SILICON INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SILICON WEST, SASON

SAMBALPUR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

LABORATORY MANUAL

PROGRAMME : B.TECH

YEAR : 3RD YEAR

BRANCH : ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SEMESTER : 5TH SEMESTER

COURSE TITLE : ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENT & INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY

COURSE CODE : EOPC3203

ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENT & INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY MANUAL FOR B.TECH 5TH SEM ECE (EOPC3203)

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Study of static and dynamic characteristics of a Measuring Instrument.

2. Measurement of Low Resistance using Kelvin’s Double Bridge.

3. Calibration of capacitance sensor using Schering Bridge.

4. Study of Lissajous pattern and measurement of unknown frequency.

5. Measurement of Temperature using Thermistor.

6. Measure displacement using an LVDT and analyze its output signal.

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 ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENT & INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY MANUAL FOR B.TECH 5TH SEM ECE (EOPC3203)

EXPERIMENT NO: 2

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

Measurement of Low Resistance using Kelvin’s Double Bridge.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

1. Kelvin's double bridge trainer kit.

2. Digital multi-meter.

3. Patch chords.

4. Resistors.

THEORY:

Kelvin's bridge is a modification of Whetstone's bridge and

provides increased accuracy in measurement of low resistance. In
this experiment we use Kelvin's double bridge because the circuit
the circuit contains a second set of ratio arms (l and m).

This second set of ratio arms connects the galvanometer to

a point f at the appropriate potential between c and d and it
eliminates the effect of the yoke resistance Ry. The ratio of the
resistances of arm / and m is the same as the ratio of R1 and R2.
The galvanometer willread zero when the potential at a equals the
potential at f. (i.e. E = E )

But E = +E

( )
And,E = I R + R + ( )

( )
Substituting for E in equation we get. E ×I R +R +( )

( )
Similarly, E =I R + ( )

But, E =E

IR (l + m )R m (l + m )R
∴ R +R + =I R +
R +R (l + m ) + R l + m (l + m ) + R

( )
Or, R + R + ( )
= R +( )

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 ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENT & INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY MANUAL FOR B.TECH 5TH SEM ECE (EOPC3203)

( )
Or, R + R + ( )
= +1 R +( )

( )
Or, R + ( )
+R = +R + +

( )
Or, R = + + −( )

Or, R = + +

Or, R = + −

Or, R = + −

But, =

R R
∴R =
R

This is the working equation of Kelvin double bridge. It indicates that the resistance of the
yoke has not effect on the measurement, provided that the two sets of ratio arms have equal
resistance ratios.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

(Circuit diagram for measurement of low resistance using Kelvin’s Double Bridge.)

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ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENT & INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY MANUAL FOR B.TECH 5TH SEM ECE (EOPC3203)

PROCEDURE:

1. Study the circuit configuration given on the front panel of the trainer.

2. Connect the Galvanometer (or Multi-meter) as indicated on the trainer.

3. Connect the unknown resistance Rx as marked on the trainer.

4. Select the values of P and Q.

5. Connect the other terminals as per the circuit diagram.

6. Now switch ON the power supply.

7. Adjust S for proper balance.

8. After balancing switch OFF the power supply and measure the resistance value of S by the
help of multi-meter.

9. Calculate the value of unknown resistance as per the formula

P×S
Rx = Ω.
Q

10. If the circuit is not balanced then change the value of P and Q, then repeat the steps from
step 6.

TABULATION:

Value of P Value of Q Value of S Value of Rx

Sl No Mean
in Ohms in Ohms in Ohms in Ohms
1
2
3

CONCLUSION:

The actual value of unknown resistance is ____ Ω and the measured value of unknown
resistance by Kelvin's double bridge was found as ____.

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 ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENT & INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY MANUAL FOR B.TECH 5TH SEM ECE (EOPC3203)

EXPERIMENT NO: 3

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

To measure unknown capacitance by Schering bridge.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Schering bridge trainer kit.

2. DSO.

3. Digital multi-meter.

4. Patch chords.

5. Capacitor.

THEORY:

Schering Bridge is one of the most important AC Bridge

used for the measurement of unknown capacitors. The basic
circuit diagram is shown in the fig. The capacitor C3 is a high
quality mica capacitor for general measurements.

The general equation for balance is Z Z = Z Z

Or, Z = =Z Z Y

Where, Z = R −

Z =R
j
Z =−
ωC
1
Y = + jωC
R
Substituting these values in equation, we get
j j 1
R − =R − × + jωC
ωC ωC R
( )
Or, R − = +

Equating real term and imaginary term we have. R =

And
R C
C =
R

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 ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENT & INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY MANUAL FOR B.TECH 5TH SEM ECE (EOPC3203)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

(Circuit diagram for measurement of unknown capacitance by Schering bridge.)

PROCEDURE:

1. Patch the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the unknown capacitance in the arm marked Cx.

3. Select some value of R2.

4. Connect the DSO between C and D.

5. Switch ON the DSO and the trainer kit and vary R1.

6. After reaching the balance point measure the value of R1 by the help of multi-meter.

7. If the circuit not becomes balance then change the value of R2 and repeat the experiment
from step-5.

8. By substituting the values of R1, R2 and C3 calculate the value of Cy. By using the formula

R C
C =
R
TABULATION:

Value of R2 Value of R1 Value of C3 Value of Cx

Sl.No Mean
In Ohm in Ohm in μF in μF
1
2
3

CONCLUSION:

The measured value of unknown capacitance by Schering Bridge was found ____ μF.

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 ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENT & INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY MANUAL FOR B.TECH 5TH SEM ECE (EOPC3203)

EXPERIMENT NO: 5(A)

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

To study the temperature Vs resistance characteristics of Thermister.

APPRATUS REQUIRED:

1. Thermister characteristics trainer kit – 1No.

2. Thermister (NTC type) – 1No.

3. Sterilizer with heating arrangement (1000W, 230V) – 1No.

4. Thermometer – 1No.

5. Digital Multimeter – 1No.

6. Power chords and patch chords – As required.

THEORY:

Thermistors are composed of sintered mixture of metallic oxide such as manganese, nickel,
cobalt, copper, iron and uranium.

They are available in variety of sizes and shapes. The thermostats may be in the form of
beads, rods and discs. Some of the commercial forms are shown in figure below.

There are four types of sensors based on the following physical properties, which are
temperature dependent:

1. Expansion of a substance with temperature, which produces a change in length, volume or

pressure. In it's simplest form this is the common mercury
mercury-in- glass or alcohol-in-glass
alcohol
thermometer.

2. Changes in contact potential between dissimilar metals with temperature; thermocouple.

3. Changes in radiated energy with temperature; optical and radiation pyrometers.

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ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENT & INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY MANUAL FOR B.TECH 5TH SEM ECE (EOPC3203)

4. Changes in electrical resistance with temperature, used in resistance thermometer and

thermistors. The fourth property is used in our design to create a sensor. Resistance
thermometry requires a resistor property mounted to create a sensor and means of
measuring the resistance of the sensor.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

(Circuit diagram for study the temperature Vs resistance characteristics of Thermister.)

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the Thermister across T1 and T2 & switch ON the trainer kit.

2. For resistance measurement ‘SW1’ should be in resistance mode.

3. Connnect the Multimeter across T3 and T4.

4. Insert the Thermometer and Thermistor in to the sterilizer.

5. Switch ON the sterilizer.

6. Note down the temperature in Thermometer and corresponding resistance output of the
Thermistor.

TABULATION:

Sl.No. Actual temperature in oC Resistance in kΩ

1
2
3
4
5

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 ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENT & INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY MANUAL FOR B.TECH 5TH SEM ECE (EOPC3203)

REPORT:

Plot a graph actual temperature Vs resistance.

CONCLUSION:

Thus the Temperature Vs Resistance characteristic of Thermister was studied and the graph
has been plotted.

PRECAUTION:

1. Water level in the sterilizer should be above the heating element.

2. Thermister and Thermometer should not touch the body of the sterilizer or the heating
element.

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 ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENT & INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY MANUAL FOR B.TECH 5TH SEM ECE (EOPC3203)

EXPERIMENT NO: 5(B)

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

To study the temperature Vs voltage characteristics of Thermister.

APPRATUS REQUIRED:

1. Thermister characteristics trainer kit – 1No.

2. Thermister (NTC type) – 1No.

3. Sterilizer with heating arrangement (1000W, 230V) – 1No.

4. Thermometer – 1No.

5. Digital Multimeter – 1No.

6. Power chords and patch chords – As required.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

(Circuit diagram for study the temperature Vs voltage characteristics of Thermister.)

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the Thermister across T1 and T2 & switch ON the trainer kit.

2. Switch ‘SW1’ in Voltage position.

3. Connnect the Multimeter across T5 and T6.

4. Insert the Thermometer and Thermister in to the sterilizer.

5. Switch ON the sterilizer.

6. Now note down the temperature of the Thermometer and corresponding output voltage.

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 ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENT & INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY MANUAL FOR B.TECH 5TH SEM ECE (EOPC3203)

TABULATION:

Actual temperature Output voltage

Sl.No.
in oC in Volts
1
2
3
4
5

REPORT:

Plot a graph Actual temperature Vs output voltage.

CONCLUSION:

Thus the temperature Vs voltage characteristic of Thermister was studied and the graph has
been plotted.

PRECAUTION:

1. Water level in the sterilizer should be above the heating element.

2. Thermister and Thermometer should not touch the body of the sterilizer or the heating
element.

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 ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENT & INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY MANUAL FOR B.TECH 5TH SEM ECE (EOPC3203)

EXPERIMENT NO: 6(A)

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

To study the characteristics of a LVDT position sensor with respect to the secondary voltage.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. LVDT characteristics
eristics trainer kit – 1No.

2. LVDT setup with Micrometer, 00-25mm – 1No.

3. Multimeter or DSO – 1No.

4. Power chord – 1No.

THEORY:

LVDT is defined as linear variable differential transformer.LVDT is constructed by connecting

an iron core with a non magnetic rod move freely inside the windings. The iron core is only
responsible for flux linkages and the non
non-magnetic
magnetic rod does 'not interface in its action.

The two identical secondary coils have included in them. A sinusoidal voltage of the same
frequency
cy as the excitation; however, the amplitude varies with the position of the iron core.
When they connect the secondaries in series opposition, a null position (x1) at which the net
output 𝑒 essentially zero. Motion of the core null then causes a larger mutual inductance
(coupling) for one coil and a smaller mutual inductance for the other. The amplitude of 𝑒
becomes nearly a linear function of core position for a considerable range on eith
either side of null
position. The voltage 𝑒 under goes a 180° phase shift.

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 ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENT & INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY MANUAL FOR B.TECH 5TH SEM ECE (EOPC3203)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

(Circuit diagram for study the characteristics of a LVDT position sensor with respect to the
secondary voltage)

PROCEDURE:

1. Install the LVDT position sensor and interface the 9 pin D connector with the trainer kit.

2. Switch ON the unit.

3. Connect the Multimeter or DSO across the T4 and T7 for the secondary output voltage
measurement.

4. Adjust the micrometer to 10mm displacement and tune the Zero adjustment pot to zero
mm displacement on display.

5. Adjust the Micrometer to 20mm displacement and tune the Gain adjustment pot to 10mm
on the display.

6. Repeat the Zero and Span calibration until the core displacement is 0.00mm for 10mm
displacement in micrometer and 10.00mm for 20mm displacement in micrometer.

7. After completion of the calibration gradually increase the Micrometer displacement from
10mm to 20mm and note down the forward core displacement from zero mm to 10mm on
the display and secondary output voltage across T4 and T7.

8. Similarly, decreases the Micrometer displacement from 10mm to zero mm and note down
the reverse core displacement of zero to -10mm on the display and secondary output
voltage across T4 and T7.

9. Tabulate the reading of the core displacement, Micrometer displacement and secondary
output voltage.

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 ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENT & INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY MANUAL FOR B.TECH 5TH SEM ECE (EOPC3203)

TABULATION:

Micrometer displacement Core displacement Secondary output voltage

Sl.No.
in mm in mm in mili Volts
1 -9
2 -8
3 -7
4 -6
5 -5
6 -4
7 -3
8 -2
9 -1
10 0
11 1
12 2
13 3
14 4
15 5
16 6
17 7
18 8
19 9

REPORT:

Plot a graph core displacement Vs secondary output voltage.

CONCLUSION:

Thus the core displacement Vs secondary output voltage characteristic of LVDT was studied
and the graph has been plotted.

PRECAUTION:

1. After completion of calibration the unit should not be disturbed during the experiment.

2. While taking the readings on the micrometer scale you should eliminate the parallel axis
error.

3. The LVDT core movement should be smooth and gradual.

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 ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENT & INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY MANUAL FOR B.TECH 5TH SEM ECE (EOPC3203)

EXPERIMENT NO: 6(B)

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

To study the characteristics of a LVDT position sensor with respect to the signal conditioned
output voltage.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. LVDT characteristics trainer kit – 1No.

2. LVDT setup with Micrometer, 0-25mm – 1No.

3. Multimeter or DSO – 1No.

4. Power chord – 1No.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

(Circuit diagram for study the characteristics of a LVDT position sensor with respect to the signal
conditioned output voltage.)

PROCEDURE:

1. Install the LVDT position sensor and interface the 9 pin ‘D’ connector with the trainer kit.

2. Switch ON the unit.

3. Connect the Multimeter or DSO across the T6 and T7 for signal conditioned output voltage
measurement.

4. Adjust the Micrometer to 10mm displacement and tune the Zero adjustment pot to zero
mm displacement on display. The voltage across the T6 and T7 should be zero volts

5. Adjust the micrometer to 20mm displacement and tune the Gain adjustment on the display.
The voltage across the T6 and T7 should be 5V.

6. Repeat the Zero and Span calibration until the core displacement is 0.00mm for 10mm
displacement in Micrometer and 10.00mm for 20mm displacement in Micrometer.

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 ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENT & INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY MANUAL FOR B.TECH 5TH SEM ECE (EOPC3203)

7. After completion of the calibration gradually increase the micrometer displacement from
10mm to 20mm and note down the forward core displacement from zero mm to 10mm on
the display and signal conditioned output voltage across T6 and T7.

8. Similarly, Decrease the Micrometer displacement from 10mm to zero mm and note down
the reverse core displacement of zero to -10mm on the display and signal conditioned
output voltage across T6 and T7.

9. Tabulate the reading of the core displacement, Micrometer displacement and signal
conditioned output voltage.

TABULATION:

Micrometer displacement Core displacement Signal conditioned output voltage

Sl.No.
in mm in mm in Volts
1 9
2 8
3 7
4 6
5 5
6 4
7 3
8 2
9 1
10 0
11 -1
12 -2
13 -3
14 -4
15 -5
16 -6
17 -7
18 -8
19 -9

REPORT:

Plot a graph core displacement Vs signal conditioned output voltage.

CONCLUSION:

Thus the core displacement Vs signal conditioned output voltage characteristic of LVDT was
studied and the graph has been plotted.

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