Incompressible Fluids
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ScribdTranslationsIncompressible Fluids
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ScribdTranslationsLaws governing the properties of incompressible fluids.
A fluid is a continuous material medium, deformable, devoid of rigidity, capable of 'flowing', it is
say to suffer great variations of forces under the action of forces. Fluids can
classified as:
Liquids
Gases
The properties of fluids depend on pressure and temperature. In the case of
liquids, some properties such as density do not vary appreciably with the
pressure. That is why they are called 'incompressible fluids'.
For this reason, to simplify the equations of thefluid mechanics, it is considered
that theliquidsthey are incomprehensible. In mathematical terms, this means that
thedensitysuch fluid is supposed to be constant
The equation of theconservation of massthen it takes a particularly form
simple in formintegralon a closed surface:
where J represents themass flowwhich indicates the equality of the mass of fluid that enters
and is released under a specified area, or in local form
whose equivalent condition is that the divergence of the velocity of a fluid is null.
The Bernoulli equation and a criterion for incompressible flow
One of the most used equations in fluid mechanics is the Bernoulli equation:
It will be shown that in the limit of very small Mach numbers, the equation
isoenergetic and isoentropic for pressure becomes identical to Bernoulli's equation,
creating a criterion to decide whether the flow of a gas can be treated as incompressible.
Considering a steady flow without shear stress, work on the axis or transfer
of heat. Under these conditions, the stagnation pressure is constant. It will be assumed
that changes in elevation are negligible. If the fluid is incompressible, the pressure
in any place it can be calculated from the Bernoulli equation in the form of
pressure (Incompressible flow):
If the fluid is compressible and an ideal gas, the static and stagnation pressures
are related through (Compressible flow):
If the consideration is restricted to Mach numbers less than 1, it can be developed
the binomial that contains the Mach number in an infinite series using the theorem
Newton's binomial:
From the equation:
It is given:
If the Mach number is small, then M2/4 is small compared to 1 and can be
to write that:
Consequently, the Bernoulli equation is an approximation of the pressure relationship of the flow.
isoenergetic and isoentropic for small Mach numbers. The precision of this
The approximation depends on how small the Mach number is. Equation (5) shows that at
at low Mach numbers the error is proportional to M2/4. If one wanted to limit the error to
use the Bernoulli equation to calculate pressure to no more than 2 percent,
so:
There is nothing special about the 2 percent error. For rough estimates, a 5 percent error
percent could be acceptable, in which case the Mach number must be less than 0.45. The
the most widely used criterion for the limit between compressible flow and incompressible flow
set the Mach number threshold at 0.3: In general, it can be assumed that a flow
conM< 0.3 sea incompressible.
The Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible isothermal flow
By definition, the stress tensor is linearly proportional to the rate tensor.
training. For incompressible flow (ρ = constant), flow is also assumed
approximately isothermal knowing that local changes in temperature are
small or nonexistent; this eliminates the need for a differential equation of
energy conservation. One consequence of the last assumption is that the
properties of the fluid, such as dynamic viscosity μ and kinematic viscosity v, also
are constant. With these assumptions, it can be demonstrated that the stress tensor
viscous is reduced to:
Viscous stress tensor for an incompressible Newtonian fluid with properties
constants:
where Ei is the strain rate tensor. Equation (7) shows that the stress
is linearly proportional to the deformation. In Cartesian coordinates, it is mentioned
the nine components of the viscous stress tensor, six of which are
independent due to their symmetry:
In Cartesian coordinates, the stress tensor of the fluid equation in
movement therefore becomes:
Now the previous equation is substituted into the three Cartesian components of
theCauchy equation. First, consider the x component, it becomes:
Since pressure consists only of a normal stress, it contributes only one term to
the equation (10). However, since the viscous stress tensor consists of both
Normal efforts such as cutting contribute three terms. Also, in terms of the components.
of velocity are smooth functions of x, y, z, the order of differentiation is irrelevant.
For example, the first part of the last term in equation (10) can be rewritten
how:
After a certain intelligent rearrangement of the viscous terms in the
previous equation:
The term in parentheses is zero due to the continuity equation for flow.
incomprehensible.
The last three terms are also recognized as the Laplacian of the component of
speed u in Cartesian coordinates. Therefore, the x component of the equation of
momentum is written as:
Similarly, the components x, y, and z of the quantity equation are written
movement such as:
Respectively. Finally, the three components are combined in an equation.
vectorial; the result is the Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible flow with
constant viscosity.
Navier-Stokes equation:
Although the components of the Navier-Stokes equation were deduced in coordinates
Cartesian, the vector form of the equation is valid in any coordinate system.
orthogonal. This famous equation is named in honor of the French engineer Louis
Marie Henri Navier (1785-1836) and the English mathematician Sir George Gabriel Stokes (1819-
1903), who developed the viscous terms, although independently.
The Navier-Stokes equation is the foundation of fluid mechanics. It may seem
sufficiently harmless, but it is a second-order partial differential equation, not
linear and unstable. If it were possible to solve this equation for flows of any
geometry, it would be easier. Unfortunately, analytical solutions are not obtained
except for very simple flow fields. The equation has four unknowns (three
velocity components and pressure), although it only represents three equations (three
components since it is a vector equation). Obviously, another equation is necessary.
to solve the problem. The fourth equation is the continuity equation for flow
incomprehensible
Before attempting to solve that set of differential equations, it is necessary to choose
a coordinated system and expand the equations in that coordinated system.
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