Thermodynamics (EGGN 371)

Equation Sheet
A C Process
i o
r l
d
S
t A
a i
n r
d
a S
r t
d a
n
( d
v a
a r
r d
i (
a c
b o
l n
e s
t
s .
p
e s
c p
i e
f c
i i
c f
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h c
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a h
t e
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s
)
OTTO 1-2  v   v  (k 1) isentropic compression
vr  vr  2  T T 1 
1 
2 1

 v1 
2
 v2 
2-3 const. v heat addition
qin  u3  qin  Cv (T3  T2
u2 )
3-4  v   v  (k 1) isentropic expansion
vr  vr  4  T T 3 
4  3 4 3 
 v3   v4 
4-1 const. v heat rejection
qout  u4  qout  Cv (T4  T1
u1 )
otto  1  qout otto  1  r v1 v4
r r
qin (1k )
v2 v3

DIESEL 1-2

 v   v  (k 1) isentropic compression

vr  vr  2  T T 1 
1 
2 1

 v1 
2
 v2 
const. P heat addition
2-3 qin  h3  qin  C p (T3  T2
h2 )
 3-4  v   v  (k 1) isentropic expansion
vr  vr  4  T T 3 
3   3
4 4 
 v3   v4 
4-1 const. V heat rejection
qout  u4  u1 qout  Cv (T4  T1
qout r k 1  v1
)

diesel  1  q diesel  (1k  k(r
c  r v
in 1 r 1) 2
)
 c 

BRAYTON 1-2

 P  ( k 1) isentropic compression

P P  2   P  k
r2 r1 
P T2  T1  2 
 1  P1 
2-3 qin  h3  h2 qin  C p (T3  T2 const. P heat addition

3-4  P  ) isentropic expansion

( kk 1)
P P  4  P 
r4  
r3  T4  T3  4 
P
 3  P3 
4-1 qout  h4  h1 qout  Cp(T4  T1 const. P heat rejection
q ) P P
(1k )
out
brayton  1 brayton  1 rp
qin rP  2
rp  3
k
P1 P4

h2s 
h1  h3  T2 s  T3  T4a
h4a  T
1   
12 34 12 34
h2a  h1 h3  h4s T2a  T1 T3  T4s
JET PROPULSION

1-2 DIFUSER:  V 2 V 2   V 2 
q12  w12  h2  h1   2 1 ; 0  C p (T2  T1 )   1 ;

 2   2 
Pr P T ( k 1)
 P  k
2
 P 2 ; T 2  2
Pr 1 1 P1
1
 
2-3 COMPRESSOR:
Pr P T  P  ( kk 1)
P r P; 3  3; 3  3
p 2 P T P 
3 Pr2 2 2  4
3-4 COMBUSTION: qin  h4  h3  C p (T4  T3 )
4-5 TURBINE:
wcomp ,in  wturb,out h3  h2  h4  h5 (T3  T2 )  (T4  T5 );
; ;
( k 1)
Pr P T  P  k
 5 5
 5
Pr P4 ; T4  P4 
5

4
 
5-6 NOZZLE:
 V 2 V 2   V 2 
q W  h  h   6 5 0  C (T  T )   6 ;
;
56 56 6 5  2 
p 6 5  2 
  
( k 1)
T  P  k
6
 6
T5  P5 
wp (Vexit Vinlet )Vaircraft
Propulsion Efficiency 
qin

RANKINE q in
1-2 PUMP: h1  h f h2  h1  win  v1 (P2  P1 )  h2  isentropic compression

; win ; h1
2-3 BOILER: qin  h3  h2 h  h at T & P for S.V. const. P heat addition
3 sv
;
3-4 TURBINE: isentropic expansion
wout  h3  h4 x4 s4  s f h 
s fg ; 4  x4 hfg
;  hf
4-1 CONDENSER: const. P heat rejection

qout  h4  h1
rankine qin  qout

wnet  qin
qin

REFRIGERATION
1-2 COMPRESSOR:
w in  m (h2  h1 ); sg  hg  isentropic compression

s1 ; h1
2-3 CONDENSOR: s s; h h ; Q   m (h  h )
const. P heat rejection
2 1 3 f H 2 3
3-4 THROTTLING: throttling in an expansion device
h4 
h3
4-1 EVAPORATOR:
Q  m
const. P heat absorption
 h4 )
L (h1
h2 s  h1 Q L
comp  C.O.P.R 
h2  h1 w in
