GREEN'S THEOREM.

[Link] Z y dx - x dy, where σ is the boundary of the square [-1,1]×[-1,1] oriented

σ
in sense counterclockwise.

Solution
By Green's theorem, if we call it the interior of the square, then

∂Q ∂P
Z P dx + Q dy = ZZ dxdy.
σ D ∂x − ∂y

As P(x, y) = y, Q(x, y) = -x, it results in this case,

I= Z Z -2dxdy = -2·area (D) = -8.

D

[Link] Green's theorem to calculate (y2+ x 3 )dx+x

Z4Where is the perimeter?
σ
de[0,1]×[0,1] in the positive direction.

Solution
∂Q ∂P
ComoP(x, y) = y2+x3 Q(x, y) = x4 , then = 4x3-2y. Thus, ifD
∂x − ∂y
it is the interior of the square [0,1]×[0,1], by Green's theorem,
1 1 1
I= Z Z (4x3-2y)dxdy= Z dx Z (4x3-2y)dy= Z (4x3-1)dx= 0.
D 0 0 0

[Link]=→
−(2x3-y3 , x3+y3 ).

a) Calculate Z →
−F ds, where σ is the unit circumference traveled in the counter-clockwise direction
σ
schedule.
b) Verify Green's theorem when σ is the boundary of the annular region described.
time ≤ x2+y2≤ oriented in a positive direction.

1
 Solution
∂Q ∂P
a) If we call P(x, y) = 2x3-y3 ,Q(x, y) =x3+y3 , then = 3x2+ 3y2 By
∂x − ∂y
the Green's theorem, I= Z Z (3x2+ 3 y 2 )dxdy, where Des the circle x2+ y 2Less than or equal to 1. By means of
D
a change to po coordinatesthen, the integral takes the form
2π 1
3π
I= Z dv Z 3u2·u du= .
0 0 2

b) If we apply Green's theorem, the situation is analogous to that of section (a), where
now the region of the circular crown ≤x2+y2<=b.
The change to polar coordinates in this case leads us to
2π b 4 4
I= Z dv Z 3u2u du = 3 · 2π · b4-a4 = 3π(b -a ) .
0 a 4 2

If we want to solve the integral directly, we must decompose the trajectory into
two curves:C1it is the outer circumference2+y2=b2traveled counterclockwise, and
C2the inner circumference2+y2=a2traversed in a clockwise direction. If we parametrize
both curves as:
x=bcost x = acos(t)
C1: y=bsent 0≤t≤2π; C2: y = -a sin(t) 0≤t≤2π

it turns out,

I = Z →
−F ds + Z →
−F ds
C1 C2
2π
= Z [(2b3cos3t−b3you3t)(−bsent) + (b3cos3t+b3you3t)(bcost)]dt
0
2π
+Z [(2a3cos3t+a3 you3t)(−asent) + (a3cos3t−a3you3t)(−acost)]dt
0
2π
= Z [(b4+a4 )(-2 sentcos3t+ sen3tcost) + (b4-4 (sen4t + cos4t)]dt
0

= 3π(b4-a4 )
.
2

4. If it is a closed curve that limits a region to which the

Green's theorem, prove that area(D) = Z x dy = - Z y dx.
∂D ∂D

2
 Solution

By definition, area (D) = Z Z If we choose P(x, y) = 0, Q(x, y) = x, then

D
∂Q ∂P
=1y,forthetheoremofGreen,
∂x − ∂y
∂Q ∂P
=D
()aerá Z Z dxdy= Z Z dxdy= Z x dy.
D D ∂x − ∂y ∂D

On the other hand, the choice P(x, y) = -y, Q(x, y) = 0, also leads to the equality
∂Q ∂P
= 1 y, applying again the Green's theorem, it results that
∂x − ∂y

=−D
()aera Z y dx.
∂D

Observation. Adding the two obtained results, we also arrive at the formula cone-
1
area (D) = Z x dy - y dx.
2 ∂D

5. Calculate the area of the ellipse

x2 y2
+ = 1.
a 2 b2

Solution

Considering the previous exercise, we can apply the formula A = Z x dy. For
∂D
Hello, we parameterize the boundary of the ellipse by the equations

x = acost
n y=bsent, (0≤t≤2π).

In this way,
2π 2π
1 + cos 2t
A= Z acost·bcost dt=ab Z dt= ab 2π = πab.
0 0 2 2

6. Under the conditions of Green's theorem, prove

(a) Z PQdx+PQdy
∂D
∂P ∂P ∂Q ∂Q
= ZZ Q +P dxdy.
D ∂x − ∂y ∂x − ∂y
∂P ∂Q dx+P ∂Q Partial P
(b) Z Q dy
∂D ∂x -P ∂x ∂y -Q ∂y
∂2Q ∂2P
= 2 ZZ P dxdy.
D partial-Q
derivative
∂x∂y of x with respect to y

3
 Solution
(a) Considering that
∂(PQ) ∂Q ∂P
=P· +Q· ,
∂x ∂x ∂x
∂(PQ) ∂Q ∂P
=P· +Q· ,
∂y ∂y ∂y
applying Green's theorem, it results in:

PQ
P+
dQ
x=
dy ∂Q ∂P ∂Q ∂P
Z ZZ P· +Q· dxdy
∂D D ∂x ∂x - ∂y -Q· ∂y
∂Q ∂Q ∂P ∂P
= ZZ P· +Q· dxdy.
D ∂x − ∂y ∂x − ∂y

(b) Starting from the formulas

∂ ∂Q ∂P ∂2Q ∂P ∂Q ∂2P ∂Q ∂P
P -Q =P + ,
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y∂x ∂x ·∂y -Q ∂y∂x − ∂x ·∂y
∂ ∂P ∂Q 2
∂ P ∂Q ∂P ∂2Q ∂P ∂Q
Q = + ,
∂y ∂x -P ∂x ∂x∂y ∂y ·∂x -P ∂x∂y − ∂y ·∂x

just apply Green's theorem and obtain the proposed result.

7. Seafuna harmonic function, that is to say,

∂2f ∂2f
+ = 0.
∂x 2 ∂y 2
∂f ∂f
Prove that Z dx− dy= 0, where it is applied to a region according to the theorem
∂D ∂y ∂x
of Green.

Solution
∂f ∂f ∂Q ∂2f ∂P ∂2f
If we call P(x, y) = yQ(x, y) = , entonces =− y = From this
∂y ∂x ∂x ∂x 2 ∂y ∂y 2
Thus, by applying Green's theorem, we obtain:

∂f ∂f dy= ∂2f ∂2f dxdy = 0.

Z dx− ZZ − 2 −
∂D ∂y ∂x D ∂x ∂y 2

8. Calculate, both directly and by applying Green's theorem, the integral (xy+ Z
Γ
(x+y)dx−(xy+x−y)dy, being Γ
the elipsex2 /a2+y2 /b2= 1;
the circumference2+y2=ax.

4
Solution
(a) To calculate the integral directly, we parametrize the ellipse using the equations
x=arccos
n y=bsent, (0≤t≤2π).

Thus,
2π
I = Z (absentcost + acost + bsent)(-asent) dt
0
2π

−Z (absentcost + acost - bsent) bcost dt

0
2π
= Z -a2 bsen2tcost−ab2sentcos2t−(a2-b2 ) sentcost−ab)dt
0
-2πab
When solving the integral using Green's theorem, it results in:

I= Z Z [-(y + 1) - (x + 1)] dx dy = Z Z (-x - y - 2)dxdy,

D D

where is the interior of the given ellipse.

To solve the double integral, we make the change of coordinates.
x = au * cos(v)
0 ≤ u ≤ 1, 0 ≤ v ≤ 2π,
n y=busenv

whose Jacobian is J=abu. The integral then becomes

1 2π
I = Z youZ (-aucosv-busenv-2)·abu dv
0 0
1
= Z (−2abu·2π du=−2abπ.
0

The given curve is the circumference of the equation (x-a/2) 2+y2=a2 4, what we can
parameterize as
x = a/2 + (a/2) cos(t)
n y = (a/2) sent, (0≤t≤2π).

Therefore,

a2 a a a
I = Z 2π h (1 + cost) sent + (1 + cost) + sent· −sent dt I
0 4 2 2 2
a2 a a a
−Z 2π h
(1 + cost) sent + (1 + cost) - sent· I cost dt
0 4 2 2 2
a3 a2 a2
= Z 2π h − (1 + cost)·sin2t - (1 + cost)·sent - you2t
0 8 4 4
a3 a2 a2
− 8 (1 + cost)·sentcost - (1 + cost)·cost
4
+
4
sentcost dti

πa2
=− (a + 4).
8

5
 If we want to apply Green's theorem, we call the interior of the circumference x.2+
y 2=ax. We have so,

I= Z Z [-(y + 1) - (x + 1)]dx dy = Z Z (−x−y−2)dxdy.

D D

To solve the integral, we make the change to polar coordinates, x=ucosv, y=usenv,
with what:
pi/2 acosv
I = Z dv Z u(-ucosv-usenv-2)du
-π/2 0

a3 4 a3 πa2
= Z π/2h − 3 cos v− cosine3vsenv-a2cos2in dv
i =− (a + 4).
3 8
-π/2

2 2
[Link] Z y dx + (x + y) then, being the triangle ABC with vertices A(a,0), B(a, a),
Γ
C(0, a), with a > 0. Does Green's formula hold?

Solution
Since the curve Γ is piecewise regular and the function F(x, y) = (y2 (x+y)2 ) is differentiable,
the Green's theorem can be applied. Thus,

I= Z Z (2(x+y)−2y)dxdy,
D

where the interior of the given triangle is. Therefore,

a a a
2a3
I= Z dx Z 2x dy= Z 2x(a−a+x)dx= .
0 a−x 0 3