Oral Communication b) 2nd factor: Communicator’s selection

of meaningful
Reviewer symbols, or selecting the right symbols
depending on the audience and the right
environment.
Lesson 1: Communication
What is communication?
2. Message
• A vital part of your existence. In almost
• Intended to be communicated.
every waking
• It is the information, ideas, or thoughts
hour of your life, you speak, listen, and
conveyed by the
write. You take part in various
speaker in words or in actions.
communicative situations whether as a
member of your family, as a student or
3. Encoding
as a member of the society.
• Process of converting the message into
• Goal – understanding
words, actions,
• The word communication comes from
or other forms that the speaker
the Latin word “communis” which
understands.
means commonness.
• It is the process of sharing our thoughts,
4. Channel
ideas, and feelings with other people and
• The medium or the means, such as
having those ideas, thoughts, and
personal or non-
feelings understood by the people we
personal, verbal or non-verbal, in which
are talking with.
the encoded
• When we communicate – we speak,
message is conveyed. It is also the
listen, and observe.
passage (face-to-face, telephone, verbal)
Nature of Communication
5. Decoding
1. Communication is a process.
• The process of interpreting the encoded
2. Communication occurs between two or
message of the speaker by the receiver.
more people (the sender and the
speaker).
6. Receiver
3. Communication can be expressed
• The receiver is simply the person
through written or
receiving the message, someone who
spoken words, actions, or both spoken
decodes the message, making sense of
words and non-
it, or understanding and translating it
verbal actions at the same time.
into meaning. Self-explanatory.
Process of Communication
7. Feedback
1. The speaker (sender) generates idea.
• The reactions, responses, or information
2. The speaker encodes and idea or
provided by
converts into
the receiver. It can be verbal or non-
words/actions.
verbal reactions or responses.
3. The speaker transmits or sends out a
message.
8. Context
4. The receiver gets (received) the
• this refers to the environment were
message.
communication
5. The receiver decodes or interprets the
takes place.
message based on the context.
6. The receiver sends or provides feedback.
9. Barrier
• Factors that affect the flow of
Note: Noise (barrier) may occur and it can lead
communication.
to distraction, confusion, and misunderstanding!
There are two types of barriers:
Elements of Communication
a) Internal Barriers – psychological
1. Sender/Speaker
aspects; examples of
• Source of information or message
internal barriers are fatigue, poor
listening skills, attitude toward the
sender or the information, lack of
interest in the message, fear, mistrust,
There are two factors that will determine how
past experiences, negative attitude,
effective the
problems at home, lack of common
communicator will be:
experiences, and emotions.
a) 1st factor: Communicator’s attitude. It
must be positive
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 b) External Barriers – Examples of • Facilitates people’s expression of their
external barriers include noise, feelings and
distractions, e-mail not working, bad emotions.
phone connections, time of day; sender • To express feelings and emotions.
used too many technical words for the Example: Sarah extends her gratitude to her
audience, and environment. friends who
attended her birthday party

Lesson 2: Functions of Communication 5. Information Dissemination

• The five basic functions of • Functions to convey information.
communication are control/regulation, • Giving information, provides awareness.
social interaction, motivation, emotional Example:
expression, and information • “Did you know that there’s a secret
dissemination. apartment at the
top of the Eiffel tower?”
1. Control/Regulation • The teacher discusses the effective way
• Function to control one’s behavior. of
Example: communication.
o Doctor’s prescription: “Take your
medicine 3 times a
day.” Lesson 3: Model of Communication
o Parent’s instruction to their children: Models of Communication
“Wash the dishes • A “model of communication” is a
now, or else I won’t allow you to go to representation that is
the party later.” used to explain how people
o Friend giving an advice what to do: communicate with each other. There are
“Move on. He doesn’t love you different models of communication, and
anymore.” each one shows a different side of how
The principal is discussing the rules and people communicate with one another.
regulations
o about wearing proper uniform. 1. Linear Model – Aristotle’s Model of
Communication
2. Social Interaction 2. Interactive Model – Schramm’s Model of
• Used to produce social relationships; Communication
used to develop 3. Transactional Model – Shannon-Weaver’s
bonds, intimacy, relations; used to Model of
express preferences, Communication
desires, needs, wants, decisions, goals,
and strengths; What is Linear Model?
used for giving and getting information. • A linear model of communication is a
• Communication allows individuals to model that proposes communication
interact with only moves in one direction or in straight
others. line communication.
Example: • The sender encodes a message and
o Marriage proposal: “Will you marry me?” sends it to a receiver through a specific
o Invitation: “Would you like some coffee, channel.
tea, or me?”
o Ric greets his new classmate Aristotle’s Model of Communication
• The most classic model of
communication.
3. Motivation • It is a linear model in which consists of
• Functions to motivate or to encourage three basic elements: speaker, message,
people to live audience.
better. • It is speaker-centered (the listener is only
• Process of sharing positive words in listening and receiving passively and not
order to provide able to give feedback)
encouragement. • This model is one-way from the speaker
Example: Mario shares his life experiences to to receiver. So
the out-of- therefore, there’s no room for feedback.
school youths. • This is applicable in public speaking such
as campaigns,
4. Emotional Expression SONA, in television and radio
commercials.

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 written or spoken.
What is Interactive Model?
• The interactive model of communication Possible barriers to Verbal Communication:
refers to the two-way method of • People
communication with feedback. • Opinion and belief
• The person who sends a message and • Topic
the person who receives it play the same • Language choice
alternating role.
Considerations in Verbal Communication
Examples of Interactive Model 1. Appropriateness – the language that we
• Envision an exchange of text messages should us is appropriate to environment.
whereby your friend sends you a 2. Brevity – as a speaker, we must use
message and you respond to it. simple, precise, powerful words.
• The same thing happens during a 3. Clarity – it is essential to be clear.
telephone call, or even an email 4. Ethics – the words should be carefully
exchange. spoken.
• A message is sent and received, then the 5. Vividness – creative words.
roles reverse.
Verbal Communication (Merits vs.
Schramm’s Model of Communication Demerits)
• Wilbur Schramm is known as the Father
of Mass Communication. Merits Demerits
• He came up with five models but in the Provides opportunity Impact may be short
Schramm Model of Communication he for lived
developed in 1955, communication feedback
breakdown is explained. Makes immediate A word once uttered
• He asserts that both the sender and the impact can’t
receiver should have the same field of be taken back
experience. Helps us correct our It can be forgotten
messages according easily
What is Transactional Model? to the
• The transactional model of feedback.
communication refers to the continuous
exchange of information in which both
the sender and the recipient are
engaged and take turns
communicating messages. Non-Verbal Communication
• The process of using “wordless”
Shannon-Weaver’s Model of messages to generate meaning.
Communication • Communication that does not involve
• Mother of all communication models the exchange of words.
• It is also known as the “telephone
model” Significance of Non-Verbal Communication
• This model, unlike the first two that we • It conveys meaning – anywhere from 65-
discussed, considers two other important 93% of the meaning of a message lies in
elements that affect the communication the non-verbal aspect.
process: CONTEXT and FEEDBACK. • It reflects the unspoken. Non-verbal
It contains five important features: behaviors can “leak true feelings”.
1. Sender – information source
2. Encoder – transmitter Elements of Personal Communication
3. Decoder – reception a. 7% spoken words
4. Receiver – destination b. 38% tone, voice
5. Noise c. 55% body language

Types of Non-Verbal Communication

Lesson 4: Using Various Strategies to 1. KINESICS or Language of Gestures
Avoid Communication Breakdown • Scientific study of “how the body
speaks.”
I. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication • It includes bodily movement and facial
Verbal Communication expressions.
• Verbal is the Latin adjective of “WORD”
• Verbal means communication with Types of Kinesics – these are bodily
words, whether movements.

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 a. Emblems – have direct verbal • In some companies, the one who holds
counterpart (e.g.: okay symbol, waving the highest
of hands) position usually has the biggest office
b. Illustrators – gives compliment to the and best location.
spoken messages
(e.g.: you are describing something) 3. CHRONEMICS or Language of Time
c. Regulators – accompanies speech to • Language of time is the study of time
control or regulate what the speaker is usage in
saying. communication.
d. Adaptors – help accomplished various • In the Philippines, time is most often to
needs (e.g.: convey how
covering your eyes while watching horror powerful a person is. Someone in
movies) authority may show
that his/her time is more important than
Language of Colors that of the
• People choose colors based on the visitors by making them wait.
meaning of each.
• Colors have certain meanings based on 4. HAPTICS or Language of Touch
the dictates of • It is one of the most powerful types of
culture and gender. non-verbal
• In the Philippines, most parents prepare communication.
everything in • Haptics can also be used to expressed
blue for baby boys and pink for baby what cannot be
girls. People spoke.
wear black when they grieve while • Unlike the other types, in Haptics, there
others wear white. is a contact
between the sender and receiver of the
Language of Flowers message.
• Flowers are also used to say what we • Touch can comfort, encourage, dissuade
cannot expressed in words. These or aggravate.
meanings are also influenced by culture
and gender.

• In the Philippines, men send flowers to 5. OCULESICS

women. When a • The study of eye behavior.
man gives a woman flower, it’s a sure • Eye movement is influenced by culture,
sign that she is gender, and
someone very dear to him. age.
• It also regulates conversation and
2. PROXEMICS or Language of Space conveys interest.
• This is the use of space based on
importance. 6. OBJECTICS
• Distance can express the degree of • The study of clothing and how objects
intimacy and influence
individual acceptance. Communication.
• The types of clothing that an individual
Types of Proxemics wear conveys
a. Personal space – the imaginary buffer non-verbal cues about his or her
zone around a personality,
person. Edward Hall created the four background, and financial status, and
personal space how others will
distances in which communication takes respond to them.
place.
• Intimate – 0 to 8 inches 7. VOCALICS or PARALANGUAGE
• Personal – 18 inches to 4 feet • The study of the use of voice to convey
• Social – 4 to 12 feet meaning.
• Public – 12 feet and beyond • In language, it deals with “what is said”,
but in vocalics or paralanguage, it deals
b. Semi-fixed space – how movable with “how it is said”.
objects are arranged in a space. •
• An object’s size, type, and expense can Example: Depending on what words are
all send stressed in a
messages

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sentence can completely change the
interpretation of the
message. Say this sentence four different ways
– each time
stressing the underlined word.
• “Did you fire him?”
• “Did you fire him?”
• “Did you fire him?”
• “Did you fire him?”

Remember: Although verbal communication is

easier to
understand, non-verbal communication is
essential to
understand not only the message, but more
importantly, the
feelings behind the message.

Prepared by. Princess Allyssa Bianca Bardon

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