CompTIA N +

Exam: N10-009

Chapter 2
The Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) Reference Model

Eng. Asmaa abdelbaset

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 Objectives
▪ What is the purpose of a Network model?
▪ What are the layers of the OSI model?
▪ What are the characteristics of each layer of the

▪ OSI model?
▪ How does the TCP/IP stack compare to the OSI

▪ model?
▪ What are the well-known TCP and/or UDP port numbers for a given
collection of common applications

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• It breaks network communication into smaller, simpler parts that
are easier to develop.
• It facilitates standardization of network components to allow
multiple-vendor development and support.
• It allows difterent types of network hardware and software to
communicate with each other.
• It prevents changes in one layer from affecting the other layers
so that they can develop more quickly.
• It breaks network communication into smaller parts to make
learning it easier to understand.
OSI MODEL CONCEPTS

4
Advantages of Reference Models

Advantages of using the OSI layered model include, but are not limited to, the following:
▪ It divides the network communication process into smaller and simpler components, thus aiding
component development, design, and troubleshooting.

▪ It allows multiple-vendor development through standardization of network components.

▪ It encourages industry standardization by defining what functions occur at each layer of the model.
▪ It allows various types of network hardware and software to communicate.
▪ It prevents changes in one layer from affecting other layers, so it doesn’t hamper development and
makes application programming easier.

5
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 Source Destination
7 Application All Application

6 Presentation People Presentation

5 Session Seem Session

4 Transport To Transport

3 Network Need Network

2 Data Link Data Data Link

1 Physical Processing Physical

 Source Destination
7 Application Away Application

6 Presentation Pizza Presentation

5 Session Sausage Session

4 Transport Throw Transport

3 Network Not Network

2 Data Link Do Data Link

1 Physical Please Physical

 OSI Layer Functions
• File, print, message, database, and application services
Application

• Data encryption, compression, and translation services

Presentation

• Dialog control
Session

• End-to-end connection
Transport

• Routing
Network

• Framing
Data Link

• Physical topology
Physical

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 The Upper Layers
• Provides a user interface
Application

• Presents data
Presentation • Handles processing such as encryption

• Keeps different applications’

Session
data separate

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

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 The Lower Layers
Application

Presentation

Session

• Provides reliable or unreliable delivery

Transport
• Performs error correction before retransmit
• Provides logical addressing which routers use for path determination
Network

• Combines packets into bytes and bytes into frames

Data Link • Provides access to media using MAC address
• Performs error detection not correction
• Moves bits between devices
Physical
• Specifies voltage, wire speed, and pin-out of cables

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Layer 7 - Application
Functions and Examples
7 Application
• Interacts directly with end-user’s
6 Presentation
software applications for network
5 Session service
4 Transport
• Examples: SMTP, DNS, FTP

3 Network

2 Data Link
Human Machine
1 Physical Readable Readable
11
 Application Layer
• Closest to the user
• Hands data to an application in the format it expects, with
no addresses or other transmission artifacts
• Examples: a downloaded file, an email message

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Examples at Layer 7

13
Layer 6 - Presentation
Functions and Examples
7 Application
• Delivers data across network connections
6 Presentation
• Examples: MIME, Encryption/Decryption
5 Session Services

4 Transport
Application Layer Data Application Layer Data
3 Network
Presentation Layer
Presentation Layer
2 Data Link Decrypted, Decoded, and
Encrypted, Encoded, Compressed
Decompressed

1 Physical Session Layer Data Session Layer Data

24
15
Layer 5 - Session
7 Application
Functions and Examples
6 Presentation

5 Session • Establishes and manages the

connections between applications
4 Transport

3 Network
Authentication
Request
2 Data Link
Session Established
1 Physical Respond

16
Layer 5 - Session
• It coordinates communication between systems and
serves to organize their communication by offering three
different modes: one direction (simplex); both directions,
but only one direction at a time (half-duplex); and
bidirectional (full-duplex)
• the Session layer basically keeps an application's data
separate from other applications' data. For a good
example, the Session layer allows multiple web browser
sessions on your desktop at the same time
17
18
19
20
21
Layer 4 - Transport
7 Application
Functions and Examples
6 Presentation
• Tracks communication between applications on
5 Session source and destination hosts
• Segments data and manages each data piece
4 Transport • Reassembles segments into application data
• Examples: Multilayer switches, advanced firewalls,
3 Network intrusion detection systems (IDSs)

2 Data Link

1 Physical
22
Layer 4 – Transport

23
24
25
Common Ports
Link Ch 2d for flash cards
DNS (Domain Name System) TCP/UDP S3
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) TCP 80
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) TCP 25
POP (Post Office Protocol) TCP 110
Telnet (DHCP) TCP 23
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) UDP 67(IPv4 client) and 68(IPv4 server);
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) TCP 20(data) and 21(control)
TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) UDP 69
NBNS (NetBIOS Name Service) UDP/TCP 137
IMAP4 (Internet Message Access Protocol) TCP 143
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) TCP/UDP 161
HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) TCP 443
NTP (Network Time Protocol) UDP 123
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) TCP 443
SSH (Secure Shell) TCP 22

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 Port numbers are assigned in various ways, based on
three ranges:

• System Ports (0-1023), System Ports are assigned by IETF process for
standards-track protocols, as per RFC6335. Also known as x‹e//- known-ports

• User Ports (1024 49151) ,User Ports are assigned by IANA using the "Expert Review"
process, as per RFC6335

• Dynamic and/or Private Ports (49152-65535), Dynamic Ports are not assigned, they
are dynamically created as your computer need them. Also known as
ephemeral ports.

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28
Flow Control

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Windowing Flow Control

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Acknowledgements

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32
 TCP and UDP
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
—Connection-oriented and reliable
—Handshake makes sure both ends are ready
—Segments are acknowledged and resent if necessary
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
—Connectionless and unreliable
—No handshake
—Best-effort delivery, no acknowledgements

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Connection Oriented Session
A service is considered connection-oriented if:
▪ Virtual circuit is setup (three-way handshake).
▪ Uses sequencing.
▪ Uses acknowledgments.
▪ Uses flow control.

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 Reliability
Reliable data transport employs a connection-oriented communications
session between systems, and the protocols involved ensure that the
following will be achieved:
▪ The segments delivered are acknowledged back to the sender upon
their reception.
▪ Any segments not acknowledged are retransmitted.
▪ Segments are sequenced back into their proper order upon arrival at
their destination.
▪ A manageable data flow is maintained in order to avoid congestion,
overloading, and data loss.
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A Connection Oriented Session

Sender Receiver
SYN

SYN/ACK

ACK

Connection Established

Data transfer

(Send bytes of Segments)

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Port Numbers
The netstat Command
Unexplained TCP connections can pose a major security threat. Netstat is an
important tool to verify connections.

C:\> netstat
Active Connections
Proto Local Address Foreign Address
State
TCP [Link]:3126 [Link]:netbios-ssn ESTABLISHED
TCP [Link]:3158 [Link]:http
ESTABLISHED
TCP [Link]:3159 [Link]:http
ESTABLISHED
TCP [Link]:3160 [Link]:http
ESTABLISHED
TCP [Link]:3161 [Link]:http
ESTABLISHED
TCP [Link]:3166 [Link]:http ESTABLISHED
Layer 3 – Network
Functions and Examples
7 Application
• Moving data around a network of networks
6 Presentation using network and host IDs
5 Session • Packets given a destination IP address and
forwarded to the destination network
4 Transport • Examples: Router, IP, ACL, Basic Firewall

3 Network Network 9

2 Data Link Router A Router B:

1.254 2.254
1 Physical Network 1 Network 1
(Hosts 1.1, 1.2, 1.3) (Hosts 2.1, 2.2, 2.3)
38
39
Two types of packets are used at the Network layer:

Data Packets
These are used to transport user data through the internetwork. Protocols used to support data traffic are
called routed protocols. Two examples of routed protocols are Internet Protocol (IP) and Internet Protocol version 6
(IPv6), which you'll learn all about coming up in Chapter 7, “IP Addressing.”

Route-Update Packets
These are used to update neighboring routers about the networks connected to all routers within the internetwork.
Protocols that send route-update packets are called routing protocols, and some common ones are Routing
Information Protocol (RIP), RIPv2, Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP), and Open Shortest Path
First (OSPF). Route-update packets are used to help build and maintain routing tables on each router.

40
 iP Address
• Logical address
• Changes when the device is moved

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42
Network Addresses: These are protocol-specific network addresses

Interface: This is the exit interface a packet will take when destined for a
specific network.

Metric : This value equals the distance to the remote network.

Different routing protocols use different ways of computing
this distance.

43
some key points about routers
• Routers, by default, won't forward any broadcast or multicast packets.
• Routers use the logical address in a Network layer header to determine the next-
hop router to forward the packet to.
• Routers can use access lists, created by an administrator, to control security on the
types of packets that are allowed to enter or exit an interface.
• Layer 3 devices (routers, in this case) provide connections between virtual LANs
(VLANs).
• Routers can provide quality of service (QoS) for specific types of network traffic

44
 Routers at Layer 3

Internet
FastEthernet0/0
Serial0
WAN Services
FastEthernet0/1

Each router interface is a broadcast domain.

Routers break up broadcast domains by default and provide
WAN services

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Layer 2 – Data Link

7 Application Functions and Examples

6 Presentation • Transfers data between nodes on the same logical

segment using hardware addresses
5 Session • Encapsulation: organizes stream of bits arriving
from the Physical layer into frames
4 Transport • Examples: NIC, bridge, switch, wireless access point
3 Network
G1 Host AA
2 Data Link
G2 Host AB
1 Physical
G3 Host AC
46
47
 Session
• Physical Addressing
Transport • Logical topology
MAC
• Method of transmitting
Network on the media
Data Link

Physical • Connection Services

• Synchronizing
transmissions

Figure 2-8 Layer 2: The Data Link Layer

49
50
 MAC Addresses
• IPCONFIG /ALL
• Physical Address
• Built into the network interface

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Layer 1 – Physical
7 Application Functions and Examples
• Transmit bits from sending source over network
6 Presentation communications to physical layer of receiving device
• Data transmitted using cables or wireless media
5 Session
• Examples: Coax and fiber cables, hubs and repeaters,
modem, transceiver
4 Transport

3 Network
10110001110011100000011011001111101

2 Data Link
Bit Stream
Sender Receiver
1 Physical

53
54
Data Encapsulation
PDU

Application

Presentation
Upper layer data
Session

TCP Header Upper layer data Segment Transport

IP Header Segment Packet Network

LLC Header Packet FCS

Frame Data Link
MAC Header Packet FCS

0101110101001000010 Bits Physical

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Modulation Techniques
Modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a waveform called a carrier
signal
In current networks, modulation takes digital or analog signals and puts in in another signal that
can be physically transmitted

Modems – perform both modulation and demodulation operations

Analog and Digital modulation use Frequency-Division multiplexing. Several low-pass signals
transferred simultaneously over same shared medium
Ethernet uses digital baseband modulation or line coding to transfer digital bit stream
Time-division multiplexing (TDM) method of transmitting and receiving many independent
signals over common signal path through synchronize devices

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Chapter 2- Questions:

57
 Question#1:
Which of the following reside at the physical layer of the OSI model? (Select 2 answers)

A. IP address

B. Switch

C. Bit

D. Router

E. Network cabling

F. Frame

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 Question#2:
The application layer of the OSI model is also known as:

A. Layer 1

B. Layer 3

C. Layer 6

D. Layer 7

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 Question#3:
What are the characteristic components of the OSI data link layer? (Select 3 answers)

A. MAC address

B. Packet

C. Switch

D. Network cabling

E. Router

F. Frame

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 Question#4:
Layer 5 of the OSI model is also referred to as:

A. Session layer

B. Application layer

C. Transport layer

D. Presentation layer

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 Question#5:
Which of the answers listed below refer to the components that can be found at
the OSI network layer? (Select 3 answers)

A. Router

B. Network cabling

C. IP address

D. TCP/UDP protocols

E. Switch

F. Packet

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 Question#6:
The term "Presentation layer" refers to:

A. Layer 7 of the OSI model

B. Layer 5 of the OSI model

C. Layer 6 of the OSI model

D. Layer 4 of the OSI model

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 Question#7:
Layer 2 of the OSI model is known as:

A. Transport layer

B. Network layer

C. Data link layer

D. Physical layer

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 Question#8:
Which of the following terms refers to the OSI network layer?

A. Layer 2

B. Layer 5

C. Layer 3

D. Layer 4

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 Question#9:
Which of the protocols listed below reside at the OSI transport layer? (Select 2 answers)

A. UDP

B. SSL/TLS

C. ICMP

D. TCP

E. ATM

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 Question#10:
Which OSI layer assumes the responsibility for managing network connections
between applications?

A. Network layer

B. Data link layer

C. Application layer

D. Session layer

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 Question#11:
Physical layer of the OSI model is also known as:

A. Layer 2

B. Layer 7

C. Layer 1

D. Layer 4

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 Question#12:
Layer 4 of the OSI model is also referred to as:

A. Network layer

B. Data link layer

C. Session Layer

D. Transport layer

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 Question#13:
Which of the following protocols reside at the application layer of the OSI model?
(Select 3 answers)

A. ATM

B. HTTP

C. FTP

D. IP

E. SMTP

F. TCP/UDP

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 Question#14:
In telecommunications, Protocol Data Unit (PDU) is a term used for describing a specific
unit of data passed across a network.

A. True

B. False

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 Question#15:
Which of the statements listed below is not true?

A. OSI physical layer PDU is the bit

B. OSI data link layer PDU is the frame

C. OSI network layer PDU is the packet

D. OSI transport layer PDU is the segment

E. PDUs between OSI session and application layers are referred to simply as the data

F. All of the above statements are true

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 Question#16:
Character encoding, data compression and encryption/decryption take place at the:

A. Application layer of the OSI model

B. Presentation layer of the OSI model

C. Session layer of the OSI model

D. Transport layer of the OSI model

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 Question#17:
A dedicated communication channel used exclusively between two connected hosts is a
characteristic feature of packet-switching networks.

A. True.

B. False.

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 Question#18:
Circuit-switching networks move data divided into small blocks over a shared connection.

A. True.

B. False.

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 Question#19:
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model consists of:

A. 7 Layers.

B. 3 Layers.

C. 9 Layers.

D. 5 Layers.

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 Question#20:
In the OSI model, physical addressing takes place at the:

A. Data link layer

B. Layer 4

C. Physical layer

D. Session layer

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 Question#21:
What is the name of a data unit used at the OSI physical layer?

A. Frame

B. Segment

C. Bit

D. Packet

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 Question#22:
In the OSI model, Media Access Control (MAC) and Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayers are
the components of:

A. Session layer

B. Data link layer

C. Transport layer

D. Network layer

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 Question#23:
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) resides at: (Select 2 answers)

A. Transport layer

B. Layer 3

C. Layer 4

D. Network layer

E. Layer 6

F. Data link layer

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 Question#24:
Which OSI layer is responsible for breaking up data into segments?

A. Network layer

B. Transport layer

C. Presentation layer

D. Data link layer

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 Question#25:
Transport layer resides between which two other layers of the OSI model?

A. Network and Session

B. Presentation and Application

C. Physical and Network

D. Physical and Data link

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 Question#26:
Routers operate at: (Select 2 answers)

A. Physical layer of the OSI model

B. Application layer of the OSI model

C. Layer 3 of the OSI model

D. Network layer of the OSI model

E. Layer 5 of the OSI model

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 Question#27:
At which of the OSI layers IP addressing takes place?

A. Layer 3

B. Layer 1

C. Layer 4

D. Layer 6

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 Question#28:
Which of the following devices resides at the data link layer of the OSI model?

A. Router

B. Passive hub

C. Ethernet switch

D. Repeater

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 Question#29:
In the OSI model, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) resides at: (Select 2 answers)

A. Transport layer

B. Layer 3

C. Application layer

D. Layer 4

E. Network layer

F. Layer 7

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 Question#30:
Which of following protocols reside(s) at the OSI network layer? (Select all that apply)

A. IPv4

B. UDP

C. IPsec

D. TCP

E. IPv6

F. ICMP

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 Question#31:
Which of the protocols listed below resides at the session layer of the OSI model?

A. HTTP

B. UDP

C. IP

D. SMTP

E. PPTP

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 Question#32:
Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) resides at:

A. Network layer of the OSI model

B. Transport layer of the OSI model

C. Session layer of the OSI model

D. Presentation layer of the OSI model

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End of Chapter (2)

90
 Question#1:
Which of the following reside at the physical layer of the OSI model? (Select 2 answers)

A. IP address

B. Switch

C. Bit

D. Router

E. Network cabling

F. Frame

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 Question#2:
The application layer of the OSI model is also known as:

A. Layer 1

B. Layer 3

C. Layer 6

D. Layer 7

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 Question#3:
What are the characteristic components of the OSI data link layer? (Select 3 answers)

A. MAC address

B. Packet

C. Switch

D. Network cabling

E. Router

F. Frame

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 Question#4:
Layer 5 of the OSI model is also referred to as:

A. Session layer

B. Application layer

C. Transport layer

D. Presentation layer

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 Question#5:
Which of the answers listed below refer to the components that can be found at
the OSI network layer? (Select 3 answers)

A. Router

B. Network cabling

C. IP address

D. TCP/UDP protocols

E. Switch

F. Packet

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 Question#6:
The term "Presentation layer" refers to:

A. Layer 7 of the OSI model

B. Layer 5 of the OSI model

C. Layer 6 of the OSI model

D. Layer 4 of the OSI model

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Question#7:
Layer 2 of the OSI model is known as:

A. Transport layer

B. Network layer

C. Data link layer

D. Physical layer

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 Question#8:
Which of the following terms refers to the OSI network layer?

A. Layer 2

B. Layer 5

C. Layer 3

D. Layer 4

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Question#9:
Which of the protocols listed below reside at the OSI transport layer? (Select 2 answers)

A. UDP

B. SSL/TLS

C. ICMP

D. TCP

E. ATM

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 Question#10:
Which OSI layer assumes the responsibility for managing network connections
between applications?

A. Network layer

B. Data link layer

C. Application layer

D. Session layer

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 Question#11:
Physical layer of the OSI model is also known as:

A. Layer 2

B. Layer 7

C. Layer 1

D. Layer 4

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 Question#12:
Layer 4 of the OSI model is also referred to as:

A. Network layer

B. Data link layer

C. Session Layer

D. Transport layer

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 Question#13:
Which of the following protocols reside at the application layer of the OSI model?
(Select 3 answers)

A. ATM

B. HTTP

C. FTP

D. IP

E. SMTP

F. TCP/UDP

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 Question#14:
In telecommunications, Protocol Data Unit (PDU) is a term used for describing a specific
unit of data passed across a network.

A. True

B. False

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Question#15:
Which of the statements listed below is not true?

A. OSI physical layer PDU is the bit

B. OSI data link layer PDU is the frame

C. OSI network layer PDU is the packet

D. OSI transport layer PDU is the segment

E. PDUs between OSI session and application layers are referred to simply as the data

F. All of the above statements are true

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 Question#16:
Character encoding, data compression and encryption/decryption take place at the:

A. Application layer of the OSI model

B. Presentation layer of the OSI model

C. Session layer of the OSI model

D. Transport layer of the OSI model

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 Question#17:
A dedicated communication channel used exclusively between two connected hosts is a
characteristic feature of packet-switching networks.

A. True.

B. False.

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Question#18:
Circuit-switching networks move data divided into small blocks over a shared connection.

A. True.

B. False.

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Question#19:
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model consists of:

A. 7 Layers.

B. 3 Layers.

C. 9 Layers.

D. 5 Layers.

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 Question#20:
In the OSI model, physical addressing takes place at the:

A. Data link layer

B. Layer 4

C. Physical layer

D. Session layer

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 Question#21:
What is the name of a data unit used at the OSI physical layer?

A. Frame

B. Segment

C. Bit

D. Packet

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 Question#22:
In the OSI model, Media Access Control (MAC) and Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayers are
the components of:

A. Session layer

B. Data link layer

C. Transport layer

D. Network layer

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 Question#23:
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) resides at: (Select 2 answers)

A. Transport layer

B. Layer 3

C. Layer 4

D. Network layer

E. Layer 6

F. Data link layer

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Question#24:
Which OSI layer is responsible for breaking up data into segments?

A. Network layer

B. Transport layer

C. Presentation layer

D. Data link layer

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 Question#25:
Transport layer resides between which two other layers of the OSI model?

A. Network and Session

B. Presentation and Application

C. Physical and Network

D. Physical and Data link

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 Question#26:
Routers operate at: (Select 2 answers)

A. Physical layer of the OSI model

B. Application layer of the OSI model

C. Layer 3 of the OSI model

D. Network layer of the OSI model

E. Layer 5 of the OSI model

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 Question#27:
At which of the OSI layers IP addressing takes place?

A. Layer 3

B. Layer 1

C. Layer 4

D. Layer 6

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 Question#28:
Which of the following devices resides at the data link layer of the OSI model?

A. Router

B. Passive hub

C. Ethernet switch

D. Repeater

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 Question#29:
In the OSI model, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) resides at: (Select 2 answers)

A. Transport layer

B. Layer 3

C. Application layer

D. Layer 4

E. Network layer

F. Layer 7

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 Question#30:
Which of following protocols reside(s) at the OSI network layer? (Select all that apply)

A. IPv4

B. UDP

C. IPsec

D. TCP

E. IPv6

F. ICMP

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 Question#31:
Which of the protocols listed below resides at the session layer of the OSI model?

A. HTTP

B. UDP

C. IP

D. SMTP

E. PPTP

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 Question#32:
Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) resides at:

A. Network layer of the OSI model

B. Transport layer of the OSI model

C. Session layer of the OSI model

D. Presentation layer of the OSI model

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End of Chapter (1)

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