CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
Surveying is regarded as one of the oldest professions in the world, with its practice
evolving through different stages of transformation in personnel, equipment, and
techniques. In modern times, it is often referred to as Geomatics in Canada and many
European countries, reflecting its integration with advanced geospatial technologies.
Another definition describes surveying as the act of making measurements of the relative
position of natural and man-made features of the Earth's surface and presenting this
information either graphically or numerically (Srinix College of Engineering, 2019).
Bahadur (2021) defines surveying as the art and science of determining the relative
position of various points or stations on the surface of the Earth by measuring horizontal
and vertical distances, angles, and preparing maps or plans to any suitable scale.
Surveying also involves measuring and mapping the Earth's surface to determine property
boundaries, topography, and spatial relationships. Geoinformatics, on the other hand,
integrates Geographic Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing, and spatial analysis to
capture, store, analyze, and visualize geospatial data. This synergy provides essential data
for decision-making in industries such as construction, urban planning, and
environmental management (Discount Poh, 2020).
According to Kufoniyi (2013), surveying is the science and technology of taking
measurements on, above, and below the surface of the Earth and representing them on a
plan or map using an appropriate scale. With the advent of modern Geo-ICT tools and
space technology, Kufoniyi (citing NIS, 1997) defined a surveyor as "a professional
person with the academic qualifications and technical expertise to practice the science of
measurement, to assemble and assess land and geographic-related information, and to use
that information for the purpose of planning and implementing efficient administration of
advancement and development."
1.1 Background
The study of detail and perimeter survey originates from the fundamental principles of
land measurement and cartography, which have been practiced for centuries. The practice
of surveying is indispensable to all branches of engineering. Training in surveying
provides students with skills in observing, recording, computing data, and studying
errors, their causes, and effects, which directly contribute to success in professional
practice. This training instills qualities such as self-reliance, initiative, and teamwork,
while also introducing engineers to the limits of accuracy and significant figures.
Surveying has been practiced since ancient civilizations, such as:
i. Egyptians (3000 BCE) – used rope stretchers to measure and re-establish land
boundaries after annual Nile River floods.
ii. Romans (500 BCE–400 CE) – developed systematic land division techniques,
constructed roads, and used instruments like the groma and dioptra.
The evolution of detail and perimeter survey is as follows:
i. Early methods – used simple tools such as chains, tapes, and compasses for distance
and angle measurement.
ii. Modern methods – incorporate advanced electronic and satellite-based systems such as
total stations, GPS, LiDAR, and drones for higher accuracy and efficiency (Bazzoffi &
Baldassarre, 2013).
1.2 Statement of Problems
Detail and perimeter surveys are crucial for land development, infrastructure planning,
and legal property ownership. However, several challenges impact their accuracy,
efficiency, and effectiveness (Verseeteen, 2000).
1.3 Aim and Objectives of Project
1.3.1 Aim of Project
The primary aim of this project is to determine the measurements around the Poly
International College and ensure that an accurate report is conducted and recorded.
1.3.2 Objectives of Project
The main objectives of a perimeter survey are to delineate property boundaries,
determine the area and shape of land parcels. Specifically:
i. Establishing property boundaries
ii. Determining area and geometry
iii. Identifying encroachments and easements
iv. Creating a survey plan
v. Resolving property disputes
vi. Re-establishing missing beacons (Hoffman, 2013).
1.4 Scope of Project
The scope of this project is to make exact measurements, determine property boundaries,
and provide data relevant to the shape, contour, gravitation, location, elevation, or
dimensions of the land.
1.5 Personnel
Agunbiade Ayobami Temitope
Balogun Salmat Aderinsola
Malegbemi Teminsare Oluwadamilare
Jimoh Qudus Ayomide
Shofadekan Emmanuel Eniola
Taiwo Olajumoke Esther
Olanrewaju Samuel Oluwatobi
Olayinka Faruq Olamitubosun
1.6 Project Area
Poly International College, part of the West Campus, Federal Polytechnic Ilaro.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
This section reviews relevant literature in surveying, traversing, cadastral layout surveys,
and setting out. Surveying is the act of making measurements of the relative position of
points on the surface of the Earth and representing them to scale, showing both natural
and artificial features in their correct horizontal and vertical relationships (Clark, 2005).
