Spanish and Universal Literature and Its Connections With Peruvian and Hispanic American Literature Placed in The Social and Cultural Context.
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ScribdTranslationsSpanish and Universal Literature and Its Connections With Peruvian and Hispanic American Literature Placed in The Social and Cultural Context.
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Spanish and universal literature and its links
with Peruvian and Hispanic American literature
location in the social and cultural context.
Literary movements and schools.
Universal Literature is the study of cultures and the art of writing.
these. As civilizations have developed, their systems of
written and oral communication have flourished. In many cases reaching techniques
much more advanced than the simple need to transmit information. The
language by itself becoming a means of unification when narrating acts
heroic, the legends and traditions of the peoples. Achieving their maximum
expression when singing the beauty of the language and the feelings of the one singing it.
It includes all eras, countries, styles, and languages in which human beings,
the moment, has exposed his thoughts to others using language as
vehicle. Whenever the language is used, some art accompanies it. And if the
speech is art, it is literature.
For the moment, we limit ourselves to literature in some form of writing, such
One day we may be able to go further. Due to lack of time, space, and knowledge.
we start with a small section of this broad task.
Unfortunately, we have to limit ourselves to the most read works of the
most recognized authors.
Throughout history, literature has undergone significant changes and
transformations characteristic of each era and culture, which is why it is common to speak of
different literary movements, in an attempt to create a classification
general overview of the different stages through which literature has evolved. It usually
take the following chronological classification:
LITERARY MOVEMENTS IN SPAIN
Chronological timeline of literary movements in Spain
Middle Ages
Renaissance
Baroque
Neoclassicism
Romanticism
Generation of '98
Generation of '27
Edad Media
In this period from the 11th to the 14th centuries, the language begins to be born.
Castilian.
As Latin fragmented in the various provinces of the empire, it began to give
place to the different Romance languages.
In the Iberian Peninsula, the following languages emerged: Galician-Portuguese,
Leonese, Castilian, Navarrese, Aragonese, and Catalan.
The first text written in Romance or vulgar language is the Glosas.
Emilianenses, found in a manuscript of San Millán de la Cogolla,
the 11th century. (These are notes in the Romance language made by a monk
Benedictine in the margins of a text written in Latin). Years later, another
monk does the same in the Monastery of Silos, what is known as Glosses
Silences.
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During this period, other types of texts appear: the Jarchas and the Mésteres.
(or schools) of minstrel and clerical.
Jarchas: They are lyrical little songs written in Mozarabic starting from the 11th century.
These small poems become the oldest testimony of lyricism.
popular.
Master of Minstrelsy: The minstrels recited poems for the people that
they dealt with epic themes. An example of these poems is the Cantares de
Deeds.
These songs peaked in the 12th and 13th centuries. Those that are still preserved in
our days are: The Song of My Cid, The Song of Roncesvalles and The
Youth of Rodrigo.
Master of Clergy: Verses written by the clerics of the time.
The most important poets were Gonzalo de Berceo and Chancellor of Ayala.
Although there were also other unknown but very important authors who
they wrote for example: Book of Alexander, about Alexander the Great, Book of
Apolonio or the Poem of Fernán González.
During the 13th and 14th centuries, the Castilian language is enriched thanks to the work
from Alfonso X the Wise, who ordered that this language replace Latin in the
drafting all types of texts. The king himself writes and translates into Spanish.
Arab, Hebrew, and Latin works.
Elverses used by the clerics, who form the so-called Mester of
Clerical and the themes are religious. The most known cleric for his works
During the 13th century, Gonzalo de Berceo wrote 'Miracles of Our Lady'. In the
the 14th century is Juan Ruiz, Archpriest of Hita, the representative of this school that
has left a collection of poems (narrative and lyrical) in his work 'The Book of'
Good Love.
Laprosade of these centuries is represented by the already mentioned Archpriest of Hita and
by Infante D. Juan Manuel, nephew of Alfonso X the Wise, a cultured man who
He wrote works on various themes, the most famous being 'The Count Lucanor'.
1. Classicism (from the 5th century BC to the 5th century AD) is fundamentally centered on the
ancient Greece and in the Roman Empire and is characterized by seeking harmony and
the balance between content and form. Unforgettable classic works are The Iliad and
The Odyssey by Homer or The Aeneid by Virgil.
2. Medieval (from the 5th to the 15th century) took place in Europe, mainly in
fragment into the Roman Empire, giving rise to the different languages
romances. The works were usually of chivalric or religious content, with glosses.
to the gods and the great heroes. Fundamental works of the medieval era
for example The Song of the Nibelungs, The Song of Roland, and the Cid.
all of them in verse and anonymous, In prose deserves special mention the archpriest
from Hita with the Book of Good Love and D. Juan Manuel, nephew of Alfonso X the
Wise, who wrote the famous work The Count Lucanor.
3. Renaissance (XV-XVI) Initiated in Italy and later spread throughout
Europe is characterized by the rise of the arts and the central importance it takes.
the man. They are always works of great wealth in which the novel becomes
in the most cultivated genre, also appearing is lyric poetry and theater. The divine
Dante's Comedy or Boccaccio's Decameron are good examples of this.
period, in which the invention of the printing press in the 15th century must be highlighted,
which brings with it a democratization of literature, finally bringing it closer to
town.
4. Baroque (17th Century) It is an extension of the Renaissance, arising in
a world in crisis, economically and socially, that leads to a negative view of
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world. The best expression of the Baroque is found in Spain, where there was
two schools: Culteranismo, which aims to create beauty through form
and whose fundamental representative was Luis de Góngora, and Conceptism, which
is concerned about the content, using deeper concepts. The
The main exponents of Conceptism are Quevedo and Gracián.
5. Neoclassicism (18th century) Represents a return to classical values
Greek or Roman, in search of their balance and serenity. There is also a
interest in reforming the citizen. A fundamental work of this time is El sí
of the girls of Fernández de Moratín.
6. Romanticism (XIX, first half). It constitutes a return to the
imagination, abandoning the coldness of neoclassicism. The feelings, the
imagination and values are the core of the new literature of this era. A
A fundamental work of the period is Don Álvaro or the Force of Destiny by the Duke of
Rivas.
7. Realism (19th century, second half) Emerging in France, it signifies the outbreak of
the local scenarios and popular language, bringing literature closer to reality
social. Some important works from this period include: The Red and the Black by Stendhal
Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky.
8. Modernism (late 19th and early 20th century) Seeking the natural
as the fundamental key to highlighting creations. Some works
fundamentals with Azul by Rubén Darío and El Ismaelito by José Martí.
9. Vanguardism (first half of the 20th century) The avant-garde groups
they arose as an attempt to transform literature, denying the
past and prioritizing originality even above reality. Some
important works are Surrealist Manifesto by André Breton and Luna Park by
Luis Cardoza y Aragón.
10. Postvanguardism (mid-20th century) Influenced by theories
Marxists reject avant-garde idealism and seek to return to reality.
aesthetics loses importance compared to content. Characteristic works are
Antipoetry by Nicanor Parra and Epigrams by Ernesto Cardenal.
11. Postmodernism (late 20th century) After the exhaustion of the formulas
Usual literary forms are being sought; now, experimentation arises. Stories emerge.
circulars, word games, the mixing of artistic disciplines and, in short,
any resource that brings us closer to true art. To highlight a few
works we can mention Rayuela by Julio Cortázar, The Name of the Rose by
Umberto Eco or Three Sad Tigers by Guillermo Cabrera Infante.
