oral com reviewer

Oxford Dictionary- The activity or process of giving information to other people or other living
things and understanding what they say so

Webster Dictionary- Process by which information is exchanged between individuals

Dance and Larson- Process by which people seek to share meaning through the transmission of
symbolic messages

it improves our personal lives- helps us express our needs, understand others, and manage
everyday interactions.

it betters our interpersonal relationships- strong relationships depends on honest relationships

it helps express emotions- communication allows us to share how we feel

it facilitates the exchange if ideas- communication is the vehicle through which ideas are shared
and developed.

it enables learning and teaching- education is impossible without communication

it aids in decision making- sound decisions- whether personal or collective- require clear
communication

we cannot not communicate- even when we are silent or unresponsive we are still communicating
something through body language, facial expressions, or our very silence.

communication is irreversible- something has been said or expressed, it cannot be taken back.

communication is unrepeatable- communication cannot be exactly duplicate

communication is a process of adjustment- we adapt to our audience.

communication is transactional- communication is collaborative.

communication is complex- communication involves multiple layers- verbal and nonverbal,

intentional and unintentional, emotional and logical.

meanings are in words- words cary fixed meanings.

communication is a verbal process- this assumes that communication only happens through words.

telling is communicating- just because you say something does not mean the other person
understands it.

communication will solve all our problems- not all problems can be fixed by simply talking.

communication is always a good thing- communication is inherently positive

the more communication, the better- more communication is not always helpful

communication is a natural ability- communication is a learned skill, not an inborn talent.

interpersonal communication means intimate communication- any interaction between people

not just close or emotional ones.
communicative competence means being an effective communicator- means understanding when,
how, and where to communicate appropriately, not just speaking well.

[Link] (Body Movements): Includes gestures, facial expressions, posture, and eye movements

[Link] (Touch): Communication through physical contact.

3. Proxemics (Space): The use of personal and social space in interaction.

4. Chronemics (Time): How time is used and perceived in communication.

5. Paralinguistics (Vocal Cues): Aspects of the voice other than words, such as tone, pitch, volume,
and rate.

6. Appearance: Includes clothing, grooming, and overall presentation.

7. Artifacts: Objects and visual elements used to communicate or influence perception.

[Link]: Silence can carry meaning depending on context.

Physical Noise: External distractions like loud traffic, construction sounds, or poor cell signal.

Psychological Noise: Internal mental or emotional distractions such as stress, biases, or anger

Semantic Noise: Misunderstandings due to unfamiliar words, jargon, slang, or language differences.

Syntactic Noise: Confusion caused by poor sentence structure or grammatical errors.

Physiological Noise: Physical conditions affecting communication, such as. hearing loss or fatigue.

Cultural Noise: Differences in cultural noms and values causing misinterpretation.

Organizational Noise: Barriers caused by hierarchical structures or unclear communication

channels in organizations.

Technical or Channel Noise: Problems with communication media such as static, dropped calls, or
internet lag

1. Clarity
Say what you mean in a way that is easy to understand.

• Use simple and direct language.

2. Conciseness

• Get to the point quickly.

• Avoid using unnecessary words or repeating yourself.
3. Completeness

Give all the important information the other person needs.

• Do not leave your message half-finished or confusing.

4. Correctness
• Use the right facts and correct grammar.
k i d i f h i i
 • Make sure your message is accurate and appropriate for the situation.
5. Coherence

Make sure your ideas are well-organized and connected.

• Your message should flow smoothly and make sense.

6. Consideration
• Adapt your message to the listener's background, needs, and emotional state.
• Use language that is inclusive, thoughtful, and avoids assumptions.

[Link] Listening
pay close attention when someone else is speaking

8. Empathy
• Understand and acknowledge the emotions behind the message.

• Show compassion and respond in a way that affirms the speaker's feelings.
9. Respect
Value others' opinions, even if you disagree.

• Do not interrupt or speak in a rude or hurtful way.

10. Non-Verbal Communication

• Watch your body language, facial expressions, and tone of voice.

• Make sure these match your words to avoid sending mixed signals.

Aristotle’s Model- earliest known model of communication

Lasswell’s Model- analyzes mass communication and its effects on society

Shannon-Weaver Model- telephone communication it is known as the “mother of all models.”

Berlo’s SMCR Model- emphasizing personal factors affecting communication

shramm’s model- concept of “field of experience”.

osgood- schramm model- treats participants as equal partners in communication

westley and maclean’s model- designed to explain mass communication

dance’s helix model- communication grows and evolves over time

wood’s model- participants create shared meaning

dunn and goodnight’s model- exchanged with messages and feedback

culture- shapes people interpret messages

gender- influences communication style and expectations

age-impacts how people relate in communication

social status- can influence who speaks first

religion- beliefs can affect what is appropriate of offensive conversation

Element Verbal Communication Non-Verbal Communication

Sender Chooses appropriate words Uses gestures, facial expressions, eye

and tone contact, posture

Message Language, grammar, syntax, Tone of voice, spacing, silence, body

clarity movement

Channel Spoken words, written texts Touch (haptics), visuals, appearance,

gestures

Receiver Listens actively, interprets Observes body cues, tone, eye contact,
language emotional expressions

Encoding Converts ideas into spoken Uses expressive gestures, symbols, or

or written words body movement

Decoding Interprets spoken or written Reads non-verbal cues, such as facial

language expression, posture, vocal tone

Feedback Verbal replies, affirmations, Nods, silence, frowns, eye contact, hand
clarifications signals

Noise Misused words, unclear Mixed signals, cultural misinterpretations,

pronunciation distracting body language

Form Spoken or written words Body movements, gestures, facial

expressions, vocal tone

Control Mostly conscious Often subconscious

Message Content Direct and clear (if well- Implied, emotional, often supportive of
structured) verbal content

Clarity Can be explained or repeated Can be vague or misinterpreted without

context

Cultural Influence Influence Depends on Strongly influenced by cultural norms

language rules and expectations

Main Function To convey facts, To express emotions, attitudes, or

instructions, ideas reinforce verbal message