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The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the End of the
Late Bronze Age 1st Edition Assaf Yasur-Landau Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): Assaf Yasur-Landau
ISBN(s): 9780521191623, 0521191629
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 4.78 MB
Year: 2010
Language: english
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the philistines and aegean migration at the end
of the late bronze age

In this study, Assaf Yasur-Landau examines the early history of the biblical Philistines
who were among the Sea Peoples who migrated from the Aegean area to the Levant
during the early twelfth century bce. Creating an archaeological narrative of the
migration of the Philistines, he combines an innovative theoretical framework on the
archaeology of migration with new data from excavations in Greece, Turkey, Cyprus,
Syria, Lebanon, and Israel and thereby reconstructs the social history of the Aegean
migration to the southern Levant. The author follows the story of the Philistine
migrants from the conditions that caused them to leave their Aegean homes to their
movement eastward along the sea and land routes, to their formation of a migrant
society in Philistia and their interaction with local populations in the Levant. Based
on the most up-to-date evidence, this book offers a new and fresh understanding of
the arrival of the Philistines in the Levant.

Assaf Yasur-Landau is Senior Researcher at the Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime
Studies, University of Haifa. He has edited three volumes and published numer-
ous articles on the archaeology of the Levant and interactions between the Aegean
world and the Levant, including the Philistine migration, with an emphasis on the
investigation of the personal lives of ancient people.
The philistines and aegean
migration at the end of
the late bronze age

assaf yasur-landau
University of Haifa
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore,
São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo

Cambridge University Press

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521191623
© Assaf Yasur-Landau 2010

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the

provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part
may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2010

ISBN-13 978-0-511-77611-3 eBook (NetLibrary)

ISBN-13 978-0-521-19162-3 Hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy

of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.
TO ARIEL AND YONATAN

Als das Kind Kind war,

ging es mit hängenden Armen,
wollte der Bach sei ein Fluß,
der Fluß sei ein Strom,
und diese Pfütze das Meer.
from Peter Handke Lied vom Kindsein

When the child was a child

It walked with its arms swinging,
wanted the brook to be a river,
the river to be a torrent,
and this puddle to be the sea.
contents

Acknowledgments page xi

introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Uncharted Areas and Blind Spots in the Archaeology of the Philistines 2
The Aim of the Present Study 7

1 the archaeological identification of migration and

other ranges of interregional interactions . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Establishing the Course of Inquiry 9
Describing Interactions and the Parameters of Interaction 10
Defining Deep Change 13
The Archaeological Identification of Migration, When Treated
As a Range of Interregional Interactions 14
Migration and Deep Change in Domestic Assemblages 15
Deep Change and Innovation Processes 17
Demonstrating Deep Change: Case Studies for the Influence of
Migration on Behavioral Patterns and Material Culture 19
Causality of Migration 30
Conclusions 32

2 setting the scene: the mycenaean palatial culture

and the outside world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Social Complexity in the Mycenaean Palatial System 35
Aegean Peoples and Mediterranean Geography 38
Thirteenth-Century Aegean Maritime Capabilities and Interregional
Interactions 44
Palatial Administration and Aegean Migration and Colonization of
the Late Thirteenth to the Early Twelfth Century bce 54

3 the twelfth-century-bce aegean: political and

social background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Changing Rulership and the Decapitation Theory 58

vii
viii * Contents

Social Complexity in Selected Aegean Sites in LHIIIC 60

Regional Aspects of Rulership in the Twelfth Century 81
The Change in Imagery and Ideology between LHIIIB and LHIIIC 83
Conclusions 95

4 preconditions for migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Push and Pull Factors Affecting Migration 97
Twelfth-Century-bce Sources of Information 102
The Maritime Option 102
The Land Option 114
Conclusions 120

5 along the routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Investigating Routes and New Populations 122
The Aegean Hearth 123
Cooking Activities 124
Cyprus: Interactions along the Sea Route 138
Western Anatolia: The Expansion of the East Aegean Koine 154
Cilicia and the Amuq: The Land Route from Southeastern Anatolia
to Syria 158
The Syro-Phoenician Coast: Along the Sea and Land Routes 164
Through the Egyptian Lens 171
The Origin of the Attackers 180
Conclusions: Twelfth-Century Interactions along the Routes 186

6 strictly business? the southern levant and the

aegean in the thirteenth to the early twelfth
century bce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Mycenaean Imports to the Southern Levant 194
Merchants and Mercenaries: Foreigners in Late Bronze Age Canaan 204
Conclusions: Strictly Business? 214

7 the material culture change in twelfth-century

philistia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
From Canaan to Philistia 216
The End of the Bronze Age–Iron Age Transition in the Philistine Sites 220
Behavioral Patterns As Indicators of Interaction with Aegean
Population in the Southern Levant 227
Cooking Installations: Hearths, Ovens, and Tabuns 234
Form, Function, and Variability in Cooking Traditions 238
Assessing the Degree of Change 240
Patterns of Use of the Pottery Assemblage: Storing and Serving Food
and Drink in Aegean and Local Styles 241
LHIIIC-Style Pottery: Local Production of Traded Pottery or a
Domestic Assemblage? 243
Serving and Storage Vessels in the Local, Canaanite Tradition 255
Contents * ix

Cypriot (and Egyptian?) Shapes 262

The Nature of the Aegean-Style and Canaanite Ceramic Repertoires
in Philistia 262
Pottery Production and Technology 264
Textile Production 267
The Organization of Domestic Space 270
Conclusions: Philistine House, Philistine Migrants 279

8 the philistine society and the settlement process . . . . . . 282

Settlement Patterns in Philistia 282
Economy 295
Trade 300
Ceremonial and Cultic Activity 302
Elite in the Pentapolis 307
Literacy and Administration 308
The Role of Women in the Aegean Migration 313
Social Stratification in Twelfth-Century Philistia 315
Chronology and the Paradigm of Unified Migration 315
The Origin of the Migrants 325
Conclusions 330

9 a short history of the aegean immigration

to the levant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
A Land Much Divided: The World that Created the Aegean Migration 335
A Family Portrait with an Ox Wagon: On the Routes to the East 336
The Arrival 338
The Settlement 340
Aegean Life Abroad: The Making of Philistia 342

Bibliography 347
Index 383
acknowledgments

In my teens, I participated, for several seasons, in the Tel Miqne/Ekron exca-

vations, directed by Trude Dothan and Seymour Gitin. Their enthusiasm for
archaeology and the amazing discoveries of the early Philistine life at the tell
inevitably paved my way to archaeology and sparked my long-lasting interest
in the Philistines.
The initial research for this book stemmed from my Ph.D. dissertation
at Tel Aviv University. I am indebted to my advisers, Israel Finkelstein, Irad
Malkin, and Shlomo Bunimovitz, for their enormous help and encourage-
ment. Generous grants from Malcolm H. Wiener and from the Greek Ministry
of Education enabled my stay in Athens for two years, which changed the
course of my life.
Numerous advances in the study of the Philistines and the postpalatial
Aegean world occurred during the six years that have elapsed since I completed
my dissertation. These include the publication of a considerable volume of
new excavation data from the entire eastern Mediterranean, which essentially
required that this research be rewritten before it was published. Most of the
revisions were made during my stay as a postdoctoral Fellow at the Semitic
Museum of Harvard University. I am most grateful to Lawrence E. Stager, the
director of the museum, for his kind hospitality and for his valuable remarks
on several chapters of the book. My stay at Harvard University was supported
by a Fulbright Post-Doctoral Fellowship and a grant from the Rothschild
Foundation.
I am indebted to the scholars, colleagues, and friends who have read and
commented on the entirety or parts of different versions of this book. Among
them are Daniel Master, Stephie Nikoloudis, Krzysztof Nowicki, Jeremy Rutter,
and Itamar Singer. Eric H. Cline has shown true friendship by reading the
manuscript twice. During the preparation of this book I have also benefited
from the kind advice of many colleagues and friends, among them are David
Ben-Shlomo, Yoram Cohen, Yuval Gadot, Ayelet Gilboa, Aren Maeir, Laura
Mazov, Michael Press, Itzik Shai, and Alex Zukerman.
xi
xii * Acknowledgments

Inbal Samet has put much skill and effort into the English editing of the
manuscript.
Beatrice Rehl of Cambridge University Press has walked me through the
long process of preparing the manuscript for publication with admirable
patience. Her comments, as well as those of two anonymous reviewers, have
greatly improved this book.
This book was published with the support of the Israel Science Foundation.
Finally, I wish to thank my family for years of understanding. I am grateful
to my parents, Ronit and Isaac Yasur-Landau; my brother, Daniel; my sister,
Dana; my wife, Shelly; and my sons, Yonatan and Ariel, for their unconditional
love and support of my archaeological dream and for putting up with piles of
loose papers, dusty sherds, and excavation equipment over the years.
introduction

The migration of the Sea Peoples, the Philistines among them, from the
Aegean area to the Levant during the early twelfth century bce is one of the
most intriguing events in the history of the eastern Mediterranean. From a
cultural point of view, it was a watershed process in which the movement of
the populace connected East and West during the great divide between the
collapse of the Late Bronze Age civilizations and the beginning of the era of
nation-states in the Iron Age. As a product of the very beginning of the Dark
Age of Greece, the migration illuminates the earliest efforts to reconstruct
social structures in the Aegean after the fall of the Mycenaean palaces. In
Cyprus, it contributed to further connect the island to the realm of Aegean
culture, which would later lead to Hellenization. In the Levant, the migrants
formed their own political communities, separate from both the Canaanite
city-state system and the Egyptian empire. Establishing themselves along the
coast, the Sea Peoples formed a long-standing cultural and political antithesis
to the Israelites in the central hill country, destined to shape the history of the
biblical world.
The study of the Philistine migration is also a methodological treasure
trove from a point of view of both the archaeology and the anthropology
of migration. During the late 1990s, the exponential rise in the theoretical
examination of migration in archaeology created a plethora of methodolog-
ical frameworks, as well as a need for well-documented case studies against
which these frameworks could be tested. The extraordinarily rich archaeo-
logical data from twelfth-century-bce sites in the Aegean, Anatolia, Cyprus,
and the Levant, together with supporting literary evidence, make the Philis-
tine migration one of the best-documented case studies of migration in the
ancient world. The data enable us to investigate practically every aspect of the
migrants’ society, from political structures to perceptions of gender, and from
subsistence economy to their ethnicity and intercultural relations between
migrants and local populations.

1
2 * The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the End of the Late Bronze Age

uncharted areas and blind spots in the

archaeology of the philistines
Any journey tracking the elusive Philistines should begin by becoming
acquainted with and appreciating the areas that others have already explored.
The infant years of the archaeology of the Philistines began in 1899, when
two British archaeologists, Frederick Bliss and Robert A. S. Macalister, began
digging at Tell es-S.afi, which they identified as biblical Gath, Goliath’s home-
town. They discovered a new pottery type – strainer jugs, stirrup jars, and
bowls decorated with spirals and birds. F. B. Welch, a Mycenaean pottery
expert who worked in the British excavations on Melos (T. Dothan 1982: 24,
94; Dothan and Dothan 1992: 32), cautiously interpreted these as suggesting
“a probable northwestern origin of the Philistines.” The archaeological link
between the Philistine and the Mycenaean cultures was made for the first time.
This discovery fit very well with the earlier interpretations of the nineteenth-
century Egyptologists François Chabas and Gaston Maspero concerning the
land and sea invasion of Egypt by the Sea Peoples: the Peleset in the inscrip-
tions of Ramses III had been equated in 1872 with the Aegean Pelasgians and
the biblical Philistines. Macalister’s 1913 book, The Philistines: Their History
and Civilization (reprinted in 1965), is a synthetic work that well represents
this early phase in research. Heavily text oriented, it combines Egyptian and
biblical sources with the small amount of archaeological data then available
from the Aegean and Philistia. Macalister’s research questions, reflected in
the table of contents, and his desire to build a comprehensive history of the
Philistines, are relevant to this day. Chapter 1 is devoted to the origin of the
Philistines. Chapter 2 relates to their history, from Wen-Amon to the wars
with the Israelites and their subsequent decline. Chapter 3 is about the land of
the Philistines and is concerned mainly with problems of historical geography.
Chapter 4 treats the culture of the Philistines, dealing with language; military,
political, and domestic organization; religion; and the Philistines’ place in
history and civilization.
After a century of archaeological research, the main questions remain much
unchanged, and the twenty-first century begins with archaeologists doubting
previous notions of dates, material culture, and ethnicity connected to the
Philistine phenomenon. In regard to the origin of the Philistines, we are
more or less in the same obscure situation we were in a century ago. Even
more embarrassing is that precious little has been written on the Philistines
as individuals – rather than as a cultural phenomenon or historical event –
and even today, Macalister’s statement holds true: “On the subject of family
life among the Philistines nothing is known” (1965: 90). Has indeed so little
changed?
Several decades after Macalister, Albright (1932) and Alt (1944) formed the
basic historical paradigm for the settlement of the Philistines, which many
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Prepared by: Teaching Assistant Miller

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[Figure 15: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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[Figure 31: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Current trends and future directions
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Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
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• Critical analysis and evaluation
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 35: Theoretical framework and methodology
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 36: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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