Journal of Progress in Civil Engineering ISSN: 2322-0856
DOI: 10.53469/jpce.2025.07(01).02
Evaluation and Repair Case Study for Existing
Structural Systems
Shreya Chandra
Smt. S. R. Patel Engineering College, Unjha-Patan road, Unjha 384170, Gujarat, India
Abstract: Civil Engineering Industry is one of the oldest industries which provide a basic infrastructure which give an essential
framework to all the people. Structures can be any sort it tends to be Historical, Heritage Structure, Residential building, Commercial
building or an Industrial building. Each structure has its own service life, and inside this service life, it should stand solidly on its
position. A collapsed mechanism has increased and today’s Structures are getting collapsed before their service life. Therefore, it is
advisable to monitor it periodically by taking a professional opinion. Structural Audit is a preliminary technical survey of a building to
assess its general health as a civil engineering structure. It is normally started as the initial step for repair. The construction material
mainly reinforced concrete is being used extensively for various types of construction projects. The structures become older, we find in
them certain degradation or deterioration with resultant distress manifested in the form of cracking, spalling, dampness, corrosion etc.
In the present time, there is the presence of defects in building as a result of low-quality control during the construction, lack of
maintenance and an unfavorable change in the weather condition. It is essential to mai0ntain quality in terms of material quality,
mixture with their desire specification, workmanship etc. The main purpose of repair and rehabilitation is the investigation of the
present structures and suitable solution for the building defects, distresses and damages. In this project, some Non-destructive test and
chemical tests will be done to check the quality and strength parameter of the present structure.
Keywords: Distress, Condition Assessment, Rehabilitation, Cracks, Repairing work
1. Introduction 2) Non-Structural Cracks: This type of cracks does not
directly affect the strength and safety of the structure.
In today’s world most commonly used construction material Non-Structural Cracks is:
is concrete. After 1970 and 1980, all major countries made a Shrinkage for Long Term Drying
consensus of new preventions and suitable durability Crazing and Corrode of Steel
practices of concrete (IS Code – 456:2000). In the current Concrete structure/building corrode
scenario of Building Research, Repair and Rehabilitation Early Thermal Expansion and Contraction
plays a vital role as it serves important in building The reaction of Alkalis - Aggregates
applications [1]. The major defects reported are discussed Sulfate Attack
and a suitable and economical solution for a particular defect 1.1 Aim and Objectives
is identified. To strengthen the existing building
To increase the service life of the building
Generally, the life of a structure depends on the geography To save the cost and time of maintenance of the
of location, Building material, Technology, and existing building
Workmanship [2]. Geography of location includes various A suitable solution of the defects
aspects such as the type of strata, water table, earthquake or To transform non-serviceable building to serviceable,
wind or cyclone or flood or snow, pollutant, landslide and due to lack of space for new construction
tree location with respect to the building. Building materials
include cement, lime, fine sand, coarse sand, quality of 1.2 Problem Statement
water, bamboo or wood, brick. Technology includes various
aspects such as architectural design, construction methods, Nowadays concrete is the main building material used for the
and quality practices. Finally one of the major factor construction of structures. Some old buildings are still in
workmanship includes various aspects such as structural good working condition but some modern structures start
work, finishing work, waterproofing work, maintenance of showing signs of distress in a short time due to poor
the building. workmanship, poor maintenance, poor material quality, and
improper design. Thus most of the old building are required
Cracks are the universal problem of concrete structures, this more maintenance and repair of building also due to increase
is affecting the art of structure and they are also destroying in population and due to increase in their requirements of
the walls of integrity, affecting the building safety/security shelter, they require more space for new construction of
reducing the durable of the structure. Cracks are developing building but required amount of space has not available for
due to concrete work deterioration or reinforcement bars are the new construction or people may have to pay more
corroding due to poor construction work or bad construction amount for purchasing new land and construction of new
material and by the temperature and shrinkage effects. building thus instead of this it is more economical to use
Cracks are divided into two types: existing building by doing rehabilitation of that building.
1) Structural Cracks: These are the cracks which affects
the structural strength and safety of the structure.
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It is advisable to rehabilitate distressed structure instead of quality, error in design, poor workmanship etc. In this paper,
demolishing it and construct a new one. So in civil they had defined the term Repair as the process of bringing
engineering, repair and rehabilitation of the existing structure back the aesthetics of the building, restoration as the process
are very famous as it is economical and time-saving process of structural repair and make the structural elements enough
rather than build a new structure. Rehabilitation of existing to bear the loads coming on them and transfer all loads
structures needs lots of knowledge and planning to get the safely. The repair material used is aluminum powder in OPC,
work done. Today there were many types of different steel in form of bolts, channels, angles, for temporary
methods and material are used for rehabilitation of structure. supports and scaffolding timber and bamboo are used. They
Some materials used are Cement, Epoxy resins, Polymer had used the material for repair are as follow, Shot Crete,
concrete composites, Steel fiber reinforced concrete, Asphalt Epoxy resins, Epoxy mortar, Gypsum cement mortar, and
coatings etc. mechanical anchors. In this paper, they had concluded that
periodic maintenance of structure is required and for
The present paper focuses on condition assessment of an assessment of building some non-destructive and destructive
existing 10-year-old Institutional building and their possible tests should be carried and then remedial measures and
solutions for measuring repairing and rehabilitation work repair techniques could be employed.
with the safety of the structure. The basic process of Repair
and Rehabilitation includes visual inspection, photographs of S.S. Chandar [5] discusses Repairer and Rehabilitation
the distresses and defects, a preliminary survey which engineering requires much more skill and abilities then
includes preliminary tests that are performed, identification construction engineering. Due to faulty construction and
of problems, and suitable solution for the problem. After the construction without seismic standards require rehabilitation.
analysis of all the data and results of various NDT methods The purpose of this paper is to present the process of
for assessing the quality of structures has been done and the rehabilitation, selected test and the latest advanced
possible repair and restoration works are suggested. techniques for rehabilitation. In this they had also presented
the scope of repair and rehabilitation, health assessment of
2. Literature Review existing structure and post retrofitting evaluation for the
behavior of the structure. As per this paper, the process of
Kajol Merwala, Darshan Mehta and Liza Hirpara [3] discuss rehabilitation is to perform a structural audit then evaluating
the large numbers of monuments and old structures have various methods, materials then perform structural
stood well for a long period, but kind of them starts showing calculation then suggesting suitable rehabilitation method
signs of distresses for the faulty design, age, atmospheric and get it done and at the end post retrofitting tests on the
effects, pollution etc., which results in shortening of life and building. He had also showed test such as Schmidt’s hammer
strength of the structure. The purpose of this paper is to test, probe penetration, pull out, and break off, core cutter
suggest various techniques and materials for repairing work test, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and infrared thermography as
to solve the deterioration which is necessary and economical well as some methods such as grouting, replacement of
than the reconstruction of the structure. Distressed structures structurally fragile concrete, waterproofing, cleaning and
are very old and they require proper repair work. Strength passivation concrete near steel reinforcement and re-
evaluation of an existing structure is essential to cover all alkalization of carbonated concrete. He had prepared a table
criteria of maintenance, so that some non-destructive, of capacity calculation for existing structural members of the
partially destructive and destructive tests are performed for building and remarked that structural member is safe or
assessment of structure and to predict the cause of require repair. As per this paper, it is very important to save
deterioration. Repair and rehabilitation are necessary to the structure from hazardous failure due to deterioration.
increase strength & life and avoid hazardous failure of the
building. It is advisable for old a structure which shows the Nurul Nadia Omar Bakri and MdAzreeOthumanMydin [6],
signs of cracks, spalling, corrosion, dampness etc. therefore Today building deterioration is one of the major problems
periodically maintenance of structure is required. The which need proper attention. When the structure fails in
repairing techniques depend on factors such as the location operation as it should, we must find the problem in it. First
of the site, cost etc. For proper maintenance of the building of all, found which causes are responsible for the problem in
the test like rebound hammer, ultrasonic pulse velocity etc. the building. The defect in the building is divided into two
are performed and after a detailed study of the problem, we types of structural defect, non-structural defect. There are
can apply appropriate repair method like concreting, routing, many common defects in building such as cracks, paint,
epoxy injection etc. dampness, the decay of timber, attacks of insects (termites),
defects in roof etc. In cracks according to the construction
Shital Pardeshi and U. L. Deshpande [4] have discussed cracks are occurrence due to overloaded or because the
important to choose appropriate techniques, materials, and structure has settled. Dampness is caused by rain,
procedures to repair the building. There are many modern condensation services leaks. Timber defect is classified into
techniques available for structural repair. The selection of two types non- biological and biological. Typically decay of
material for repair depends upon various factors such as cost, timber may be occurring at the timber roof, the floor of the
the requirement of repair and suitability of material in timber and timber of joineries like frames of doors and
damaged part. To maintain the RCC structure, it requires windows. Roof defect is generally exposed to some kind of
periodic inspection. There are many causes for deterioration parts like the degree of temperature and wind action changes.
of structure like an error in construction, poor material Defects of the roof are a different type of part into faults in
structural and defect in the waterproofing materials. The
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unstable foundation is one of the most effective damages on
structure because the foundation of the building is to support 4. Methodology
the building if some reason foundation is moving is
responsible for cracks in the building. Movement of the Following are the steps of the project work [6]:
foundation is caused by water flow, hilly slope, an 1) Visual inspection and Field inspection
earthquake wave. The literature has explored most of the 2) Collection of data of the building
building defects and it’s all factor which can be linked to the 3) Click Photographs of distresses and defects
major these types of paper theme. 4) Classification of defects and distresses
5) Analysis of defects and their possible solutions
Varinder K. Singh [7] explains generally reinforced concrete 6) Non-destructive testing and Chemical testing
structures are designed as per codes/ standards but enough 7) Repairing and Testing after repairing
care is not always taken during the construction process. As
a result, the start showing structures of distress, less than Ten
years of working life, requiring repair and rehabilitation of
structure. In this search of paper, a case study multi-storied
building badly damaged due to corrosion and Bhuj
earthquake of 2001, rehabilitation in 2003 has been
presented. Repair strategy involved removal of delaminated
carbonated concrete cover , application of rust remover ,
anti-corrosion coating, polymer bond coat, polymer
modification mortar , injection of low viscosity epoxy grout
to beam-column junction and crack , repair of masonry
cracks with polymer modified mortar & grouting with SBR
modified cement grout and jacketing of columns at the
ground floor. Visual inspection of the buildings indicated
heavy rebar corrosion as a result of carbonation due to
atmospheric attacks. Beam-column junctions were badly
cracked. A many of columns had vertical cracks line to line
of concrete (column) cover thickness. The visual inspection
required for the detailed calculations for the design of the
rehabilitation design. Figure 2: Methodology
3. Case Study In our domain first, we had done a visual inspection and
investigate the condition of building with respect to
Domain: Smt. S. R. Patel Engineering College, Dabhi, Preliminary inspection, Planning, Survey.
Patan-Unjha Road, Gujarat, India. This is G+1 structure 1) After that, we had collected data related to building such
which is 10 years old. In this building Ground floor is having as it’s architectural drawings, structural plans, date of
JV001 to JV014 and First floor is having JV101 to JV114. construction, time required for construction etc.
a) Structure exposure condition
b) Data of structural modification
c) Record when first time deterioration occurred
d) Past performed all repairing details
e) Inspection of past reports
2) To click the photo of distressed of all different parts of
structure then we had collected photographs of the
building and classified that photographs by different
distress such as dampness, cracks, corrosion, flooring
settlement and Poor/improper maintenance etc.
Figure 1: Plan of Building (JV)
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Photograph 4: Leakage and Dampness
Photograph 1: Termite
Photograph 2: Vertical crack (Wide crack)
Due to Thermal stress Photograph 5: - Improper/poor drainage pipe
Photograph 3: Open reinforcement and
Environmental Effect
Photograph 6: Horizontal crack due to shrinkage
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Photograph 7: Joint of column-wall and Photograph 10: Beam-wall / Vertical crack
Beam-wall (Diagonal cracks) (Expansion joint)
Photograph 11: Beam-wall (Horizontal crack)
Photograph 8: Near vegetation (Diagonal cracks)
Photograph 12: Lack of maintenance
Photograph 9: Flooring/ Improper leveling
1) After classification of Distresses and Defects, some NDT
tests and chemical tests are performed to analyze the
distresses and look for their possible solutions.
2) Then find out repairing work and testing after repairing.
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NDT Test and Chemical Test
In present conditions Nondestructive testing (NDT) is the
process of inspecting, testing, or evaluating materials,
components or assemblies for discontinuities, or differences
in characteristics without destroying the serviceability of the
part or system. In other words, when the inspection or test is
completed the part can still be used. These conditions are
usually inspected and restored only when the embedded steel
is highly corroded, followed by cracking and spalling of
concrete [1]. Quality of structure can be maintained by
Continues monitoring and conducting periodic surveys. In
order to protect rusting and erosion of steel in reinforced
concrete structures, few of the major non-destructive
techniques are proposed in this study [1]. Chemical tests
provide main information on the causes of failure of concrete
after the analysis of the concrete structure.
Figure 4: Graph of Rebound number v/s Compressive
strength
4.1 Rebound Hammer Test
Rebound hammer (Anvil for concrete test hammer type-
Rebound Hammer Test is used to determine the compressive
N&NR), HT225.
strength or hardness of hardened concrete [8]. The reading is
very sensitive due to local variation in the concrete,
4.2 Crack Depth Measurement
especially to aggregate particles near to the surface. For
testing, smooth, clean and dry surface is to be selected. If the
The crack is measured in width, length, and depth and
loosely adhering scale is present, this should be rubbed off
approximate crack size during visual surveys. Depending on
with a grinding wheel or stone [8]. The point of impact
the width of crack, these are classified as follows:
should be at least 20 mm away from any edge discontinuity
[8]. The plunger is released before use and then it pressed
Table I: Classification of crack
strongly and vertically or perpendicular to the concrete
Classification Crack width
surface and locked in its position. Take the scale reading on Thin <1mm
the side window of the hammer, this reading is known as the Medium 1mm to 2mm
rebound number. Repeat the all test value to the different Wide >2mm wide
point. Compressive strength can then be found using a
calibration graph of Compressive strength v/s Rebound 4.3 The depth of Carbonation
(Rebound Hammer conversion chart) as shown in fig.2
The carbonation test is performed by drilling a hole on the
concrete surface up to the concrete cover. Remove the dust
by brush and Blow the air to clean the hole. Spray 0.2%
solution of the phenolphthalein with injection syringe
through broken/hole concrete and observe the change in
color. Measure the depth of the uncolored layer (carbonated
layer) in millimeters from the external surface at 6 to 8
positions. Take the average of measurement.
Figure 3: Calibration Graph
Figure 5: pH Value (Taken average value of beam, column
and slab)
The depth of carbonation is proportional to the square root
of time. I.e., if the depth of carbonation is 1 millimeter in
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one-year-old concrete, it will be 3mm after 9 years, 5mm Moderate 30
after 25 years and 10mm after 100 years. Severe 45
Very severe 50
We can also determine the pH value by analyzing the sample Extreme 75
of core powder collected by drilling from the site. It is
determined by dissolving the powder sample in distilled A cover meter is used to measure existing cover thickness in
water and thereafter titration in the laboratory. specific locations, reinforcement diameter, and spacing of
reinforcement. The test result is interpreted as under:
4.4 Determination of Chloride 1) The required cover thickness and good quality concrete:
Not corrosion
Steel is protected by the concrete cover and self-generated 2) The required cover very thickness and bad quality
protective layer after cement hydration. When the chloride concrete: Corrosion
attacks on concrete, it destroys the protective layer and 3) The required cover very less thickness yet very good
corrosion starts and reduces the strength & serviceability. quality concrete: Corrosion
Corrosion is like cancer, if not attended in time, it can cause
a serious problem. Chloride determination test is conducted 5. Result and Analysis
to know the number of chlorides present in concrete. The
presence of a higher amount of chlorides results in corrosion The Bar chart (Figure: - 4) was prepared based on the results
of rebar. The permissible limit of the test is 0.6 kg/cum [9]. obtained from the Rebound Hammer Test conducted on
IS: 14959 (part- III) – 2001, prescribe the procedure of selected structural members of the building and a few
determining chloride content in concrete. locations of Beam, Column and Slab. The results were
concluded in reference to Calibration graph (Figure: - 3).
From the test results of carbonation test, the initial corrosion
of reinforcement in beam, column and slab is being
observed. Generally the pH value of fresh concrete was
around 12-14 and if pH value falls below 10 then it shows
the initial stage of corrosion in reinforcement. The pH test
values are shown in Figure: - 5.
The results of crack depth measurement shows the wide
cracks at beam/column to wall joints, medium cracks above
doors and windows due to lintel is not provided and thin
cracks due to drying shrinkage and thermal expansion which
are shown in above photographs.
The test results obtained after chloride content test are within
considerable limits so that chloride was not the reason for
corrosion. The values of test result are shown in Figure: - 6.
Figure 6: Chloride content of concrete (Taken average value The test of cover meter measurement in slab cover thickness
of beam, column and slab) and quality of concrete is good, which show no corrosion;
beam cover has less thickness and quality of concrete is
4.5 Determination of Sulphate good, which show Initial corrosion and column cover has
very less thickness and quality of concrete is medium, which
Sulfate determination test is conducted to estimate the show corrosion.
amount of Sulphate present in concrete. The presence of a
higher amount of Sulphate will result in causing deterioration As per the CPWD handbook buildings are classified into
of concrete due to the reaction of calcium with the excess various classes according to their distresses and structural
Sulphate present. The quantity of Sulphate in concrete is damage. After test results it is concluded that this domain
expressed as the percentage of Sulphate by weight of falls into class-2 which shows the minor structural cracks and
concrete. The permissible limit of the test is 4.0% [BS1881: initial carbonation in structure, for which minor structural
Part 124:1988] repairing and crack sealing should be done.
4.6 Cover Meter Measurement 6. Repairing and Assessment Work
Cover Meter measurement used for the reinforcement is to 6.1 Replacing the Floor Tiles
protect it from corrosion. As per IS: 456-2000 (Table 16),
the minimum nominal cover required to meet durability The damaged tiles are removed and the flooring was
requirement are given below: compacted properly to remove air voids then new tiles were
Table 2: IS: 456-2000(Table 16) laid in level with cement paste. The popping up of terrace
Exposure Minimum nominal cover(mm)
flooring cannot be repaired .It has to be removed and replace
Mild 20
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by another flooring and by sealing the joints to make it water Polymer Impregnation: Impregnations of the polymer
proof. So, that moisture or damp air cannot be infiltrate into cracks with polymer mortar like Dr. Fixit Polymer
inside the flooring. Mortar PX and Dr. Fixit Polymer Mortar HB
In Cement paste add waterproofing admixtures like 6.7 Repairing of Joint cracks of Column-Wall
waterproofing adhesive, its brand name Zentrival PL and
Zentrival HS. It is polymer based water proof tile adhesives Cracks usually occur at the junction of concrete column,
used for better bond, adhesion, strength, faster work and beams and wall surface finish. People use to attach chicken
good waterproofing quality [IS : 2645-1975]. mesh strips of about 6″ width along the probable line of
crack just after wall construction. After applying plaster, it
6.2 Concreting work for open at top reinforcement would stay longer (15 to 20 year) without cracking.
Prepare fresh concrete and fill all column open 6.8 Provide Chajja
reinforcement and also bar should be properly adjusted and
placed for future expansion of building. To prevent the rain water from entering building the chajja is
provided. The chajja made of steel are provided with drilling
6.3 Treatment of Dampness on wall holes into wall and fixing them into that holes.
For internal wall bituminous emulsions painting, water 6.9 Structural damage
proofing solution painting and applying cement wash. For
external wall remove vegetation near building, coating with Where external structural damage/cracks are happen in
boiled linseed oil as well as use bituminous painting, cement external elevation of building, cracks are filled with mortar
wash and also such type of solutions used for water proofing then stitches are applied. Sometime cracks are small then it
for external side of building. was filled with epoxy grouting and also the cracks enlarged
in V shape are filled with weak mortar of [Link] proportions.
6.4 Treatment of Termite Portland cement mortar is used for repairing work of
structure damages and small defected areas. Portland cement
For Termite treatment first of all, holes are drilled at 30cm mortar consists of OPC grade cement, clean water and clean
c/c at a downward angle of 45º from both the sides of the graded sand. For repairing Old hardened concrete defects the
external wall at plinth level and the chemical emulsion is polymer modified cement mortar is used. The large area
pumped in these holes under pressure. Chemicals used for repairs with thickness in excess of 50mm, mortars consisting
termite treatment are Aldrin, Heptachlor and Chlordane. of cement, sand, water and polymer like polymer latexes,
liquid resin and water soluble polymer are used.
6.5 Treatment of expansion joint
6.10 Congenital defect
In view of leakages from the expansion joint, it is
recommended to clean the joint and fill it with Polyurethane Improper load transmit system, lintel are not provided etc.
sealant and redo the portion as per IS 5256-1992 provisions. which are include in congenital defect for improper load
transmit system increases width of column or provide extra
6.6 Repairing of Cracks between RCC and Masonry column. Provide shade on window where lintel is not
Joints provided.
First remove the plaster of cracking portion. The edges are 6.11 Repair the gap between door frame & wall and
cut square or rectangular shape. Clean the surface with wire window frame & wall:
brushes, blow with air and wash it with water. It is very
important to evaluate the cracks between RCC and masonry Door frame/window frame and wall gap filling with the help
joint and then adopt crack filling methods. of joint sealants water proofing chemical. Water proofing
chemical is Nitoseal 215(1), Sikalastic and Sani seal. These
Epoxy Injection: Filling cracks with epoxy grout like Dr. mortars are consisting of cement, sand, water and Water
Fixit Epoxy Injection Grout. proofing chemical [IS: 2645-1975].
Grouting and Sealing: Sealing cracks with the flexible
sealant like Dow Corning(R) Contractors Concrete Sealant.
7. Conclusion
(Silicon sealant)
In this domain Smt. S. R. Patel engineering college, the
major problems are found termite, RCC-Wall joint cracks, a
Stitching: Stitching the cracks with epoxy adhesives like 3M
many of Beam-columns joint had vertical cracks line to line
Synthetic Resin Adhesive and Araldite Standard Epoxy
of concrete (column), above door and window horizontal
Adhesive.
crack due to lintel is not provided and flooring settlement. In
this paper different types of cracks like vertical cracks,
horizontal cracks, brick masonry cracks and diagonal cracks
which are caused due to thermal expansion or contraction
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and vegetation in the foundation and also due to the [12] IS: 2645-1975: Indian standard specification for integral
expansion of brickwork and flooring settlement is cement water-proofing compounds by Indian Standards
everywhere at all floor in college building, it is caused Institution [ISI].
during thermal expansion. It is also caused due to less [13] IS: 14959 (part- III) – 2001
compaction of materials below the floor. [14] IS: 5256-1992: Sealing Expansion Joints in Concrete
Lining of Canals
Mainly the problem of termite is observed everywhere in the [15] IS: 456-2000: Plain and Reinforced Concrete
building. The main reason for this is that it is agricultural
land and termite is found in mostly agricultural land.
Chemical test analysis classified the test results of
carbonation test, sulfate test and chlorination test, the initial
corrosion of reinforcement in beam, column and slab is
being observed. It can be seen that detailed visual inspection
and Non Destructive Testing (NDT) play an important role
in condition assessment of existing buildings. Level of
distress can be determined using suitable NDT test along
with detailed observation and with proper restoration
methods the life period of structure can be enhanced.
The admixtures used in repairing work are polymer modified
mortar, water proofing chemicals, Dr. Fixit Epoxy Injection
Grout, waterproofing adhesives, Dr. Fixit Crack-X Shrink,
Epoxy mortar and Epoxy resins, OPC43 grade cement,
specified grade sand and clean water. The present paper
focused on the condition assessment, safety evaluation and
possible repair and restoration methods for existing concrete
structure.
References
[1] Condition Assessment of Existing Concrete Building
Using Nondestructive Testing Methods for Effective
Repair and Restoration-A Case Study Preethi
Venkatesh, Mallika Alapati (Civil Engineering Journal
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[2] A Review on Repair and Rehabilitation of Heritage
Buildings, S. Raja Subramaniam, IRJET, Volume: 03
Issue: 04 | Apr-2016.
[3] 1). Kajol Merwala, 2). Liza Hirpara, 3). Kavita Choksi,
4). Darshan Mehta “Repair and Rehabilitation of RCC
structure”[online][Link]
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[4] Shital Pardeshi and [Link] “Repair Restoration
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[5] S.S. Chandar “Rehabilitation of buildings” ISSN: 2278-
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[6] Nurul Nadia Omar Bakri and MdAzreeOthumanMydin
“General Building Defects: Causes, Symptoms and
Remedial Work” [DOI: 10.1387/ISSN.2310-0133]:
[7] Varinder K. Singh “Structural repair and rehabilitation
of (G+8) multi-storied residential building, at ONGC
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51, 2013, Pages 55-64
[8] IS 13311-2 (1992): Method of non-destructive testing of
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[CED 2: Cement and Concrete]
[9] Handbook on Repair And Rehabilitation of RCC
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[10] SP 25 (1984): Handbook on Causes and Prevention of
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[11] NDT lab Manual,2017-2018, Imam Abdullah university
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