$n cong suat (dQng co M1 Hinh 1).
Chung bao g6m cac tiep diem chinh dong/m6' cho dong di$n cong
suat, va cunq mot so ti~p diem phu donq/mo' cho cac k~t noi logic
va lU'u trQ>(tl)' duy tri).

Ky hi~u dau noi cua cac bQ cong tac bao v~

Cac ti~p di'!'m ehinh CaC ti~p di'!'m phu
Cuon day cua Gong tac to' mang ky hieu A 1, A2; cac tiep di4m
chinh co ky hi$u 1-2; 3-4; 5-6. Cac ti~p diem phu duoc dann so
Hinh 2: Cong tac too chinh
nhu sau:
• So th(P nhllt chi vi tri 1, 2, 3, ...

I
• So th(P hai chi tinh chat cua tiep diem nhu 1-2 co nghTa la tiep
diem thU'ang dong hoac 3-4 la cho tiep diem thU'ang mo. NhU'
v$y thi dl,J ky hi$u 21-22: co nghTa la tiep diem phu 6' vi tri 2 va
la tiep diem thU'ang dong (Hinh 3).

BQ cong tac bao v$ phu qiup hinh thanh nen cac ket noi logic.
Chung khong phu hop cho vi$c d6ng/m6' cac dong di$n cong suat Cac ti~p dil'!m ehinh Cac tiep di'!'m phu
(tal). Vi th~ cnunq kh6ng co cac ti~p diem chinh, nhU'ng lai co
nhieu tiep diem phu. Hinh 3: Ky hi~u ti~p di~m cua cong tac too chinh
600 13 H~ thOng co di~n tu.

DOi vO'i cac cong tac to' all d6ng/m6' d(lng CO' (Hinh 1) thU'ang c6
hai 101;lidan d(lng tlf tinh:

• Dan d(lng co dilln; 6' day cuon day tlf oU'Q'cd6ng hay ngat true
ti€lp voi dien ap di~u khieln thong qua cac dau noi A1/A2.

• Dan d(lng oien tu'; thong qua mot bO phan dieu khilln Qi~n tLP,
cuon day tll' dU'Q'Ceung eflp cong suat theo yeu cau can co dll
d6ng/m6 hoac giCPvCPngmot each an toano

Cac eong tik bao v¢ kh6ng nhCPngc6 the dU'Q'Coi~u khieln b6i
dong dien xoay chleu (40 d€ln 60 Hz) ma con voi Qi~n mot chieu. •
Chung duoc nha san xuat cung cap cunq vO'i cac phu ki~n khac Hinh 1: BQ cong blc bao v$ 3 liep diem
nhau (Hinh 2).

CD Kh6i d6ng/ma phu, lac d¢ng di$n Ire (d6ng hoac Ira v~ Ire
hoac chuc nang sac-tam qiac)
B¢ n6i song song (cau n6i sao), 3 dau n6i, c6 16
lu6n day, kich cO' khac nhau cho 86 va 810/812
CD Kh6i d6ng/ma phu 4 li.§p diem (ky hi$u li.§p diem Iheo DIN EN
50012 hoac DIN EN 50005) MO chup dau n6i (y ch6 n6i cac dau cu6i cap va
CD Kh6i d6ng/ma phu 2 li.§p diem, d1in cap Ilr tren dau Ihanh ray, kich cO' khac nhau cho 86 va 8101
8) Kh6i d6ng/ma phu 2 li.§p diem, d1in cap lu diroi
812

CD Kh6i d6ng/ma phu 1 li.§p diem @ MO chup dau kep cho khung kep, kich cO' khac
nhau cho 86 va 810/812
® Kh6i d6ng/ma phu 2 li.§p diem, c6 Ihe g~n vao ben trai hoac
@ Kh6i khung kep, kich cO' khac nhau cho 86 va
phai (ky hieu dau n6i Iheo DIN EN 50 012 hoac DIN EN 50
005) (gi6ng nhau cho 80 den 812) 510/512
CD B6 bao v$ qua ap (co diu RC) cuon day roi c6 Ihe g~n ben
Iren o PhV ki$n gi6ng nhau cho cac kich cO' 80 den 812
® Kh6a chot biing co khi, g<1lnvao mat ben
o Phu kien gi6ng nhau cho cac kich cO' 86 den 812
® B¢ phan n6i day trsn va dlf&i (van hanh dao chi~u) o PhI,! kiiin knac nhau tuy theo kich cO'

Hinh 2: BQ bao v~ oQng co vol pnu ki~n (thi dill

 13.2 Cac thanh phan cua h~ th5ng CO' di~n tll> 601

PhU'O'ng phap khoi dQng dbi n6i sao - tam giac cua bQ diln
dQng thuy h,J'c L1 L2 L3 L1 L2 L3

Vi bO dBn dOng thuy Il,I'c co dong dien khoi dong IA ~ 60 A, dOng

CO' co the dU'Q'C kh&i dong qua each doi n5i sac - tam giac. Vi Iy
do do, cuon day dQng CO' M1 bao g6m ba cuon day d(>c lap nhau,
chunq co the dU'Q'C ket n5i voi nhau b<1ng rnach sac hoac tam
giac (Hinh 1). Trong rnach sao, dong di~n tieu th ••.•cua dQng Mach sao MGlch tam qiac
CO' chi b<1ng 1/3 trong rnach tam giac. Qua do ta cOng chap nhan
Hinh 1: M~ch dien sao - tam giac
ding momen quay cua rnach sac chi bang 1/3 momen quay trang
mach tam giac. Vi the cong suat dong co trang rnach sac cOng
giam xuong con 1/3 conq suat cua rnach tam qiac. Cho nen truoc
khi ap dunq phuonq phap doi nOi sac - tam giac, ta phai kiem tra
xem momen tal neu xuong thap nhu the c6 du de van hanh may
lam viec va bO dan dOng thuy Il,I'c hay khonq.

Hinh 2: RO'le bao v~ d9n9 co

Qua trinh khai dQng
Mach dieu khien cua

i
TrU'<Yc het cac cuon day state W2, U2 va V2 cua d(>ng co duoc dong co thuy luc
dong d<;lng sac (Hinh 1). Trong Hinh 1, trang 599 b(> bao v$ dongl F70
Ban ve to 12 -12.3
ngat K3M b] kich hoat. TLv do bO bao v$ K1 M cOng duo'c kich heat
£JlYong dong dien s6 3 - 96 5
va dOng CO' di vao giai dean khoi d9n9. Khi b9 bao v$ rnach sac
d6ng lai, thai gian tri hoan bat dau (Rote thai gian K4T Hinh 4). Hinh 3: Til.p dii.m thll'cYng mcY cua rote bao v~
Khi thai gian tri hoan cham dtrt, b9 bao v$ rnach sac dOng co
duo'c rno ra va b9 bao v~ rnach tam giac duoc d6ng
1<;[Link] Hinh 1, trang 599 bQ bao v$ K2M d6ng 1<;Ii. £)6i voi phuonq phap khoi dong sac - tam giac cho
89n9 CO' cung cap du cong suat dinh rrurc. dong CO'xoay chleu;
• trong mach sao, dong dien khoi dong, momen
quay va cong suat bi giam xu6ng con 1/3 so voi
Role bao v$ d(Jng CO' F 70 (Hinh 2 va Hinh 1, trang rnach tam giac
599) co thiet bi kich heat bang nhiet. Cach heat d(Jng • kh6ng baa gia tac dong d6ng rnach sac va tam
cua role chonq qua tai nay tU'O'ng t1ng voi cong tac bao giac cunq mot luc; hau qua S8 la ngan rnach 3
v$ dOng CO' va duo'c chinh theo d6ng di$n dinh rnuc pha. B(J bao v$ rnach sao va bo bao v$ rnach
cua d9n9 CO' can bao v$. Cong tac bao v~ dU'ang day tam giac can phai khoa tach bi$t nhau
F1 den F3 (Hinh 1, trang 599) giCPvai tro bao v$ ngan • phai lu6n luon thiet ke sac cho co dU'qc di$n ap
rnach. Khi rote bao v$ dong CO'b] kich hoat, rnach di$n cung cap cho mach tam qiac phu hop, Tr] s6 di$n
ap thap nhat tren bien cong suat dinh rrurc cua
cua cac bo bao v$ (K1 M - K3M) dung de van hanh
d(Jng CO'phai tU'O'ng ung vo'i di$n ap cung cap
b9 dan dong thuy luc b] ngat (Hinh 3). Cac bo bao v$
• chinh dong di$n bao v$ dQng co den tr] s6 0,578
(K1 M va K2M) rno ra va dQng CO' mat di~n.
Ian IN (wang dQ dinh rmrc)

£)U'ang dong di~n va bang cong tik 5

f
Tai li~u v~ ky thuat rnach dien cua may ep duoc phan 23 XO
theo cac dU'ang dien chay (Hinh 3, trang 602). Thi
du trong Hinh 1, trang 599 chi c6 ti~p diem bo bao ve
K6A.3\" Xl 2

K1 M duoc chi ra, khong c6 cuon day. Thong thU'ang, 13

J
cuon day va tiep diem cua mot bO bao ve dU'Q'c bieu K8A.8
diEm rieng biet trong sa d6 mach, Chung duoc d$t vao 12 14
14 Ban ve 39
cac dU'ang dong di~n, noi chunq c6 tac dl,lng. Vi the

II
K12A
£Ju'ong dong di~n 1
b9 bao v$ cOng nhu cac tiep diem d6ng/ma cua chunq 39.1
c6 cunq mot ky hieu, Vai tinh chat d6 co the d~ dang
tim dU'Q'c cac tiep diem d6ng/m& a trong rnach dien,
thi du nnu chunq thuoc b9 bao v~ nao. TLvng dU'ang
ket noi dien duoc danh s6, tLv d6 c6 the c6 dU'ooc mot
K1M
cai nhin t6ng quat r6 rang tli' tat lieu ky thuat mach
dien.
Hinh 4: Tiep dillm thU'cYng dong cua K1M di€!u khien K4T
602 13 H~ th6ng co di~n tu.

Bang cong tac luon gan li~n voi thitlt b] lam vise lien quan. Hinh 1 trinh bay bang cong tik cua b(> bao v$ mach
d6ng rno K1 M. Tu d6 ta nhan thay rang, nhii'ng titlp di~m chinh cua rnach d6ng rno K1 M narn trong dU'&ng di$n
chay 2 va 3 theo nhU' trang 12 cua so do d6ng mo.
Nhii'ng tiep diem thlJ'Cl'ng rno 13, 14 va 43, 44 dlJ'Q'C
tlrn thay & dlJ'&ng di$n chay 5 va 4 trong trang so d6
dang dung. s6
86 dU'ong dong dien

trang trong sO'do

chuyGn rnacn
I
t
l
NhiYng thanh kep (Hinh 1, trang 597) la nhCmg thanh
phan cua so do nOi day. SO' d6 nay diEm ta nhCPng 1 =->: 2 12. 2
dU'&ng day noi giCPacac thitlt b] lam vlec trong mot he
3-~ 4 12. 2
thong, nhu & day la may ep. NhCPng dU'&ng day rieng
5-~ 6 12. 3
Ie cuoc gom lai thanh mot chum, rna & cuol moi day
8<)ng co
co ghi ro chunq dU'Q'c dan den dau, Cac dau kep cua 13-~14 5
thanh kep X dU'Q'C danh s6 theo thCPtu. 43 -~44 4

X7.3 co nghia la: Hinh 1: Bang cong tac cua K1M

Thanh kep X7 - dau kep 3 thuoc thiet b] nqoai vi phan

tan
Cau n6i giiYa cac dau kep X8.3 va X8.4
Hinh 2 cho thay ro rang, ky hieu & cac dau kep cua
cung mot soi day cho mOi thanh nOi phai ro rang.
Thanh kep
Dl,J'a vao tal lieu ky thu~t rnach di$n, kien thuc va Sl,J' -X8
hi~u biet v~ cac m6i quan he, nhi{)u conq dean It.p
rap co the dU'Q'Clien hanh song song trong san xuat,
Trong luc mot ky thuat vien gt.n bang It.p rap, mot Bo day cap
ngU'&i khac It.p di;it cac cum day, mot ngU'&i th(r ba thi Ky hi$u dliu den
lam vi$c khac thi du voi hop kep day cua thiet b] nqoai
Hinh 2: Thanh kep
vi phan tan.

0 I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 I 8 I 9
I
/ I T
I
s6 chi ky hieu dU'ong dong di$n
I
I
I
<.0
Cl I
c:
c: I '<l>'
;0
'Il>
;0 I Be mat trinh bay OJ
OJ I c:
c ·0
·0 I '0
'0 OJ
OJ I c
c ·0
·0 I :,
:, I Q
Q
I
I
I
I I I
Ngay [Link] Ma/lenh £)~u ra digital Dja chi cong ty Loal may xxx
Thi~t k~: macro
Ky hieu -r se may: I Trang 41
NhiYng dien ta khac
Kiemtra I cua 56

Hinh 3: MQt trang cua ban ve de thiet I~p tai Ii$u ky thuat mach di$n

8e de theo doi tai lieu ky thuat, khOng the thieu thong tin v~ so trang va so 18.2/L64-
OV DC
dong dien chay. Chi tren CO' so nhCPng con so nay rna tal lieu rnach dien 20.3/L64+
+24 V DC
de doc hieu va djnh hU'6'ng khi tlrn 16i (Hinh 3).

33.9/L61-
OV DC
Thi du trong Hinh 4 voi thong tin 18.2/L 54 - 0 V DC co nghia ta, di~m the 34.9/L65-
OV DC
L54 cy dlJ'cYng di$n chay so 2 trang 18 duoc tao ra t(r mot may bien ap va
tU'O'ng (rng voi di~n thtl 0 V DC. Hinh 4: Bang ve so cua dU'cYng dong
di$n va so trang
 13.2 Cac tnanh phan cua h$ th6ng co di$n tlf 603

Nhu da thay (y Hinh 1, trang 596, b¢ PLC (loai S7-

300) narn (y tang thLP 4 cua tu chuyen mach,
Tin hi$u vao digital
Vi tri chinh xac cua modun CPU cOng nhll' cac modun
tin hieu ra va tin hieu VaG kh6ng th§ thi€Ju trang tal li$u
I E8.0-Ell.7
I
ky thuat rnach di$n. Hinh 2 dien ta vi tri cac modun A300/06
tin hi$u VaG va tin hieu ra cOng nhu s6 thLP tl)' cac
ranh earn, nO'i lap d~t cac modun. Di€lu nay mot m~t vo
Hinh 1: Vi Iri s~p d~t earn modun 6/57-300
cung quan tronq cho vi$c n6i day, mat khac nhu trang
hinh cho thay la each djnh dja chi cac nh6m thiet bi.
Hinh 1 cho thay dau VaG E8.0 - E11.7.
Vj trl earn rnodun 2 4 5 6 7 8 9
Giai thich:
.---- .--- .---- .--- .---- .---

r
CPU 315
• E c6 nghTa 113 dau VaG
BATF
• Con s6 thLP nhat chi so thir tl)' cua DC5V
FRCE
CJl
0
CJl
0
]j
- •....
(ll •
;;S~ CJl

Byte, thi du (y day la Byte thLP 8 RUN ro.'!::

cco
ro .~ ~~
o~
:t:::i.!')
CJl~
-to .Q~
'" .-
STOP ~co .ea ur '0« ~~ cCO
"'to (llN

• Con s6 thLP hai chi s6 thLP tl)' cua Bit,

o~
.",> x o~
-ro
> I (ll I '0 I
~~x
0 > x ,~.~
~o
~ . ~~
thi du a
day 113 0 .",Q~ro ~ro
.'(ll
Q ~83 ,'"
N
Q;:( ~~
.~ «
1EN
Q
v io i= to •....
Do d6, modun tin nieu digital VaG dll'Q'c
gan a
day co san 32 dau VaG voi dia chi
a
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
s
0

nhu sau: "" '-- ~

« '-- ~ '-- « "---' «M M
•••••••• '--
• E8.0 den E8.7 E9.0 den E9.7 Hinh 2: Cau true PLC; cac vi tri earn modun

• E10.0 den E10.7 E11.0 den E11.7

Cach gOi nhu v$y cOng dll'Q'c ap dunq

tll'O'ng LPngcho nhQ>ng modun khac duoc
slf dunq (y day.

Hinh 3 di~n ta mot each nOi (diEm hinh)

cua mot PLC den Ill'ai di$n 400 V.

• Dau kep XO -+ gan VaG lU'ai di$n

• 01.0/35A Cong tac chinh

-+ (DONGI
MO) chiu duoc 35 A.

• 01.1 -+ Cong tac to' c6 bo kich hoat

bang nhi$t (bao h¢ qua tail va tll
(bao v$ ngan rnach). Dac tinh cua Tl.0
300-500VAC/
no (dll'ang dac trunq dong di$n/thai 24VDC 20A
gian) phai duoc chinh cho phu hop
voi bO cap Ill'ai di$n T1.0
Ql.0 2 4 6
35A
• T1.0 -+ B¢ cung cap di$n (SITOP)
360 - 500 V AC -+ 24 V DC/20 A fv - -
135 PE
(Bien dlli di$n xoay chieu thanh di$n
mot chieu) Fl.0 2 Fl.2 2
C4A C4A
• F1.0 va F1.2 -+ Conq tac bao v$
dU'ang day 4A [Link] C
PE
• L+ M (Masse: noi dat) -+ Cung cap PE

di$n ap

•
L+ M PE L+ M
• PE -+ Dat (day vanq/xanh la cay)
Cung cap
Cung cap di$n
Ghi chu : XO 1 2 3 PE dien ap cho
ap cho CPU
cac modun
Theo tai li$u nha san xuat cua SITOP,
phia dau VaG thay vi la mot c6ng tac bao
v$ cOng co the la m¢t conq tac to' dll'ang Hinh 3: Cung cap di~n ap cho PLC
day.
604 13 H~ thong coo di~n tlr

Cac hinh ve (Hinh 2 va Hinh 3) dien ta mot doan cat ra tlf chuonq trinh SPS dl! di~u khil!n may ep. Hinh 2 dien
ta doan cat ra tiJ>chuonq trinh dU'ai d<;lngso d6 bac thang; Hinh 3 dien ta su' billn doi tlf so d6 bac thang sang
so d6 chuc nang.

0 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 7 1 8 I 9

A300/07 Modun dau ra digital S7 32 x 24 V DC/O,5 A Khe earn rnodun 7 700-322-1 BLOO Ph~n 1 cua 4
39.0
1L+ 1M A12.1 A12.2 A12.3 A12.4 A12.5 A12.6 A12.7
A~.O 2.- .z
X300/07

I 39.0
I
9
); 1
9
J/10 ,I 2
9
,I 3 ,1;4 o
9
Gitlc
cam
9
,I 6
/
.I 7
~

1 19 8
9

J
~<..> ~ -<-g ~~ X2 700 701 702 703 704 705 6706 6707
::>
",'0 I I
0."'"
Q). '0 C en N 0.0
.Y. C
s: ::>
o
.=-g
C X
0.
aro
~r-- "''''::>
c ~
.",
c'o ar
.Y. ::>
ro 0 Gl s:
~'o"'"
~ E
s:
c
"'Q" ~§ 13 - ____ 1415.7
co -0 '0
.c Xl Xl Xl Xl Xl K301A Al': ~
Trang 18
H15 H17 H18 ::::;;
0
DLl'ang di$n 2 H~® H3® s:
A2 o
X2 X2 X2 X2 X2
118.2~L64- -t--ov DC L64--/39.0
20.3/L64+ ~24 V DC L64+/39.0

33.9/L61- L61-/39.0
DV DC
34.9/L65-
DV DC
Vi tri ra SI,I' co SLl'oi Lam nguoi Th6i ra Den ph6ng Dl,I'tru' Dl,I'trlY
tl,l'dong rnay ep

Ngay Ma/lenh D;1u ra digital, vi tri earn Cong ty TNHH

HQa vien macro modun 7, phan 1 trong 4 cne tao may Wickert I Trang 38
Kiemtra A12.0-A12.7 76829 Landau (Bang Pfalz)
I I cua 70

Hinh 1: Doan trich to:. tai li~u ky thuat di~n cua may ep thi nghi~m

M"ng 25: Thai gian tang hrc ep giai M",ng 25: Qua trinh ep chinh
dean ep chinh 14

MS.7 S_SEVERZ "M 5.6"

f--ilr------,---' S Q f---- "M 9.3"
"M 5.7"

"M 19.5"
DB28.DBW8 TW DUAL
"M 2.4"
DEZ DB28. DBW43
L- __ -' 18 "M 119.5"
"M 117.7"

DB28. DBW43
"M 2.4"
MS.6 86ng may ep
M9.l T6c di) tao ap swlV Ap su~1d4n cao ap "M 19.6"
MS.7 TMi gian khai d¢ng khi ap su~1khoang 30 bar
14 Thai gian 1.0 I\pC ep M,mg 26: Khoi dong thai gian SlJ'oi
M19.5 Chon ch4 d¢ hoat d(>ngbilng tay "M 5.5"
M2.4 86ng may ep b~ng tay "M 3.3"
M119.5 T6c do tao ap suat heat d¢ng
"M 119.4"
M117.7 Ap suat ep da d"t cao ap hoac bo lang ap dong (1.-5. VPS)
DB28.DBW8 T4 Tri s6 djnh mire cua thai gian tao luG ep tinh b~ng giay "M 117.7"
T4 Thai gian tao hrc eo
M2.4 80ng may ep bang tay
M19.6 Ch4 di) van hanh lif dong duoc chon

Hinh 2: SO' do cong tac cua chu-onq trinh PLC di€!u khi~n Hinh 3: Chuy~n dbi to:. so do thang sang so do chuc niing
may ep (trich doan) tLl'O'ng o:.ng

Sau khi tham khao y kien giao vien, hay tlm trong CO' d;:10t<;10mlnh dang hoc t~t ca tal li$u ky thuat cua so.
mot h$ thong CO' di$n tu>va khao sat chunq. Hay xfly dl,mg k~ hoach lam vi$c I~p rap h$ th5ng d6. de
 605

14 Lap rap, dU'a vao v~n hanh va bao tri h~ th6ng co di~n tll'

L~p rap dU'Q'chi~u la tat ca cac cong viec can

thi~t d~ co duoc nhQ>ngh$ thong co kha nanq
heat dong tli nhCmgchi tiet rai va nhCmgcum lap
rap de lam san.

Trong ITnhvue CO' di$n tV>, cong viec nay co the bao
g6m nhQ>ngthao tac khac nhau, tuy thuoc vao di€Ju
ki$n thuc te cua moi mot xi nghi$p. Do do, ben canh
nhung conq vi$c ket n6i thuan tuy CO' khi, nhung cong
vi$c phal lam voi khi nen, thuy luc va dien cOng duo'c
coi la noat dong I~p rap.

Nhung nhlern vu chinh cua lap rap trong linh vu'c CO'
Hinh 1 : Kh6>p vau ki.!!u k~t nOi theo hinh d~ng
di$n tll' la:

• Ket noi cac chi tiet

• Ki~m tra va hi$u chinh

14.1 Cae eong vi~e lap rap qua

i'i~mD D D D
ket noi

Qua viec ket n6i, cac chi tiet hay cac cum I~p f<3PdU'Q'c
a
g~n voi nhau tai "vi tri ket n6i". day v€JCO' ban, ngU'oi
a ~
ta phan bi$t tuy theo each tac dong (xem chuonq 7.6):

•
•

•
Ket n6i theo hinh d<;lng
Ket noi banq Il,i'c

Ket n6i b~ng vat li$u

Hinh 2 : Cae kh6a sap nhanh
Ii
14.1.1 Ket noi theo hinh d~ng

a
Ket n6i theo hinh danq xay ra bat ky cho nao, khi hai
chi tiet duoc ket n6i co it nhat mot phan dU'ong vien
gi6ng nhau d~ co the truyen hrc thOng qua cho ket n6i
theo hinh danq. Vi du nhung ket n6i b~ng then dan va Kflt nOi theo
true then hoa nhu' thU'ang duoc Sll' dunq de gan banh hinh d;;mg
xe rang vao true, khop vau (Hinh 1), kat n6i chot va
bu long de truyen me-men quay hoac kat n6i bu long
lap sit. hay kat noi dinh tan thU'ang dU'Q'cSll' dl,lng cho
nhQ>ngb€Jmat b~ng phang.

Nqoai cac don vi chuc m'3ngke tren cho viec kat n6i
theo hinh danq, kh6a s~p (chap) nhanh cOng ap
dl,lng nquyen tac nay (Hinh 2). Tan dunq tinh dan h6i
cua vat li$u, nhCi'ngbO phan danq C8Uhay danq rnoc
dU'Q'cbarn VaG khuon co danq tuonq xLmg va dU'Q'C
14
m6c vao nhau a vi tri mong mu6n (Hinh 3). Hinh 3 : lI'ng d\fng cua nhO>ng kh6a s~p nhanh
606 14 U1P rap, duoa vao v~n hanh va bao tri h~ th6ng coo di~n tu.

14.1.2 Ket noi bfing life

Khi ep chat cac chi tiet VaG nhau S9 gay ra II,J'Cma sat.
LU'c ma sat nay duoc tan dunq d~ truyen II,J'Cva rno-
men 0 nhCmg k~t nOi bang II,J'C,ch~ng han nhu' trong
lap rap theo bien dang (Hinh 1).

86i voi cac vat thll ran, tri s6 cua Il,J'c ma sat FR phu
thuoc VaG IItc thang g6c FN va ht;l s6 ma sat /1. LI,J'C
thang g6c duoc hieu la thanh ph~n Il,l'c thang g6c voi
be mat tiep xuc, Ht;l s6 ma sat /J (xem sach Carn nang
dCPli$u ky thuat) la m(>t tr] s6 tnuc nghi$m phu thuoc
VaG SI,J'phoi hoop cua vat Ii$u, tranq thai be mat, tinh
tranq b6i tron va loai ma sat. Cac loai ma sat dU'Q'c
chia thanh ma sat tTnh, vi du nhu 0 cac k€Jt nOi c6
dinh (Hinh 1), ma sat truot, thi cu nhU' 0 quy dao d~n
Hinh 1 : Kilt n6i bang II,I'C
hU'ong, va ma sat lan, chang han nhu & true vit me bi
quay vonq,

[Link] ma sat = H$ so ma sat x LI,J'Cthang g6c

[Link] ma sat tac dunq ngU'Q'c voi chuyen o(>ng (xem

chuonq 6).

14.1.3 Ket noi bfing v~t li~u Hinh 2 : Kilt n6i bang v~t li~u qua han vay m€!m

Cac k€Jt noi bang vat lieu dU'ooc hinh thanh bang each
han vay, han hoac dan. a
day, cac chi tiet ket n5i
dU'ooc n5i lai voi nhau bang II,J'Cc5 k€Jt(11,J'cket hop tinh
the) va II,J'Cbarn dinh (Hinh 2).

SI,J'ph5i hop cac nquyen tac ket nOi rat thuonq dU'Q'C
Sl1 dunq trang lap rap cac b(> phan, Thi ou nhu ket n6i
theo bien dang oU'OOcminh hoa trang Hinh 3 la mot k€Jt
n6i theo hinh dang thong qua thanh phan k€Jt n6i c6
dang cai m6c, tuy nhien SI,J'6n djnh cuoi cunq chi dat
duoc thong qua ket nOi bang II,J'CgiCPacac be mat tiep
xuc, SI,J' phci hoop giCPa ket n5i bang Il,J'cvoi 6c vit va
k€Jt nOi bang vat li$u voi keo dan cOng la SI,J'phoi hop Hinh 3 : Ket n6i theo hinh d~ng va ket n6i bang II,I'C
thU'Crng dU'ooc SLYdunq.

Ket noj dl dQng va ket noj co djnh

Tuy thuoc VaG tlfng (mg dl,lng, cac ket noi la di dQng
hoac co djnh. Thi du mot con Ian d~n hU'ong phai di
o(>ng duoc tren mot true, trai lai true phai dU'Q'c gan
c5 djnh, nghTa la gan chat VaG bien dang thanh d&
(Hinh 4). NhCmg ket n5i thao rOoj duoQ'c c6 the diroc
tnao ra mil kh6ng can bi pha huy (thi du nhU' ket n5i
vii), (y nhung k~t noi kh6ng the thao rOoi nhCmg vi trl
ket noi phai dU'Q'c pha huy (thi du nhu k€JtnOi m6i han)
(xern chuonq 6). Hinh 4 : Kilt n6i di dc?ng
 14.2 Heat d¢ng I~p rap ki~m tra va hi$u chinh 607

14.2 Hoat dQng lap rap ki~m tra va hi~u chinh

TU'O'ngling vai nhi~u kha nang k€!tnoi va nhCl'ngtrU'ang nop ling dl,mg ket noi khac nhau trong ITnhVl,I'CCO'di$n
tlr, cac yeu cau cho heat dong I~p rap killm tra va hi$u chinh c6 the rat khac bii;lt. Trong linh VI,!'Cthuan CO'khi, d6
113 nhiing killm tra chuc nang nhU' 51,!'cnuyen dong de dang, 51,!'6n djnh v.v... Trong ITnhvue thuy Il,J'Cva khi nen,
d6 la nhCl'nghoat dqng va ki~m tra d(>kin cua 6ng dan, Sl,J'hien dien cua chat long thuy II,!'C, ap suat van hanh
can thiet va viec hieu chinh xi lanh va cong tac vi tri cuoi, Trong ITnhVI,!'Cdi$n tu, do la nhCl'ngnhiern vu killm tra
va hieu chinh bien do va loai di$n ap cung cap cho cac rnach di$n chinh va rnach diEJUkhilln, viec lap rap chinh
xac cac cau chi, viec dc;\tcac dU'ang day di$n, vi$c dinh thong so cho cac earn bien v. v...

Ve nquyen tac, heat dOng ki~m tra va hi$u chinh c6 thll xay ra truoc, trong va sau qua trlnh lap rap.

14.2.1 Hoat dQng kiem tra trU'cYcqua trinh lap rap

Truce khi I~p rap phai kiem tra cac cau ki$n can lap rap ve:
• Sl,J'd~y du so 1U'Q'ng:theo hU'ang dan cua bang li$t ke cau ki$n hay hU'ang dan lap rap.

• Sl,J'hoan chinh va kha nang neat dong: cac cum lap rap nhu bo Iy hop, bo truyen dong, khoi van v.v. phai
duoc kiem tra ve chirc nang khong sai s6t.
• Tinh tranq va de?sach: Cac thanh phan dU'Q'csu dung khong dU'Q'Cban, lao h6a (day dai (curoa), d$m kin,
v.v...), rnon, ri, bi hong hoac b] hU' hai.
• Sl,J'd6ng nhat: Sl,J'd6ng nhflt cua cac chi tiet lap rap phai dU'Q'cthiet I$p r6 rang. Phai co Sl,J'th6ng nhat voi
bang ke chi tiet lap rap, bien ban giao hang hoac van ban tU'O'ngtu.
• £)ung hinh dang va dung kich thuoc: Kiem tra kich thuoc va hinh dang rat quan tronq, dac biet a cac vi tri
tiep xuc,

• Dung cu: chunq can phai duoc kiem tra ve tinh thich ling va kha nang heat dong.
• Vat tLPh6 tro va cac chat phu gia: cac chat kC§tdinh, chat bit kin, chat bei tron, v.v. phai cuoc killm tra V8 dO
phu hop (chat 1U'Q'ng)va rmrc do lao h6a.

14.2.2 Hoat dQng kiem tra trong khi lap rap

Trong khi lap rap phai kiem tra xem cac chi tiet va cac cum lap rap rnoi dU'Q'Clap rap c6 dap ling d~y du ouoc
chtrc nang dl,!'kien va dap ling cho chuc nanq t6ng the khong. Chu yeu phai xem xet:

• SI,!'chuyen dong de dang cua cac chi tiet di dqng, ch~ng han nhu true, con quay va ban truot,
• Mc;\ttua cua ket noi chiu tai phal dU'Q'Ckiem tra v~ kha nang chju tai.
• Kich thuoc va vi tri cua cac chi ti€!t va cac cum lap rap dU'Q'ctao ra boi qua trlnh lap rap phai chinh xac.
• Vi tri noi day di$n, ong rnern va ong cling can duoc kiem tra kha nang tiep xuc va do kin.

14.2.3 Hoat dQng kiem tra sau khi lap rap

Sau khi lap rap phai kiem tra xem lap rap thanh cong hay chua. Cu the 113
kiem tra:
• Vi$c su dung toan bO tli'ng chi tiet rai va tli'ng cum lap rap.
• Viec thuc hien dung tli'ng noi ket rieng le.
• Vi$c nap vat tU'van hanh (d~u thuy Il,J'C,chat boi tron va nhiing chat khac) theo so 1U'Q'ngdol hei khi can thiet.
• £)0 kin cua vo hop, cho noi ong cung va ong memo
• Sl,J'an toan cua vi$c lap rap dii;ln. 14
• Viec cai di;it pnan memo
608 14 Liip nip, dU'a VaG v~n hanh va bao trl h~ thong co di~n tll'

TrLl'<YCkhi xay dl)'ng va lap d~t nhfrng M thong CO'di$n tIY va may m6c phai kiem tra dia diem h$ thong S8 van
hanh:

• T~t ca cac bi(jn phap an toan din thi~t c6 kha thi khOng?

• C6 SI)' pMt tan nao xu at phat tlf nha may (nhu ti~ng on, kh6i) 6>vi tri dl)' ki~n rna khong dLfQ'C phep khonq?

• Khoang each tOi thieu d~n cac may khac va cac loi thoat hism c6 dLfQ'C gifr dung khong?

• Cac dieu kien tl;li dia diem xay dl)'ng nhu bui phat sinh, dO chan dong, nhiet dO, dO am v.v. co phu hop cho
heat d9n9 cua nha may vol tat ca cac thanh phan va vat Ii$u dLfQ'C SlY dunq?

• Tinh ben va sue chiu tal cua nen oat, cac tLf6>ng, cac cot (tru do) va cac darn co OLYQ'cbao dam kMng?

• Nguon cung cap nang ILfQ'ng (di~n ap, cung cap khi nen, V.v.. ) co s~n khonq?

Tram kiem scat minh hoa trong so d6 cong ngh$ True vit me bi quay vang, Conq Xi lanh tac dvng kep
ben canh (Hinh 1) dang dLfQ'C [Link],mg de nhan tilc an toan vi tri cuo! va cong tac voi cong tac ILPOoi
ga
IU'Ooiga ("';,"g hi)
di;lng cac vat li$u khac nhau. cac phoi hinh khoi S8
£long co servo
dLfQ'C mot kep hut mang d~n vi tri xac dinh truoc va tro Il,J'cdi$n
dLfQ'C d<,:\txu6ng de nnan canq. Sau khi dLYQ'cnhan mot chieu vai
h~ thbng do
danq, kh6i laP phuonq, tuy theo vat li(ju, S8 dLfQ'C Quang dU'ang
van cnuyen den mang thai truot. gia s6 (tuy
chon)

B:;In hay tao ra mot phuonq an de co the thuc hi$n

viec kiem tra va hi$u chlnh ve CO' khi, khi nen va Kep hut
di$n sau khi lap rap truce trang CO'xLf6>ng. cnan khong

B<;Inhay xay dl)'ng bang danh rnuc kiem tra phLfO'ng

Mang thai Nhan danq chi ti.§t gia eong voi earn bi.§n
an tren, truot Quang hoc, di~n dung va earn (rng

Hinh 1 : Tram ki~m soat

Mot ke hoach lap rap co hi$u qua bat d~u tLPviec thiet
k~ san pharn Viec thi~t ke tLPng chi tiet rieng Ie nen
thuc hien san cho lap rap cOng nhu thao nyi mot each
don gian, an toan va nhanh chong (Hinh 2). Nhfrng
rnuc tieu chinh cua viec lap rap theo djnh hLYong la:
, ~

~e~
~
• Giarn 56 ILYQ'ngcac chi tiet

• Tiet giam chieu noi ket

• Tranh cac bo phan de uon (vi du nhu day cap) d<,:\c

bi$t ta trang san xuat tl)' dong

• Han che chon Il)'a san pharn luc lap rap.

• Them van cac phuonq tien ho tro cho viec djnh vi

va hieu chinh (thi du vat 113canh va cO>chan)

Trang thi~t k~ rnoi cho san xuat hang 10<;11 so ILfQ'ng .

lon, nqoai viec thiet ke can de
san xuat va tai che de
'.
dang, viec thiet ke de lap rap va tnao rCYicOng dLfQ'C
pho bien r(mg rai, Tuy nhien, khi phac thao he thong ~ . ..
rieng Ie, phuonq phap thiet ke nay chua dLfQ'C ILfU tam
dung muc. Hinh 2 : cac bi~n ph3p thiet ke can thuan ti~n cho vi~c h\p rap
 14.3 Ke hoach I~p rap 609

14.3.1 So' d6 I~p rap

Nhu-ng quy dinh lien quan d~n nhii}m V!,I

Bul6ng VO hQp
Sa d6 I;§p rap bao gom tat ca cac ban ve va cac chi
flat chOt dinh vi vao tnroc
dan can thiet de thuc hi$n vi$c lap rap. EJ(\t ffia lot truoc dai bc khi van ch~t cac thanh phan
k~t nOi

Co' sa cho vi$c I$p ke hoach lap rap la kien thuc ve

C8U true cua he th6ng dlJ'Q'C lap rap. Kien thuc nay co ~
lrang cac ban ve lap rap chung, ban ve phoi canh hoac
ban ve rai voi cac chi tlet. TlI' d6, ta xac dinh ra cac vi
Nh(Png quy dinh liim quail "im doi tU'Q'ng
trl ket n6i va cac chuc nang phu, dua trsn cac quy lac
L~p rap cac b¢ phan nhay
khac nhau, ta cOng xac dinh duoc trinh tV' hop Iy cua
earn V30 thai diem cuoi
viec lap rap (Hinh 1). Bo phan CO' ban la
nhU' co the
bo phan rap truoc tien

Trang viec xac dinh Irinh II,!' I~p rap can lam ra cac bo
phan duoc kel n6i vai nhau nhu Ihe nao va voi nhii'ng
dl)ng CI) hay phuonq li$n IrQ' giup g1. Ngoai ra, lrong Nhu'ng quy dinb v~ 16cnec

so d6 lap rap cOng phai xac dinh viec kiem Ira chirc Giai phap cum lap rap. Tinh kinh I~, tnuc hi.;in
nanq va kiem Ira vi Ir! rna ngU'ai lap rap phai thuc hi$n. don qian hoa lap rap Ian IU'O'tcac qua trlnh
bang cac cum lap rap lap rap giOng nhau
~'[f--(D Khong
Cac So' d6 lap rap c6 Ihe duoc di§n ta bang van ban,
thong thlJ'ang duoc thiet I~p a
d<;lng bang, hoac a - l!LJu thay dOi
dl,Jng CI,I
danq hinh anh noac d<;lng ban ve voi chu thich. kep

Hinh 1: Cae thi dl.l eho nhfrng quy dinh I~p rap

14.3.2 Thi du mQt so d6 lap rap

Coo cau chuyen

d¢ngA

Dai Oc an toan cua true ngang Co'cau chuy~n

dong. Me-men xoan si~t chat

80 Nm
Thao/l~p rap cac
120 Nm
dai bc an toan 0
true ngang coo cAu
chuy~n dQng
Nllu dai Oc an toan hoan
toan bi thao ra trang qua trinh thao
ga. phai lu6n lu6n SlYdvng mot dai
6c an toan mOoitheo tieu chuan DIN
985
Dai 6c an toan tren dam ngang khung Dien tiem khi luon
gam co the dlJ'O'Csillt l;;li kh6ng co hrc xich 56 111
cang ban dau khi lap rap.
Trang lap rap cubi cunq, chi thao 16ng
dai 6c an toan du d~ nang co cau
chuyen dong khOi gia da (dam)
Sau d6 sit.t chat cac dai be an toan
va; me-men sil:t cMt quy dinh.
Gan chat mieng chan vao mat xich thIY 10
14
cua dlJ'ang day xich kh6ng tai.
610 14 Lap nip, dlJ'a vao v~n hanh va bao tri h~ thong co di~n tll'

14.4 Cac hinh thuc t6 chuc lap rap

Vi~c lap rap cac chi ti~t reri va cac cum lap rap co the dU'Q'Cthl)'c hien b~ng tay, CO' khi hoa, mot phan hoac hoan
toan tl)' dOng h6a. Nqoai ra con phan bi$t theo Itlp rap don Ie va hang loat hoac day chuyen.

NhCmg san pharn don I€~hay so 1lJ'Q'ng nho thU'&ng duoc Iflp rap rieng Ie. Viec lap rap rieng te xay ra khi tat ca
qua trinh I~p rap cho mot cum lap rap hay cho toan b¢ mot h$ thong dU'O'c thuc hi$n tai met noi, chang han nhu
lap rap mot hQp so hay mot thiet b] XLY Iy thao tac (tay may). Trang trU'erng hop nay hoan toan c6 the tnuc hien
song song nhieu vi tri I~p rap rieng Ie, tai do nhieu cum Iflp rap hay he th6ng gi6ng nhau hay khac nhau duoc
hoan thanh.

Neu ccnq viec lap rap duoc chia thanh nhieu conq doan xay ra phu tnuoc ve thai gian, thi ngU'&i ta 9Qi co ta SI)'
lap rap hang 109t hoac day chuyen. Be
thl)'C hien viec t6 chuc lap rap nay, robot, thiet bj XLPIy thao tac (tay may),
rnanq trO>,thiet b] xep thll' tl)' noac thiet b] tach rieng, may ep V.v veri ho tro cua cac bang chuyen duoc ket noi
thanh dU'&ng th;;mg, vonq tron, hinh vuonq hoac rnanq llJ'eri lien ket (Hinh 1).

Chuyen vi en ky thuat co dien tLP,trong nhieu trll'ang hop, ta ngU'eri SLPdunq cac thiet b] nay, nhunq thU'erng no
cOng chlu trach nhiern cho viec li;lp dl)' an, I~p di;it va baa tri cac h$ thong nhu vi;ly .

.~--.----.. ~ t'f?'t....

~~~----~----~--~------~
Doi tlJ'Q'ng

lap rap Vi tri co dinh

~ y Cae eh6 lam vi~e Y '(J

Vi tri thay dbi

Lap rap a tLPng vi tri riEmg hfl Lap nip theo tLPng nhorn
Lap rap a cong trU'o-ng

Vi tri co
djnh

r-

Lap rap trong xlJ'ang

Lap rap day chuyen (TCrng 10 chay qua)

Vi tri
thay dbi

D6ng chay me}t be} ph~n

(TCrng cum lap rap rifmg iE3 chay qua)

Hlnh 1: Cac hinh thCPe to ehCPe I~p rap

 14.4 Cac hinh thvc to chLPClap rap 611

Hinh thLPClinh hoat nhat cua su tl,l' oi)ng h6a la rnanq lU'oi lien k~t. T9i day c6 th~ lap rap cac san pnarn khac
nhau voi trinh tl,l' thay doi va so 1U'Q'ngkhac nhau rna khong can tai trang b] ton kern,

Cac chi ti~t gia conq thU'ong duoc oi;lt trang ngan (hoc) tren mot gia d6' chi tiet, gia d6' nay duoc cac bang truyen
van chuyen den tli'ng tram rieng Ie. 8ieu can thiet & day la nhCmg dQ!lieu san pharn ve chi tiet gia conq cuoc di
chuyen, dQ!li$u ve cac buoc lap rap da duoc thuc hien, va dQ!lieu kiem tra hoac do lU'ang phai dU'Q'cthu th$p
va luu tnr. Ngu6n cung ling vat lieu dlJ'Q'Csap xep hoac trang thunq hay trong rnanq dl,l' trQ!,hoac dlJ'Q'ccung
cap theo yeu cau tuy thuoc VaG moi h$ thong dlJ'Q'Clap rap.

Mot vi du ve each lap rap linh heat, tl,l' dong h6a cao la he thong lap rap 0 t6 ca nhan hoac 6 to tai. a
he thong
nay ben canh viec t6 chLPCtnuan tuy trinh tl,l' lap rap, truoc het can c6 ke hoach hau can co to chLPCva phoi hop
toi U'U(thi du dl,l' ki~n bo sung vat tu cho nhD>nghop so, oi)ng CO' hay bi) phan than (vo) may).

14
Hinh 1 : Quang canh h~ th8ng liip rap
612 14 Lap nip. dLl'a vao van nann va bao tri h~ thong co di~n tli'

14.5 Cae thi dl:llap rap

NhU'da de cap nhieu lan, chuyen vien ky thuat co dii;!n III

phai xl1ly rat nhleu san pharn da danq, TLP nhfrng h$ th6ng
co di$n nh6, thi du nhu mot may thao tac b~ng tay trong
CO' khi chinh xac d4n nhfrng day chuyen I~p rap Ian trang
nqanh conq nghi$p 0 to. HU'6'ng dan I~p rap cho nhO'ng h$
thong hay nhO'ng phan hi;! thong cOng rat khac nhau.

Tuy nhien diem chung la cac hU'6'ng d~ln phai duoc tuan
thu tuyet doi d~ han che thiet hai cho con ngU'6'i (tho lap
rap va ngU'6'i sli dunq) cOng nhu cho cac h$ thong va d~
dam baa san pharn heat dQng suon se va dung chirc nanq.

Chi dan chung trong hLl'o>ngdan lap rap

Vi$c lap rap cac h$ thong CO' di$n tli hoac cac phan h$
thong chi co th€! duoc thuc hien b6'i cac ca nhan da dLl'Q'c
huan luy~n qua trU'cYnglop. Dieu nay doi hei kien thuc co Chi d~n llip nip:
Khi van chuyen voi dai v€ln chuyen di~u
chuyen rnon lien quan den CO' khi, khi nen, dii;!n va thuy Il,I'C
nh~t thiet phai luu y 103v€lt v$n chuyen
va kha nang cOng nhu su' si?tnsang d~ nghien cuu chinh phai duoc diln truoc dam dQC (2) va sau
xac cac tal lii;!u lap rap va de tuan thu cac bien phap an dam ngang (1).
toan theo quy dinh.
Hinh 1 : Chi dBn v~n chuylm

Cac chi dan ve s\p cnuyen ch6>

Tnro'c khi dl,l'ng IEm hay lap rap, d6ng g6i, baa bl pha: duoc
kiem tra cho dung chuc nang. Cac hu' hai do bao bl bj 10i
phai dU'O'cthong bile ngay cho cac hang chuyen cho hoac
nha sari xuat. Phai kiem tra Sl,l'day du cua cac h$ thong
cuoc giao. £)oi voi hi;! thong lon phai de y den cac ghi
chu ve van chuyen (Hinh 1), vi van ChUYElnva ch~ng buoc
khong dung each thi den noi may nang lap rap khong dung,
tharn chi gay ra thiet hai n~ng. aday phai di;ic biet chu y
den kha nanq tai cua cac may nang. Cac nha san xuat
thuonq chi d~n chinh xac each ch~ng buoc dung each.
(Hinh 1).
Hinh 2 : CMn de co the dieu chinh dl1Q'c

Cac chi dan ve dja diem lap d~t

1 Nllac n6ng
Tuy thucc van kich thuoc va loai cua h$ thong, dja diem 2 KhOng khl vO trUng
lap d~t phai dU'O'ckiem tra ve Sl,I'vfrng chac va do bang 3 Nap vao CO2
phang vai Sl,l'ho tro cua cac kien true SU'oCho Sl,l'chlnh 4 Hal nllac sach
5 NII';c lanh
thang, thU'6'ng sli dunq chan dinh vi c6 the hieu chinh dU'O'c (may)
(Hinh 2). Nhiflt thiet phai chu y la cac thiet b] va hi;! thong 8 CIP
sau khi dl,l'ng len khOng chiu sue cang CO' hoc, neu kh6ng
chuc nang c6 the b] han che.

S\p lien ket nguan cung wng va moi trll'6>ng (nhi{m li~u)
Cac he thong cung cap can thiet nhu dii;!n, nuoc, khi nen
a
V.V. phal c6 si?tn. dau noi phai chu y den cac hU'ang dan Hinh 3 : Chi dBn lilp nip cho dliu n6i nhien Ii~u
I~p rap va cac tieu chuan, quy dinh c6 lien quan (Hinh 3).
 14.5 Cac thi du lap rap 613

14.5.1 Thi du ve so do lap rap mQt khoi van di~n - khi nen tren dU'ong ray chuan DIN

1. M6c mOi phia sau cua tram (6) VaG dU'cmg ray phan tLr noi k€Jtphai bat khop VaG nhau nghe ra
chuan DIN. ti€Jng. Phai chu 'I, d~ cac day cap cua tam noi
kh6ng b] dap khi nhan vao.
2. Nh€.n tram theo hU'ang mOi ten xu6ng phia dU'ai
(C) cho d~n khi nghe ra ti~ng tram an khop VaG 9. E>.;ittarn cuoi ben phai (3) len dU'ang ray DIN va
dU'ang ray DIN. E>i~u chinh tram cho dung tren gan VaG tram biing each nh~n VaG nhau cho d~n
dU'ang ray DIN. khi cac phan tLr nOi k~t bat khop VaG nhau nghe
ra ti~ng. Van chat vlt ham (D) voi 1,4 Nm.
3. Vi$c rap cac tam nOi rieng Ie (1) chung voi nhau
diroc thuc hien biing each ep chunq VaG nhau 10. E>.;itlam cuot oen trai (4) len dU'ang ray DIN va
cho d~n khi nghe ra ti~ng cac phan tLYn6i k~t an gan VaG tram bang each nhan VaG nhau cho d~n
khop voi nhau. M& rong so IU'O'ng tram mong khi cac phan to>nOi k~1 bat khop van nhau nghe
muon qua viec rap them cac t~m n6i rieng Ie. ra li~ng. Phai chu 'I, d~ cac day cap kh6ng b] dap
4. M& kenh day cap cua cac tram. khi nhan vao.

5. Nhan tam n6i co san day VaG tram. Cac phan tLY 11. Nh.!ln tram vao bang lay va van chat vit ham (D)
voi 1,4 Nm.
n6i k~t phai bat khop VaG nhau nghe ra ti~ng. (y
day phai chu 'I, d~ khi nhan van voi nhau cac 12. E>$Ivan len tram. Phai chu 'I d~ d$m kin kh6ng c6
day cap cua tam noi kh6ng b] cap (gap n€Jp). vat la va narn dung vi tri .
6. Carn phich earn cua tam nOi dung theo cho danh 13. Nh~n van xu6ng ben dU'Oi va tam thai van chat
dau cua day cap (A) VaG tram tuonq (mg. Tram cac bul6ng giG' chat (5). Sau d6 van chat bul6ng
50 1 la tram d~u tien sau tarn nOi. Hay chu 'I riing giG' chat phia doi di$n va bul6ng truoc d6 vai mo-
cac phich earn dU'Q'c earn van dung hU'ong (A). men xoan quy dinh Irong bang.
7. Dat day cap VaG kanh dan cap cua tram va d6ng 14. E>~ bao dam d(> kin cua tam noi van, truoc khi
kenh dan cap. (y day phai chu 'I, d~ cac day cap noi voi cung (Png khi nen phai chu 'I d~ kh6ng co
kh6ng b] d~p khi d.;it VaG hoac d6ng l<;li. khoanq each (ho') giG'a cac tram.
B. G~n tram cung lmg (2) vao dU'ang ray DIN biing Cac buoc lam vlec 4, 5, 6 va 7 c6 th~ bo qua trang
each nhan VaG nhau (y phia ben U hay ben D phien ban tam n6i cuoi kh6ng co 6 earn phu D.
cho phien ban kh6ng can 6 earn phu D. Cac

Phia f)U'<Yng ray DIN

ben U Vit ham D @

~
~I I'

f)U'<Yng ray DIN

Vit harn D @

Nut barn dll rno

dU'<Yng ray DIN ®
Phich earn A

Ni\p d$y dU'<Yng dan

day cap

14
614 14 L~p nip. dlJ'a vao v~n hanh va bao tri h~ th6ng co di~n tlP

14.5.2 Doan trich tll' so db lap rap cua mQt thiet b] thao tac de thu'c hi~n cac giai
phap thao tac a may due phun

Thiet b] thao tac hilln th] duoc dung dlllt.y ra cac san pharn tll' may due ep phun. N6 the hien mot thiet b] co di$n
hi, bao g6m cac h$ th6ng con co khi, di$n-khi nen va di$n. Cac thiet b] dU'Q'c cac chuyen vien ky thuat CO' di$n
tLv lap rap trong mot phan XU'ong lap rap va trai qua mot thLv nghi$m chuc nang da danq. Cac qua trinh I~p rap
rieng Ie duo'c ghi tal li$u chinh xac va phai duoc Ihi hanh nqhlern chinh va phai duoc xac nnan. Do pharn vi r(>ng
Ian cua tai li$u lap rap, trong khuon kh6 cua cuon sach nay chi dua ra trich doan thi du:

a) Lap rap co khi

Sl,l' an toan tai noi lap rap:

• Qua viec gia cong cac bien danq pronn nhorn c6 the c6 cac canh sac, do d6, khi van chuyen phai deo bao
tay bao v$ va mang giay an toan.

• Cac b(> phan can xlv Iy phai duoc rap dung each (xem cac ga lap rap), cac cong cu va vat li$u phai dU'Q'c
kiem tra hU' h<;libang mat.

Sl,l' sach S9 tai noi lam viec:

• Cac phoi phat sinh khi gia conq phai dU'Q'c loai bo de tranh thiet hai cho cac chi tiel lap rap nhay earn.

• Khu vue lam viec phai duoc giQosach S9, cac b(> phan luu kho phai duoc bao boc de ch6ng bl,li va chat d6ng
can.

8iE3U kien cho vi$c lap rap:

8ll lap rap can thiet phai c6 ban dQo li$u may, danh
sach lap rap (CO' khi) va cac ban V9 vai cac bang Ii$t
ke chi tiet gia conq.

Phuonq li$n ho IrQ' lap rap (trich dean):

• Ga I~p rap s6 XYZ_1 dlliap rap dU'ang dan Ihang

• Ga lap rap s6 XYZ_2 dll hieu chinh chuyan d(>ng

true C (Hinh 1). Hinh 1: Ga lap rap cho true C
 14.5 Cac thi du lap rap 615

V$t li$u dung khi lap rap (trich doan)

• £)~ boi tron ban truot (Hinh 1) nguai ta SLYdunq

m5' lap rap (Hang ZYX)

• Cac bo tiet luu (Hinh 2) duoc xtY 1'1b~ng d§u co

chua silicone.

Lap rap true Z

Khi gan chat gia d5' (Hinh 3 va 4) V80 profin nhorn

phai tuan thu thli tl)' si~t chat cac bu long, d~ tranh b]
d~t nghieng. Mo-rnen sitH chatthong nhat la 43 Nm.

18 19 20 13
Hinh 1 : Di~m b6i tron ban trU'Q1
16 17 10 14
12 1 2 3
4 5 6 7
8 9

£)~ gan chat cac duang ray dan. duang ray dau tien
duoc siet chat b~ng ga kep, duang ray thli hai voi
dong ho do (±5 %) duoc rap vao duang ray dau tien.

Vi$c lap rap tat ca cum lap rap va cac chi tiet rai duQ'C
me ta theo kieu each nay. Cac dl)ng cu va vat li$u
phu can stYdl)ng duoc, vi tri lap rap duoc rno ta hoac
duoc lay ra tLYtrong ban V8.

Hinh 2 : Di~m b6i tron bQ tiet hru

b) Lap nip di~n

Nhi$m VI) lap rap dien trong trU'ang hop nay chu yeu la
hieu chinh cac linh kien di$n hay di$n-khi nen da dUQ'C
lap rap CO' khi va noi di$n voi tll chuyen rnach di$n.
Vi tat ca day cap nOi da duoc san xuat truoc, chuyen
vien CO' di$n tLYphai ti~n hanh viec nOi di$n nhu trong
sa do dl)' kien. Nguai nay cOng co trach nhiem ki~m
tra chuc nang h$ thong. Vi du trich dean v~ cac tai
li$u lap rap va cac quy dinh lap rap co th~ dung duoc:

£)i~u chinh cac chot CLYchan vi trl cuoi va earn bien Hinh 3 : Giin ch~t gia dO>

Moi bO earn bi~n phai duoc cnuyen rnach mot each

an toano £)~ co th~ co duQ'c khoanq chav lon nhat co
th~. cac chot chan nay phai duO'c gan that sat sao.
£)i~u phai chu y la cac xi lanh IUGnIUGnduQ'c ham lai
khi d~n vi tri cuoi cunq. Khong baa gia duoc SLYdl)ng
CLYchan CO' khi cua xi lanh, vi di~u nay S8 anh hu&ng
xau d~n tUDitho,

£)~ ki~m tra chuc nanq, ap suat khi nen phai duoc
hi$u chinh & 6 bar (xem hi~n th] s6 trong tu chuyen
mach) Cac ch6t chan vi tri cuoi, cac cong tac vi tri cuoi 14
va cac bo ti~t luu sau khi thiet I$p va hi$u chinh phai
duoc niern phang. Hinh 4 : Cac true chuy~n dQng cua can day da phU'O'ng
616 14 Lap rap, dLPa vao v~n hanh va bao tri h~ th6ng co di~n tli>

N6i cac dU'ang day di$n

Thuc hi$n cac dU'ang n6i di$n theo cac so d6 rnach XYZ_2. Dac biet chu y kh6ng d~ day cap va day di$n xay
xat. Day di~mtrang xich keo kh6ng dU'Q'ccang.

Nghi$m thu dii;ln

Sau khi hoan thanh viec lap rap, viec nghi$m thu va thO>nqhiern chuc nang cua cau nanq-ha duoc thuc hien,
Conq vi$c nay duoc tien hanh dua theo mot bien ban nghi$m thu (Bang 1).

Bang 1 : Bien bim nghi~m thu (trich "oiln)

m tra cnoc nang ~ hitu chinh trj sO

S cnoc nling Chu thich. quy trlnh Function tested resp. value adjusted

no Function Remari<s, procedure 13 0'

ap
KhOng dVng Da thV'Ch~n
• IicabJo dolle
1. QU;;!t gi6 Fans Ki~m Ira hU'O'ng quay Test direction of rotation o
2. Hieu chinh c6ng t~c bao v~ dong co Dong dien danh dinh cua dong co, dung sai + 10%
Adjust motor overload switch Nominal motor current, tal. + 10%
o
3. £lien ap tai bO nguon (nguon cung PhU'O'ng tien ho tro: SN 121.681 Aux. devices PN 121.681
cap di~n) + 5.1 V Tol. + 0,025 V 1-0,01 V o
Voltage on power unit + 15VToi. +/-0,1 V o
= 15VToi. +1-0,1 V o
Sau khi ki~m Ira va can b~ng dien ap, gi\n ni\p bit va nlern
phong tam kim loai phia truoc k~ ca oc vit,
o
After inspecting and calibrating the voltages, mount plugs
and seal front panel incl. screws.
4. £li(in ap tal bo phan phoi nuoc lam May ki~m Ira: SN 522.150 Test device PN 522.150
mat Uquy dinh = 5,1 V Tal. + 0,1 V 1- 0,05 V o
Voltage on cooling water distributor Unom = 5,1 V Tal. + 0,1 V /- 0,05 V
5. £lia phu kien 2 Oia chU'O'ng trinh stJ dunq da dinh danq o
Diskette accessories formatted user program diskettes
o Dla cnuonq trinh (khoi d(>ng) program diskette
o £lia he thong system diskette
6. Khai dong di~u khi~n Doc dia chuonq trinh/Oia h$ thong
Boot controller Read in program system diskette(s) o
7. Thi~t b] may Theo RKAB (cac thanh phan di.;.n)
Machine equipment According to RKAB (electric components)
o
8. SI,I'day dU Thea ban dli lieu may (cac tnann phan di",n)
Completeness According to machine sheet (electric components)
o
9. C~u hinh phan mern H~ng so. cac cnoc nang co djnh, cac giao di';'n, C<;lC1/0 va
software configuration me dun di~u chinh theo ban dli lieu may
Constants, fixed functions, interfaces,
o
I/O and regulation cards according to machine sheet
10. Cal Oia he thong
Write system diskette
o
11. Mach ng~t kh<1ncap Ki~m tra chLPCnang cua tat ca cac cong t~c ng~t khan cap
Emergency shut-down circuit Function test of a/l emergency shut-down switches
o
12. Khoang each an toan Ki~m tra crnrc nang cua tat ca cac thiet b] baa ve
Safety circuit Function test of a/l overload devices
o
13. Ni\p truot c6 due 10 Ki~m tra cbuc nang
Perforated sliding cover Function test
o
14. B~ m~t phan each Ki~m tra chLPCnang
Parting line Function test
o
15. Chuan bi cho may thao tac tlr ben Ki~m tra 8132 va S131 AI B
nqoai Test S132 and S131 AlB o
Preparation for ext. handling device
16. Giarn sat vi tri cong cu Tac dOng cong lac 5141 Actuate switch 8141
Mould position monitoring Phieh earn ki~m tra SN 519.237 TestconnectorPN 519.237 o

B<;Inhay tim trong hang dao tao cua ban nhCmg tai lii;!u hU'ang dan I~p rap va hay lam viec theo tat ca nhO>ng
hU'ang dan nay. Hay trao doi cac tai lii;!u trang lap hoc vo'i nhau. LU'u y cac dieu khoan bao mat trong cong ty
cua ban. Trong trU'ang hop kh6ng chac chan, hay xin phep,
 14.6 An toan lac dQng trang qua trinh I~p rap 617

14.6 An toan lao dQng trong qua trinh lap rap

Rat nhieu nguy hi~m b<fltnguon tll' may m6c va he th6ng thiflt b] (Hinh 1). Vai nhCmg bien phap ph6ng ngll'a
lac dQng thich hO'Pnquoi ta c6 thll ngan ngll'a nhCmg tal nan lao dong, bi;lnh nghe nghii;lp va nhCmg m6i nguy
hiem cho SLPC khoe.
NhCPngmOl nguy hlf!m thU'o-ng do:
• Cho vap, cac bO phan b] hu, gian giao, k$ buc va thang khonq thich hO'P
• Dl,Jngcu nang tai va phll'O'ng tien nang (dai, cap, xich ... ) qua yeu hoac b] loi
• Rang qua SLPC
khi nang, giCfva mang vat tai
• Lam vi$c trang tll' thfl b~t buoc
• Thieu cac rao chan (can)
• Tac dunq vat Iy, h6a hoc va sinh hoc (vi du nhu tieng on, hO'ikh6i)
• Kh6ng du kien thLPCchuysn man trong viec xU>Iy cac chat doc hai
• Canq th~ng tinh than do ap Il,l'cthai gian, mo ta cong vi$c kh6ng r5 rang, trach nhiern lon, thieu kinh nghi$m,
r6i loan bat ngo, thieu truyen thong, v.v.

NhCfng ngll'oi bi nguy hiem la:

• ThO' khi I~p rap may m6e
• Chuyen vien van hanh khi chay thu>may
• ThO' khi lam viec va san xuat
• Ngll'oi 10 vi$e bao tri khi bao dll'6'ng may m6e

14.6.1 Nhfrng bi~n phap an toan ph6ng

ngu.a khi lam vi~c v6>i may moc,
thi€:t b] va cac h~ th6ng co di~n tlP

Moi nhan vien trang xi nghi$p, bang each CU'xU>cua

minh, e6 the d6ng g6p rat nhieu de tang CU'ong an
toan lao dong (Hinh 2).
Phonq nglPa chOng cac mOi nguy hiem:
• Tuan thu cac quy dinh an toan qua viec chu cac v
dau hieu earn va canh bao (Hinh 2 va hinh 1, trang
618) Hinh 1: Nguy coo tai nan trong xi nghi~p

• Ap dunq cac bi$n phap an toan nhu rnac quan ao

bao hO,thiet Ii;lp qian qiao v.v ... An toan tai noi lam vi~c
• GiG>gin trat tl,l' va sach se • Hay lam viec mot each an toan va than tronq
• Hay sCr d,mg an toan thu dong va chu y d~n:
• Tach rieng cac dunq CI,Jva phuonq ti$n hu hong
• Hanh dong c6 ky luat va than tronq oaUhiiiU.
yiiu d;u 00
• Quan sat truoc va c6 y thoc ve su nguy hillm
• Phan tich chinh xac hop d6ng conq viec
Oau hieu Oau hieu
• Hoach dinh ehinh xac trinh tl,l' conq viec cuu hI) phOng eh6ng
h6a hoan
• Truyen thong tich cue
• Hay luu y nhLi'ng di{,u earn vi du earn u6ng ruou, earn
• Thea thuan c6 rang buoc hut thuoc, cam vao,
• Hay baa cao hoac leal b6 ngay l(ip tuc cac khi~m
Cac quy dinh ph6ng ngua tai nan (APR = accident khuyet ve an toan hOac tinh tr(lng nguy hi~m.
prevention regulations) duoc cac t6 chLPCbao hiem tai • Kh6ng sCr d(,Jng cac thi~t b] xi nghiep, cac phlfO'ng tien
nan trang mol ITnhvue nghe nqhiep, ch~ng han nhu hay may m6c lam viec khi kh6ng duoc phep sCr d(,Jng

hii;lp hQi bao hi~m nghe nqhiep SOanthao va dll'Q'c BO

• Hay giLi' khu vue lam viec gon gang 14
lien bang c6 tharn quyen chap thuan. Hinh 2 : Chi dan an toan trong xi nghi~p
618 14 Lap nip, dlJ'a vao v~n hanh va bao tri M thong co di~n tll

Trong cac quy dinh ph6ng ngll'a tai nan (APR), co cac

_(i)eo
yeu cau sau day: cac dau hi~u yeu c3u

• Trang thiet bj cua xi nghh(Jp

• B6 phan tb chuc baa v~ an toan lao dong trang xi

nghiep
SlYdvng kinh £)OirnQ SlYdvng db bao SlYdyng dO baa
• NgU'CYill'ng dl,mg cac phuoriq phap lam vlec baD v~ mAt ba~ hi~m v$ thinh giac v~ dtJong hO hap

Cae dau hi~u cam

• Nhiern VI) va each CU' xCI' cua nhan vien

Cac yeu cau nay phal duoc giiY dung va cong khai
cho rnoi nhan vien. NhQ'ng hanh vi vi pharn c6 the bi
phat tien nanq.
Kh6ng fl(Png cham Cflrn ngU'ai earn ngu>oi
dtJ9'Cb~t vao, hop vo c6 kh6ng th~rn di bQ
NhiYng ngU'CYitiep xuc voi thiet b] dien c6 them nhQ>ng di$n ap quyen vao
yeu cau d~c biet, Theo tieu chuan DIN 0105 T1, ho
duo'c chia thanh ba nh6m:

• Chuyen vien dien

Kh6ng pMi Carn ILva,Ilra Cam chira Carn d$t dll
• Chuyen vien cho cac cong viec da xac djnh truoc nuoc uong nqon va hut chay voi nuoc hoac luu Ir(Y
thucc
• NhQ>ng ngU'CYida duoc dao tao ve ky tnuat di$n
Cae dau hi u cann bao
Kg thuat vlen CO' dien tCl' la nhiYng chuyen vien dien.
HO chiu trach nhiern ve cac quyet djnh va cac bien
phap an toan cho ngLl'CYi,trang thiet b] va chiu trach
nhiern hLl'ang dan nhQ>ng ngU'CYikhong c6 chuyen man
va nhQ>ng nhan vien da diro'c dao tao,
Canh baa di$n Canh baa lai Canh baa Canh baa cac
ap nguy hiern Irea 10' IlYng cac vi;il li';;u chflt doc hai
de cnay
14.6.2 cac bi~n phap khi eo tai nan
lac dQng

Mac du da tuan thu tat ca cac quy djnh an toan va cac

bien phap ph6ng ngtYa tai nan nhunq neu van xay ra
tai nan, thl nhQ>ng di~m sau day phal dU'Q'Ctuan thu: Canh baa cac Canh baa Canh bao Canh baa
chat ph6ng X" nguy hiern da tia Laser tLvtru>ang
• GiiY binh tTnh hoac cac tial :lc quy
buc X" ian h6a
• Tim hieu nhQ>ng gi da xay ra va nhQ>ng thLl'O'ng tich
c6 the co

• U'&c tinh xem c6 nhiYng nguy co ke tiep de doa

khong (vi du: nguy co bung nb) va nhiYng bien
phap nao phai duoc thuc hien

• Than tronq va hanh dong dtYt khoat khi tat may, bao
ve hien trU'cyng lai nan, giai cuu nhQ>ng ngU'&i b]
thuonq, keu gOi giup d5' qua dLl'cyng day khtm cap, Cflp cuu Chi htJong Bac si Canq thuonq
cha cac thiet
thuc hien cap cuu, v.v
bi cap cuu

Neu co nhleu ngU'CYitro giup tai hien truonq tai nan,

phai chia nho
VI) IU'O'ng tYng
lien luon luon

•
nhiern VI). Moi ngU'CYinen nhan nhiern
voi kha nang cua minh. NhQ>ng viec dau
la:

Goi 56 ho IrQ' khan cap va cho biel cac chi tiet chinh
II
Tilm kh~n cap Thiet b]
ru'a mat
Lei thoat hitl.m sang tral

xac v€J noi xay ra tai nan (& dau), 5l,1' kien xay ra
(cat gi), so ngLl'CYi bi thuonq (baa nhteu) va loai Hinh 1: oau hi~u chi dan cac mai nguy hil!m va cac quy tac
thuonq tich (nhLl' the nao). (Pngxli' trong khi nguy hil!m (trieh doan]
 14.6 An toan lao dOng trang qua trinh llip rap 619

• Cham s6c cac nan nhan bang each:

Bang 1 : cac bi~n phap cap cou
- Oi chuyen ra khoi vunq nguy hit!lm true tlep (Vi du
T ri~u chunq Bi~n phap
khi c6 nguy hiem hoa hoan)
H6 hap! H6 hap nnan IQO!
- Killm scat hoi tho va lam ho h~p nhan tao
tuan holm rnau d(Yng yen Xoa b6p ep tirn
- Quay sang tu the narn nghi€mg on djnh n~u con Bat tinh TU"the narn nghieng on dinh
tho
Tu<\n hoan rnau yeu!B! sac Nang cao hai chan, lam em
- De chat (bang b6 chat) neu xuat huyet nhi~u diu, tran an

- Tao tll' the soc (nang cao hai chan) khi b] see Xuat huyet nhieu Bang b6 chat (de earn maul
(Bang 1).
Bib6ng Dap t~t ICravai nap d~y.
hoac tU"ong tl,!' - nuoc

14.6.3 Phong chay chfra chay va cac bi~n phap trong trU'cYng hQ'p hoa hoan

Llia gay nguy hiem d$c biet, vi Ilia c6 the nhanh chOng lay Ian sang nhCrng khu Vl,J'Cxung quanh, va do do gay
nguy CO' ton hon cho sinh rnanq va vat chat. Nguy CO' c6 mot dam chay xay ra trong khi lap rap va tu siYa la tuonq
d6i lon. Do do can d$c bi$t chu y de ph6ng ngCra hoa hoan,

Sa di~u ki$n cho mot dam chay la:

• Oxy trang khOng khi

• Nhiet, tia Ilia hoac m6i Ilia

• Nhien li$u

Neu mot trong 3 di~u kien nay mat di hoac khong c6 san (y vj tri chay, thi dam chay se tat di hoac khonq xay ra.

Nguyen nhan hoa hoan tai noi lam vi{!c co th€! 103:

• 6 true qua n6ng

• 6 true qua tai

• Thi8U elm tronq khi lam viec voi cac chat d~ chay, chang han nhu trang khi han

• LYng xiY cau tha trang khi lam viec hoac trang luc giai lao, chang han nhu khi VLPtbo thuoc la dang chay

Phonq chay 113 c6 gling ngan chan Sl,J'phat sinh cua liYa hoac han che mot dam chay dang bung no.

Cac bi~n phap phong chay Iii:

• Thanh laP cac tram CLPUhoa trong cac conq viec c6 nguy co xay ra chay nhu han, han vay, cat, v.v

• Chuan b] san sang va thll'ang xuyen baa trl cac binh chCra chay

• Cai d$t cac bO baa kh6i

• Ki€!m scat cac cua ch6ng Ilia va nap ngan kh6i

• Cac tuyen dll'ang thoat hiem duoc danh dau va luon rno duoc

lrng xU>trong trU'o-nghop chay:

• Khi phat hi$n mot dam chay dang manh nha, nen c6 gang dap ngay

• Khi khOng the dap tlit dam chay, phai roi khoi vunq chay, 86ng ciYa nhll'ng khong kh6a

• Goi khan cap doi CLPUhoa (thOng bao ai, (y dau, cai gi, bao nhieu)

• Thong tin cho nhCl'ng ngll'ai dang 0 trang noac xung quanh tea nha va tiep tuc to chLPCvi$c di tan khoi dam 14
chay.
620 14 Lap nip, dlJlavao v~n nann va bao tri h~ thong co di~n t.:r

14.6.4 Tiep xuc voi cac chat dQc h~i

Trong khi lap rap, thLP nghi$m dU'a van van hanh va bao dU'ang h$ th6ng thiet b] va may m6c trong mot so trO'cmg
nop, vi$c tiep xuc v&i cac chat doc hai kh6ng thll tranh khoi. Theo quy dinh ve chAt d9C hal va quy d!nh GHs1
tat ca cac chttt dU'ooc cho la dQc hai c6 it nhat mot trong cac tfnh chat sau:

• Nguy co gay no (vi du nhu thuoc no)

Bang 2: Cae bieu tlJlQ'ng nguy hiem theo tieu chuan
• De gay chay (vi du nhO' oxy dll han) v~t li~u va quy dinh GHS
• R§t de chay hay de chay (vi du nhO' Quy djnh GHS
dung moil Miiull,r
Ky hi~u nguy hil1m Ma h6a Hinh
nnan d~ng ky hi~u
• Doc hai (vi du nhu SO'n, h6a chat)
C6 nguy cxr phat n6 Bom nO GHSOl
• An man hoac gay kich thich (vi du nhu ~
Rat d'; chay
ax it va kiem) Ngonllra GHS02
D';cMy ~
Anh hU'&ng chLPC nang sinh san hoac gay Nqon liYa tren mot
Gay chay GHS03
thay doi gen (vi du nho thuoc bao v$ thuc
vonq tron ~
vat, thuoc tnr sau) Kh6ng co SI,I'tU'O'ngu'ng Sinh ga GHS04
0
• Gay ung thu (vi du nhu benzen, bui g6) An man C Tac dvng an m6n GHS05
~
• Gay nguy hiem cho rno: tru>ang (vi du R~I d(>c T+ Hop SQvai xuonq
GHS06
nhU' chi, cadmium, dau cO) eec T bilt cheo
~
C6 hai cho SlJoC
kh6e Xn
Khong c6 Si,l'IU'O'nglJon9
• C6 hai cho SLPCkh6e (vi du nhu dung Gay kich Ihich Xi
rnoi trong chat keo dinh)
• Gay nhay earn, d] LPng (vi du nhu formaldehyde, niken)
Ten goi vat li$u/
S••••lam 103ng
chat pha chll
Chat d('>c hai phai diroc d6ng g6i dung each. Bao bi phai c6 thong

[!]
Bi€!u tU'Q'ng
tin chinh xac ve n('>idung va nha san xuat cOng nhu nhO>ng chi dan nguy hi€!m
ve SI,.I'nguy hiem va loi khuysn v~ an toan (Hinh 1 va bang 2). Ben
Ten 99i cho ~
canh nhO>ng ky hi$u cOng phai kern theo voi moi chat d(ic hQi bang De chay Co hal cho
SI,Pnguy hi~m SlJoC
kh6e
dO>li$u an toan, day ta mot nguon thong tin quan tronq,
Thanh phan G6m co : Methanol,
Tolual, butanol
chat pha chll
Chi dan ve nhil'ng m6i
Bang 1: Sl,l' nguy hiem do cac v~t Ii~u lam vi~c (tuyen chon) nguy hi{,m d~c bi~t:
NhQong m$nh Co hai khi hit vao va nuOt
Chat crura dl,Png DO nguy hi~m phai. De chay
d~ V~ nguy CO'
Vai, son Dung moi, Toluol,Xylon Kh6 tho, nrurc d~u, di ling L60i khuyim an toan:
Phai de xa tam tay tre em!
Gjli bao bl kin!
Dllu thuy Il,l'c Polybulylcuprysil,Benzol,Nilosamine Gay ung thu, di ling Tranhxa cac ngu6n phat lLPa -
V$t lieu each nhiet SO'i amian Nhil'ng rnenh kh6ng hut thu6c!
Gay ung thll
Tranh dl,mg cham veo m~t
Chal keo dim Dung m6i Kho thO, nhuc d~u, di ling d~ v~ an toan va da!
Hay chon cac bien phap ph6ng
Ten, dja chi, 56 nglra chong lai nap tinh dlen!
Dung moi PER perchloroelhylene Gay hai gan va Ih$n di$n thoai cua
[Link] san xuat
nha san xuat
Dau cat Olaerosole Di ling Hinh 1: Ky hi$u nh(in d<;lng cac chat dc?c h<;li

14.6.5 NhCPng tieu chuan an toan may rnoc

TCP01/01/1995 tal Conq dong chau Au cac qui dinh th6ng nhat ve an toan duoc ap dunq cho viec xay dl,mg va
hoat d('>ng cua may m6c. Cac nha san xuat cac b('>phan, may m6c va h$ thong thi~t b] xac nhan voi dau hieu CE
rang, may nay dap LPng cac yeu cau an toan va SLPCkh6e theo tieu chuan may m6c cua c(>ng dong chau Au.

M •••c dich cua quy dinh:

• ell y su an toan cua may m6c va h$ th6ng ngay trong thai ky phat trilln
• Bao v$ nhO>ng chi) nguy hillm bang cac thiet b] an toan
• Cac mei nguy hiern duoc nnan rnann trong sach hU'ong d~n su> dunq.

1) GHS = Globally Harmonized System (H$ IhOng hai h6a loan caul
 14.7 £)U'a vao van hanh 621

14.7 DU'avao v~n hanh

N6i chung, viec dU'a vao van hanh cac thiet b], may
m6c, h$ thong thiet b] la giai dean cuoi cling trang chu L~p ke hoach
trinh hinh thanh mot san pharn (Hinh 1).

NgU'&i ta hieu vi$c dua vao van hanh la chuyen

D
giao mot h$ thong thiet b] tLv tinh tranq d(mg yen L~p f<3P
sang tranq thai hoat d9ng.

Vi$c dU'a vao van hanh bao gom t~t ca cac heat D
d9ng can thiet cho viec khai dau heat d(>ng cua
cac h$ thong dU'O'c lap rap truoc d6.
Ir £lU'a VaG van hanh

a day,
D
ve co ban ta phan biet, xem day la Van hanh
Ian dau tien hay van hanh tro 1<;Ii. I Hoat dong lau dai
1<
Khi dua vao v~n hanh Ian dau, ngU'ai ta gia djnh rang
D
Ng(rngnoat dong
toan b(> h$ thong vo'i tat ca cac h$ thong con cua n6
Ian dau tlen dU'O'c dU'a VaG hoat d(>ng. Trang tm&ng
hop nay, khong loai trLv viec nhO'ng h$ thong phu rieng
Ie nhU' cac cum thiet b] thuy luc, d9n9 CO' v.v. da duoc
D
thiY nqhiern dua VaG Van hanh tLvng phan, Thao g5',Xli' Iy thai

Hinh 1: Chu ky song cua cac may mec va h~ thong thi~t b]

Viec dua h$ thong tLv tinh tranq diYng yen sang tranq
thai heat d(>ng tra 19i duoc thuc hi$n bai thiP nghi~m
dU'a VaG v~n hanh tr60 I~i. Dtra VaG van hanh tro 19i
18c€!n thiet neu he th6ng khong th€l hoat d6ng dU'Q'c do T6ng quan 1 : Cae d~e di&m cua vi~c dll'a VaG v~n hanh
nhieu rOi 109n (Ioi, nhieu) Ian va ca dU'Q'Ctu siYa (siYa
chfra) de c6 the heat dong tro 19i. NhU' vaY, thi du, kh6'i
• H$ thong co di$n tiY dU'Q'C lap rap hoan t~t cho
d9n9 mot may cong Ct,Jtruce d6 bi tat di khong duoc
gQi la thiY nqhiern dua vao van hanh tro 19i. a cac
•
den mot vai diem con s6t l<;Ii
Dua vao Van hanh ta giai dean chuyan giao
thiet b] ky thuat qui trlnh cong ngh$ nhu duoc siY dunq
trang nqanh cong nghi$p h6a chat, thi tra: lai hanh giOoa ngU'&i giao dt,J'an va ngU'&i nhan dl,J'an
d9ng nay cOng duoc gQi la thiY nqhiern dua VaG van • TlIY thuoc VaG h$ thong, vi$c dua VaG van hanh
hanh tro lai, vi n6 gay phi ton cao hon. cOng c6 the la dieu rnoi doi vai chuyen vien co
di$n tiY.
• Thong thU'&ng khi dira VaG van hanh, Ian dau
tien tat ca cac thanh phan tham gia duoc kiem
14.7.1 Cac d~e di~m cua vi~e dU'a vao
tra kha nanq heat d(>ng trang st,J'tuonq tac vai
v~n hanh nhau.
• Dira vao van hanh b] qua tai a mire d(> cao do
Neu khong ke tai viec ngLvng hoat d9n9 va vi$c thao SI,J'co khOng 1U'&ng truoc dU'Q'C, chang han nhU'
g5' cac h$ thong ra, thi vi$c dua vao van hanh la st,J' st,J'hU' hai mot phan cua cac may m6c, phuonq
ket thuc, tire la giai dean cuoi cling cua mot dt,J' an. tien truyen thong bi hu hay ngU'&i siY dt,Jng
Viec thiY nghi$m dU'a VaG van hanh den vai t~t ca mol khong c6 kha nang.
ngU'&i tham gia nho la mot "gi& phut cua St,J'that", c6
• Khi dU'a VaG van hanh, viec dieu khien h$ thong
nghTa d6 la bang chunq cho th~y cac conq viec da
duoc giao cho nhan vi en 19, nhO'ng ngU'&i nay
duoc thuc hien trang giai doan truoc d6 c6 thanh
phai dU'O'Cdao tao each xiY IY.
cong khonq. Do d6, n6 cOng co cac di;ic diem nh~t
djnh (Tong quan 1).

Cac chuyen vien co di$n tiY khac voi tho co khi conq nghi$p hoac ngU'&i lap rap h$ thong di$n, vi ho phai dU'a 14
VaG Van hann toan bo thiet bj bao gom tat ca cac thanh phan co khi, di$n, khi nen, thuy luc va di$n tiY, cho nen
d6i hoi he phai co kiEm thLvc bao trum cua tat ca cac nganh co lien quan.
622 14 LAp rap, du-a vao v~n hanh va bao tri h~ thong co di~n tu.

£)U'a vao van hanh phu thuoc vao mot vai so yeu to (Hinh 1). a
day, vi$c I$p ke hoach va phat tri€m d6ng mot vai
tro quan tronq. Nqhien cuu sau rQng trong viec xay dl,mg h$ thong thiet b] da cho thay, hon 60% van d€! trong
khi dU'a vao van hanh c6 nguon goc tCf trong ke hoach va ph at trien h$ thong. Cac van d€! nay cOng lien quan
chat che den tai li$u.

8iI~u thiet yeu cho cac chuyen vien co di$n hi, ngU'ai thuc hien viec dua vao Van hanh, la ho phai c6 tat ca cac
thong tin ky thuat lien quan den he thong. NhU'ng di€!u do cOng co
nghTa 113nhiYng ngU'ai nay phai c6 kha nang
doc dU'9'C tat ca cac danq tai lieu ky thuat nhU' la cac phac thao v€! nquyen tac, cac ban ve ky thuat, cac ban ve
lap rap, cac so do trinh tl,J', cac so d5 chuc nanq, v.v.

Phoi hop cnoc nang voi

Chat 1U'Q'nglap k~ hoach
cac h$ thong khac

Chat lU'gng I~p rap cac dieu ki$n xay dl,mg

Chat IU'Q'ngcua cac cac dieu ki(!n dac thu

nhan vien van hanh cua vj tri

Hinh 1: Cac y(!U to anh hU'cYng den vi~c thfr nghi~m dU'a vao v~n hanh

NhU' da the hi$n trong Hinh 1, cac giai dean cua chu trinh phat trien san pharn xay ra truoc giai doan dua vao
van hanh, vi cac giai ooan cua chu trinh phat trien nay anh hU'&ng dang ke den vlec thCr nghiem dua vao Van
hanh, Do do, tuonq tl,J'nhu trong viec lap rap, cac bien phap thiet ke thich h9'P da co trong giai dean I$p ke hoach
cOng c6 the anh hU'ang den viec dua vao van nann suon se. £)ieu nay chu yeu baa gom:

• tranh cac nquon loi vi du do ll,J'a chon sai lam cac earn bien hoac tU'O'ng tu.

• tiep can tl,J'do ouoc tiep can tat ca cac kha nang hieu chinh, di€!u chinh va do lU'ang

• tranh cac nquon gay tai nan chang han nhu cho c6 canh sac, cho cat, v.v ...

Trong tat ca cac hoat dQng co lien quan den viec dU'a vao van hanh, ngU'ai thuc hien phai triet de tuan thu cac
quy dinh c6 hieu luc v€! conq tac ph6ng chong tai nan. Tuan thu cac quy djnh tuonq ll'ng cua VDE (Hiep h¢i
di$n tCr) va APR (Quy djnh ph6ng ngCfa tai nan), tu> narn 1995 cac nha san xu at he thong phai xac nhan cac
may m6c cua minh bang dau hi$u CEo Vai dau hieu nay ho da chll'ng minh bang tu lieu ta qui djnh co hi$u luc
v€! may m6e da duoc tuan thu. £)i€!u nay di nhien cOng
ap dunq cho tat ca cac nha cung cap cac may m6e va
cac he thong con. Vi$c chap hanh cac quy dinh nay
phai duo'c chuysn vien co dien tll' kiern tra trong qua
trinh thCr nghi$m dua vao van hanh, Cac h$ thong con
duoc cung cap khonq mang dau hi$u CE thi kh6ng
cho lap rap.

N6i chung, viec dua vao van hanh duoc hU'ang dan
b&i mot 10<;1tcac qui dinh theo DIN va quy djnh cua
VDE va VDI (Hi$p hQi ky suo £)(vc). Trang ke liet ke
nhO>ng diem quan tronq nhM trong cac quy dinh nay.
Hinh 2: An toan dii dU'«?,ckiem tra
 14.7 Dua VaG van nanh 623

Ben canh viec thuc hi$n chLPCnang chinh cua thiet b], cac nha san xuat cOng phai dl! tinh truoc cac bi$n phap
thich h9'P de nqan ngLPa tai nan, mat khac, nhCmg ngU'<Yidieu hanh cOng phai giam sat tinh tranq heat dQng va
an toan cua cac h$ th6ng di$n co va CO'di$n tLPb~ng cac bien phap phu h9'P. NhCJongnhan thLPCnay dan den viec
thiet I$p I~n d~u tien cac bien phap ph6ng nglia tai nan VaG narn 1943, va cuoi cung da la cO' sa cho "NQi quy
va quy djnh cua cac hi$p hQi nghe nqhiep" (VBG 4). Ben canh nhCJongdieu khac, dua theo cac nquyen tac nay
thi "... ngU'ai quan Iy xi nghi$p phai 10 li$u sac cho nhCmg he th6ng thiet b] di$n va nguon vat lieu chi duoc xay
dl,mg, sLPa doi va bao tri theo nhCmg lu~t 1$ ve
ky thuat di$n tU'O'ng Lmg boi mot chuyen vien dii,ln (chuyen vien
CO'dien tLPcOng 18 chuyan vien dii,\n) hoac dU'cYiSI! chi dao va giam sat cua mot chuyen vlen di$n" (§ 3 doan 1).
Ket hop giO>a VDE, VOl ve DIN, mot bO luat rQng rai da duoc hinh thanh theo thai gian, neu tuan thu nqhiern
ng$l se bao dam Sl! an loan a
rmrc d9 cao (Hinh 1).

PhAn 200 PhAn 310 PhAn 410 PhAn 600

Cac khal niem He th6ng rnanq Cac bien pnap bao vi); Cac kiem Ira
t6ng quat . Cac danq bao ve ch6ng dien gi.;it ban dau
rnanq nguy hiem

PhAn 12 Phsn 1 DIN VDE 0100

Van hanh NhCi'ng quy dinh xay d\l'ng nhCi'ng hi) th6ng dien
nhfrng he th6ng chung n~ng voi dien ap dinh danh len
dien n(jng dEln 1000 V

DIN 31000 I VDE 1000

Nhfrng nguyen t~c chung cho
viec thlet k~ dung an toan cua
cac san pharn ky thuat
DIN VDE 0105
van hanh he th6ng dien n~ng

VDE 0132
To chi dan cho viec chfra chay
trong nhCi'ng he th6ng dien

VDE 0106
Bao ve ch6ng dien gi(it

DIN VDE 0160

Trang thiet b] he th6ng dien n(lng
voi thi~t bi gia cong ve dien
DIN VDE 0113
Trang thi~t b] dien cua may
m6c cong nghiep

VOl 3229 khi nen

VDI2853
VDI 3230 thuy h,rc
Yeu cau an toan ky thuat cho xay
VDI 3231 £lien
dl,l'ng, trang thit'lt b] va Van hanh
Nhfrng tieu ~huan thuc hien ky thuat
robot cong nghiep
cho cac may conq CI,J va thi~t b] san
xuM khac
14
Hinh 1: cae quy d!nh quan tr<;lng can phai tuan theo khi thLP nghiem dlPa vao v(ln hanh
624 14 Lap nip, dU'avao v~n hanh va bao tri h~ thong co di~n tll'

14.7.2 Nhfl'ng dieu co ban ve phu'onq phap dU'a vao v~n hanh

Di€!u ki$n can thiet cho viec thCr nghi$m dua vao van hanh khonq b] tra nqai 113viec thCr nghi~m nay dU'O'c thuc
hi~n mot each h$ thong ve tuan thu theo dung qui dinh. Tuy theo tLmg h$ thong ngU'6'i ta c6 tht§ SLr dunq cac
phuonq phap khac nhau. Thong thuonq cac hang SLr dunq phuonq ti$n la bang danh muc kit§m tra hay bleu d6
ti~n trinh trang vi$c thll' nqhiern. Cac phuonq tien nay dU'Q'c chuyen vien co di~n tll' dung nhu ta nquyen I~c co
ban. Chung bao dam mot tilin trinh nhD'ng viec lam d~y du va hop Iy, dong thai dU'Q'C stY dl,mg lam tai li$u ho tro
khi co vim d~ va cho yliu xuat hi$n.

Sau day la vi du v~ each tien hanh va danh rnuc ki~m Ira cho viec dU'a vao van hanh mot he thong thiet b] qui
trinh cong nghe.

1. Muc dich
Bang hU'ang dan phU'O'ng phap nay m6 ta vi$c dU'a van Van hanh cac thiet b] sau khi lap rap tai cong
truonq.

2. Pharn vi hi~u Il:I'c

Bang hU'ang dan phuonq phap nay co hieu luc cho rnoi lanh VI)'C cua xi nqhiep co lien quan dlin viec thll'
nghiem dua vao van nann,

3. Trach nhi~m
chuyen vten co dien tll' cua oQi l<fiprap co trach nhiern trang vi$c thuc hi$n conq viec thll' nghi$m dU'a VaG
van hanh ca phan ctYng Ian phan mem

4. Dien ta
4.1 Thll' nghi~m dU'a vao v~n hanh (Kiem tra lanh)
Khi cac dieu kien Van hanh va an toan cho phep, viec kit§m tra phan ctYng (killm tra lanh) c6 the dU'Q'Cthuc
hien. aday chuc nang cua cac tu chuyen rnach (tu trang b] cac conq tac) va cac thiet b] hien tmang da cal
d~t duoc kit§m tra rna khonq can de y d~n cac di€!u kien van hanh din phai giCr.

4.2 £)U'avao v~n hanh

Viec dua van van nann dU'Q'Cthuc hien voi SU' co mat cua khach hang dU'ai oieu ki$n san xuat, Cach thirc
thuc hien duoc di~n ta trong danh rnuc kiem tra cho vi$c thll' nghiem dira VaG van nann.

4.3 Nghi~m thu

Sau khi dua VaG Van hanh tnanh cong voi SU' co mat cua ngU'6'i sll' dung duoi oieu ki$n van hanh, viec
nghi$m thu duoc tilin nann, sau d6 thilit b] duoc trao cho khach hang. Vi$c nghiem thu duoc ghi ho so
trang bien ban nghiem thu va oU'Q'c chunq nhan qua chQ>ky cua cac ben tham dl)' (Bang YXZ dinh kern)

4.4 Bien ban dU'a vao v~n hilnh

NgU'ai chi huy viec lap rap va vi$c dU'a vao Van hanh lam bao cao klit thuc va danh rnuc cac diem con 1<;Ii.
Cac bien ban nay co gia tri nhu la bien ban chat 1U'Q'ngva dU'Q'c cat giQ>trang ho so cua dU' an.

4.5 Thay dbi va bb sung

Cac thay doi trong khi thll' nghi$m dua VaG Van hanh duoc bieu th] qua ghi chu rnau d6 trang cac do an.
MQt ban vai cac ghi chu thay doi duoc giQ>lai tai cho trang tu chuyen mach, NgU'ai chi huy dU' an giQ>ban
thu hai de cap nhat h6a cac do an ban dau.

4.6 Loi va thieu sot

Phai khac phuc toi da cac loi va thieu sot phat hi$n ra khi dua van van hanh. DQc lap vai viec khac phuc
10i, cac loi nay phai duoc ghi chu l<;Iitrong mot bang danh rnuc loi va phai duoc tlm hit§u ve nguon goc
phat sinh.
Chu y cac diem sau truoc khi thu don cong truonq:
• Cong truonq phai dU'Q'c don sach S8 va trat tl)'
• Kiem tra sl! d~y du cua vi;lt lieu va dung cu trong xe dung cho l<fip rap
 14.7 Dua VaG van hanh 625

Vi dl,l v~ mQt danh rnuc ki~m tra eho vi~e dll'a V80 v~n hanh mQt h~ th6ng thi6t b] qui trinh eong ngh~

Khach hang: Ngay thanq:

Cae dieu ki~n trlJ'ae tien:

• T~t t§t ca cau chi va bQ ng~t di$n t\,l' dong truoc khi dua VaG van hanh

• Kiflm tra xem tat ca day di$n hii;m truoang da dU'Q'Cearn het chua (khong c6 doan cuoi nao cua day
khong dU'Q'Cbao dam)

• Kiflm tra di$n ap dau VaG & cac kep cung cap di$n ap

01 Oil ki.§m tra tLPtruonq quay (y cac kep cung cap di$n ap chua? (tLPtruonq luon luon quay phai) 0 C6 0 Khong

02 £)il ki.§m tra riang Ie tLPng rnach dien cho cac may m6c theo so dO rnacn di$n chua? 0 C6 0 KhOng

03 £)il ki.§m tra riang Ie cac rnach di$n cho den va 0 earn theo SO' db rnach di$n crura? o C6 0 Khong

04 Oil ki.§m tra cac rnach di$n cho 0 earn cong 5u~t theo SO' db rnach di$n crura?
(tLPtrlJ'ong luon luon quay phai)
0 C6 0 Khong

05 £)a thCPnghi$m dlJ'a vao v~n hanh b6 cung cap di$n ap 24 V DC va da hii;iu chinh dien ap nap
& may nap (sac) di$n dE'lntr] so dii;in ap danh dinh cho flc qui chua? D C6 D Khong

06 £)il killm tra cnoc nang tin hii;iu rnach dian do va tin hieu do theo SO' db rnacn di$n chU'a? D C6 D KhOng

07 oa cai di;it can biing hii;iu the dung chuyen rnon chua? (tiE'ltdii;in; cho nOi day den dien) 0 C6 0 Khong

08 Oil ki~m tra cac ghi chu cho can b~ng bieu the chua?
(bang ghi chu: ghi chu cho ray can biing hi$u thE'lPAS 01;
ghi chu cho bO nap di$n rieng Ie vai dai bang keo Scotch)
o C6 D Khong

09 £)il ghi cnu ro rang cac may trong tu cnuyen rnach va hi;i thong thiE'lt b] theo SO' do rnach chua? D C6 D KhOng

10 £)U'ong diin day cap va cac dU'ong dan vao cac thiet bi di$n va cac tll chuylln mach
c6 chinh xac kh6ng? o C6 D Kh6ng

11 £)a ghi dau rnau xanh lam tren cac day cap di ra va cac kenh crura? 0 C6 0 Kh6ng

12 011 ghi chu day cap ro rang theo danh rnuc cac day cap chua? 0 C6 0 Kh6ng

13 Dil thl,l'c hien cac viae I£p dal khong ro khi nen dung ky thu(lt chua? D C6 D Khong

14 C6 ni\p daY cho cac b¢ cung cap va cac cue binh di$n khong? D Co D Khong

15 011 killm tra cac rnach do va cac lin hi$u chua?

(thunq oo ao suat, may mo ph6ng PT100. bO pMI xung) 0 C6 0 Khong

16 011 killm Ira l:'in cuoi Iheo VDE 0100. ph:'in 610 chua? D Co 0 Khong

17 C6 tai li$u moi nhat Irong III chuyen rnach kh6ng? 0 C6 0 Khong

18 C6 ban th(P hai cua tai Ii$u rnoi nh~t cho ngU'<'ritrach nhi$m chuyen rnon khong?
0 C6 0 Khong

19 Oil lam sach tu cnuyen rnacn va Ihiet bi chua? D C6 D Kh6ng

20 £)11chup anh tll va thiet b] clura? 0 C6 0 Khong

21 £)a giao h$ thong thiet b] cho khach hang crnra? D C6 0 KhOng

22 £)11IhCPhe Ihong thiet b] dtroi dieu kioiln van hanh chua? D C6 D Kh6ng

23 011 lap bien ban nghiem thu crura? D C6 0 Kh6ng

14
24 Da ghi hel danh muc cac viE!c con lai chll'a? o C6 0 KhOng
626 14 L~p rap, dua vao v~n hanh va bao tri h~ thOng co di~n tll'

14.7.3 £)U'a vao v~n hanh cac h~ th6ng thiet b] khi nen va di~n-khi nen

Trang khi thCr nghi$m dU'8 van van hanh cac h~ thong thitlt bi khi nen, nguy hi€1m dang kfl nhat la cac xi lanh dich
chuyen kh6ng dung, gay ra rui ro tai nan cho ngU'Cl'i sUodl,lng. Vi v$y nen theo each ti~n hanh chung sau day:

Trll'Ooc khi Sll' d •••ng:

• Kiem tra cac dCr lieu ky thuet cua h~ thOng thiet b] nhU' di~n ap cua rnach di$n dieu khien, di~n ap cua cac
rnach di$n cong suat, ap suat khi nen.

• Kiem tra 5lJ' lap rap cac thiet b].

• Kiem tra cac dU'<Yng ong va cac cho noi dU'<Yng ong.

ThlfC hi~n vi~c thll' nghi~m dll'a vao v~n hanh:

• Khai d9n9 he thong thiet b] khi khong c6 ap suat.

• Kiem tra vi tri co ban cua cac thanh phan conq tac theo so do.

• Kiem tra vi tri cua cac van xung va dieu chinh bang tay khi can.

• D6ng cac van tiet luu dieu khien van toc piston.

• Du-a tll> tll> h~ thong thiet b] IEm ap sua! conq tac dl,J' kien.

• (y cac he thong thiet b] hoan toan dung khi nen, kiem tra qua trinh diEm bien theo tCrng buoc (khong phoi)

• Neu can thiet, chinh lai cac conq tac vi tri cuoi.

• (y cac he thOng thiet b] di$n-khi nen, truoc het qua trinh di€!n bien c6 the dU'OOC
thuc hien khong c6 phan dien
bang SI,J'dieu chinh voi thao tac bang tay.

• Chuan b] san sang cac dien ap

• Kiem tra cac trinh tlJ' chinh xac, toan bo, khonq c6 chi tiet gia conq,

• Chay thiY vot chi tiet.

• Giao thi~t b] cho ngU'<YisUodl,lng neu can,

Trang khi thiY nqhiern dlJ'a vao van hanh, khonq dlJ'OOcdU'a tay vao pharn vi dich chuyen cua cac xi lanh, vi
ngay ca xi lanh nho cOng c6 the gay ra thuonq tich. Neu cac conq tac vi tri cuoi phai dlJ'OOckhoi d9n9 de
thUo, phal Slf dunq dunq cu thich hop.

Cach tien hanh nay dlJ'OOcdlJ' kien cho truonq hoop binh thuonq. Trang trU'<Yng hop d~c thu c6 the c6 nhO>ng qui
djnh khac, rieng cho he thOng dlJ'OOcSlf dunq trang viec thlf nghiem dua van van hanh. Cac qui dinh nay bat
bU9C phai duoc tuan thu trlet de.

14.7.4 £)U'a vao v~n hanh cac h~ th6ng thiet b] thuy h,l'c va di~n-thuy lI!c

Vi rui ro tai nan (y cac h$ thong thiet b] thuy luc do llJ'c I&n va ap suat cao con ton non (y cac he thong thiet bj khi
nen, nen viec thCr nqhiem va du'a van van hanh cOng phai tien hanh c6 he thong.

Trll'cYc khi SlI' d •••ng:

• Kiem tra cac dO>lieu ky thuat cua he th5ng thiet b] nhu dien ap cua rnach dien dieu khien, dien ap cua rnach
dien cong suat, ap suat.

• Kiem tra SI,J'lap rap cac may m6c.

• Kiem tra cac cho noi

• Kiem tra vi tri cac dlJ'&ng 6ng dua theo so d6.

• a
Kiem tra Sl,l' khOng c6 dien ap, cac cho giO>chat va ban kinh uon cua cac ong, nhflt 103 cac dlJ'cmg 6ng dan
m€!m.
 14.7 8U'a VaGvan hanh 627

• Ki€!mtra cac oU'6'ng dlfln ro ri

• Ki~m Ira SI! bao v$ cua cac bo phan dich chuyen theo UVV

• Ki~m Ira chat do tai cac binh chua dau, cac be>IQcva cac ong hut

• Ki€!m Ira hU'&ng van chuyen cua cac born

N~p nhlen Ii~u long (dau thuy Il,l'c, xang ...) vao h~ thong thiet b]:

• Truoc khi nap nhien Ii$u long VaG he thong thiel b] cac van phai Oll'Q'crno hay 06ng tuonq LPngvcYichLPC
nang cua chunq.

• Khi nap vao, phai d~ y d~n SI! sach S6 cua cac thUng chua. Phai ngan khong d~ cno nuoc chay VaGIhiel b].

• Van hru 1U'Q'ngva van ti~1 luu nen oU'Q'crno ra o€!cho viec nap nhien li$u long duoc d~ dang.

• Chi ducc nap bang dau thuy luc do hang sari xuat doi hei vcYido nhon oa an djnh.

Thli> nghi~m dU'a vao san xuat:

• Tnroc khi kh&i o(>ngo(>ng CO' cac van & oU'6'ng hut phal dli'ng (y vi tri van hanh,

• Cac born piston doc true can mot bucnq nap oay dau ban trong o~ van hanh oung qui djnh. Vi vi';lyborn phai
duoc nap dau khi th(P nghi$m dU'a VaGvan hanh dau tien,

• Truce khi chiu tai t6i da, h$ th6ng thiet b] nen duoc van hanh kh6ng tai trong khoanq tli>1 d~n 4 giO. Trong
luc van hanh khonq tai phai ki~m tra ap suat, rnuc oau, nhi$1 00 born, nhiet 00 dong co, nhiet 00 chat 16ng
va cac cho ro ri.

• Vi$c hieu chinh ap suat & van an toan phai tuan Iheo qui djnh cua hang san xuat va nen niern phong bang
chi neu c6 th~.

• H$ thong thuy it,l'Cphai duoc xa khong khi sau khi born bat dau chay. Sau khi dat oEmnhiet 0(>van hanh, phai
xa kh6ng khi mot l€tnnCra.

• Sau khi oat oen tinh tranq van hanh, tien hanh ki~m tra chLPCnang cua h$ thong thiet b]. Cach tien hanh &
oay giong nhu' each ti~n hanh oa Oll'Q'ctrinh bay trong rnuc th(P nqhiern dua VaGvan hanh cac Ihiet b] khi
nen (xem trang 626).

• Trong khi ki€!m Ira chLPCnanq, phai ki~m tra cho ro ri (y toan the h$ thong thi~t bi.

• Cac loi v~ chLPCnanq va cac cho ro ri phai duoc ghi tai li$u chinh xac,

14.7.5 £)U'a vao v~n hanh cac may di~n

Cac may oi$n trong lanh VI,I'CCO' oi$n t(P luon luon la cac h$ thong phu trong toan bO h$ th6ng thiet b]. Vi vi';ly
thong IhU'6'ng chunq oa qua quy trinh kiem tra toan bOtlf hang san xuat truoc khi lap rap. Trong nhQ>ngkiem Ira
nay cac may oi$n phai chLPngto la oa dap LPngtat ca nhQ>ngconq suat ooi hoi.

Vi vi';lytrong trll'ong hop binh thll'ong khi Ih(Pnqhiern dua VaGvan hanh cac buoc sau day phai dU'Q'Cthuc hi$n:

• Kiem tra cac rnanq lU'cYioi$n cno rnach di$n chinh va mach oi$n oieu khien

• Kiem Ira h$ th6ng day cap

• Ki~m tra va gan cac cau chi

• NOi rnach vot dien ap

• Ki~m Ira dien ap hien hQ>u

• Kiem Ira chieu tli>trU'ong quay

14
• Kiem Ira cac bien phap bao ve
628 14 Li!ip nip, dU'a vao v~n hanh va bao tri h~ thong coodi~n tlr

• Kiem tra b~ng mat cac choi than va cac gia giCPchoi

• Kiflm tra cac h$ thong lam mat

• Kiem tra xem t€lt ca cac qui tac da €In dinh c6 dlJ'Q'c tuan thu kh6ng

14.7.6 DU'a vim v~n hanh bQ diEm khi~n logic I~p trinh dU'<?,cPLC

BO dieu khien logic Ii;lp trinh duoc PLC chi co the kiem tra chung cuoc trang tinh tranq van hann cua thiet b], M~c
du trinh tl,l' CO' ban c6 the da dlJ'Q'Cthli nghi$m bang cac chuonq trinh m6 ph6ng nhunq cOng khong bao dam
tram phan tram cho kha nanq heat dong dlJ'&i dieu kien lam vi$c. Tuy nhien phi ton thCr nqhiern dlJ'a VaG van
nann giam thieu dang ke qua viec rno ph6ng truoc d6 (xem them chuonq 10.8).

Truoc khi gan dien ap VaG bo dieu khien PLC phai giai thich cac cau hoi sau day:

• Dien ap cho may va di$n ap cua 1lJ'&i di$n c6 dong nhat khonq?

• Cho noi cung cap di$n co dung kh6ng?

• 8lJ'&ng day bao v$ co cuoc lap dung kh6ng?

• Khong co cac dlJ'&ng noi dan dien giCPamach di$n chinh va mach dien di~u khien?

14.7.7 Lei khi thw nghii[!m dU'a vao v~n hanh cac hi[! th6ng co dii[!n tw

Viec kh6ng dap Ll'ng mot doi hoi toi thieu fy h~ di~u khien dlJ'Q'c xem la 15i. L5i ta nquyen nhan lam true trac
hay nglJ'ng hoat dong cua mot h~ thong CO' di$n tli.

Vi cac h$ thong CO' di$n tli thuonq lu6n lu6n 103cac phoi hop cua nhCPng ky thuat may m6c khac nhau nen cac 15i
xuat hi$n c6 the rat khac biet, Cach thLPCtien hanh khi xay ra 15i trang thli nghi$m dlJ'a VaG van hanh nhu sau:

1. Nhan ra 10i 2. Gi&i han 15i (phan tich) 3. Khilc phuc 15i

Vi$c nhan ra loi trong da so troonq hop con rat don giEm vi nhlJ' da trinh bay 0' tren, 15i la khi toi thieu mot doi
hoi kh6ng duoc dap LPng.

Viec gj6>j han loj nglJ'Q'c lai thlJ'ang rat kh6. Cac nguon goc gay 15i co the narn fy tLl'ng may rieng Ie hay tLPng cum
lap rap (vi ou cac van dan hlJ'&ng kh6ng heat dong hay hu hong tal cac bo phi;ln CO' khi), fy viec lap rap kh6ng
dung (vi du hlJ'&ng chay sai fy van cnan (van mot chiEw)), fy viec noi ket sai cac thanh phan rieng Ie, fy viec noi
day di~n (vi du dLPt day), fy viec chinh sai cac earn bien v.v ...

V~ co ban, cac 15i c6 the do 3 nguyen nhan:

• L5i bO phan

• L5i lap rap

• L5i thli nghi$m dlJ'a VaG Van hanh

Khi gi&i han loi phai tien hanh co h~ thong. Neu cac 10i nay 10 ro, chunq c6 thfl nhan biet duoc qua cac giac
quan. Vi du mot 0 true co tieng rit co the dlJ'Q'Cdinh vi qua thinh giac, cac ch5 n6ng chay fy day dien phai nglii
thay dlJ'Q'c hay kh6i boc len phat thay diroc va cac ch5 dau ro ri hay cac ch5 noi khi nen kh6ng bit kin phai thay
hay nghe duo'c.

a tat ca nhCPng noi rna nguon goc 15i kh6ng earn nhan dlJ'Q'c bang giac quan, viec sli dunq tat ca cac tai li~u ky
thuat co san de ho tro 113elm thiet; cac so do trinh tl,J'cua cac chuonq trinh, cac so do chLPC nang, cac bieu do
chuc nang va cac so do rnach di$n co the ho tro hi~u qua trang viec gi&i han loi. Vi du nho VaG bieu do chLPC
nang nglJ'ai ta co the quan sat rat ro tiEm trinh tin hi$u trang mot qua trinh di~u khien.

Loi lu6n la nguy co phat sinh phi ton va gay nguy hiem cho thiet bi va con nglJ'ai nen phai dlJ'Q'c ph6ng tranh het
rnuc. Tuy nhien rnac du rat can thi;ln, loi cung van lu6n lu6n xuat hi~n trang khi thll' nghi$m dlJ'a VaG van hanh.
 14.7 Dua VaGvan hanh 629

Bi€!udo chuc nang cho thiet bj nhan d<;lngchi True bi quay v6ng, cong Xi lanh tac dyng kep voi cac cong
ti,§tgia cong dU'Q'cdien ta trong Hinh 1. Thiet tac an toan vi tri cu6i va tac lU'ai ga (cong tilc conq t(r)
bi lam viec khonq loi cho d~n buoc thli 7. SI)' cong tAc lU'oi qa
theo doi tien trinh tin hi$u cho thay nguon goc £)ong CO' servo
loi nam a ouoc thiY 7. Vi xi lanh hut da thuc dien mot chieu
vai h~ th6ng do
hi~n xong chuyen dong chay ra va vao kh6ng
quanq dU'6'ng
a
loi cac buoc 2 ... 4, nen 16ico khi khong th€! B9 chi€.t ap gia s6 (tllY chon)
narn & xi lanh hay co phan di~u khi~n tU'O'ng tuy€m tinh
ling. Nguyen do cho viec khong chay ra narn (y
conq tac do ap suat thap SO.12 hay vunq chung Cong tac Kep hut
quanh eong tac, do ap thap chan khong

Mang thai Nhan di",n phoi biing earn bi~n

Vi du nay cho thay, dinh vi duoc loi bang cac so do quang, di~n dung va earn (rng
truot
thich hop. Vi$c dinh vi nquon goc loi nhtr vi;ly co the S3 so 9" so 12
thuc hien dU'Q'c,nhU'ng nguyen nhan chinh xac cua <p SO:10" ~0'5bar
bi€!u hien loi truoc tien can phai dU'Q'cxac d!nh. Trong ~ SO,6
viec nay, ky thuat do llJ'cyngta mot phU'O'ngti$n ho tro o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

quan tronq. NgU'CYi ta do nhi$t dO va Il,I'Ctrong cac he

thong CO'khl, do ap suat hoac sai biet ap suat trang
cac he thong thuy Il,I'c va khi nen va do di$n ap va
Xi lanh hut

o
1
/f\ It16(f\
l
dong di$n trang cac h$ thong di$n va di$n tll>de gioi bar
Chan khonq ~1-0'2
han vunq loi. SO.12
~SO.7
o
1

Ch~n doan loi biing ky thuat do llJ'cYng Vi trlI

c;can ban
<OJ SO.5
;., 0 SO.8
Vi$c Sll>dunq cac may ky thuat do llJ'cynggiup vao vi$c ~ Vi tr i
chan doan va xac djnh vi trl loi. NgU'CYi
ta Sll>dl,lng cac ~. cong tac
1
may do khac nhau cho nhCPngky thuat thi,§t b] khac
~SO.8
nhau.
Hinh 1: SO'db ky thuat va bi€.u d6 chwc nang
Trong lanh Vl)'C khi nen, chu yeu ap ke (Hinh 2) va
conq tac ap suat (Hinh 3) la thich hop cho viec tim 10i.

Ap ke hien th] tr] so ap suat, Vai ap ke ngU'ai ta c6 the

xac dinh tuonq doi don gian la ap suat co hien hCPu
khonq va d(> cao cua ap suat co du de hoan thanh
chuc nang khDng. Viec l.:ip di;it cac may do ap suat rat
don qian vi cac dU'&ng ong dEInthuonq de uon & cac
thiet b] khi nen.

Qua cong tac ap SWlt ap suat khi nen duoc chuyen

thanh tin hi$u di$n. Trong viec tim loi ngU'CYi
ta co the
quan sat su tang len hay ha xuong cua ap suat qua
conq tac ap suat va theo doi nhCPnganh hU'&ng den
tien trinh di~u khien.

Cong tac ap suat va ap ke cOng duoc dung trang cac

Hinh 2: Ap k€.

thiet b] thuy Il,I'Cde tim 10i. Viec lap rap Sll>dunq a

day khDng don gian vi da so thi~t bi co dU'&ng ong
a
ctYng. Vi v~y nhCPngvi tri nhay cua thiet b] thuy Il,I'C,
nquoi thiet ke da djnh truoc san cac cho noi cho viec
do llJ'cyng(so sanh voi de rnuc thiet ke thich hop cho
viec thll>nqhiern dua vao van hanh).

Ben canh ccnq tac ap suat va ap ke, ngU'CYita chu yeu

SLr dl,mg trang lanh VY'Cthuy iY'c cac may do hilln th]
14
rrurc day va nhi$t dO de urn 10iva nhat la de
tranh 10i. Hinh 3: Cong tAc ap su~t (khi nen]
630 14 UlP rap, dll'a vao v~n hanh va bao tri h~ thong co di~n tLP

NhlJ' v~y khi nhlet do dau qua cao hoac khi mLPCdau
qua thap phai c6 bien phap d~ loai tn;' sai s6t. Tral voi
lanh VI,I'Cco khi, thuy Il)'c va khi nen da so cac 10i trong
lanh VI,J'Cky thu~t di$n va dien tCJokh6ng nhan bi4t
dlJ'Q'c qua th] giac va thinh giac. £)e nhan biet chunq,
phai SLr dl,mg cac may do thich hop. a
day dau tien
phai phan biet hai qua trinh do IU'Crng va ki~m tra.

Khi kiijm tra nglJ'Cri ta xac djnh Sl)' hien hCfu cua dien
ap hay dong dien. BQ ki~m tra dii;ln ap hai cue
(Hinh 1) hi~n th] qua mot tin hleu diode phat quang Hinh 1: Be) ki~m tra di~n ap hai CI,l'C

mot dien ap hien c6 giCfa 6 V va 400 v. 8(> ki~m tra

di~n ap mot Cl;I'C co den phat sang va dlJ'Q'c dung d~
hilln th] dien ap mot chieu hay xoay chieu tLv 100 V
den 250 v.

Dyng cu ki~m tra tinh lien tuc cua dong di~n c6

th~ kiem tra xem dong dien c6 chay qua hai vi tri do
khong. Khi do IlI'ang nhCmg dai 1lJ'Q'ng dien, kh6ng
nhCfng chi xac dinh SI,J'hien hCfu rna ca dO Ian cua
nhO'ng dai 1lJ'Q'ng can do. NglJ'Cri ta SLr dl,mg nhCfng
may do khac nhau vile vi$c nay.
Hinh 2: Miiy do da niing

May do da nang (Hinh 2) cho phep do tuy theo Il)'a

chon dien ap, dong dien hay dien tro. a
day ben canh
dai 1lJ'Q'ngcan do, thang do thich hop cOng phai dlJ'Q'c
xac dlnh, Vi de SLr dunq nen may do da nang la dl,lng
cu rat thich hop de tim loi trong thLr nghiem dlJ'a vao
van hanh cac h$ thong CO'dien tLr.

Khi tim loi trong cac h$ thong dien tCJo

nglJ'Cri ta SLr dunq
chu yeu dao d{lng ky (may hi~n song) (Hinh 3). Vai
may nay cac dlJ'Crng bieu dien dien ap va dong di$n
I~p lai theo chu ky co th~ duoc hi~n th]. Voi dao dong
ky 2 kenh, 2 dlJ'Crng bieu diEm c6 the dlJ'Q'C hi~n th]
chOng len nhau. Dao dong ky luu trO' tin hieu b~ng ky
thuat so cho phep llJ'u trO' cac dlJ'Crng bi~u dien. Hinh 3: Dao di)ng ky

Ben canh cac phlJ'O'ng phap va phuonq tien da dlJ'Q'Ctrinh bay d~ tlrn loi trong khi thCJonghi$m dua vao van hann,
con c6 rat nhieu kha nanq khac de tim loi va dan dlJ'Crng den viec khac phuc loi. Tuy nhien vi nhCfng kha nanq
nay cOng giO' vai tro chu yeu trong viec tu sua nen chunq S6 duoc gisi thich & phan tu sLra (xem chuonq 14.8.5).

1. Hay giai thich khat niern dlJ'a vao van hanh

2. Viec dlJ'a vao van hanh cac he thong co di$n tLr duoc anh hlJ'&ng b&i cac yeu t6 nao?

3. Hay dien ta tien trinh can ban cua viec dlJ'a vao van hanh cac he thong CO'dien tLr

4. Hay I$p mol "danh rnuc killm tra" cho viec dlJ'a VaG van hanh mot bO dieu khi~n hai xi lanh dien-khi nen.

5. Hay k~ nhO'ng di~m chu yeu cua viec dua vao van hanh cac he th6ng khi nen, thuy luc, di$n va bQ dieu
khien logic I$p trinh duoc PLC.

6. Loi nao c6 the xuat hien khi dua VaG Van hanh?
 14.8 Bao tri cac h~ thong CO' dien tLr 631

14.8 Bao trl cac h~ th6ng co di~n t(P

Tat ca cac he thong CO' dien tLr giong nhu cac may m6c va h$ thong thiet b] d~u chiu mot su hao rnon nhat dinh
do lao h6a, dQ mol, rl set ·v.v ... trong thai gian noat dQng. Neu di~u nay khonq dU'ooc de y
day du, nhCvng hi$n
tU'Q'ng nay co the dtm deln true trac va hu hong. Trong trU'ang hop thong thU'ang viec nay da~ den .nhCvng phi
t6n dang ke. Vi v$y de tranh true trac va ngU'ng heat dQng, ngU'ai ta tim each "bao tri" h$ thong bang nhCmg
bi$n phap thich hoop.

NgU'ai ta hieu bao tri la tat ca cac bien phap de duy tri va thiet I~p 19i tinh tranq mong muon cOng nhu de
xac dinh va danh gia tinh tranq hlen tal cua cac phuonq tien ky thuat cua mot h~ thong (so sanh voi DIN
31051).

Cac bien phap de bao tri nay bao gom chu yeu 3 lanh vue con: bao dU'ong, kiem tra va tu sua:

BAoTRi

KI~M TRA TU SlYA

I
Nh[}ng bien phap de duy tri Nh[}ng bien phap de xac dinh Nh[}ng bien phap de tai tao
tinh tranq mong mu6n va danh gia tinh tranq hien tai tinh tranq hien tat

14.8.1 TiEm trinh cua mlre dc} hU' hong cua h~ thong

Khi quan sat nhO>ng he thong CO' dien hi trong mot

khoanq thoi gian dai, ngU'eri ta nhan thay la cac hu
hong lu6n lu6n xuat hien 1<;Ii.8i€!u nay thuonq c6
nhO>ng nquyen nnan sau:

• vat li~u hay sari xuat co loi

• LOi SLr dunq hay 10i van hanh
o
Q)

• Sl,l' hao rnon cua cac thanh phan cau tao hay cac £
N
nh6m thanh phan Ol
C
'0
s:
Cho den nay chi trang mot it trU'ang hop ngU'ai ta c6 :, Thai gian I
.<::
the tang SI,I' dang tin cay cua h~ thong va cac nh6m
:8' HU' hong HU' hong do lao
thanh phan cua h~ thong den rnuc chunq co the xem .g ban diiu HU' hong tinh co h6a/hao m6n
nhu' kh6ng c6 hU' hong. Trong ky thuat du hanh vO tru ::2;
va trang nqanh che tao may bay, cac tien b(> lien quan
Hinh 1: DU'ong cong d<:lng b6n tam
den han che hU' hong la Ian nhal.

Bieu hien v~ hu hong cua cac he thong CO' di~n tLr kh6ng the dien ta chung cho rnoi he thong. Tuy nhien giong
nhu & cac may m6c va h~ thong thiet b] khac, (y day ngU'ai ta cOng quan sat thay mot dU'ang cong voi d~c tinh
bon tarn (Hinh 1). Tren dU'cyng cong nay, 3 giai doan dU'ooc nhan ra:

• Giai doan hU' hong ban dau

• Giai doan hU' hong tinh ca
• Giai dean hu hong do tao h6a va hao m6n

Giai dean hU' hong ban dau thU'ang co lien quan den cac thanh phan cau tao (Iinh ki?n) hay h~ thong, (y d6
nhO>ng hU' hong qoi la "benn tre con" xu at hi$n. NhO>ng hU' hOng ban dau co the dU'ooc gay ra do l<ilp rap kh6ng
dung each, loi do chon Il,l'a vat li~u hay nhO>ng loi khac, Trang giai ooan nay, binh thU'ang ngU'CYita ghi nhan mot 14
Sl,Ygiam rrurc dQ hU' hong va qua co mot sl,l' gia tang Sl,l' dang tin cay, a
cac tnanh phan cau tao c6 doi hoi cao
v~ ky thuat vat lieu nhu' chat ban dfln thU'ang de ngan can hU' hong ban dau ngU'CYita lam thti nghi~m "thtr n6ng"
(Burn-in), trong thl:P nghi~m nay cac linh ki~n phai chiu tai cao hon.
632 14 LAp rap, dU'a vao v~n hanh va bao tri h~ th6ng co di~n tiP

Giai doan hll' hong ng§u nhien dU'Q'c bi€lu hien qua mot rmrc dO hU' hong gfln nhu khonq doi. Thoi di€lm va
nquyen nhan cua hU' hong a day tuyet dOi tinh CO'. Giai doan nay chlern phan chinh trang pharn vi tuoi tho cua
mot h$ thong va thong thU'O'ng khong the b] anh hU'ang.

Cac hU' hong do hao man tang theo tuol tho. Nhll' ten gQi, Sl,I' hao man cua tlYng bQ phan la nquyen nhan cua hU'
hong. Cac hu hong do hao man co the dU'O'c anh hU'o-ng teStnhat bang cac bien phap bao dU'O'ng va bao trl d€lu
ai;ln. Thea thong ke, khoanq each thoi gian cho baa dlJ'ang phai ngan hon khi tuoi tho tang.

E>{I dt.J' trQ> cho hao man cua cac

be; ph~n
t 100 % r, < 100 %
Sl,I' hao rnon cua cac bo phi,in co ts<100%
c
the dien ta bang do hoa. TLP do "do ·0
E 1
dl,l' trQ>cho hao man", tri so rat quan o 1
tronq cho viec bao tri, co the duoc '"
s:
o
1
s: 1
dan ra va cOng c6 the dU'Q'C trinh o
IL Gi&i han hU' hong
bay bang do hoa. Trang viec nay ~OJ. -------------1 ------....:----------
nglJ'ai ta gia dinh rang a
thoi efiem '0

aU'a VaG van hanh, bO phan c6 day -o-

c o t,
du chirc nanq va da dU'O'C chuan b] Thoi gian ----
truoc che mot sv hao man kh6ng Hinh 1: £>1) dl,l' triY hao men cho b IrU'Q'I
tranh duoc qua viec ghep them san
mot dl,l' trQ>nhat djnh cho nhQ>ng kha
nang b] hao rnon. Nh6' d6 c6 the
bao darn duoc kha nang heat dong
cua thiet bi ngay ca khi I$ch ra kh6i
t 100 %

tinh tranq mong muon Iy tuonq, Vi c Tin~ ~g hien tai t, = 100 %

·0
I ts = ti'
du mot 6 bac truot: khi thlf nghi$m E
0 I
dU'a VaG Van hanh ngU'O'i ta da qui '0"
s: I
I
dinh truoc mot do ha 6 truc nhat s:
I
U
djnh ph6ng khi 1130·h6a. dO h& (; true
s:;,. I Hu' hong
gi&i nan coi nhu la dQ ho 6 true tOi
thieu. Tr] so nay khong duoc nho
'0
0
Jt, ~
'0'
c Thai gian __
hon, Sl,I' khac biet giQ>ahai tri so nay
la do dl,l' tn) hao rnon (Hinh 1). 8Q Hinh 2: 0';' dl,l' IrQ>hao men cho linh ki~n di~n Iu.
dl,l' trQ>nay duoc tinh truoc khi thiet
k~ va hien hQ>ukhi thlf nqhiem dU'a
VaG Van hanh, N~u dQ dl,l' trQ>kh6ng
con ntra, bat bUQC phai tu sua.

Hinh danq dU'O'ng cong dien ta dl,l' trQ>hao rnon cho nhQ>ng bQ phan khac nhau cOng rat khac nhau dlJ'Q'c Slf
dl,lng trang cac he thong CO' dien tlf. 8i8u nay duo'c thay ro 0- dU'O'ng cong cua 6 truot (Hinh 1) va cua mot bQ
phan dien (Hinh 2). 0 nhQ>ng bO phan CO' khi ngU'ai ta thlJ'O'ng thay dU'o'ng cong dl,l' trQ>co d9ng nhu Hinh 1 va
6>nhQ>ng linh kien dien tlf Sl,I' hU' h6ng toan bO dot ngot thuonq g.;ip hon.

14.8.2 ChiEm 1U'Q'c bao tri

Cac bien phap bao tri trong xi nghi~p nharn rnuc dich kinh t~ giong nhu rnoi lanh vue khac. V8 cc ban, tinh kinh
te c6 th€l phu thuoc VaG ban than h~ thong hay may m6c, VaG chat 1U'Q'ngcua dOi ngO nhan vien va VaG chien
1U'Q'c(each ti~n hanh) trong vi~c bao trl. Khi bao trl, ngU'O'i ta phan biet 4 each tien hanh:

• Bao tri de phonq ngLPa hU' h6ng

• Bao trl do hU' h6ng

• Bao tri tuy thee tinh tranq

• Bao tri all bao dam chat 1U'Q'ng

 14.8 Bao trl cac h$ thong CO' di$n tu 633

Trong vi$c bao tri d~ ph6ng ngll'a hU' hong, bien phap bao trl dU'Q'c thuc hi$n sau mot thai gian hoat dong nh~t
djnh hoac VaG mot thai diem nhat djnh khong phu thuoc VaG tinh tranq hi$n tal cua thiet bi. Bieu nay c6 U'U diem
la cac bien phap c6 the dl,l' tinh truoc tot va 56 1U'Q'nghU' hong khong 1U'6'ng truoc co the giam dL NhU'Q'C diem
la thu duoc rat it dCr ki$n ve rnuc do
hU' hong, tUbi tho cua cac b(i phan khac nhau khong duoc su dunq va qua
do co the tao ra phi ton tuonq doi cao.

Cac bi~n phap bao tri do hU' hong chi duoc thuc hi$n khi mot h$ thong hay cac phan cua h$ thong hU' hong.
la anh hU'tYng cua cac hv hong dot ngot va kh6ng thay truoc,
Toi U'U ta Slf dl,lng tron tu5i tho cac b¢ phan. Bat loi
co the gay ra cac phi tlln hll' hong rat cao va d6i hoi 51,1'san sang cua nhCrng nhan vien chuyen rnon phu hop vi
du nhu chuyen vien CO' di$n tll'.

Cac qua trinh kiem tra deu di;ln ta co sa cho 51,1'bao tri tllY theo tinh tr~ng. Tuy theo tinh tranq hi$n thai dll'Q'C
xac djnh bo'i kiem tra, ngU'ai ta I$p ke hoach va thuc hien cac bi$n phap bao tri tiep theo. Qua do tuoi tho cua
cac bQ phan va h$ th6ng cOng dll'Q'c Sll' dunq tot va SI,I' san sang de Sll' dunq cua thiet b] duoc bao dam. Phi ton
cho viec kiern tra va nhu cau ve chuyen vien de chan dean ky thuat t<;10ra yeu diem trong SI,I' danh gia chung.

14.8.3 Bao dU'ang nhu' Ii:!bi~n phap bao tri de ph6ng ngCva hU' hong

K~ ho~ch bao dU'o>ng cho bQ truYEm dQng xich cua t6 [Link] nIp XYZ
vlec bao dll'&ng cac h$ th6ng CO' di$n tll'
duoc dung de ph6ng ngll'a IOi va qua d6 Ngay thana' 24 09 02 NgU'oi lam k.!i hoach: Obermeier

nqan can cac hU' hong. cac cong viec phai NgU'oi co
0>
e-
Nqay
T6t .0""
r:f- Chu ky thanq
thuc hi~n trach nhiern :.: DAu tay
Kll!m tra tinh tr<;lng hen ngoai TrtJ'cmg nhOm Jg{ 0 3 tMng
Chu yeu la cac phan CO' khi cua h$ thonq, cac
I K~m tra tinh trang bOl tran TnJ'ong nhcm Jg{ 0 3 thang
phan nay b] mai man nhieu va chiu tai lon va
vi v$y phai dU'Q'c bao dU'&ng. Cac cong viec Ki~m tra tinh tr.,ng d~y xlcn vA [Link] nh6m li!! 0 31Mng
~I.f neemOn
dm thiet diro'c thuc hien djnh ky dl,l'a VaG cac
ke hoach bao dll'&ng. Bay la cac cong vi$c de
Ki6m tra chi6u dai day xlch TnJCYng nnom Jg{ 0
li!!
G Ihang
,
K;~m tra d¢ cAng day xich TrlIung nnom 0 61hang
cham s6c h$ thong va thay the cac bo phan
hao man, chat b6i tron, vat tll' van hanh v.v ...
Tinh uanc cac banh rang xlch TrlPc,ng nh6m 3: 0 61hang
Vi tri cec banh rang xiCh TrtJ'iYng nhom J;a 0 Sthimg
NhO>ng conq viec bao dU'&ng phai diroc ghi va; nhau

chep VaG cac danh muc bao dU'&ng boi nhan Tlnh tr~ng cua thiet bi bao ve Ngl1ai Ch!u tracn
nhl~m vl! an loan
3: 0 Mlii thang
vien thuc hien. NhCmg cong vi$c nay c6 the
J
tuy thuoc VaG mot th6'i gian chu trinh, VaG thai
gian van hanh hay VaG so cac cong doan de
~ --=-
thuc hi$n. Ghi chu:

1. Chinh lei dO ding day xich VElO ky k~m tra tct

Viec bao dU'cmg co the chia ra cac bien phap 2.

sau day: 3. J

• Lam sach Loai trll' cac t<;1Pchat, chat Hinh 1: Trich tiP mQt danh mile bao dU'6>ng

do va vc';!t li$u phu b~ng

each hut, cQ chui, Sll' dl,lng
cac chat dung rnoi v.v ...

• Bao quan NhCrng bien phap bao v$ chonq anh hU'ang ben nqoai nhu rl set, chat do vi du do boi m&,
son, phu rnanq

• B6i tron GiO>kha nang truot bang each cho chat bol tron VaG cac vi tri b6i tron

• Bo sung N<;1pcac vat li$u phu vi cu nhu' nap dau hQP so

• Thay the Thay th~ cac chi ti€Jt nho va vat li$u phu vi du nhu thay vang d$m kin, thay nhot, thay bQ
loc v.v ...

• Chfnh I<li Chlnh l<:Iicac chi ti~t co th~ chlnh duoc vai rnuc dich leal tru> chenh lech
14
634 14 Lap nip, dlJ'a vao van hanh va bao tri h~ th5ng co di~n hi

NhQ>ng thiet bi nho hay thi~t b] tieu chuan nhU' may nen khi, may cong Cl,J v.v ... co th~ duoc bao tri boi nhan vien
Sll' dunq theo mot ke hoach nhflt djnh. NhCrng h~ th6ng co di$n Ill' phuc tap thU'ang dU'Q'c bao dU'ong boi nhQ>ng
chuyen vien da dU'Q'c huan luyen. Trang viec bao dU'ong, phai tuan thu nhQ>ng k€l hoacn bao dU'ong cua toan bQ
thiet bi do hang san xuat thiet bi dU'a ra cOng nhU' nhCrng k~ hoach bao dU'ong cua cac hang cung cap cac h$
th6ng phu, Hinh 1 trinh bay nhQ>ng trich dean tCPmot ke hoach bao dU'ong cho mot may tien CNC.

2j j h v m w t Bo phan ca khl Phai kiem Ira

B9 truyen dQng
£)Qng ca, bo truyen d¢ng chinh £)(i chay em, tifmg 6n, nhiet d(>
(b~ng ban tay)
Banh dai truyen £)e tua, £)(>d6ng tam, M~I dl
Day dai lien hinh V Tinh tranq, d(> dIng
H(ip s6 d6i s6 veng quay (2 bac) £)0 chay em, nhiet d(>

f)au may ti(in (U tmo>e)

True quay (true chinh) £)(i cnay em, dO I$ch m~t dau, nhiet
do, do ha hlJ'ong lam truoc va sau, do
h& (ro) hlJ'ang true, linh tranq cua chi)
nhan v(ll li$u cung cap
Khung sU'o>n may
B~ may Chinh
cac dU'ong dan £)0 mai men, d(> ho, lam sach, bei tron

V6 che dlJ'ong dan Tinh tranq, lam sach, bei tron

Bim tnrot hinh ehCPth~p

£)lJ'ong dim 89 hao mon, do h&, lam sach, boi tron

Luo()'ig(lt 8(i hao men, lam sach, thay the

True quay vai dai 6c eho dan dong doc Tinh tranq, SI,J' sach se, d(> ha, bei Iron
true va dan dong ph~ng
Day dai rang Tlnh tranq, d¢ canq
ma rang £)0 hao men (gay canh)

6 dao xoay (f)ai dung Cu revolve)

6 dao xoay (Dal dunq cu revolve) Tinh tranq, lam sach, d¢ bit kin
BO dung cu kep thay the nhanh Lam sach, bei rno

50 h
Bh
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

r-l--l
I 6 0 6
3 - 4x
~
~{}~
~
~
I
II c!::::f,j,.--,,~.p;
·
I·
.
I.
I
.I
e) 8 8 50 2500 2500 8 50
I
I· I. I.
DIN CG68 HLP 32 - CG68 I I I Ll
.0 I I I
i I
ISO

V(dm3)
G68

-
HM32

60
-
-
G68

3
L-
L_.
.~~--=f--~~
8h
}------- 2500 h

Hinh 1: Ke hoach bae dU'&ng eho mot may ti(in CNC

 14.8 Bao trl cac h$ thbng CO'di$n tll> 635

14.B.4 Kiem tra nhtr lit bi~n phap de ph6ng ngwa hU' hong

MI,JC dich cua kiem tra 18 nhan biat kip thai 51)' hao If
men.
Kiemtra
1'1
Vi$c kiem tra & cac h~ thong CO'di$n tll> thU'ang cuoc
thuc hi$n tU'O'ng tl,l' nhU' & 6 to ca nnan theo dinh ky.
Cac cong viec can thuc hien phai duoc I~y tll> cac k~
I
hoach kiem tra va danh rnuc kiem tra thich Crng va I I
phai dU'Q'c ghi h6 so sau khi Ihl,l'c hien xong. rGiarn dinh tinh tranq £Janhgia linh tri;lng
hi$n tai hien t(li
Cac kiem tra cap Crng ve CO' ban hai nhiern vu. Qua
kiem Ira, tinh tranq hi$n tal dU'Q'c: 1. giam dinh va
2. danh gia (Hinh 1). Hinh 1: Cae nhiern VI,l cua kiem tra

I~ I

Giam djnh tinh

tranq hi",n tai
I
I £Jodac I ghi so I phan tich
I I
. ThE'!nao cOngdU'Q'c
• DCP ki$n c6 s~n
Tru'c liep Gian tiep Phuonq ti$n
• DCP ki$n phai thu
thap
I "Kiem tra I true tiep"
I I I I I I I I I
Nhin Nghe NgLPi Carn tnay occ Vung chung San pharn V~ cac conq Dunq Cl,l do cac giup
quanh cac b('> cuoc san viec khac dac va ki~m DiY Ll'ng
phan xuat tra dl,lng
Quan sat thuan IllY (cOng b~ng tay Cac may Vi du dau ro Bao dlJ'ong HlJ'6'ngdan
gOila kiem tra bang mal) do dac va rl, nhi$t dO Tu SLPa chan doan
kiem'tra nieng/vanh (SLPacrura)
cue h$ banh xe May m6c
,
thong "ch'ta tha'i" (vi Philn mem
Ghi chu"{]
du mau phoi,
do" khi lap
pnan tich khi
thai) Ian dl,mg
ke hoach
dau boi tron.

~ Hinh 2: Giarn djnh linh Ir''"9 hien I(li

Viec giam djnh c6 the dU'Q'C thuc hi$n bang nhieu each (Hinh 2). NgU'ai ta goi tat ca cac phuonq phap la tnrc
tiep, khi doi tU'Q'ng duoc giam djnh true ti~p chu quan bang cac giac quan; hoac giam dinh true tiap khach quan
bang each danh gia cac qua trinh do dac, SI,I' phan tich nhCmg tieng keu 6 true hay rnui khet hoac su giam sat
dien ap hay ap suat la nh[jong thi du cho loai qiarn dinh nay.

SI,I' danh gia chat 1U'Q'ngsan pharn che tao hay su quan sat nh[jong cho ro ri 121nh[jong thi du cho Sl)' giam dinh
gian tiep h$ thong. (y hinh thuc giam dinh nay, khong phai chinh h$ thong rna nh[jong bQ phan cua h~ thong hoac
nh[jong chi tiet dU'Q'Csan xuat tren do duoc giam dinh, nh[jong bQ phan nay c6 the "gian tiap" cho biat su' true trac.

Tinh tranq hien tai ouoc tim thay qua cac quan sat chu quan hay do dac khach quan phai duoc danh gia sau
d6 b&i ngU'ai phy trach baa tri (Hinh 1, trang 636). Trang vi$c danh gia, chu yeu de y xem c6 cac Sl,l' bat binh
thuonq vi du nhU' dao dQng, sai biet ap suat, qiarn dien ap V.V ... c6 xay ra khOng, cac dung sai cho phep hay cac
gi6'i han nqhiern trong c6 b] vuot qua khOng. Trang khi danh gia cOng phai quyet dinh xem CaC bflt binh thU'&ng 14
nay c6 nquyen nhan tlnh co hay hE;!th6ng. Ket qua cua 51,1' danh gia cac ket qua giam dinh thong thU'ang 18 mot
bao cao V8 ket qua tham dinh thiet bi, trang d6 c6 ghi cac bien phap de khac phuc cac true trac.
636 14 L&p rap, dU'a vao v~n hanh va bao tri h~ thong coo di~n tu.

I" 8anh gia tinh tranq

hi~n lai

J
[ Trl s6 dinh rmrc (voi dQ
Ian do llJ'angthich hO'P)
So sann Iri s6 djnh rrurc
vai tr] sohien t:;li l Danh gia sai bi$1
I Bien phap

891&n Gi&i han

80 IcYn Sai biet tLi'c fl~t kll
do llJ'cmg Dung sai nghiem Du doan flanh gia 8imh giil
thay thll thai hO<;lch
dlJ'O'c trong
c-o y den (cling chu y alln dung sal • Phi t6n
• NhO>ng may m6c do IO'ongva do llJ'ang)
kilom Ira co thl! sO>d~ng ouoc • St,I'kh~n
• NhO>ng dieu ki€mquan tn;>ng ci\p
cho v$n hanh

Hinh 1: Danh gia tinh tranq hi~n tai

14.8.5 Tu SLPa (SLPa chLPa)

Tu sua (sLra chfra) 103phan ton kern nhat cua SI,J'bao

I' Tu sCva
J
tri. Thai gian hU' hong cua cac hi;: thong CO' di$n tLr b] I
anh hU'&ng nhieu nhat qua viec tu stra. Qua d6, cac
cong vi$c tu sua cOng bat buoc dBn den ton kern nhat.
1 I
Chinh sua: Thay th~:
Vi Iy do nay, ngU'ai ta luon luon co gang thuc hii;:n cac
tu su'a qua gia cong tu sua b~ng thay
cong viec tu sua nhanh nhu c6 thfl. Vii;:c tu sua dU'Q'c the
chia ra 2 bien phap:
Hinh 2: Cac bi~n phap tu su>a(su>achfra]
• Chinh sua lai

• Thay the (Hinh 2)

Cac bien phap tu sLra co the dU'Q'C chia ra theo thai

diem cua nquyen do tu sira:
Tim ra tinh tranq hi~n tal
• Tu sua phu thuoc vao quanq th6>i gian hoac theo (L6i nao xuat hien)
ke hoach duoc thuc hi$n sau mot khoanq thai
gian, mot thai gian Van hanh hay mot s6 1U'Q'ngdon
vi san xuat nhat dinh Xac djnh vimg tim kiem

• Tu sCra phu thuec vao tinh tr~ng, phu thuoc vao

sl,J'danh qia tinh tranq hien tai D~t gia thillt
(Ihu thap cac phong dean v~ nquyen
nnan hlJ'hong lrang vimg lim ki,j,m)
• Tu sLra do hU' hong, can thiet khi hi;: thong hay
nhung thanh phan cua h$ th<5ng b] hU' hong

• Tu sua da chuan b] la nhung tu sua d13dU'Q'c dl,J' Danh gia cac gia thiet va chon h,l'a
(chon Il,I'agia Ihi,j,1co hy vonq thanh conq)
dinh ve each thuc va pharn vi nhU'ng chua thuc
hien

Kiem nghi~m gia thiet

14.8.6 Tim loi nhU' Iii can ban cua vi~c
tu sLPa
ChlJ'a
SI,J' thanh cong cua mot bien phap tu sua phu thuoc
van su do xet va chtm doan co h$ th<5ng cac nguon
g6c loi" Dieu nay co the dU'Q'C thl,J'c hien voi SI,J'giup
d6' cua cac so do trinh tl,J' (Hinh 3), cac chuonq trinh
tim loi dung may tinh hay vi$c phan tich loi theo me Ch~m dlPt tim loi )
hinh cay loi (tlm 161theotrinh tl)')" Doc I~p voi phuonq
tien hay phuonq phap ouoc SLr dunq, & day can kien Hinh 3: Tim loi co cau true
 14.8 Bao trl cac h$ thong CO' di$n tlr 637

thrrc cua ngLfai 10viec bao tri, tLPC18chuyen vien CO'

di$n tLYve tat ca cac phuonq tien truyen thong va I$p Ngo vao lieu Thaythe Phep toan AND Nhieu nquyen
ehu~n phan tu' (c6ng logic vA) nhan hay bieu
he so thong thU'ang.

6
chuc nilng El hi$n xuat hien
khi e6 hU' cung mot luc
h6ng CCY ban ~
Ol,l'ng lim met cay loi (Phan tich loi theo mo hinh
danq cay) Phep toan NOT Phil dinh Binh luan Dien ta cac
(c6ng logic (dao) ngo vao va ra

D-
PHO DINH)

Vi$c dl,mg len mot me hinh loi theo danq cay ta mot
phuonq ti$n hQou ich de tim ra mot each h$ thong
nguen goc loi. Trong viec nay h$ thong CO' di$n tLY
V
C6 the Truyen tal- Cay loi bi ng~t
dLfQ'C chuyen sang mot rno hinh sat thuc t~ nhLf c6
co nhiElU (y day va dU'Q'C
[Link] tac cho viec thiet lap rno hinh duoc dinh NZO
nguyen li~p tuc (y cho
chuan trong DIN 25424 phan 1. NhQong ky hieu hinh nhan thay khae
dLfQ'C Slr dl,mg trong rno hinh tuonq Lfng phan Ian voi the nhau
cac bieu tuonq duo'c SLYdunq trong ky thuat so (xem
chuonq 10.2) (Hinh 1). Hinh 1: Ky hi$u hinh anh cho cay 16i (h,l'3 chon]

Cac bU'o>e phan tich:

a) Sl)' khao sat chi tiet nho mot phan tich h$ thong.
Trong phan tich nay, cac ChLfC nang he thong, cac
di~u kien chung quanh, cac nguon tro giup, cac
thanh phan cua h$ thong va tac dl,mg t6ng hop
Mam kep thOy Ii,vc
dLfQ'Ckhao sat. NhU' da duoc trinh bay trang khi ban
lu~n ve de tai "nhQong h$ thong ky thuat" (chuonq Hinh 2: SO' db ve nguyen t~c cho 93 kep

6.1), chi can "phuonq phap h9P den" la du.

b) Dinh nghTa "su kien khong mong muon" (Ioi) va ghi

VaG nhQong suy nghT ve loai hLf hong cua h$ thong
hay tnanh pnan cua h$ thong.

c) Dl,I'ng cay 10i, bat dau tli Sl,l' kien khong mong muon.
Cac hLf hong co the xay ra dLfOC ghi trong g6c binh
luan va duoc lien ket hop Iy (logic). Moi loai hLf
hong c6 the xay ra deu kern mot phan tich.

d) Cac ket qua hy cay loi dU'Q'c danh qia va cho l6'i giai.
p = 5 ... 50 bar p = 5 ... 50 bar
Ol,l'ng mQt cay loi (y vi du mQt rnarn kep thuy Il,I'c tal
mQt may ti~n CNC

a) Phan tich h$ thong:

H$ thong kep phoi (Hinh 2) lam viec theo hai nguyen

tac: Ml
,-
Pm.x = 50 bar:
1. Khi phoi da dU'Q'Clap vao, cac vau kep chuyen d9n9
bang thuy luc chay ve hLf6'ng phoi, Qua do mot ap
p
suat kep cao dieu chinh dU'Q'c dlJ'Q'c tao nen bang
may born thuy Il,I'c. Nh6' cac van dieu ap, ap suat T
._._._._._._._._._.---i
nay dLfQ'C gill' a
do cao can thiet.
Hinh 3: SO' db thuy h,vc (trich doan)
2. Neu khonq c6 chi tiet gia cong hay neu co mot chi
ti~t qua nho dlJ'Q'C lap vao, quang dlJ'6'ng cua rna
kep tren doan dlJ'6'ng chay [Link] piston kE;lpphat 9LfQ'c gi6'i han (Hinh 3). Quang dlJ'6'ng nay dLfQ'Cxac nhan (truy 14
van) boi 2 cong tac vi tri cu6i lam vi$c kh6ng tiep xuc (earn bien di$n dung).
638 14 L&p rap, du-a vao v~n hanh va bao tri h~ thong co di~n tlP

b) £)inh nghia "sir kien khong mong muon":

SI,I'gi6'i han quang dU'6'ng kep khi khong co phoi hay khi ph6i qua nhe khonq xay ra. Xi lanh kep chay den vi tri
cuoi 6' d~ng sau. a
d6 mot ap suat thuy Il,I'cton duoc tao ra ma khong the dU'Q'Cdung cho rnuc dich kep

c) Dl,I'ng cay loi:

SI,I'tao ra ap suat kh6ng mong muon co the co hai nquyen nhan: 1. Cong t~c vi tri cu6i b] hong hay 2. BO phan
dien [Link]] hong. Trong trU'6'ng hop thLr 2 phai dl,mg len mot cay loi rieng.

Viec hong conq tac vi trl cu6i co the co Iy do (y sl)' do ban, loi chinh hay mot chi tiet b] hU'.£)ieu nay dan den viec
piston chay ve vi trl cuoi va gay ra tich tu ap suat

d) Cong t~c vi tri cuo: bi hU'duoc thao ra va thay b~ng cong tac rnoi.

Hinh 1: Cay loi cho ga kep thuy I\pc

1. Hay cho biet ba lanh vue nao la thanh phan cua bao tri?
2. Hay giai thich nQi dung cua ba lanh VI,I'Cnay

3. Hay di~n ta phan gQi la "dU'6'ng cong danq b6n tam" dU'Q'Cbiet trang lanh VI,I'Cbao tri
4. B<;Inhay tlm hieu trong wang dao tao cua ban nhCmg vi du ve cac giai dean hU' hong ban dc?!u,hU' hong
tinh co va hU' hong do hao mon,
5. Hay di~n ta cac chien 1lJ'Q'cbao trl khac nhau

6. Ban hay tim trang wang cua ban mot ke hoach bao dU'iYngva phan tlch, giai thich ke hoach nay.
 639

Danh sach nguon goc hinh anh

ADIRO Automatisierungstechnik GmbH, [Link] 40, 73734 Esslingen/Berkheim

ARBURG GmbH + Co, Arthur-Hehl-Strarse, 72290 Lofsburq
AS-International Association, Zum Taubengraben 52, 63571 Gelnhausen
Bahco Druckluft-Hydraulikwerkzeuge, Martener Hellweg 60, 44379 Dortmund
BAUER Profiltechnik GmbH, Landelstrafse 45,74382 Neckarwestheim
Baumer electric, Hummelstrasse 17, CH 8500 Frauenfeld (Schweiz)
Boge Kompressoren, Lechtermannshaof 26, 33739 Bielefeld
Bosch Rexroth AG, Marie-Theresien-Stral1e, 97816 Lohr am Main
Carl Mahr Holding GmbH, Brauweg 38, 37073 Gottingen
Carl Zeiss Industrielle Messtechnik GmbH, Carl-Zeiss-Stral1e 22, 73447 Oberkochen
CEROBEAR GmbH, Kalserstrafse 100, 52134 Herzogenrath
Deckel Maho Gildemeister Vertriebs und Service GmbH, Gildemeisterstral1e 60, 33689 Bielefeld
Demag Cranes & Components GmbH, Postfach 67, 58286 Wetter
Dr. Johannes Heidenhain GmbH, Dr.-Johannes-Heidenhain-Stral1e 5, 83301 Traunreut
Eckhart GmbH, Gewerbegebiet Wallroth, 36381 SchlOchtern
EFS-GmbH, Landturmstral1e 15, 74226 Nordheim
FAG Kugelfischer Schafer AG, Georq-Schafer-Strafse 30,97421 Schweinfurt
Felastec GmbH, BrOggliweg 18, CH 3073 Gumlingen/Bern
Festo AG & Co, Ruiter Strafse 82, 73734 Esslingen
FlexLink Systems GmbH, Schumannstral1e 155, 63069 Offenbach
Ford Werk AG, Henry-Ford-Stral1e 1, 50725 Koln
Gebhard Balluff GmbH & Co, Gartenstral1e 21-25, 73765 Neuhausen 7 Filder
Grunenwald Prazisionsrnechanik und Apparatebau AG, Fochenmattweg 12, CH-8624 Grut-Gossau ZH
Hans-Hermann Bosch GmbH, lndustriestrafse 11, 73347 MOhlhausen
Hanchen Hydraulik GmbH, Brunnwiesenstral1e 3, 73760 Ostfildern
Harmonic Drive AG, Hoenbergstral1e 14, 65555 Limburg an der Lahn
Heckert Werkzeugmaschinen GmbH, Otto-Schrnerbach-Strafse 15/17, 09117 Chemnitz
HEPCO Linearsysteme, Postfach 11 30,90531 Feucht
Huller Hille GmbH, Steige 61, 74821 Mosbach
Ifm electronic gmbh, Teichstrafse 4, 45127 Essen
INA-Schaeffler KG, Industriestral1e 1-3, 91074 Herzogenaurach (Germany)
Index Werke GmbH & Co. KG, Plochinger Strafse 92, 73730 Esslingen
item Industrietechnik und Maschinenbau GmbH, Friedenstral1e 107-109,42699 Solingen
Johannes Huebner, Siemensstral1e 7, 35394 Giefsen
Kelch GmbH + Co., Wiesenstral1e 64, 73614 Schorndorf
KHS Till GmbH, Kapellenstral1e 47-49,65830 Kriftel
KUKA Roboter GmbH, Blucherstrafse 144, 86165 Augsburg
Liebherr Verzahntechnik GmbH, Kaufbeurer Strafse 141,87437 Kempten
LVD GmbH, Europastrafse 3, 77933 Lahr
Mannesmann DEMAG, Weissacher Strafse 1, 70499 Stuttgart
MPV Microlab GmbH, Rornerrinq 1,74821 Mosbach
Musee d'art et d'histoire, Esplanade Leopold-Robert 1, CH 2001 Neuchatel
Partzsch Elektromotoren, Oswald-Greiner-Stral1e 3, 04720 Dobeln
Pepperl + Fuchs GmbH, Lilienthatstratse 200,68307 Mannheim
Phoenix Contact GmbH & Co, Flachsmarktstral1e 8-28, 32825 Blomberg
PROFIBUS International, Haid-und-Neu-Stral1e 7,76131 Karlsruhe
R. & S. Keller GmbH, Vorm Eichholz 2,42119 Wuppertal
Renishaw GmbH, Karl-Benz-Stral1e 12, 72124 Pliezhausen
SCHOCO Internatiol KG, In der Lake 2, 33829 Borgholzhausen
SCHUNK GmbH & Co. KG, Bahnhofstral1e 106-134, 74348 Lauffen am Neckar
SEW-EURODRIVE GmbH & Co KG, Ernst-Blickle-Stral1e 41, 76646 Bruchsal
SibosAG, Riedstral1e 18, CH-6343 Rotkreuz
Sick AG, Sebastian-Kneipp-Stral1e 1, 70183 Waldkirch
Siemens AG Automation and Drives, Vogelweiherstral1e 1-15, 90441 NOrnberg
Siemens Aktiengesellschaft, Postfach 3240, 91050 Erlangen
SitecAerospace GmbH, Brunnenweg 38, 83666 Waakirchen
SMC Pneumatik GmbH, Boschring 13-15, 63329 Egelsbach
Sommer-automatic GmbH & Co. KG, Humboldtstral1e 32-36, 75334 Straubenhardt
Spinner Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik GmbH, Postfach 1220, 82051 Sauerlach
THK GmbH, Huber-Wollenberg-Stral1e, 40878 Ratingen
Thyssen Henschel Industrietechnik GmbH, Henschelplatz 1, 34127 Kassel
Traub Drehmaschinen GmbH, Hauffstral1e 4, 73262 Reichenbach
Turck GmbH & Co. KG, 45466 MOhlheim an der Ruhr
Tyco Valves and Controls Distribution (UK) Ltd., Wellheads Terrace, Dyce, Aberdeen, AB 21 7G, Scotland
Weihbrecht Lasertechnik GmbH, Frankenstral1e 1, 74549 Wolpertshausen
Wickert Maschinenbau GmbH, Wollmesheimer H6he 2, 76829 Landau
640

Bang thuat ngCrVi~t - D(rc - Anh

Vi~t Dltc Anh Trang

A
Anh hlfong cua toc 00 Geschwindigkeitsbeeinfiussung speed adjustment of cylinders 440
An men Korrosion corrosion 123
An men bang dily Drahterodieren wire spark eroding 261
An mon Cleu be m~t Korrosion, Flachenkorrosion corrosion, uniform corrosion 124
An men tiep giap Korrosion, Kontaktkorrosion corrosion, contact 124
An rnon hat tinh the Korrosion, kristalline corrosion, crystalline 124
An man oien hoa Korrosion, elektrochemische corrosion, electrochemical 123
An mon hca hoc Korrosion, chemische corrosion, chemical 123
An xoi rnon khu6n chim Senkerodieren spark-erosive countersinking 261
API Giao dien lap trinh irng dung API Application-Programming-Interface API Application-Programming-Interface 27

B
Bai tuong trinh Referat review 86
Ban kinh uon toi thieu Mindestbiegeradius minimum bending radius 167
Ban ren Gewindeschneideisen threading die 190
Bien ban kigm tra PrOfprotokoll inspection sheet 389
Ban vo nhorn I~p rap Gruppenzeichnungen subassembly drawings 82
Bang bien Tabellen tables 43,83
Bang chirc nang Funktionstabelle functional table 398 ft.,
400ft.
Bang oieu chlnh chat Ilf9'ng, bieu Clochat Qualitatsregelkarten quality control cards 106
Ilf9'ng
Bang lam viec Arbeitsmappe work folder 42
Bang mach oien CPU (bo XLr 1'1trung tam) Baugruppe CPU (Mikroprozessor) modul CPU (central processing unit) 515
Bang phan phdi, s6 tay lam viec Mappe workbook 42
Bang su that, bang chan Iy Wahrheitstabelle truth table 397
Bang tinh, tinh tcan bang bang Tabellenkalkulation spreadsheets 42
Bang tr] so, bang gia tri Wertetabelle value table 441 ft.
Bang, cot Tabellen, Spalte spreadsheet columns 43
Bang, hang Tabellen, Zeile spreadsheet rows 43
Bang, 6 Tabellen. Zelle spreadsheet fields 43
eao trl de bao dam chat lvcng Instandhaltung, qualitatsichernde maintenance for quality assurance 632
Bao tri de phong ngira hir hong Instandhaltung, vorbeugende maintenance, preventive maintenance 632,633
Bao trl do hir hong Instandhaltung, ausfallbedingte maintenance in case of failure 632,633
Bao tri tuv theo tinh trang Instandhaltung, zustandsabhangige maintenance, condition-based 632,633
maintenance
Bao ve each dien Schutzisolierung protective insulation 374,388
Bao vi: each Iy Schutztrennung protective separation 389
Bao ve chong tich tv t1nh dien ESD ESD(elektrostatische Entladungen) electrostatic discharge 392
Bao ve m6i tnrong Umweltschutz environmental protection 130
Bao ve truyen oi)ng dien Schutz elektrischer Antriebe protective equipment for electrical drive 361 ft.
systems
B~c dinh htrong Orientierungsgrad degree of orientation 263
B~c trat nr, bac thtr tI,l' Ordnungszustand degree of alignment 263
Bac tI,l' do Freiheitsgrad degree of freedom 263
B~c tI,l' do cua ca cau truyen dong (hop so) Getriebefreiheitsgrad mechanism's freedom 273
Bac vi tri, bilc dlnh vi Positionsgrad degree of positioning 263
Bien ban Protokoll log 85
Bien ban nghiern thu Abnahmeprotokoll acceptance record 616
Bien ap an toan Sicherheitstransformatoren safety isolating transformers 340
Bien ap loai nho Kleintransformator low voltage transformer 340
Bien ap m¢t pha Einphasentransformator single-phase transformer 334
Bien ap tI,l' ng~u, bien ap tiet kii:m Spartransformatoren autotransformer 340,341
Bien so Variable variable 64
Bien cong suat Leistungsschild rating plate 344
Bien c6ng suat dong co M oto rleistu ngsschiId motor rating plate 344
Bien dang Umformen forming 166
Bien dang gan dung (chuili doan thang noi Konturzug contour definition 250
lai thanh dirong bao)
Bien dieu (dieu bien) di) ri)ng xung (PWM) Pulsweitenmodulation pulse width modulation 357
Bien phap bao ve SchutzmalSnahmen precaution 371
Bien phap bao ve he thong IT IT-System-SchutzmafSnahmen IT protective scheme 387
Bien phap bao ve tinh tirong thich c!ien Elektromagnetische Vertraglichkeit, protective measures against 369
tit EMC SchutzmafSnahmen electromagnetic emissions
Bi~n pbap chong an men KorrosionsschutzmaBnahmen corrosion-preventive measures 124
Bieu do chirc nang (khf nen) Funktionsdiagramm (pneumatisch) functional diagram (pneumatic) 420
 Bang thuat ngG>Vi!;!! - 8u>c - Anh 641

Bieu do trang thai Zustandsdiagramm state diagram 420

Bieu do Gantt Gantt-Diagramm Gantt chart 61
Bieu do KV (Karnaugh Veitch) KV-Diagramm KV diagram (Karnaugh Veitch diagram) 402
Bieu do tru, bieu do mat b~ng Flachendiagramme area diagrams 83
Bieu do xung, sa do xung Impulsdiagramm pulse timing diagram 397
BiElutvong chirc nang Funktionssymbol function symbols 398 ff.
Bieu tuong logic (ky hieu hinh logic) logiksymbol logical symbol 397
Bieu nrong va ky hieu chuyen rnach cua Pneumatische und hydraulische Bild- und pneumatic and hydraulic pictographs and 417
cac thanh phan dieu khien khi nen va Schaltzeichen circuit symbols
thuy II/c
BObao ve dong dien ro (RCD) Fehlerstrom-Schutzeinrichtung (ReD) residual current protective device (RCO) 380
BOchinh uru, bo bien doi dong dien, bQ Stromrichterprinzip working principle of power converters 355
chinh dong (nguyen tac)
BObien doi ma so Codewandler code converter 41S
Bo bien doi noi tiep - song song Parallel-Seriell-Wandler parallel-serial converter 412
Bo bien doi song song - n5i tiep Seriell-Parallel-Wandler serial-parallel converter 412
Be;,bien doi tin hieu, b¢ chuyen doi tin Signalumsetzer signal converter 415
hillu
Bo bien tim Frequenzumrichter frequency converter 355 ff.
B(i chinh di~n ap U U-Umrichter voltage-source frequency converter 355
ee chinh dong dien I I-Umrichter current-source frequency converter 355
So chinh hru xoay chieu (DC-AC) Wechselrichter DC/AC converter 356
BOchinh hru xoay chleu voi ba rura cliu Wechselrichter mit drei Halbbrucken converters with three half bridges 356
S(i d~n d(ing xoay, bi) truyen dong xoay Schwenkantrieb rotary actuator 430
BOdao dong dien Stromwender commutator 350
S(idem Zahler numerator 408
BOoem dong bo Zahler, synchrone counters, parallel 409
S6 oem khong dong b(i Zahler, asynchrone counters, asynchronous 408
B6 oem nhleu tang Zahler, mehrstufige counters, cascade 410
S(i dieu chinh PO PO-Regier proportional-plus-derivative controllers 547
Bi) dieu chinh PI PI-Regier proportional integral automatic controller 547
Bo dieu chinh PID PID-Regler proportional integral-differential 547
automatic controller
S(i dieu phoi (dispacher) Dispatcher dispatcher 28
Si) do s6 vong quay gia so Drehgeber, inkremental rotary encoder, incremental 510
B(i do so vong quay tuvet doi Orehgeber, absolut rotary encoder, absolute 511
So do 56 vong quay, b';' do goc xoay Drehgeber rotatory encoder 510
B(i giarn sat each dien Isolationsuberwachungs-einrichtung insulation monitoring device 387
8\'>ket n6i phan doan Segmentkoppler segment coupler 581
S(i kh&i tao, b(i kh&i dau Initiator proximity switch 490
S(i ky tI,r Zeichenvorrat character set 21
Bo lien ket, bo nh& trung gian Konnektor connector 522,526
BOtoe khi nen Druckluftfilter compressed air cleaner 426
S(i Iy hO'P,khop noi true Kupplungen couplings 140
Bi) nho' dG'lieU dung cu Werkzeugspeicher tool storage 240
Be;,thu nh~n tri so do Messwertaufnehmer measuring device 490
BQ'true (6 true) Lager bearing 153
BOtruyen dong vo cap Getriebe, stufenlos einstellbare gears, stepplessly adjustable 145
BQtruyen di)ng bang bang keo Bandgetriebe band drive 148
So truven d(ing gian dean, hop so sang tay Getrieber schaltbare change-speed gear trains 145
B(i truvsn dong kh6ng ngat dvoc Getriebe, nichtschaltbare permanent gear trains 145
Bo truy~n dong qua dang khop (Iy hO'P Getriebe, formschlussige gears, form-fitting 142
vau)
S(l truyen dong qua II/c ma sat Getriebe, kraftschlusslge gears, solidly tightened 142
Bam thuy II/c Hydraulikpumpen hydraulic pumps 469
BllOC chia gai giGa Hiebteilung file-cut pitch 176
SllOC rang (biroc chia rang) Zahnteilung tooth pitch 174

C
Cach tao nen dien ap xoay chieu Erzeugung von Wechselspannungen production of alternating current 308
Cach thirc v~n hanh cua d(lng ca dien Wirkungsweise von Gleichstrommotoren operating principle of DC motors 350 ff.
mot chieu
Cach v~n hanh dong ca dien mot chieu Gleichstrommotoren, Wirkungsweise DC motors, mode of operation 350
Cai tien chat hrong, nang cao chat hrong Oualitatsverbesserung quality improvement 103
Carn bien Sensoren sensor 489
Carn bien earn Crng Sensoren, induktive sensors, inductive 493
Cim bien co hoc Sensoren, mechanische sensors, mechanical 492
eam bien dien dung Sensoren, kapazitive sensors, capacitive 496
Cam bien do vong quay Sensoren, Orehgeber sensor, rotary encoder 592 ft.
Carn bien nh] phan Sensoren, binare sensor, binary 491
Carn bien quang Sensoren, optische sensors, optical 501
eam bie'n sieu am Sensoren, Ultraschallsensoren sensors, ultrasonic sensor 498
Cam irng di~n tl1 Elektromagnetische Induktian electromagnetic induction 300
642 Bang thuat ngo> Vi$t - £)iJ'c - Anh

Carn ung do chuven dong Induktion der Bewegung motional electromotive force 301
Carn lIng tinh Induktion der Ruhe transformer electromotive force 301
Cam va chav (Plug and Play) Plug and Play plug and play 29
Can bang dien tieh Ladungsausgleich charge balancing 287
Cln dien ap Spannungswaage absolute electrometer 383
Cap Quang Lichtwellenleiter fibre optic cable 505
Cat b~ng tia nvcc Wasserstrahlsehneiden water-jet cutting 261
Cat ren Gewindeschneiden threading 187
Cau tao cua v~t lieu kim loai Aufbau von Metallen structure of metals 112
Cau true co ban vi?thu~t roan Algorithmische Grundstrukturen algorithmic frameworks 66
Cau true nguven tll' Atomaufbau atomic structure 284
Cau true tinh the (v~t li~u mail SchleifmittelgefUge structure of abrasive products 203
(;,u true tu dien Kondensatoranordnung capacitor arrangement 293
Cau truyen dQng Varia bier Antrieb, Fahrwerk variable-speed drive system, travelling 364
gear
Cay IOi rim IOi thee trlnh tV' Fehlerbaum fault tree 637
Cay ven rang (taro) Gewindebohrer screw-tap 187
CENELEC[tieu chudn Au chau ve nganh CENELEC CENELEC 374
di~n)
Cham day dien Leiterschluss conductor-to-conductor short circuit 371
Cham dat Erdschluss earth fault 377
Cham dien gian tiep Indirektes Beruhren indirect contact 373
Cham dien tnrc tiep Direktes BerUhren direct contact 373
Cham vo Kbrperschluss body contact 373
Chan dean loi Fehlerdiagnose fault diagnosis 629
Chat deo, nrnra Kunststoffe plastics 125ff.
Chat dQChai Gefahrstoffe hazardous substances 617
Chat ket dinh, keo dan Klebstoffe glue 216
Chat lieu cat Schneidstoffe cutting materials 193
Chat long thuy II/c Hvdraulikflusslgkeit hydraulic fluid 464
Chat hrong khi nen Druckluftqualitat quality of compressed-air 426
Chat phu gia, chat phu lieu Hilfsstoffe process materials 129
Chat tro dung han, chat phu gia nung chav Flussmittel fluxing agents 221
Che do Boost (nang len, tro II/C) Boost boosting 358
Che do van hanh Betriebsarten operating modes 534
Che do Van hanh rura bircc Halbschritt-Betrieb half-stepping of stepper motors 361
Che do Van hanh toan btroc Vollschritt-Betrieb full-stepping of stepper motors 361
Chien nroc bao tri Instandhaltungstrategien maintenance strategies 632
Chieu cao nhap nho Rautiefe roughness depth 94
Chieu dai cat Zuschnittlangen cut length 170
Chieu dai song, bucc song Wellenlange wave-length 310
Chieu dai trung binh cua duang SLtCtll Mittlere Feldlinienliinge mean length of magnetic lines of force 297
Chieu quay Drehsinn direction of rotation 246,296
Chieu quay dong co khong dong bo Drehsinn des Asynchronmotors direction of rotation of asynchronous 346
motors
Chlnh SLtadung cu, hi~u chinh dung cu Werkzeugkorrektur tool offset compensation 240
Chlnh sll'a quy dao Bahnkorrektur path correction 246
Chu trinh Zyklus cycle 244,248
Chu trinh cat got (too phoi) Zyklen, Abspanzyklus cycles, cutting cycle 248
Chu trinh gta cong Bearbeitungszyklus machining cycle 248
Chu trinh khoan 16 sau Zyklen, Tiefloch-Bohrzyklus cycles, deep-hole drilling cycle 248
Chu trinh phay hoc hinh chCrnh~t (phay Zyklen, Rechteck-Taschenfraszyklus cycles, rectangular pocket milling cycle 248
bong)
Chu trinh tien ren (ven rang) Zyklen, Gewindedrehzyklus cycles, thread-cutting cycle 248
Chuan b] (lam tinh khiet) khi nen Druckluftaufbereitung compressed air conditioning 425
Chugn CENELEC CENELEC-Normen CENELECstandards 368
ChlIC nang di'!m Zahlfunktionen counter functions 527
ChlIC nang dinh thai Zeitfunktionen timing function 526
ChlIC nang G (Ienh djch chuven, dieu kien G-Funktion G-function 244
djch chuven)
ChlIC nang M (Ienh chuyen mach cho ChlIC M-Funktion machine functions 244
nang may)
ChlIC nang so sanh Vergleichsfunktionen relational operators 528
ChlIC nang XLtIy thao tac Handhabu ngsfu nkti one n handling functions 264
Chu6i dieu khien, vong dieu khien ma Steuerkette open control loop 394
Chuoi trinh lI/ Ablaufkette sequence chain 529,532
Chuong trinh con Unterprogramm subroutine 244,249
Chuong trinh chuyen tin phu cue bQ (LPC) Local-Proced ure-CaII local procedure call (LPC) 28
Chuang trlnh dlch vu Dienstprogramme utilities 22
Chuong trlnh dieu v~n, cturcng trinh dieu Treiber driver 29
khi€n phan cirng trong may tinh
ChU'O'ngtrinh tien ich Utility utility 22
Chuven cha hat mang di~n lich Ladungstragertransport charge transfer 287
 Bang thuat ngCPVi$t - £)(rc - Anh 643

(huyen doi tac vu Task switch task switch 24

Chuven dong dt Schnittbewegung cutting motion 177
Chuyen dong d§n tien Vorschubbewegung feed motion 178
Chuyen dong bU'ci'c tien ngang Zustellbewegung feed motion 178
CO' ban may di~n Elektrische Maschinen, Grundlagen electrical machines, fundamentals 343 If.
CO' cau nh~n/phat tin hi~u (b\>, philO tlt) Signalglied signal element 394
CO' cau d§n htro'ng FOhrungen guiding mechanisms 150
(0' diu dieu khien Steuerglied control element 394
CO' cau tole dong, co cau tac chinh Stellglied final control element 394
Cd (aU thee hiE}n cuoi cung, co cau tac Endeffektor end effector 269
dong cu6i
CO' cau van hanh, CO' cau (phan tlr) lam vi~c Arbeitsglied actuator 394
Ca hi~u, bit nh& Merker flags 518
CO' quan v~n hanh rnang phan ph6i dien Verteilungsnetzbetreiber power network provider 374
C6ng CO' hoc Mechanische Arbeit mechanical work 134
Chuong trinh cong cu Tool tool 22
C6ng cua dien Elektrische Arbeit electric work 291
Cong noi (gateway) Gateway gateway 555
C6ng suat CO' Mechanische Leistung mechanical power 135
C6ng suat cua dong dien xoay chieu ba pha Leistung bei Dreiphasenwechselstrom power rating with three-phase current 321
C6ng suat dien Elektrische Leistung electrical power 291
C6ng suat dien ba pha v&i tai can doi Drehstromleistung bei symmetrischer Last power rating with balanced load 321
Cong suat dien xoay chleu Wechselstromleistung electrical power in AC ciruits 311
C6ng suat dong CO' Motorleistung motor output rating 344
C6ng suat rnach tam giac va rnach sao Leistung bei Dreieck- und Sternschaltung power rating with delta and star 321
connection
Cong tac bao ve RCD ch6ng ro dien FI-Schutzschalter RCD (residual current protective devices) 383
Cong tac tiern c~n, c6ng tk den gan Naherungsschalter proximity switches 490,493
Cong dc dinh gi&i han CO' hoc mechanischer Grenztaster mechanical limit switches 492
Cong tac reed (ro Ie ILlii'i ga, rc Ie cong tv) Reedkontakt reed contact 428,452
Cu phap Syntax syntax 21
Cira Sagen sawing 174
Cum lap rap Baugruppen subassemblies 137
Cum xi lanh ghep n6i tiep Mehrfachzylinder multiple cylinders 429
Cuon day Spule coil 313
Cuong do dong dien nJ:h Abschaltstrom breaking current 383
CLlang d('> khang nr, hrc til tre Koerzitivfeldstarke coercive field strength 299
Ctro'ng d('> tir tnrong Magnetische Feldstarke magnetic force 297

0
Dan Kleben bonding 226
Dan trang, trinh bay trang Seitenlayout page layout 37
Dang bulong (dang vit) Schraubenformen screw types 211
Dang chuan theo phep giao (dang chusn Konjunktive Normalform conjunctive normal form 401
CNF -logic AND)
Dang chuan theo phep hop (dang chuan Disjunktive Normalform disjunctive normal form 401
DNF - logic OR)
Dang giGa Feilenformen filing form 176
Dang thiet ke may dien Bauformen elektrischer Maschinen construction types of electrical devices 363
Dang cua tin hieu Signalformen types of signals 397
Danh muc baa dirong Wartungsliste maintenance plan 633
Danh rnuc kiem tra cho viec dtra vao v~n Inbetriebnahme-Checkliste commissioning checklist 625
hanh
Danh sach diu lenh Anweisungsliste statement list 397
Dan huong ph~ng FOhrungen, FlachfOhrungen guiding mechanisms, flat bearings 151
Dan hvong tron FUhrungen, RundfOhrungen guiding mechanisms, cylindrical guides 151
Dan hu'ong tnrot FOhrungen, GleitfOhrungen guiding mechanisms, slideway guides 151
Dan hLl&ng hinh thang (duoi en) FUhrungen, SchwalbenschwanzfOhrungen guiding mechanisms, dovetail guides 151
Dan hirong hinh V FOhrungen, V-FOhrungen guiding mechanisms, vee guides 151
Dan hvong Ian FOhrungen, WalzfUhrungen guiding mechanisms, anti-friction 152
guideways
Dau kiem tra dien tlt VDE VDE-Elektronik-Prufzeichen VDE marks of conformity by the 374
Association of German Electrical Engineers
Dau tach tLt (de chia chfr ra thanh nhieu Silbentrennung hyphenation 39
am tiet)
Day dat baa ve Schutzleiter protective conductor 381
Day PEN PEN-Leiter earthed neutral conductor 373
Day trung tinh Neutralleiter neutral conductor 315
Diac Diac diac 327
DLL [thtr vien lien ket dong) DLL (dynamic link library) DLL (dynamic link library) 27
Doa Reiben reaming 186
Domino (thanh kep) Klemmleisten terminal blocks 596ff.
Dong dien Elektrischer Strom electric current 287
644 Bang thuat ngu' Vi$t - £)(Pc - Anh

Dong dien ba pha Drehstrom three-phase current 315

Dong di~n khi b~t di~n (khi dong mach) Einschaltstrom inrush current 338
Dong dien ngan mach Kurzscblussstrom short circuit current 338
Dong dlen ng~n rnach lien tuc Dauerkurzschlussstrom sustained short-circuit current 338
Dong dien day (Ll, L2, L3) Leiterstrom line current 315,317
Dong dien pha (a mach cung cap hay neu Strangstrom phase current 315,317
thu)
Dong di~n xoay chieu ba pha Dreiphasenwechselstrom three-phase alternating current 315
Dong ro Fehlerstrom fault current 373
Dung khang kapazitiver Blindwiderstand capacitor reactance 312
Dung sai Toleranzen tolerance 96
Dung sai hlnh dang va dung sai vi tri Form- und Lagetoleranz geometrical tolerances 100
Dung sai kich thiroc MafStoleranzen dimensional tolerances 96
Dung cu dap nhieu dau Multi-Tool-Werkzeug Multitool punching apparatus 259
Dung cu doa Reibwerkzeuge reaming tools 186
DUng cu dvoc truven dong angetriebene Werkzeuge driven tools 258
Dung cu mal Schleifwerkzeuge grinding tools 202
Dung cu phav, dao phay Fraswerkzeuge milling tools 197
Dung cu tien, dao ti~n Drehwerkzeug turning tool 192
DO' lieu 56 (digital) Datenverarbeitung, digitale Daten data processing, digital data 21
DO' lieu nrong lI/ (analog) ana loge Daten data processing, analog data 21
DO' Ii~u ve dien bien tai Varia bier Antrieb, Lastspieldaten variable-speed drive system, load 364
characteristics
Dl1ang kiem, cO' chuan, can mju Lehren gauges 92

D
Da tac vu (che dO xir Iy nhieu tac vu cung Multitasking multitasking 24
hie cua nhieu ngl1il'i cung sir dung)
Danh gia svon tin hieu Flankenauswertung edge evaluation 526
Dai 6c Schraubenmuttern screw nuts 212
D~i 111O'ngap suat DruckgrbBen pressure quantities 422
Dai 111O'ngchuan (bien chuan), dai 111O'ng FiihrungsgrbBe reference magnitude 541
djnh tnroc, d~i 111O'ngcai d~t
!l~i ilrQ'ng dac tnrng cua bo truyen dong Getriebe, KenngrbfSen gears, characteristics 146
(hop so)
Dai 111O'ngdieu chinh RegelgrbBe regulating variable 541
Dai 111O'nggay nhieu Storgrofse disturbance 541
Dai 111Q'ngtac dong, dai 111Q'ngtach chinh StellgrbBe manipulated quantity 541
Dap ung bl1GC nhav, dap trng b~c thang Sprungantwort step (function) response 542,543
D~c tinh UART UART Character UART character 561
Dac tuyen theo tan s6 Frequenzkennlinie frequency response characteristic 550
Dau khoan ba chau Dreibackenbohrfutter three-jaw chuck 183
Dia chic Zelladresse cell address 43
Diem chuan gia rnang dung cu Werkzeugtragerbezugspunkt tool-carrier reference point 239
Diem g6c may (diem 0) Maschinennullpunkt machine origin 239
Diem hoat dong trung tam cua dung cu, Tool-Center-Point tool center point 277
tam diem dung cu
Diem n6ng (hay Schmelzpunkt melting point 108
!liem tharn chieu, diem chu~n, diem quy Referenzpunkt reference point 239
chieu
PELV Di~n ap chuc nang Cl/C thap, each Iy PELV (Protective Extra Low Voltage) PELV (protective extra low Voltage) 379
an toan
FELV Dien ap chirc nang Cl/C thap, khong FELV (Functional Extra Low Voltage) FELV (functional extra low voltage) 379
each Iy an toan
!)i~n ap cung cap xoay chieu mot pha Einphasen-Wechselspannung single-phase AC power supply 348
!li~n ap hon hop Mischspannung universal voltage 286
!li~n ap khong tai Leerlaufspannung open-circuit voltage 334
Di~n ap mot chleu Gleichspannung direct voltage oder dc voltage 286
Di~n ap ngan rnach Kurzschlussspannung short cicuit voltage 337
Di~n ap pha (a rnach cung cap, hay tieu Strangspannung phase voltage 315,317
thu)
Di~n ap day (Ll, L2, L3) Leiterspannung line voltage 315,317
Di~n ap ro Fehlerspannung fault voltage 377
!lien ap thap Kleinspannung low voltage 379
SELV Dien ap thap Iy an toan SELV (Safety Extra Low Voltage) SELV (safety extra low voltage) 379
Dien ap tiep xuc Beruhrungsspannung contact voltage 386 ft.
Di~n ap xoay chieu Wechselspannung alternating voltage (VAC) 286
!lien gi~t Stromschlag electric shock 372
Dien ke kim chi thi Zeigermesswerk pointer-type measuring instrument 329
!li~n ke khung quay Drehspulmesswerk moving-coil instrument 329
!li~n nao do EEG EEG (Elektro-Enzephalogramm) electroencephalogram 371
Dien tam do EKG EKG (Elektrokardiogramm) electrocardiogram 371
!lien tich Elektrische Ladung electric charge 283
 Bang thuat ngCrVj~t - Dlic - Anh 645

Oi~ntra Elektrischer Widerstand electric resistance 289

Oi~n trc co the K6rperwiderstand human body resistance 372
Oi~n tra shunt Shuntwiderstand shunt resistor 332
Di~n tra tiep xuc u bergangswiderstande contact resistance 372
Dien tra trong Innenwiderstand internal resistance 329
Dien tnrong Elektrisches Feld electric field 293
Dieu chinh Regelung control system 396
Oieu chinh chat hrong Qualitiitslenkung quality control steering 103
Dieu khien Steuern open-loop control 393
Oi"u khien ban ph~n Halbgesteuerte Brucken half-controlled bridge circuits 353
Oieu khien CNC CNC-Steuerung computer numerical control 235
Oieu khien diem Punktsteuerung point-to-point positioning 241
£lieu khien dong CO' di~n mot chieu kich Steuerung des Gleichstrommotors, control of separately excited DC motors 352
thich tLi dOc lap fremderregt
Oieu khien gian tiep indirekte Ansteuerung indirect triggering 438
Oieu khien logic lap trinh duoc PLC SPS (Speicherprogrammierbare Steuerung) programmable logic control (PLC) 514
Dieu khien NC, dieu khien ky thu~t so NC -Steuerung NC units 235
Dieu khien robot Roboter-Steuerung robot control 268
£lieu khien theo quy dao, dieu khien theo Bahnsteuerung path control 241
bien dang, dieu khien theo contua
Oieu khien tcan phan Vollgesteuerte Brucken fully-controlled bridge circuits 353
Dieu khien trinh W (tuan tv) Ablaufsteuerung sequential control 395,528
£lieu khien tnrc tiep Direkte Ansteuerung direct triggering 438
Oieu kien chuven tiep (transion) Transition transition 530
Djnh ccy day dien cho dong CO' khfmg Asynchronmotoren, Strombemessung asynchronous motors, power rating 363
dong bi)
Djnh dong ky nr Zeichenformatierung character formatting 37
Djnh dang mot dean van ban Absatzformatierung paragraph formatting 37
Ojnh dong van ban Textformatierung text formatting 37
Dinh htrong Orientierung orientation 239,263
Djnh ky kiem tra Pruffrtsten inspection terms 390
Dinh lu~t Boyle-Mariotte ve khi Gasgesetze, Boyle-Mariotte gas laws, Boyle's or Mariotte's law 423
Dinh luat earn .:rng Induktionsgesetz law of induction 301
Oinh luat Gay-lussac ve khi Gasgesetze, Gay-lussac gas laws, Gay-Lussac's law 423
Dinh lu~t Kirchhoff Kirchhoff'sche Gesetze Kirchhoff's laws 306
Djnh luat Ohm Ohm'sches Gesetz Ohm's law 290
Djnh IUat ve khi Gasgesetze gas laws 423
Djnh vi phong chung Verschleifen approximate positioning 279
Diot Diode diode 323
Di6t Zener Zener-Diode Zener diode 324
Do dac nrong thich di~n tir EMC Elektromagnetische Vertraglichkeit, monitoring for electromagnetic 369
Messungen compatibility
Do dung cu Werkzeugvermessung measuring of a working tool 240
00 di~n ap Spannungsmessung voltage metering 304,329
Do di~n tra each di~n Isolationswiderstandsmessung insulation resistance measuring 391
00 di~n tra dat Messen des Erdungswiderstandes measurement of earth resistance 388
Do dien tra vong dat Erder-Schleifenwiderstandsmessung earth-loop impedance measuring 388
Do dong dien Strommessung current measurement 304,329
Do khang tra vong Messen der Schleifenimpedanz loop impedance measuring 390
DO ben cua bulong (vit) Schraubenfestigkeitsklassen property classes of screws 212
Do hoa anh diem (pixel) Pixelgrafik bitmap image 57
Do hoa vecto Vektorgrafik vector graphics 57
£>0 ben sire ben
l Festigkeit strength 109
DO ben xoan Torsionsfestigkeit torsional strength 110
DO ben keo Festigkeit, Zugfestigkeit strength, tensile 110
DO ben nen Festigkeit, Druckfestigkeit strength, compression 110
00 ben be cong Festigkeit, Biegefestigkeit strength, bending 110
00 bong be m~t, pham chat be m~t Oberflachengute surface-finish 95
00 dt! tru cho hao men Abnutzungsvorrat wear margin 632
00 d~m cua net vi; linienbreite lines in technical drawings, line thickness 74
00 I&n d~c tnrng cua mot robot KenngroBen eines Roboters robot, characteristics 271
06 (diem) nong chay Schmelzpunkt melting point 108
Do sai lech trung binh Mittenrauwert arithmetical average roughness 94
DO nhot (do nhon) Viskositat viscosity 465
£)0 sau nhan Gliittungstiefe maximum profile peak height 94
Do sut ap suat Druckabfall pressure drop 433
Dong Kupfer copper 119
Oi)ng CO dien ba ph. Drehstrommotor three-phase motor 343 ff.
Dong CO' biroc Schrittmotoren stepper motors 361 ff.
Dong CO' kieu la Lamellenmotor rotating piston air engine 432
Dong ca di~n mot chieu Gleichstrommotoren DC motors 349 ff.
Dong CO' dien mot chieu kich tlr noi tiep Gleichstromreihenschlussmotor series wound DC motor 351
Dong CCidiiin mot chieu kich tLi song song Gleichstromnebenschlussmotor shunt wound DC motor 351
646 Bang thuat ngCr Vi$t - £)Crc - Anh

!long co di~n mot chieu kfch thich tit doc Gleichstrommotoren, fremderregt DC motors, separately excited 351
I~p (tit ben ngoai)
!long co dien xoay chieu mot pha Einphasen-Wechselstrommotoren single-phase ac motors 348ft.
!long co khi nen Druckluftmotor compressed-air engine 432
!long CO kh6ng dong bo Asynchronmotoren asynchronous motors 345
!long co khang dong bO ba pha Drehstromasynchronmotor three-phase induction motor 345
!long co khang dong bO duqc baa ve Asynchronmotoren, Schutz von asynchronous motors, protection 347
Dong co khong dong bo khi dieu khien Asynchronmotoren rntt Frequenzsteuerung asynchronous motors with frequency 357
tan so control
Dqng CO rotor long sac Kurzschlusslaufermotor squirrel-cage motor 345
D¢ng ee tu dien Kondensatormotor condenser motor 349
Dong ho do Messuhr metering clockwork 89
Dong hoc cua robot Kinematik des Roboters robot, kinematics 271
D6t chav Verbrennungen burn 372
Don tac vu (xir 1'1 tirng tac vu mot) Singletasking singletasking 24
Don vi chirc nang Funktionseinheiten functional units 137
Don vi chirc nang dO'va mang Funktionseinheiten zum StOtzen und functional units of bearing and support 149
Tragen
DO'nvi chvc nilng d~n dong Funktionseinheiten zum Antreiben functional drive units 138
Dan vi chuc nang de lam viec (v~n hanh) Funktionseinheiten zum Arbeiten functional work units 149
Do'n vi chirc nang truvsn nang hrong Funktionseinheiten zum functional power transmission units 138
EnergieObertragen
Don vi chuven dong xoay tuyen tinh Schwen k-Linear-Einheit semi-rotary linear cylinder 430
Dtra vao van hanh Inbetriebnahme commissioning 621
Dua vao van hanh Ii'm dllu Inbetriebnahme, Erstinbetriebnahme initial system commissioning 621
Duc GieBen casting 164
Duong bien he thong Systemgrenzen system limits 132
£)Lfong bieu dien cua chuyen dong Varia bier Antrieb, Fahrkurven variable-speed driving characteristics 364
Duong bieu dien cuong do t(r tnrong Feldstarkenverlauf field strength distribution 295
Duong each deu Aquidistante equidistant path 247

E
electron Elektronen electrons 284
Ep (crimpen) Crimpen crimp connexions 229
Ethernet Ethernet ethernet 584
Extender bO noi dai bus, bO ma rong Bus Extender bus extender 572

G
Gai nham Randel knurl 81
Ghep noi FOgen jointing 205
Giim do, bieu do, sa do Diagramm diagram 51,83
Giao dien AS AS-Interface AS-Interface 566 ft.
Giao dien h~ thong System-Schnittstellen system interfaces 132
Giao thirc UDP goi dii lieu nguoi dung UDP-Protokoll UDP (User Datagram Protocol) 70
Giao thirc TCP( kiem scat truyen dii lieu) TCP-Protokoll TCP(Transmission Control Protocol) 69
Giao thirc truven thong (dii lieu) Kommunikationsprotokolle data communication protocols 69
Gi6i han 10i Fehlereingrenzung locating faults 628
GiGa Feilen filing 176
Goc dinh khoan (goc nhon) Spitzenwinkel point angles 181
Goc nern (goc mQi dao) Keilwinkel tool-orthogonal wedge angle 172
Goc tao phoi Spanwinkel chipping angle 172
Goc thoat Freiwinkel clearance angle 172
Gai chuang trinh irng dung cho van phong Office-Paket office package 33
GRAFCET(mb ta ky thuat dieu khien b~ng GRAFCET GRAFCET(operational sequence 419
do hoa) description language)

H
Ham s6 trong sir dung bang tinh, chtrc Funktionen functions 45
nang
Him SchweiBen welding 222
Han gia da, han hoi Gasschmelzschwei~en gas welding 224
Him he Quang Lichtbogen-SchmelzschweiBen fusion arc welding 224
Him ho quang trong mol truong khi tro SchutzgasschweiBen inert gas arc welding 225
(khi baa vel
Han vay toten soldering 219
Han vay clrng Hartlote brazing solders 221
Han vay rnern Weichlote soft solders 221
H~ dieu hanh nhieu nguoi su dung Multi-User-Betrieb multi-user system 25
He dieu hanh milt nguoi sir dung Single-User-Betrieb single-user system 25
He thong CC1 sa dii lieu, quan he Datenbanksystem, relational relational database system 62
He dieu chinh v~n toe (toc do) Geschwindigkeitsregelkreis speed control loop 237
H~ dieu chinh vi tri Lageregelkreis position control loop 237
 Bang thuat ngQ>Vi$t - Du>c - Anh 647

H~ dieu hanh Betriebssvstern operating system (OS) 22

H~ dieu hanh khach - chu Client-Server-Betriebssvstern client-server operating system 27
H~ dieu hanh thai gian thuc Echtzeitbetriebssystem real-time processing systems 26
H~ I~p trinh WOP (Werkstatt-Orientiertes- WOP (Workshop-Oriented Programming) WOP (workshop-oriented programming) 256
Programmieren), I~p trinh dlnh h!,t6'ng
theo xirong may
He qulin Iy bo nho' ao VMW VMM (Virtual Memory Manager) VMM (virtual memory manager) 28
H~ quan 1'1doi tuong Objekt-Manager object manager 28
H~ quan 1'1t~p tin FAT (theo bang phan bo FAT-Dateisystem FAT file system 30
t~p tin File Allocation Table)
He qulin Iy thiet bj Geratemanager device manager 29
H~ quan Iy xuat/nh~p, chu'ong trinh quan I/O-Manager input-output manager 29
Iy dIng v,w/ra
He 50 hieu chinh Korrekturfaktor correction factor 493,508
H~ so ket chuci Verkettungsfaktor interlinking factor 316
He 50 khUl?ch d.i Verstarkungsfaktor amplification factor 542
He 50 vi phan, he so 5ai biet Diflerenzierbeiwert derivative action factor 545
He so tai tasttaktor load factor 400
He so tat dan, giam chan Oarnpfung damping 544
He 56 rich phan Integrationsbeiwert integral-action factor 544
H~ so ty Ie Proporttonalltatsfaktor proportionality factor 544
He thay doi dung cu Werkzeugwechselsystem automatic tool changers 237
He thong CO' Mechanische Systeme mechanical systems 131
He thong CO' dien tlr Mechatronische Systeme mechatronic systems 591
He thong do hanh trinh analog Wegmesssystem, analog position measuring systems, analogue 238
He thong do hanh trinh digital wegrnesssvstern, digital position measuring systems, digital 238
He thong do hanh trinh gia tuvet doi Wegmesssystem, pseudoabsolut position measuring systems, pseudo 238
absolute
He thong do hanh trinh gian tiep Wegmesssystem, indirekt position measuring systems, indirect 238
He thong hanh trinh theo gia so
do Wegmesssystem, inkremental position measuring systems, incremental 238
He thong do hanh trinh tnrc tiep Wegmesssvstern, direkt position measuring systems, direct 238
He thong do hanh trinh tuvet doi Wegmesssystem, absolut position measuring systems, absolute 238
He thong do hanh trinh, he thong do Wegmesssystem displacement encoder 238,270
quang dirong
He thong ky thuat Technische Systeme technical systems 131,393
He thong lap ghep Passungssysteme systems of fits 98
He thong I~p trinh Programmiersystem programming system 256,282
He thong san xuat linh host (ket hO'P nhieu Flexible Fertigungssysteme (FFS) flexible manufacturing systems 234
don vi sen xuat vai nhau)
He thong servo Servosvstern servomotor systems 359
He thong 50 Zahlensysteme numbering systems 413
He so nh] phan Zahlensvsterne, Dualsystem numbering systems, binary number system 413
He so th~p phan Zahlensysteme, Dezimalsystem numbering systems, decimal system 413
He thong quan Iy taP tin Datei-Systeme file systems 30
He thong quan Iy t~p tin File System file system 30
He thap luc phan, he mlfai sau Zahlensysteme, Hexadezimalsystem numbering systems, hexadecimal number 413
system
He toa do Descartes Koordinatensystem coordinate system 277
He toa do CO'ban Koordinatensystem, Basis-Koordinaten system of basic coordinates 277
He toa d¢ c!,tc Polarkoordinatensystem polar coordinate system 83
He toa do true toan dIu Koordinatensystem, Welt-Koordinaten system of world coordinates 277
He tea d¢ vuong goc, he tea d¢ Descartes Kartesisches Koordinatensystem cartesian coordinate system 83
He truven d¢ng servo Servoantrieb, Nutzbremsung servomotors, regenerative braking 359
He truyen dong thay doi dlfO'C Variabler Antrieb variable-speed drive system 364 fl.
Hien ttrong d~c biet hiem co, rinh d¢c nhat Slngularitat singularity 278
Hien nrong ng¢ d¢c Vergiftungserscheinungen symptoms of intoxiation 372
Hieu suat Wirkungsgrad efficiency 135,292
Hieu suat bien ap Wirkungsgrad von Transformatoren efficiency of transformers 339
Hieu suat d¢ng CO' Motorwirkungsgrad motor efficiency 344
Hinh dang cua dTa rnai Schleifk6rperformen form of abrasive products 203
Hinh Lissajour Lissajous-Figuren Lissajous' figures 332
Hinh vec to', SO' do vec to' Zeigerbilder phasor diagram 316
Ho rnach vi dien tlr Schaltkreisfamilien logical families 400
H¢p dieu khien earn tay chi dan thao tac Teachbox hand-held teach-in unit 268
HO'P kim dong-kem Kupfer-Zink-Legierung copper-zinc alloy 119
HO'P kim dong-thiec Kupfer-Zinn-Legierung copper-tin alloy 120
HO'P kim nhorn Aluminiumlegierung aluminium alloy 120
H¢p so, bo truyen dong Getriebe gear 142
HOp so truven dong banh rang dieu hila Harmonic-Drive-Getriebe harmonic drive gear 270
Huan luven, day, hlfang dan, chi d~n Teachen teach-in 279,281
HU'&ng dan lap rap Montageanleitung assembly instruction 421,612
Hlf(:rng dong dien Stromrichtung current direction 288
648 Bang thuat ngLi' Viet - £)(.rc - Anh

K
Ke hoacn baa dlfang Wartungsplan maintenance schedule 634
Ki! hoach I~p nip Montageplanung installation/assembly planning 608
Ket cau mQt h~ truyen (I(jng co toe d(i Aufbau eines drehzahlvarianten Antriebs structure of a variable-speed drive system 342
quay thay doi
Ket n6i Verbindungen joints 605
Ket noi bulong (v(t) Bolzenverbindungen pin joints 215
Ki!t noi b~ng lu'c Verbindungen, kraftschlussige [olnts, non-positive, force locking 605,606
connection
Ket n6i bang vet lieu Verbindungen, stoffschlOssige joints, self-substance, adhesive joints 605,606
Ket noi bulong Schraubverbindung screwed connection 206
Ket noi cam 5teckverbindung plug connection 229
Ket noi chot 5tiftverbindungen pin connections 215
Ket nOi dan (moi g~n b~ng keo) Klebeverbindung bonded joint 226
Ket noi ep Pressverbindung press-fit joints 228
Ket noi ghep FOgeverbindungen joints 205
Ket noi kep ch~t Klemmverbindung clamping joints 229
Ket noi logic AND (va) khi nen Pneumatisches UND pneumatic AND 441
Ket noi logic CCI ban Logische GrundverknOpfungen basic logical operations 397
Ket nOi logic CCI ban tin hi~u khl nen pneumatische GrundverknOpfungen basic logical operations in pneumatics 441
Ket noi logic CCI ban, cac chuc nang hop Logische GrundverknOpfungen, basic logical operations, compound logical 397
thanh zusammengesetzte Funktionen operators
Ket n5i logic AND (va) Logische VerknOpfungen, UND-Funktion logical operations, logical AND operator 397
Ket noi logic NOT (phu dinh) Logische VerknOpfungen, NICHT-Funktion logical operations, logical NOT operator 398
Ket noi logic OR (ho~c) Logische VerknOpfungen, ODER-Funktion logical operations, logical OR operator 398
Ki!t noi logic IDENTITY (dong nhat) cua pneumatische IDENTITAT pneumatic IDENTITY 441
khi nen
Ket noi logic NOT (phu dinh) khl nen Pneumatische NEGATION pneumatic NOT 444
Ket n5i logic OR (hoac) khi nen Pneumatisches ODER pneumatic OR 442
Ket noi logic tin hieu 5ignaiverknOpfung signal linking 456
Ket noi nern Keilverbindungen keyed joints 217
Ket n5i then (ket n5i cia vet) Federverbindungen parallel key connections 218
Ket n5i theo hlnh dang Verbindungen, formschlOssige joints, positive form fit connection 605
Ket noi uon nep, ket noi gap nep Quetschverbindung crimp connection 229
Kha nang I~p lai Reproduzierbarkeit reproducibility 492,496,
508
Khac phuc 10i Fehlerbehebung error remediation 628
Kh6a ch~t bulong Sch ra u be nsicheru ngen screw lockings 213
Khoan Bohren drilling 180
Khoang each Hamming Hamming-Distanz Hamming distance 565
Khoang each tam tay Handbereich normal arm's reach 380
Khoang chuy~n rnach 5chaltabstand switching distance 493,496
Khoet (I;) Senken countersinking 185
Kh&i dong trvc ti~p (dQng CCI khong (long Asynchronmotoren, Einschalten von asynchronous motors, switching on 347
bQ)
Khai dong sao - tam giac (dong CCI khong Asynchronmotoren mit Stern-Dreieck- asynchronous motors with star-delta 347
dong b(l) Anlauf starting
Khoi lirong rleng. m~t dQ Dichte density 108
Khung dft Gestelle supports 149
Kfch cft , m~u dinh san Formatvorlage style sheet 38
Kich ca hat Korngrofse grain size 202
Kiem tra Inspektion inspections 631
Kiem tra be m~t OberfiachenprOfung surface testing 93
Kiem tra cac bi~n phap bao ve PrOfen der SchutzmalSnahmen inspection of protective measures for 389
safety
Kiem tra chat hro'ng Oualitatskontrolle quality control 106
Kiem tra chat hrong ouautatsprutung quality inspection 103
Kiem tra chinh ta RechtschreibprOfung spell check 39
Kiem tra (Ii) dai UingenprOfung dimensional metrology 87
Kiem tra goc WinkelprOfung checking of angles 87
Kieu Ilfai khoan xoan 5piralbohrertypen types of twist drills 181
Kim loai phi sat [khong pha! s~t) Nichteisenmetall non-ferrous metal 119
Ky hieu nh~n dang cua cac cap bao ve Schutzklassenkennzeichnung identification of protection classes 374
Ky hi~u dien tra Widerstandskennzeichnung resistors, colour coding 304
Ky hieu kiem tra CEE CEE-PrOfzeichen CEE marks of conformity 374
Ky hieu rnau Farbkennzeichnung colour coding 537,539
K'i thuat dieu khien b~ng dien - khi nen Elektropneumatik electropneumatics 451
K'i thuat dieu khien b~ng thuv hrc Hydraulische 5teuerungen hydraulic controls 461
K'i thuat ghep n5i FOgetechniken joining technologies 205
Ky thu~t gia cong, ky thu~t san xuat Fertigungstechnik production engineering 161
Ky thuat in lito noi Stereo-Lithographie stereolithography 260
Ky thu~t kiem tra, kii thu~t thLr nghi$m PrOftechnik testing technology 87
Ky thu~t robot Robotertechnik robotics 263
 Bang thuat ngCr Viet - 8tYC - Anh 649

Ky thu~t so Digitaltechnik digital technology 397

Ky thu~t v~t li~u Werkstofftechnik materials science 107
Ky thuat XLr IV thao tac Handhabungstechnik material handling techniques 263

l
Lam rai rac tr] so (llIQ'ng h6a) Wertdiskretisierung discretization of quantities 549
Lam you tir tnreng Feldschwachung field-weakening ranges 351,353
uip ghep Passungen fits 96
L~p ghep chat, lap ghep vai 09 doi ()bermaBpassung negative allowance fit 98
L~p ghep long Spielpassung loose fits 98
Lap ghep trung gian Obergangspassung transition fit 98
Lap rap 0 Ian Walzerlager, Montage roller bearing, assembly 157
Lap rap Montage assembly 605
L~p ke hoach ve chat hrong Oualitatsplanung quality planning 102
L~p trinh Programmierung programming 63
L~p trlnh dia chi W dong Automatische Adressprogrammierung automatic address programming 571
L~p trlnh djnh hirong theo xliang, I~p Werkstattorientiertes Programmieren workshop-oriented programming 256
trinh theo wang
L~p trlnh qua each I~p lai qua trlnh gia Play-Back-Verfahren manual lead through programming 281
cong da duoc thvc hien bang tay trutrc d6
L~p trlnh theo gia so (theo dia chi nrong inkrementales Programmieren incremental programming 245
doi)
L~p trlnh tuyet doi (theo dja chi tuyet ooi) absolutes Programmieren absolute programming 245
Laser Laser laser 260
LED den phat sang Leuchtdiode light-emitting diode (LED) 324
Lenh chuven rnach. durc nang M (Ienh Schaltbefehl control command 244
d6ng - ma)
Lenh djch chuven (dieu kien dich chuyen) Wegbedingung preparatory functions 244
(chLrc niing G)
Lien ket doi nrong Object Linking object linking 36
Linh ki$n Bauelemente components 137
Linh ki$n ket nOi logic Logikbaustein logical element 400
Linh kien nhav earn vai tinh dien EGB EGB (elektrostatisch gefahrdete electrostatic-sensitive components 392
Bauelemente oder Baugruppen)
LlNUX (h$ dieu hanh) LlNUX LlNUX 23
Loai baa ve IP IP-Schutzarten IP codes 375
tcai dao phav Fraserarten milling cutter, types 199
Loai (dang) dO' lieu Datentypen data types 64
[Link] trll tin hieu Signalunterdruckung signal suppression 448
toai dao tien Drehmeigelarten lathe tools, types 193
Loai duong net, lo.i vach Unienarten lines in technical drawings, types 74
toai khoet (Ia) Senkerarten types of countersinking 185
toai mOi khoan Bohrerarten drills, types 182
[Link] phoi Spanarten chip types 173
Lei he dieu hanh Betriebssystemkern operating system kernel 27
L6 cd ban Einheitsbohrung basic hole 99
Lotam Zentrierbohrung center bore 81
L6i he thong Systematische Fehler systematic error 105
Lei khi thLr nghiern dlla vao v~n hanh Inbetriebnahmefehler commissioning error 628
Lei ng~u nhien Zufallige Fehler random errors 105
Lu~t an toan thiet b] Geratesicherheitsgesetz equipment safety law (German) 374
urc barn, Il,fc dinh Adhesion adhesion 219
urc Lorentz Lorentzkraft Lorentz force 301
LU'cri cat ngang (me cat ngang) Querschneide chisel edge 181
tuong dtr gia cong tinh (gia cong hoan SchlichtaufmaB finishing allowance 247
thien)
[Link] khi tieu thu Luftverbrauch air consumption 432
LU'u hrong theo the rich Volumenstrom volume flow 423,471
LV hop c6 the ngat diroc Kupplungen, schaltbare clutches 140
LV hop khong ngat dU'Q'c Kupplungen, nicht schaltbare coupling, fixed 140

M
Ma mau day nOi Verdrahtungsfarben wiring colours 596 ft.
Ma b~ng chO' so Codes, Zifterncodes codes, cipher codes 414
Ma the hien b~ng chO' va so Codes, alphanumerische codes, alphanumeric 414
Ma bang so Codes, numerische codes, numerical 414
Macro (day lenh tao ra de SLr dung thirong Makro macro 33
xuven)
Ma sat Reibung friction 150
Ma so Codes codes 414
Ma so ASCII (theo tieu chuan chuVen doi Codes, ASCII codes, ASCII 415
tnong tin cua Hoa Ky)
MatLr(word) Codes, Wortcodes codes, data word codes 414
650 Bang thuat ngG>Vi$t - £)(Pc - Anh

Mach CCi ban khi nen pneumatische Grundschaltungen basic pneumatic circuits 438
M~ch di~n dieu khien Steuerstromkreis control circuit 599
Mach I~t D (D-Flipflop) D-Flipflop D-type flip-flop 407
M~ch I~t don 6n djnh Monostabile Kippglieder monostable multivibrators 413
M'Ich I~t JK (JK-Flipflop) JK-Flipflop JKflip-flop 407
Mach I~t JK- chu to (JK-MS-Flipflop) JK-Master-Slave-Flipflop JK master-slave flip-flop 407
Mach I~t khai dong (Schmitt-Trigger) Schmitt-Trigger Schmitt trigger 413
Mach I~t Il1ang on (mach Flipflop) Bistabile Kippstufen flip-flop elements 406
Mach I~t RS(R5-Flipflop) RS-Flipflop RS-Flipflop elements 406
Mach noi tiep dien tra Reihenschaltung von Widerstanden series connection of resistors 305
Mach sal 56 dien ap Spannungsfehlerschaltung voltage error circuit 331
Mach sai so dong di~n Stromfe hIerschaItu ng current error circuit 331
[Link] SaO Sternschaltung star connection 315,317
Mach song song (lien tra Parallelschaltung von wioerstanden parallel connection of resistors 306
Mach tam giac Dreieckschaltung delta connection 315,319
M'Ich thay the Ersatzschaltbild equivalent circuit diagram 305
Mach vi ai~n tLl lo.i TIL, tich hop (Ie) TIL-Schaltung TIL circuits 400
Mach tit Magnetischer Kreis magnetic circuit 296
Mach W gill (W duy trl) Selbsthaltung self-holding 460
Mach tuan hoan thuy luc Hydraulikkreislauf hvdraulic circuit 462
Mai Schleifen grinding 202
M~m hinh giam sat an toan Sicherheitsmonitor safeguarding monitor 540
Mang tinh th~ Kristallgitter crystal lattice 112
Mang tinh the luc giac ( hexagonal) Kristallgitter, hexagonale crystal lattice, hexagonal 112
Mang tinh the I~p phirong tam m~t (tam Kristallgitter, kubisch-flachenzentrterte crystal lattice, cubic face centered 112
dien)
Mang tinh the I~p phirong tam khoi (tam Kristallgitter, kubisch-raumzentrierte crystal lattice, cubic body centered 112
the)
May bien ap Transformatoren transformers 302,334
May bien the dieu khien Steuertransformator control transformer 598
May dt rang Verzahnmaschine gear manufacturing machines 259
May chu (server) Server server 27
May chu quan 1'1cac tap tin Server, File-Server server, file server 27
May chu quan Iy chirong trinh Internet Server, Internet-Server server, internet server 27
May chu quan Iy chirong trinh phuong Server, Media-Server server, multimedia server 27
tien truyen th6ng
May chu quan Iy chuong trinh ltng dung Server, Applikation-Server server, application server 27
May chu quan 1'1co sa dll lieu Server, Datenbank-Server server, database server 27
May cong Cl,I (v6i servo) Werkzeugmaschine mit Servo machine tools with servomotor 359
May di~n Elektrische Maschinen electrical machines 333
May do 3D Messmaschine 3D measuring machine 3D 262
May do da nang digital Digitalmultimeter digital multi meter 329
May dong b(> Synchronmaschine synchronous machine 391
May hi~n song, dao dong ky Oszilloskop oscilloscope 360
May nen khi Verdichter, Kompressoren compressor 424
May nen khl dong dynamische Verdichter dynamic compressors 424
May nen khi kieu canh gat Lamellenkompressor sliding-vane compressor 425
May nen khi kieu rnang Membrankompressor diaphragm compressor 424
May nen khi kieu pit t6ng chim Tauchkol benkompressor trunk-piston compressor 424
May nen khi kieu true vit Schraubenkompressor rotary-screw compressor 425
May nen kieu pit tong (chav tjnh tien) Hubkolbenkompressor piston compressor 424
May phat di~n han SchweiBstromerzeuger source of welding current 200
May phay Frasmaschinen milling machines 224
May tien Drehmaschinen lathes 195
May tinh dieu khien quy trinh san xuat Prozessrechner in-process computer 26
M~t do dong dien Stromdichte current density 289
M~t dO tit thong Flussdichte particle flux density 297
Mau cho van ban Dokumentvoriage templates 47
Milu ghi dll lieu, dong chira dll lieu Datensatz data record 34
M6 dun chtrc nang FB Funktionsbausteine function blocks 521
M6 dun dll lieu DB Datenbaustein data building block 521
M6 dun t6 chltc DB Organisationsba ustei n organization element 521
M6 hinh 7 tang 7-Schichten-Modell seven-layer model 555
M6 hlnh FISCO(tinh Ii! an toan tai cho bus FISCO-Modell fteldbus intrinsically safe concept 583
tnrong]
M6 hinh nguven tLl Atommodell atomic model 283,284
M6 hinh nguven tLl Bohr Bohr'sches Atommodell Bohr model 284
Mo hinh nguven tLl natri Natriumatommodell model of the sodium atom 285
Me hinh tham chieu tieu chugn 150/051 ISO/OSI-Referenzmodell ISO/OSI reference model 556
M6 phong Simulation simulation 255
M6men lat Kippmoment breakdown torque 346
Momen I~t dong co khang dong bo Kippmoment des Asychronmotors breakdown torque of asynchronous 360
motors
 Bang thuat ngCr Vi$t - f)(Pc - Anh 651

Momen quay cua dong co Motordrehmoment engine torque 344

Momen quay cua dong ca khong dong b(l Drehmoment des Asynchronmotors torque-speed characteristic of 346
asynchronous motors
Mornen quay, ng~u II/c quay Drehmoment torque 344
Momen thiet ke Bemessungsmoment rated torque 347,364,
346
Momen yen ngira Sattel moment pull-up torque 346
Mlrc dO hll hong cua hi! thong Systemausfallrate system failure rate
NAMUR (Hiep h\ii tieu chuan v~ ky thu~t NAMUR (Normenarbeitsgemeinschaft NAMUR Standards Committee of 497,508
do dac va di~u chinh cua cong nghiep fUr Mess- und Regelungstechnik der Measurement and Control of the Chemical
h6a hoc) chemischen Industrie) Industry

N
Nern cat (mOi dao) Schneidkeil cutting tool wedge 172
Neutron Neutronen neutrons 284
Ng~n rnach Kurzschluss short circuit 377
Ng~t tin hieu Signalabschaltung switching off signals 449
Nghich tlr Oiamagnetisch diamagnetic 298
Ng6 ra c6 ba trang thai Tri-State-Ausgang tristate gate 400
Ngon ngCfassembly (hop ngCf) Assembler assembler 63
Nguy hiem: dong dien Gefahren: elektrischer Strom dangers: electric current 371
Nguyen dc DNC (Direct Numerical Control: DNC-Prinzip DNC principle 236
f)i~u khien ky thuat s6 trvc tiep)
Nguyen t~c dong co dien Motorprinzip working of electrical motors 343
Nguyen t~c NXX: Nh~p, Xli' Iy va Xuat dCf EVA-Prinzip EVAcontrol principle (German) 21
lieu
Nguyen t~c may phat dien Generator-Prinzip working of generators 343
Nguyen tac the (m;; thong bao) Token-Prinzip token principle 562,563
Nhan hieu an toan, dau hieu an toan Sicherheitszeichen safety signs and symbols 374
Nhan kiem tra Prufplakette inspection sticker 390
Nhan ra loi Fehlererkennung fault detection 628
Nhiet di) him vay L6ttemperatur soldering temperature 220
Nhieu limg noi tiep nhau Kaskaden cascade arrangement 410
Nh6m gia cong san xuat chinh Fertigu ngshauptgru ppen main manufacturing groups 161
Nhom Aluminium aluminium 120
Nhira dim hai, chat deo elastome Kunststoffe, Elastomere plastics, elastomers 126,128
Nhy'a nhiet ran, chat deo cirng Kunststoffe, Duroplaste plastics, thermosetting plastics 126
Nhtra nhiet deo, chat deo nhiet Kunststoffe, Thermoplaste plastics, thermoplastics 126
Nhung doi tU'qng Object Embedding object embedding 126 ff.
Nhung va lien ket doi tllQ'ng OLE Object Linking and Embedding object linking and embedding 35
N\ii suy dU'img tron Kreisinterpolation. circular interpolation 36
NQi suy tuven tinh Linearinterpolation linear interpolation 242,246
Noi suy duong th~ng Geradeninterpolation linear interpolation 242,246

0-0-0
OLE[nhung va lien ket doi tirong] OLE (Object Linking and Embedding) OLE (object linking and embedding) 36
6 tham chieu Zellbezug cell references 44
6 tham chleu, nrong doi Zellbezug, relativ cell references, relative 44
6 tham chieu, tuvet doi Zellbezug, absolut cell references, absolute 44
6 dCflieu, tnrong dCfliiiu Datenfeld data field 56
6 true c6 dinh Lager, Festlager bearing, fixed bearing 155
6 true di d¢ng Lager, Loslager bearing, movable bearing 155
6 tnrot Lager, Gleitlager bearing, plain bearing 153
6 da (6 true huong tam) Lager, radiallager bearing, thrust bearing 153
61an Lager, Walzlager bearing, roller bearing 154
6 chijn (6 true hirong kinh) Lager, Axiallager bearing, thrust bearing 153

p
Palang (can cau, may can b~ng) Balancer balancers 266
Phanh b~ng dong dien xoav (Foucauld) Wirbelstrombremse eddy current brake 302
Phan bo chuan Gauss Gaufs'sche Normalverteilung Gaussian distribution 105
Phan loai ren Einteilung der Gewindearten screw thread types 208
Phan rnanh, chia rdi (t~p tin, b¢ nho) Fragmentierung fragmentation 30
Phan cirng Hardware hardware 21
Phan mem Software software 21
Phan mem trlnh bay [bai thuyet trlnh) Prasentationssoftware presentation software 47
Ph"n rnem chirc nang Software, Funktionssoftware software, function software 22
Ph"n mem chuven dung (dac biet] Software, Spezialsoftware software, specialized software 22
Phan mern chuven nganh Software, Branchensoftware software, vertical market software 22
Ph"n mern ilng dung Software, Anwendungssoftware software, application software 22
Phan tin hieu Signalteil signal part 394
Ph;;n tLr earn bien Sensorelement sensor element 490
Ph"n tlr rnach dieu chinh Regelkreiselement closed loop element 542
652 Bang thuat ngCPViet - 8lic - Anh

Phat trien crurong trinh (phan mem) Programmentwicklung program development 65

Phay Frasen milling 197
Phep chieu true do vuong goc deu Isometrische Projektion isometric projection 72
(isometric)
Phep chieu true do xien dirng can Dimetrische Projektion dimetric projection 72
(dimetric)
Ph';p chieu true do xien g6c din (cabinet) Kabinett-Projektion cabinet projection 72
Ph"p chieu true do xien goc deu (cavalier) Kavalier-Projektion cavalier projection 72
Phep do tam giac Triangulation triangulation 504
Phep noi suy spline (chi a dl1itng cong b~t Spline-Interpolation spline interpolation 280
ky thanh nhO'ng dean thang ngan nhiY
nhO'ng diem tu'a - nut)
Phep tinh kich thl1&c xi lanh Zylinderberechnung caclculation of cylinder dimensions 431
Phoi (cat got co phoi) Spanen machining 172
Phong ngira chfra chav Brandschutz fire protection 619
Phuong phap cat tim db Tastschnittve rfa hre n tracing stylus analysis 94
Phuong phap han ep PressschweiBverfahren pressure welding methods 222
Phl1O'ngphap han n6ng chay SchmelzschweiBverfahren fusion welding techniques 223
Phtrong phap him vav L6tverfahren soldering techniques 221
Phuong phap I~p trinh, each lap trinh Programmierverfahren programming methods 255
Phirong phap phay Frasverfahren milling techniques 198
Phuong phap tien Drehverfahren turning techniques 191
Phtro'ng thirc chu-Khach (Master/ Slave) Master /Slave-Verfahren master slave system 562
Prurong thtrc CSMA CSMA CSMA 564
Phu'o'ng thitc CSMA/CA CSMA/CA CSMA/CA 565
Phuong thirc CSMA/CD CSMA/CD CSMA/CD 564
Phl1cmgthirc truy nhap Bus Buszugriff bus access methods 562 ff.
Phuong thirc truy nhap hybrid (Iai) Hybrides Zugriffsverfahren hybrid bus access procedure 562
Phuong tien mai (v~t lieU mail 5chleifmittel grinding agents 202
Phuong tien 111utrO' (dia, be;,nho) Speichermedium storage medium 30
Phirong trinh chinh cho bien ap Transformatorenhaupt-gleichung transformer universal emf equation 334
Phtrorig trinh chirc nang, phirong trinh Funktionsgleichung function equation 397
ham
Phuong trinh chung (tong quat) cho chat allgemeine Gasgleichung ideal-gas law 423
khi
Phuong trinh lien tuc Konti nuitatsgleichu ng continuity equation 467
Pin Primarelernente primary cells 286
PROFIBUS PROFIBU5 PROFIBUS 577 ff.
PROFINET PROFINET PROFINET 588 ff.
Proton Proton en nprotons 284

Q
Qua trinh han vay L6tvorgang soldering process 219
Ouan IV b9 nh& Speichermanagement memory management 23
Quan IVchat II1Q'ng Oualitatsmanagernent quality management 101
Quan IVchat II1Q'ngbang thong ke Statistisches Oualitatsmanagernent statistical quality management 105
Quan IVd" an, quan Iv de an Projektmanagement project management 60
Quan IV nguon tai nguven Ressourcenverwaltung resource management 23
Quy djnh ghi kich thvcc BemaBungsregeln dimensioning rules 79
Quy dinh I~p rap Montageregeln installation/assembly rules 609
QUy tac an toan Sicherheitsregeln safety rules 376
Quy t~c an toan he thong dung di~n ap Sicherheitsbestimmungen fur safety regulations for low voltage systems 374
thap Niederspannungsanlagen
Quy tac ban tay phai Rechte-Hand-Regel right-hand rule 301
QUy tac nut [djnh lu~t Kirchhoff thll' 1) Knotenpunktregel Kirchhoff's nodal rule 307
Quy tac Lenz Lenz'sche Regel Lenz's law 301
Quy tac rnang (dinh lu~t Kirchhoff thu' 2) Maschensatz Kirchhoff's voltage law 306
Quy trinh can c6 the thuc hien (thread) Thread thread 27

R
Ranh thoat Freistiche relief grooves 81
Rao anh sang phan chieu Refiexionslichttaster diffuse sensor 503
Rao chan anh sang met chieu Lichtschranke light barrier 502
Ren di chuyen, ren chuven dong thang, ren Bewegungsgewinde motion-transmitting screw threads 207
dich chuvsn
Ren siet chat (ren bat ch~t, ren ghep chat) Befestigungsgewinde fastening screw threads 206
Repeater (be;,I~p lai, b9 khuech dai) Repeater repeater 558,559
Robot Roboter robots 268
Robot cong nghiep (RBCN) Industrieroboter industrial robots 268
Robot dang ding Portal-Roboter robotic palletizer 275
Robot tay g~p Knickarm-Roboter articulated robots 275
Robot tay thang (ttnh tion) Lineararm-Roboter linear arm robot 275
Robot tay xoay (SCARA) Schwenkarmroboter SCARArobot 271
 Bang thuat ngCl' Vi$t - f)(rc - Anh 653

Robot, dong hoc Roboter, Kinematik robots, kinematics 272

Rotor (phan quay) Laufer rotor 345
Rotor don dong Strornverdrangungslaufer double squirrel-cage motor 346
Rotor thanh tron Rundstablaufer round-bar rotor motor 346
Rotor long s6c Kafiglaufer squirrel-cage rotor 345
Rotor ng~n mach Kurzschlusslaufer short-circuit rotor 345
Rdle Relais relays 452

5
Sai biet dieu chlnh, dO I~ch di~u chlnh Regeldifferenz error variable 541
Sai s6 do Messfehler measuring error 330
San xuat hang loat theo day chuven lap rap FlielSbandfertigung assembly line production 231
Sap xep gai giGa Hiebanordnung file cut 176
Sat tll Ferromagnetisch ferromagnetic 298
Sau may tinh (chvong trlnh pha hoai may Wurmer worms 68
tinh)
Setdo bac thang, setdo cong tac Kontaktplan ladder plan 397
Setdo Bode Bode-Diagramm Bode diagram 550
Setdo chuyen rnach (khi nen] Schaltplan (pneumatisch) circuit diagram (pneumatic) 421
Setdo dau day (noi day) Verdrahtungsplan wiring diagram S96
Setdo di~n the Potenzialplan voltage plan 596
Setdo I~p rap Montageplan installation drawing installation/assembly 609,613
plan
Setdo khoi cua bo truven dong servo Servoantrieb, Blockschaltbild servo, modular mimic display 358
Setdo rnang 1U'ii'i Netzplan network plan 61
Setdo noi day cua truyen dong vii'i toc dO Varia bier Antrieb, Anschlussplane variable-speed drive system, circuit 365
thay doi diagrams
Setdo vi tri Lageplan layout 421
56 doi Cl/C Polpaarzahl number of pole pairs 343
s5 moi ren Gewindegangzahl number of thread starts 209
Stator Stator, Stander stator 343
SI/ bao dU'frng Wartung maintenance 631
SI/ baa tri Instandhaltung maintenance 631
51! gian dai do nhiet tangenausdehnung linear thermal expansion 108
51! ghep tll Magnetische Kopplung magnetic coupling 302
51/ ket dinh Bindung bond 203
SI/ lech pha Phasenverschiebung phase shift 313,332
SI/ hinh thanh momen quay Drehfeld, Entstehung rotating field, formation 344
SI/ phan tan Dezentralisierung decentralisation 597
SI/ rung tam that Herzkammerflimmern ventricular fibrillation 371
51! suy giarn, dO tat dan Bedarnpfung damping of sensors 493

T
rac dong mao dan Kapillarwirkung capillary action 220
Tac dung II/c trong tir tnrong Kraftwirkung im Magnetfeld action of magnetic force 301
Tach Trennen cutting 171
Tach Iy dien tich Ladungstrennung charge separation 28S, 288
Tai khong can d6i Unsymmetrische Belastung unbalanced load 318
Tai lieu chinh (trung U'etng) Zentraldokument main document 39
Tai Ii~u PDF PDF-Dokument PDF document 59
Tai Ii~u phu (a chi nhanh) Filialdokument subdocument 39
Tai nan lao d¢ng Arbeitsunfall industrial accident 618
Tao bot Kavitation cavitation 469
Tao dang nguven m~u (due) Urformen primary processing 164
Tay may Manipulator manipulator 267
Tay may rnern deo tuv It de lap rap SCARA-Roboter SCARArobot 274
slide (chieu khi trlnh bay, folie, tam phim) Folien slides 47
Ian pho dien tlt tnrong Elektromagnetische Vertraglichkeit, frequency spectrum of electromagnetic 370
Frequenzspektrum van Feldern fields
Ian so Frequenz frequency 309
Ian s5 gee Kreisfrequenz angular frequency 309
Tap tin GSD(TaPtin dura dCrlieu goc cua GSD-Datei [Gerate-Starnrn-Daten-Datei} gsd file 581
thiet bj )
Te baa san xuat (don vi san xuat doc I~p) Fertigungszelle manufacturing cells 233
Ten goi cua thep Stahl, Bezeichnungen steel, identification 114
Than may Gehause housing 149
Thanh ghi Register register 411
Thanh ghi dich chuyen Schieberegister shift register 411
Thay d6; toe dO t(r tnrong quay" dOng co Asynchronmotoren, Anderung der asynchronous motors, rotational 3S4
khong dong b¢ Drehfelddrehzahl frequency control
The tir dong, SLtC tir dong Magnetische Durchflutung magnetic ampere turns 296
Then ban nguy~t (10xo dia, 1&xo I,,) Scheibenfeder woodruff key 218
Then bang Passfeder fitting key 218
654 Bang thuat ngQ>Vi$t - Ellie - Anh

Thep Stahl steel 114

Thep hop kim cao Stahl, hochlegierter high alloy steels 115
Thep hop kim thap Stahl, niedriglegierter low alloy steels 115
Thep kh6ng hop kim Stahl, unlegierter steel, plain carbon 115
Th] sai (16i doc) Parallaxenfehler parallax 329
Thiet bi dt ren rang Gewindeschneidkluppe die holder stock 190
Thiel b] ch6ng ro dien RCD (Fehlerstrom-Schutzeinrichtung) ReD (residual current protective device) 384
Thiet b] dan dong lh~ng (tuye'n tfnh) Linearantriebe linear drives 148
Thii!t b] dieu chinh Regeleinrichtung controlling equipment 541
Thiet bi dieu khien di~n ap [nguven I~C) Spannungsstellung, Prinzip voltage control device, principle 353
Thiel b] do b~ng di~n Elektrische Messgerate electrical measuring instruments 91
Thi~t b! do b~ng dien to> Elektronische Messgerate electronic measuring devices 92
Thiet b] do b~ng khi nen Pneumatische Messgerate pneumatic measuring devices 91
Thiet bi do 51f each dien lsolationsrnessgerate insulation resistance meter (megger) 391
Thiet b] duoc v~n hanh tll xa Teleoperator teleoperators 267
Thiet bi I~p trinh earn tay Programmierhandgerat teach pendant 268
Thiet b] ngoai vi cua may tfnh PC-Peripherie PC peripherals 22
Thiet bi v~n chuyen Bewegungseinrichtungen handling devices 26S
Thiet b] xir Iy thao tac Handhabungseinrichtungen handling equipment 265
Thieu ket, nung ket Sintern sinlering 16S
Thai gian chu trinh Zykluszeit, Periodendauer cycle time, period 309,516,
552
Thai gian ngung (thai gian chet) Totzeit dead time S46
Thai gian phan lrng Reaktionszeit reaction time 553
Thong hrong di~n tich dich chuven, do Verschiebungsfiuss dielectric fiux 29S
earn irng di~n
Thong luong ro Streufiuss stray flux 336
Thong s6 cua ngU'ai dung User Parameter user parameter 579
Thong 56 R (Thong s6 giG' ch6 trong R-Parameter R parameters 250
chuong trinh con)
Thu th~p dG' lieu may (TIDLM) Betriebsdatenerfassung (BDE) production data acquisition 236
Thu thap dO' lieu may (TIDLM) Maschinendatenerfassung (MDE) machine data acquisition MDA 236
Thu thap dO' lieu may (TIDLM) MDE (Maschinendatenerfassung) machine data acquisition MDA 236
Thu th~p dO' lieu v~n hanh (TIDLVH) BDE (Betriebsdatenerfassung) production data acquisition 236
Thu~ntll Paramagnetisch paramagnetic 298
Thuat toan Algorithmus algorithm 63
ThU' giri hang loat Serienbrief mailmerge 41
Thir nghiern dira vao v~n hanh tra lai Inbetriebnahme, Wiederinbetriebnahme reoperation commissioning 621
re-commissioning
Thtra electron Elektron enll bersch uss excess of electrons 285
Thiro'c cap Messschieber calliper rule 88
Thlfac do g6c Winkelmesser goniometer 90
Thutrc Panme, vi ke Messschraube micrometer gauges 89
Thyristor Thyristor thyristor 327
Thyristor GTO, thyristor ngat dien b~ng GTO-Thyristor gate turn-off thyristor GTO 328
cong gate
Tl so bien doi di~ntr6' Widerstandsubersetzung resistance transformation ratio 33S
rt s6 bien doi dong dien Strornubersetzung current transformation ratio 335
Tich tv tinh dien Elektrische Aufladung electrostatic charge 392
Tien Drehen turning 191
Tiet dien ren Gewindeprofil screw thread profiles 209
Tiet hru luc nap khi Zuluftdrosselung air supply control 440
Tiet hru luc xa khi Abluftdrosselung waste air throttling 440
Tieu chuan ve an toan may moc cua cong Masch i nensich erheitsrichtl in ie EC machinery directive 620
dong chau Au Machinery Safety Directive
nml6i Fehlersuche trouble shooting 636
Tin hieu analog ana loge Signale analogue signals 397
Tin hieu digital (s6) digitale Signale digital signals 397
Tin hieu nh] phan binare Signa Ie binary signals 397
Tinh b~n ch6ng an man Korrosionsbestandigkeit corrosion resistance 109
Tinh b~n nhiet do cao Hitzebestandigkeit heat resistance 109
Tinh da nghTa (khong ro rang) Mehrdeutigkeiten ambiguity 278
Tinh dan dien elektrische [Link] electrical conductivity 108
Tinh dan nhiet Warmeleitfahigkeit thermal conductivity 108
Tinh de cat got (co phoi) Spanbarkeit machinability 111
Tinh han SchweiBbarkeit weldability 111
Tinh nang v~ cong suat Leistungsverhalten power characteristics 433
Tinh nang ve mo men quay Drehmomentverhalten torque characteristics 433
Tinh ren Schmiedbarkeit malleability 111
Tinh sai s6 do Messfehle rberech n u ng measuring error calculation 331
Tinh toi, tinh cirng Hartbarkeit hardenability 111
Tinh tll h6a Magnetisierbarkeit magnetizability 108
Tinh tirong thich dien tll (EMC) Elektromagnetische Vertraglichkeit (EMV) electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) 367 If.
 Sang tnuat ngQ>Vi$t - 8CPc - Anh 655

Tinh tuong thich dien tit cua san pham Elektromagnetische Vertraglichkeit, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of 367
beeinflussbare Produkte products
T5 chirc I~p rap Montageorganisation assembly management 610
tea dO Cl/C polarkoordinaten polar coordinates 245
rea dO cac true Achskoordinaten axes coordinates 277
Toa dO cua robot Roboter-Koordinaten system of robot coordinates 277
Toa do khop n5i Gelenkkoordinaten revolute coordinates 279
Tea dO tay gap (tay nam, tay gap, thiet Greiferkoordinaten gripper coordinates 279
bi kep)
Toa dO toan diu Weltkoordinaten world coordinates 279
Toan hang Operand operand 45
roan tli Operator operator 45
Tapa, to po hoc, diu true hinh Topologie topology 557
Toe do quay cua tit tnrong quay Drehfeld, Drehzahl rotational frequency of the rotating field 343
Transistor Transistor transistor 325
Transistor Illong circ c6 ceng gate ng~t IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) 328
di~n IGBT
Tri hoan vi~c chuyen mach Schaltverzogerung switching response time 445,458
Trj s5 hieu dung Eftektivwert Root-mean-square value 310
Triac Triac triac 327
Triet tieu tin hieu do phong phia sau Hintergrundausblendung faded out background 504
Trinh bay hinh dt Schnittdarstellung sectional representation 78
Trinh bay ren Gewindedarstellung graphical thread representation 80
Trinh duyet cua Microsoft Windows-Explorer Windows-Explorer 23
Trinh don irng dung cho van phbng Office-Menustruktur office applications menu 62
Trinh I~p thai bieu (ngiro! I~p trinh thai Scheduler scheduler 25
bieu)
Trinh tI,I' I~p rap Montagefolge erection sequence, assembly sequence 609
Tra khang Blindwiderstand reactance 312,313
Tra khang vong Schleifenimpedanz loop impedance 383
Trojan (vi rut may tinh) Trojaner trojan 68
True ban tay Handachsen hand axis 274
True cac dang, true khop n5i Wellen, Gelenkwellen shafts, universal joint shaftf 139
True chinh Hauptachsen principal axes 274
True chinh xoay ducc schwenkbare Spindelachse swivelling spindle axis 257
True co ban Einheitswelle basic shaft 99
True ctrng Wellen, starre shafts, rigid 139
True cua robot Roboterachsen robot axes 272
'true mem Wellen, biegsame shafts, flexible 139
Truc phu Nebenachsen secondary axes 274
True profin [dinh hinh, then hoa) Profilwelle shaped shafts 218
True ren Gewindespindeln threaded spindles 148
True truyen Wellen shafts 139
True vit bi quay vong, vit me bi quay vong Kugelumlaufspindel ball screw 237
Trung tam gia cong Bearbeitungszentrum machining center 233
Trung tam gia cong ton Blechbearbeitungszentrum sheet metal machining center 259
Trung tam ti~n - phay Oreh-Fras-Zentrurn turn-mill machining centre 258
TrU'ang nhieu do tirong thich dien tCt Elektromagnetische Vertraglichkeit, electromagnetic interference fields 367
Sti:irfelder
Trung tin hieu (chong chap tin hieu) u
Signa I be rsch neid u ng signal overlapping 447
Truyen bang CO' ban Baslsbandubsrtragung baseband transmission 561
Truyen bang rong Brei tba nd ii bertragu ng broadband transmission 561
TruyEln dong bang thanh rang Zahnstangentrieb rack-and-pinion drive 148
TruyEln dong dien Elektrische Antriebe electrical drive systems 342 ft.
TruyEln dong servo (trc dong) Servoantrieb servo 358 ft.
TruyEln thong ky thuat Technische Kommunikation technical communication principles 71
Tu sLta (sLta chtra) Instandsetzung repair service, reinstatement 631,636
Tu dien Kondensator capacitor 311
Ttr carn Selbstinduktion self-induced electromotive force 302
TCt ctrng Hartmagnetisch magnetically hard 299
Wdien Worterbuch dictionary 39
W dong h6a Automatisieren automatize 393
W dong h6a san xuat Fertigungsautomatisierung automated manufacturing 231
TCt dtr Remanenz, Restmagnetismus remanence, residual magnetism 299,353
TCtmElm Weichmagnetisch magnetically soft 299
TCttham Permeabilitat permeability 297
TCt tnrong Magnetisches Feld magnetic field 295
TCt tnrong dong nhat Homogenes Feld uniform field 295
Tit trU'ang quay Drehfeld rotating field 343
Iuong Ilra, philn mem ngan ch~n truy c~p Firewall firewall 70
TV khai dong Anlaufkondensator capacitor-starting 348,349
Tuyen dieu chinh Regelstrecke process controlled system 541
Ty Ie bien ap Spa n n ungsii bersetz ung voltage transformation ratio 329
656 Bang thuat ngQ>Vi$t - f)(vc - Anh

U-l1
UNIX (He dieu hanh) UNIX~ UNIX~ 23
ue;n Biegen bending 167
U6n 6ng Rohrbiegen pipe bending 168
Lrng dung cho van phong Office-Anwendung office application 33
Lrng dung cua truyen dong v&i toc d(i Varia bier Antrieb, Applikation variable-speed drive application 364f.
thay doi

V
Van ap suat kep (van logic AND) Zweidruckventil dual-pressure valve 398,418,
436
Van ap suat khf nen Pneumatisches Druckventil pneumatial delivery valve 437
Van chan, van mot chleu Sperrventil non-return valve 436
Van chuyen doi (van logic OR) Wechselventil shuttle valve 436
Van d~n hiro'ng (khi nen) Wegeventil (pneumatisch) distributing valve (pneumatic) 434
Van dieu ap, van dieu chinh ap suat Druckregelventil pressure control valve 437
Van dieu khien do xung, van xung dien tll Impulsventil pulse valve 418 ff., 434
Van dieu khien tro dong (dien khien tnrcc) Vorsteuerventil pilot valve 418,435
Van dieu khien trinh nr Zuschaltventil adder valve 437
Van dieu khien trinh tl/, van tuan !I/ Folgeventil sequence valve 437
Van giai han ap suat, van an toan Druckbegrenzungsventil pressure relief valve 437
Van hru Iuong Stromventil volume-control valve 436
Van mot chieu (van chan tr& vel Ruckschlagventil reflux valve 436
Van nang (van c6 d€ tua) Sitzventil poppet valves 434
Van thuy Ii/C Hydraulikventile hydraulic valves 480
Van tiet luu mot chie~ Drosselruckschlagventil one-way flow control valve 436
Van tr~ (van ham, van lam tri hoan] Verztigerungsventil retarding valve 436
Van tnrot Schieberventil gate valve 434
Van tir Magnetventile solenoid valve 453
Van xa khi nhanh SchnellentlUftungsventil quick-action ventilating valve 436,440
Vat lieu s~t va thep Eisen- und Stahlwerkstoffe iron and steel materials 113
Vat lieu thieu ket Sinterwerkstoffe sintered materials 122
Vat lieu lien ket (v~t lieu compozit) Verbundstoffe laminated packaging 128
V~t lieu tir Magnetische Werkstoffe magnetic materials 298
VBA (Chuong trinh ling dung bang ngon VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) VBA (visual basic for applications) 35
ng(f I~p trinh Visual Basic)
vec to' di~n ta Zeigerdarstellung phasor representation 309
Vet (dau hieu) ph6ng di~n Strommarken electric marks 372
VFAT(Virtual File Allocation Table) he ma VFAT-Dateisystem VFATfile system 31
rong cua FAT
Vi rut may tinh Viren viruses 68
Vi tri Position position 238,263
Vi tn ban dau Ausgangsstellung normal position 418
Vi tri tinh hay vi tri 0 Ruhe- bzw. Nullstellung idle position 418
Vi trl, dla diem, lop, tang Lage position 239,263
Vo so (giao dien Shell) Shell shell 23
Vong dem (long den) Unterlegscheiben plain washer 213
Vong tir tr~ Hystereseschleife hysteresis loop 299
Vung, 0 Feld field 55

W
WINDOWS (He dieu hanh) WINDOWSs WINDOWS· 23

X
Xi lanh khi nen Druckluftzylinder pneumatic cylinders 428
Xi lanh ch~n Stopperzylinder stopper cylinder 430
Xi lanh c6 ren vit Van Einschraubzylinder screw-in cylinders 429
Xi lanh khi nen Pneumatischer Zylinder pneumatic cylinder 428
Xi lanh nhieu vi tri Me hrste IIungszylinde r multi-position cylinders 429
Xi lanh phang Flachzylinder flat cylinders 429
Xi lanh quay Drehzylinder rotary cylinder 430
Xi lanh tac dung don einfach wirkender Zylinder single-acting cylinder 428
Xi lanh tac dung kep doppelt wirkender Zylinder double-acting cylinder 428
Xi lanh thuy II/c Hydraulikzylinder hydraulic cylinder 474
xli Iy dlr lieu Datenverarbeitung data processing 21
xo II' hinh anh Bildbearbeitung image editing 57
xli Iy/chlnh van ban Textverarbeitung word processing 37
Xung trigo, xung kich Triggerimpuls trigger pulse 332