Queen’s College, Barbados Topic 11 Integration
CXC CSEC ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
SECTION 3: INTRODUCTORY CALCULUS
TOPIC B : INTEGRATION
Candidates should be able to :
✓ Recognise integration as the reverse process of differentiation
✓ Use the notation ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
✓ Show that the indefinite integral represents a family of functions which differ by a constant
✓ Use simple rules of integration
✓ Integrate functions of the form (𝑎𝑥 ± 𝑏)𝑛 where a, b, n are real and 𝑛 ≠ −1
✓ Find indefinite integrals using formulae and integration theorems
✓ Integrate simple trigonometric functions
✓ Compute definite integrals
✓ Formulate the equation of a curve given its gradient function and a point on the curve
✓ Apply integration to
(i) find the area of the region in the first quadrant bounded by a curve and lines parallel to
the y-axis
(ii) find volumes of revolution about the x-axis, for polynomials up to and including degree 2
Integration
Anti-differentiation or Integration is the name given to the process of reversing differentiation. Given
the derivative of a function we can work backwards to find the function from which it is derived.
1
Consider 𝑓(𝑥) = 6 then 𝐹(𝑥) = 6𝑥 or 𝐹(𝑥) = 6𝑥 + 3 or 𝐹(𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 2
If we differentiate any of the functions 𝐹(𝑥) we get 𝑓(𝑥), since the derivative of a constant is
………………….
We say that 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝑐 is the family of antiderivatives and we call this family …………………………...
………………………………………
Notation
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝑐 where “c” is a …………………………………………
𝑓(𝑥) is called the …………………………… and the elongated “s” symbol ∫ is called the
………………………………….The integration symbol along with d𝑥 is used to show that we are
integrating with respect to (wrt) 𝑥.
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Queen’s College, Barbados Topic 11 Integration
Power rule (𝒙𝒏 )
4. ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =
5. ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 =
6. ∫ 𝑥17 𝑑𝑥 =
In general, we say that ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 =
Find the following integrals
1
7. ∫ 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 = 10. ∫3 𝑑𝑥 =
√𝑥 2
1
8. ∫ 𝑥 7 𝑑𝑥 = 11. ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 =
9. ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
Constant multiple rule
∫ 𝑘𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝐹(𝑥) + 𝑐
Find the following integrals
2
12. ∫ 6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 14. ∫ 3𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
4
13. ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 15. ∫ −2√𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Sum and difference rule
∫(𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) ± 𝐺(𝑥) + 𝑐
Find the following integrals (on file paper)
16. ∫(9𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 7) 𝑑𝑥 19. ∫(𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 2 − 5) 𝑑𝑥
5 𝑥 5 −2𝑥 3
− 4
17. ∫(5𝑥 3 − ) 𝑑𝑥 20. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥2
18. ∫ 2𝑥(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 4𝑥 3 +2
21. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
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Queen’s College, Barbados Topic 11 Integration
Integral of (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)𝒏
1 1
∫(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = × × (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛+1 + 𝑐
𝑎 𝑛+1
Find the following integrals
22. ∫(2𝑥 + 3)5 𝑑𝑥
23. ∫(1 − 3𝑥)−2 𝑑𝑥
Integral of sin x and cos x
∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
Find the following integrals
24. ∫(3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
25. ∫(2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 9𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 8𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
Evaluating the definite integral
When we find the indefinite integral we find a function of x. The ……………………………………….
……………………………………gives us a numeric value.
𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹( ) − 𝐹( )
𝑎
Evaluate the following definite integrals
2
26. ∫1 (3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥
4
27. ∫2 (5 − 2𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
3
28. ∫−1(3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
29. ∫06 (cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
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Queen’s College, Barbados Topic 11 Integration
Applications
Finding the equation of a curve given the gradient function
We use ……………………………………………….to find the gradient function if we have the
equation of the curve. We therefore use ………………………………………….. to find the equation
of the curve if we have the gradient function.
𝑑𝑦
30. The gradient function of a curve is given by 𝑑𝑥 = 6𝑥 − 5. Find the equation of the curve that
passes through the point (– 1, 0).
𝑑𝑦 3
31. The gradient function of a curve is = 5 − √𝑥. The curve passes through the point (1, 5).
𝑑𝑥
Find the equation for the curve.
Finding the area bounded by the curve.
𝑏
Area A = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 if 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 and 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏
= 𝐹(𝑥)]𝑏𝑎
= 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
32. Find the area bounded by the curve y = 6x2 and the lines x = 2 and x = 4.
33. Calculate the area of the region enclosed by the curve y = x2 + 2, the x-axis and the lines x = 3
and x = 9.
Finding the volume of a solid of revolution
𝑏 𝑏
Volume = ∫𝑎 𝜋𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 or Volume = 𝜋 ∫𝑎 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
34. Find the volume of the solid of revolution formed by revolving the curve y = x2 from x = 0 to
x = 2 about the x-axis through 360o.
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35. The region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = , the x-axis and the lines x = 3 and x = 9 is rotated about
𝑥
the x-axis through 360o. Calculate the volume of the solid formed.
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